Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1646 879946 873598 2026-07-10T05:16:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|'''''Nigeria w1 locator''''']] [[Fayil:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar najeriya]] [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|babban birnin najeriya]] [[Fayil:20200408 Nigeria Crisis.pdf|thumb|crisis a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 143.jpg|thumb|Sojan Nigeria ]] ''''[[Najeriya]];'''' (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko '''Nijeriya''' (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da ([[turanci]]: ''Nigeria''): A Gwamnatance '''Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]''' ƙasa ce da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] [[Afirka ta Yamma|ta]] yamma.<ref>The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.</ref> Tana da iyaka da ƙasar [[Nijar]] daga [[Arewa]], da [[Cadi|Chadi]] daga Arewa maso gabas da [[Kamaru]] daga gabas da [[Benin]] daga yammah, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</ref><ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da ''Babban Birnin'' Tarayya [[Abuja]] inda fadar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasar]] wato "villa" take.<ref name=":0">http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and</ref><ref>https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/</ref> [[Lagos (birni)|Abuja]] tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a [[duniya]].<ref>[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</ref><ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</ref>[[File:Shopping District - Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Shopping District]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya]] Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin [[turawa]] masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)<ref>Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. <nowiki>ISBN 9780190854584</nowiki>. OCLC 7869925414.</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <nowiki>ISBN 9783937248462</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref> tare da [[Al'adar Nok|Nok Wayewa]] ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a [[Yammacin Africa]] a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).<ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan {1992}. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamani jihar an samo asali da [[Birtaniya]] a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin [[Kudanci|Kudancin]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma kare [[Arewacin Najeriya]] a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref> ta [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]]. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe, Nwando, 1970-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe|isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref> Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar (1)ga watan [[Oktoba]], shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109</ref><ref>Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar [[dimokuraɗiyya]] a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban [[Shugaban Nijeriya|ƙasa]] mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> Najeriya; tafi Ko wace ƙasa yawan al'umma acikin nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin 260.<ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref> waɗanda ke magana [[Harsunan Najeriya|da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa – Fulani]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yarbawa]] a [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yamma]], da kuma [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren [[harshen gwamnati|hukuma]] shi ne [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2008–09|Ingilishi]],<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5</nowiki>.</ref> wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. [[Najeriya]] ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin [[Musulmi|musulmai]], waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma [[Kirista|kiristoci]],<ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/</ref><ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban ƙasar na yanzu]] Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a [[Afirka]] kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,<ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref> tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)<ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref><ref>"The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin [[Afirka|Afrika]] saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, [[Bankin Duniya|kuma bankin duniya]] yana dauƙarta a matsayin [[Kasuwa masu tasowa|kasuwa]] mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan [[Gingara karfi|al’umma a duniya]].<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar [[Afirka]], kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa ([[ECOWAS|ECOWAS)]] ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, ([[OPEC]]) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar [[MINT (tattalin arziki)|MINT]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "[[Sha dayan gaba "Next Eleven"|Next Eleven]]".<ref>https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/</ref><ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> == Kirkira: == Sunan ''[[wiktionary:Nigeria|Nijeriya]]'' an dauke shi daga Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] wanda ya ratsa kasar.<ref>"Nigerian Constitution". Nigeria Law. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System.</ref> Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], wanda daga baya ya auri [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]], mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref>David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018).</ref><ref>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007</ref><ref>Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-880430-7</ref> [[Nijar]] da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.<ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Asalin sunan ''Nijar'', wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ''egerew <u>n-iger</u> ewen'' da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da [[Timbuktu]] kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). <ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48</ref><ref>The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence". Litencyc.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</ref> [[File:Abuja gate.jpg|alt=Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar|thumb|Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa|165x165px]] == Tarihi: == [[File:Central bank nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babban Bankin Nigeria.|159x159px]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)]] Tarihi, ya nuna cewar [[Najeriya a 1960|Nijeriya]] dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta ('''500),'''<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.</ref><ref>Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115</ref> kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna [[Kasar Hausa]].<ref>Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266</ref><ref>Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87725-166-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.<ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar [[Hausa]] a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye [[Lagos]] a shekara ta [[1881|(1881]]) miladiyya, ana cikin [[Yakin duniya I|Yakin duniya]] na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan [[Portugal]].<ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar [[1885|(1885)]] sai Turawan [[Birtaniya]] suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.<ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993</ref> == Addinai: == * [[File:The Abuja National Mosque.jpg|alt=Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|146x146px]]Addinin [[Musulunci]] 50%. * [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 22.jpg|alt=Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|216x216px]]Addinin [[Kristanci]] 45%. * Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini. == Tsarin Mulki: == [[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|alt=Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.|169x169px]] A shekara ta [[1966|(1966]]) zuwa shekara ta [[1979|(1979]]) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta [[1979|(1979)]] a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta [[1983|(1983]]) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta [[1998|(1998]]) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da[[1999|(1999]]) aka yi zabe a kasa.<ref>Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 978-2458-54-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993.</ref><ref>"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>[[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai ([[2007]])a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Aduwa]] ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar [[PDP]]).<ref>Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.</ref><ref>Abdusalam Abubakar" Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).<ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref><ref>NASS confirms Sambo as vice president". The Nigerian Voice. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref><ref>Final Report" (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.<ref>"Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</ref><ref>Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President". MyOndoState.Com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011</ref> Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost". Premium Times Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC.</ref> === Jihohi: === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Jeri !Sunan Jiha !Babban Birnin Jiha !Gwamna |- |1 | | | |- |2 | | | |- |3 | | | |- |4 | | | |- |5 | | | |- |6 | | | |- |7 | | | |- |8 | | | |- |9 | | | |- |10 | | | |- | | | | |} #.[[Abia]]. . #[[Adamawa]]. #Anambra. #[[Akwa Ibom]]. #[[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] . #[[Bayelsa]] . #[[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] . #Borno. #[[Cross River]]. #[[Delta]]. #[[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]]. #Edo. #Ebonyi. #[[Ekiti]]. #[[Filato]] . #[[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. #[[Imo]]. #[[Jigawa]]. #[[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. #[[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]. #[[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]]. #[[Kebbi]]. #[[Kogi]]. #[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]]. #Lagos. #Neja. #[[Nasarawa]]. #[[Ogun]] . #[[Osun]] . #[[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]]. #[[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] #Rivers. #[[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. #[[Taraba]]. #[[Yobe]]. #[[Zamfara]] . [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|thumb|Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|138x138px]] ''Babban birnin tarayya'' [[Abuja]]. == Yarika: == Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.<ref>APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> === [[Hausa]]: === <gallery> File:Hausa royal dressing 03.jpg| Hausawa. File:Hausa royal dressing 05.jpg|Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa. File:Hausa emirate dress code 02.jpg|Bahaushe. </gallery> === [[Igbo|Ibo:]] === <gallery> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg| Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare. File:A typical Igbo dressing (Akwa George and beads) worn by a young Igbo woman to a cultural event like traditional marriage or new yam festival.jpg|Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo. File:Cultural display of the Igbos from the Eastern part of Nigeria.jpg|Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu. </gallery> === [[Yoruba]]: === Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,<ref>Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat". Vanguard. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015</ref> suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, [[Legas]] da, [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] da [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], da [[Osun]] da [[Kwara]] da kuma [[Kogi]]. <gallery> File:High Chiefs.jpg|Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa. </gallery>'''Sauran yaruka:''' Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da [[Kakuri|Kanuri]] da [[Tiv]] da [[Bura]] da [[Shuwa Arab]] da[[Marghi]] da [[Kare-Kare|Kare-kare]] da [[Ɓachama]] da [[Mandara]] da [[Higgi]] da [[Kilba]] da [[Kibaku]] da [[Mafa]] da [[Glavda]] da [[Jukun]] da [[Waha]] da [[Gamargu]] da [[Igala]] da [[Nufe]] da [[Idoma]] da [[Ibibio]] da [[Efik]] da [[Anang]] da [[Ekoi]] da [[Awak]] da [[Waja]] da Waka. == Arzikin : == Nigeria akwai arzikin noma da na man fetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state == Wasanni; == <gallery> 9ja_women_U20.JPG|Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya. Algeria_vs_Nigeria_-_1978_All-Africa_Games_final.jpg|Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978. Football_through.jpg|Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa. Women_have_fun_with_football.jpg|Mata na wasan kwallon kafa. Okossi_girls_football_team_2.jpg|team na wasannin mata. John_Obi_Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John Mikel Obi </gallery> == Fannin tsaro. == == Kimiya da Fasaha. == == Sifiri. == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama. === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa. === == Al'adu. == === Mutane. === [[File:IMG-20210214-WA0020.jpg|thumb|Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.]] === Yaruka. === === Abinci. === === Tufafi. === == Ilimi. == == Addinai. == === Musulunci. === === Kiristanci. === == Hotuna. == ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} {{Afirka}} [[Category:Najeriya| ]] [[Category:Kasashen Afrika]] [[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirka]] e197ynh35u1lglr33s3brwmzniq9zwu 879947 879946 2026-07-10T05:17:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|'''''Nigeria w1 locator''''']] [[Fayil:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar najeriya]] [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|babban birnin najeriya]] [[Fayil:20200408 Nigeria Crisis.pdf|thumb|crisis a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 143.jpg|thumb|Sojan Nigeria ]] ''''[[Najeriya]];'''' (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko '''Nijeriya''' (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da ([[turanci]]: ''Nigeria''): A Gwamnatance '''Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]''' ƙasa ce da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] [[Afirka ta Yammah|ta]] yamma.<ref>The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.</ref> Tana da iyaka da ƙasar [[Nijar]] daga [[Arewa]], da [[Cadi|Chadi]] daga Arewa maso gabas da [[Kamaru]] daga gabas da [[Benin]] daga yammah, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</ref><ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da ''Babban Birnin'' Tarayya [[Abuja]] inda fadar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasar]] wato "villa" take.<ref name=":0">http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and</ref><ref>https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/</ref> [[Lagos (birni)|Abuja]] tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a [[duniya]].<ref>[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</ref><ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</ref>[[File:Shopping District - Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Shopping District]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya]] Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin [[turawa]] masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)<ref>Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. <nowiki>ISBN 9780190854584</nowiki>. OCLC 7869925414.</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <nowiki>ISBN 9783937248462</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref> tare da [[Al'adar Nok|Nok Wayewa]] ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a [[Yammacin Africa]] a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).<ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan {1992}. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamani jihar an samo asali da [[Birtaniya]] a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin [[Kudanci|Kudancin]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma kare [[Arewacin Najeriya]] a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref> ta [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]]. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe, Nwando, 1970-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe|isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref> Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar (1)ga watan [[Oktoba]], shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109</ref><ref>Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar [[dimokuraɗiyya]] a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban [[Shugaban Nijeriya|ƙasa]] mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> Najeriya; tafi Ko wace ƙasa yawan al'umma acikin nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin 260.<ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref> waɗanda ke magana [[Harsunan Najeriya|da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa – Fulani]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yarbawa]] a [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yamma]], da kuma [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren [[harshen gwamnati|hukuma]] shi ne [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2008–09|Ingilishi]],<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5</nowiki>.</ref> wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. [[Najeriya]] ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin [[Musulmi|musulmai]], waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma [[Kirista|kiristoci]],<ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/</ref><ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban ƙasar na yanzu]] Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a [[Afirka]] kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,<ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref> tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)<ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref><ref>"The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin [[Afirka|Afrika]] saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, [[Bankin Duniya|kuma bankin duniya]] yana dauƙarta a matsayin [[Kasuwa masu tasowa|kasuwa]] mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan [[Gingara karfi|al’umma a duniya]].<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar [[Afirka]], kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa ([[ECOWAS|ECOWAS)]] ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, ([[OPEC]]) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar [[MINT (tattalin arziki)|MINT]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "[[Sha dayan gaba "Next Eleven"|Next Eleven]]".<ref>https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/</ref><ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> == Kirkira: == Sunan ''[[wiktionary:Nigeria|Nijeriya]]'' an dauke shi daga Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] wanda ya ratsa kasar.<ref>"Nigerian Constitution". Nigeria Law. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System.</ref> Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], wanda daga baya ya auri [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]], mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref>David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018).</ref><ref>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007</ref><ref>Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-880430-7</ref> [[Nijar]] da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.<ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Asalin sunan ''Nijar'', wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ''egerew <u>n-iger</u> ewen'' da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da [[Timbuktu]] kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). <ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48</ref><ref>The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence". Litencyc.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</ref> [[File:Abuja gate.jpg|alt=Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar|thumb|Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa|165x165px]] == Tarihi: == [[File:Central bank nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babban Bankin Nigeria.|159x159px]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)]] Tarihi, ya nuna cewar [[Najeriya a 1960|Nijeriya]] dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta ('''500),'''<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.</ref><ref>Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115</ref> kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna [[Kasar Hausa]].<ref>Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266</ref><ref>Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87725-166-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.<ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar [[Hausa]] a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye [[Lagos]] a shekara ta [[1881|(1881]]) miladiyya, ana cikin [[Yakin duniya I|Yakin duniya]] na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan [[Portugal]].<ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar [[1885|(1885)]] sai Turawan [[Birtaniya]] suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.<ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993</ref> == Addinai: == * [[File:The Abuja National Mosque.jpg|alt=Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|146x146px]]Addinin [[Musulunci]] 50%. * [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 22.jpg|alt=Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|216x216px]]Addinin [[Kristanci]] 45%. * Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini. == Tsarin Mulki: == [[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|alt=Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.|169x169px]] A shekara ta [[1966|(1966]]) zuwa shekara ta [[1979|(1979]]) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta [[1979|(1979)]] a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta [[1983|(1983]]) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta [[1998|(1998]]) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da[[1999|(1999]]) aka yi zabe a kasa.<ref>Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 978-2458-54-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993.</ref><ref>"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>[[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai ([[2007]])a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Aduwa]] ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar [[PDP]]).<ref>Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.</ref><ref>Abdusalam Abubakar" Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).<ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref><ref>NASS confirms Sambo as vice president". The Nigerian Voice. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref><ref>Final Report" (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.<ref>"Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</ref><ref>Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President". MyOndoState.Com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011</ref> Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost". Premium Times Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC.</ref> === Jihohi: === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Jeri !Sunan Jiha !Babban Birnin Jiha !Gwamna |- |1 | | | |- |2 | | | |- |3 | | | |- |4 | | | |- |5 | | | |- |6 | | | |- |7 | | | |- |8 | | | |- |9 | | | |- |10 | | | |- | | | | |} #.[[Abia]]. . #[[Adamawa]]. #Anambra. #[[Akwa Ibom]]. #[[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] . #[[Bayelsa]] . #[[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] . #Borno. #[[Cross River]]. #[[Delta]]. #[[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]]. #Edo. #Ebonyi. #[[Ekiti]]. #[[Filato]] . #[[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. #[[Imo]]. #[[Jigawa]]. #[[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. #[[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]. #[[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]]. #[[Kebbi]]. #[[Kogi]]. #[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]]. #Lagos. #Neja. #[[Nasarawa]]. #[[Ogun]] . #[[Osun]] . #[[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]]. #[[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] #Rivers. #[[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. #[[Taraba]]. #[[Yobe]]. #[[Zamfara]] . [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|thumb|Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|138x138px]] ''Babban birnin tarayya'' [[Abuja]]. == Yarika: == Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.<ref>APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> === [[Hausa]]: === <gallery> File:Hausa royal dressing 03.jpg| Hausawa. File:Hausa royal dressing 05.jpg|Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa. File:Hausa emirate dress code 02.jpg|Bahaushe. </gallery> === [[Igbo|Ibo:]] === <gallery> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg| Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare. File:A typical Igbo dressing (Akwa George and beads) worn by a young Igbo woman to a cultural event like traditional marriage or new yam festival.jpg|Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo. File:Cultural display of the Igbos from the Eastern part of Nigeria.jpg|Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu. </gallery> === [[Yoruba]]: === Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,<ref>Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat". Vanguard. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015</ref> suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, [[Legas]] da, [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] da [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], da [[Osun]] da [[Kwara]] da kuma [[Kogi]]. <gallery> File:High Chiefs.jpg|Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa. </gallery>'''Sauran yaruka:''' Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da [[Kakuri|Kanuri]] da [[Tiv]] da [[Bura]] da [[Shuwa Arab]] da[[Marghi]] da [[Kare-Kare|Kare-kare]] da [[Ɓachama]] da [[Mandara]] da [[Higgi]] da [[Kilba]] da [[Kibaku]] da [[Mafa]] da [[Glavda]] da [[Jukun]] da [[Waha]] da [[Gamargu]] da [[Igala]] da [[Nufe]] da [[Idoma]] da [[Ibibio]] da [[Efik]] da [[Anang]] da [[Ekoi]] da [[Awak]] da [[Waja]] da Waka. == Arzikin : == Nigeria akwai arzikin noma da na man fetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state == Wasanni; == <gallery> 9ja_women_U20.JPG|Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya. Algeria_vs_Nigeria_-_1978_All-Africa_Games_final.jpg|Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978. Football_through.jpg|Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa. Women_have_fun_with_football.jpg|Mata na wasan kwallon kafa. Okossi_girls_football_team_2.jpg|team na wasannin mata. John_Obi_Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John Mikel Obi </gallery> == Fannin tsaro. == == Kimiya da Fasaha. == == Sifiri. == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama. === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa. === == Al'adu. == === Mutane. === [[File:IMG-20210214-WA0020.jpg|thumb|Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.]] === Yaruka. === === Abinci. === === Tufafi. === == Ilimi. == == Addinai. == === Musulunci. === === Kiristanci. === == Hotuna. == ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} {{Afirka}} [[Category:Najeriya| ]] [[Category:Kasashen Afrika]] [[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirka]] jvn4i35qbzj29a75dppt26iu0643tkk 879948 879947 2026-07-10T05:19:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|'''''Nigeria w1 locator''''']] [[Fayil:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar najeriya]] [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|babban birnin najeriya]] [[Fayil:20200408 Nigeria Crisis.pdf|thumb|crisis a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 143.jpg|thumb|Sojan Nigeria ]] ''''[[Najeriya]];'''' (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko '''Nijeriya''' (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da ([[turanci]]: ''Nigeria''): A Gwamnatance '''Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]''' ƙasa ce da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] [[Afirka ta Yammah|ta]] yamma.<ref>The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.</ref> Tana da iyaka da ƙasar [[Nijar]] daga [[Arewa]], da [[Cadi|Chadi]] daga Arewa maso gabas da [[Kamaru]] daga gabas da [[Benin]] daga yammah, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</ref><ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da ''Babban Birnin'' Tarayya [[Abuja]] inda fadar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasar]] wato "villa" take.<ref name=":0">http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and</ref><ref>https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/</ref> [[Lagos (birni)|Abuja]] tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a [[duniya]].<ref>[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</ref><ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</ref>[[File:Shopping District - Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Shopping District]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya]] Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin [[turawa]] masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)<ref>Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. <nowiki>ISBN 9780190854584</nowiki>. OCLC 7869925414.</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <nowiki>ISBN 9783937248462</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref> tare da [[Al'adar Nok|Nok Wayewa]] ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a [[Yammacin Africa]] a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).<ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan {1992}. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamani jihar an samo asali da [[Birtaniya]] a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin [[Kudanci|Kudancin]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma kare [[Arewacin Najeriya]] a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref> ta [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]]. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe, Nwando, 1970-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe|isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref> Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar (1)ga watan [[Oktoba]], shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109</ref><ref>Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar [[dimokuraɗiyya]] a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban [[Shugaban Nijeriya|ƙasa]] mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> Najeriya; tafi Ko wace ƙasa yawan al'ummah acikin nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin 260.<ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref> waɗanda ke magana [[Harsunan Najeriya|da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa – Fulani]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yarbawa]] a [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yamma]], da kuma [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren [[harshen gwamnati|hukuma]] shi ne [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2008–09|Ingilishi]],<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5</nowiki>.</ref> wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. [[Najeriya]] ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin [[Musulmi|musulmai]], waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma [[Kirista|kiristoci]],<ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/</ref><ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban ƙasar na yanzu]] Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a [[Afirka]] kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,<ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref> tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)<ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref><ref>"The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin [[Afirka|Afrika]] saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, [[Bankin Duniya|kuma bankin duniya]] yana dauƙarta a matsayin [[Kasuwa masu tasowa|kasuwa]] mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan [[Gingara karfi|al’umma a duniya]].<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar [[Afirka]], kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa ([[ECOWAS|ECOWAS)]] ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, ([[OPEC]]) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar [[MINT (tattalin arziki)|MINT]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "[[Sha dayan gaba "Next Eleven"|Next Eleven]]".<ref>https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/</ref><ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> == Kirkira: == Sunan ''[[wiktionary:Nigeria|Nijeriya]]'' an dauke shi daga Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] wanda ya ratsa kasar.<ref>"Nigerian Constitution". Nigeria Law. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System.</ref> Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], wanda daga baya ya auri [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]], mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref>David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018).</ref><ref>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007</ref><ref>Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-880430-7</ref> [[Nijar]] da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.<ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Asalin sunan ''Nijar'', wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ''egerew <u>n-iger</u> ewen'' da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da [[Timbuktu]] kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). <ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48</ref><ref>The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence". Litencyc.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</ref> [[File:Abuja gate.jpg|alt=Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar|thumb|Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa|165x165px]] == Tarihi: == [[File:Central bank nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babban Bankin Nigeria.|159x159px]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)]] Tarihi, ya nuna cewar [[Najeriya a 1960|Nijeriya]] dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta ('''500),'''<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.</ref><ref>Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115</ref> kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna [[Kasar Hausa]].<ref>Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266</ref><ref>Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87725-166-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.<ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar [[Hausa]] a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye [[Lagos]] a shekara ta [[1881|(1881]]) miladiyya, ana cikin [[Yakin duniya I|Yakin duniya]] na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan [[Portugal]].<ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar [[1885|(1885)]] sai Turawan [[Birtaniya]] suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.<ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993</ref> == Addinai: == * [[File:The Abuja National Mosque.jpg|alt=Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|146x146px]]Addinin [[Musulunci]] 50%. * [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 22.jpg|alt=Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|216x216px]]Addinin [[Kristanci]] 45%. * Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini. == Tsarin Mulki: == [[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|alt=Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.|169x169px]] A shekara ta [[1966|(1966]]) zuwa shekara ta [[1979|(1979]]) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta [[1979|(1979)]] a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta [[1983|(1983]]) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta [[1998|(1998]]) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da[[1999|(1999]]) aka yi zabe a kasa.<ref>Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 978-2458-54-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993.</ref><ref>"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>[[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai ([[2007]])a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Aduwa]] ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar [[PDP]]).<ref>Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.</ref><ref>Abdusalam Abubakar" Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).<ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref><ref>NASS confirms Sambo as vice president". The Nigerian Voice. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref><ref>Final Report" (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.<ref>"Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</ref><ref>Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President". MyOndoState.Com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011</ref> Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost". Premium Times Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC.</ref> === Jihohi: === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Jeri !Sunan Jiha !Babban Birnin Jiha !Gwamna |- |1 | | | |- |2 | | | |- |3 | | | |- |4 | | | |- |5 | | | |- |6 | | | |- |7 | | | |- |8 | | | |- |9 | | | |- |10 | | | |- | | | | |} #.[[Abia]]. . #[[Adamawa]]. #Anambra. #[[Akwa Ibom]]. #[[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] . #[[Bayelsa]] . #[[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] . #Borno. #[[Cross River]]. #[[Delta]]. #[[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]]. #Edo. #Ebonyi. #[[Ekiti]]. #[[Filato]] . #[[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. #[[Imo]]. #[[Jigawa]]. #[[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. #[[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]. #[[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]]. #[[Kebbi]]. #[[Kogi]]. #[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]]. #Lagos. #Neja. #[[Nasarawa]]. #[[Ogun]] . #[[Osun]] . #[[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]]. #[[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] #Rivers. #[[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. #[[Taraba]]. #[[Yobe]]. #[[Zamfara]] . [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|thumb|Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|138x138px]] ''Babban birnin tarayya'' [[Abuja]]. == Yarika: == Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.<ref>APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> === [[Hausa]]: === <gallery> File:Hausa royal dressing 03.jpg| Hausawa. File:Hausa royal dressing 05.jpg|Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa. File:Hausa emirate dress code 02.jpg|Bahaushe. </gallery> === [[Igbo|Ibo:]] === <gallery> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg| Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare. File:A typical Igbo dressing (Akwa George and beads) worn by a young Igbo woman to a cultural event like traditional marriage or new yam festival.jpg|Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo. File:Cultural display of the Igbos from the Eastern part of Nigeria.jpg|Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu. </gallery> === [[Yoruba]]: === Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,<ref>Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat". Vanguard. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015</ref> suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, [[Legas]] da, [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] da [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], da [[Osun]] da [[Kwara]] da kuma [[Kogi]]. <gallery> File:High Chiefs.jpg|Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa. </gallery>'''Sauran yaruka:''' Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da [[Kakuri|Kanuri]] da [[Tiv]] da [[Bura]] da [[Shuwa Arab]] da[[Marghi]] da [[Kare-Kare|Kare-kare]] da [[Ɓachama]] da [[Mandara]] da [[Higgi]] da [[Kilba]] da [[Kibaku]] da [[Mafa]] da [[Glavda]] da [[Jukun]] da [[Waha]] da [[Gamargu]] da [[Igala]] da [[Nufe]] da [[Idoma]] da [[Ibibio]] da [[Efik]] da [[Anang]] da [[Ekoi]] da [[Awak]] da [[Waja]] da Waka. == Arzikin : == Nigeria akwai arzikin noma da na man fetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state == Wasanni; == <gallery> 9ja_women_U20.JPG|Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya. Algeria_vs_Nigeria_-_1978_All-Africa_Games_final.jpg|Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978. Football_through.jpg|Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa. Women_have_fun_with_football.jpg|Mata na wasan kwallon kafa. Okossi_girls_football_team_2.jpg|team na wasannin mata. John_Obi_Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John Mikel Obi </gallery> == Fannin tsaro. == == Kimiya da Fasaha. == == Sifiri. == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama. === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa. === == Al'adu. == === Mutane. === [[File:IMG-20210214-WA0020.jpg|thumb|Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.]] === Yaruka. === === Abinci. === === Tufafi. === == Ilimi. == == Addinai. == === Musulunci. === === Kiristanci. === == Hotuna. == ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} {{Afirka}} [[Category:Najeriya| ]] [[Category:Kasashen Afrika]] [[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirka]] 7582xt4i55kl4upsed7guwskwsv12d0 0 5848 879754 877634 2026-07-09T18:56:57Z Bikhrah 15061 879754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. c 1911.jpg|thumb|Kasar Argentina a wani karni]] [[Fayil:Argentina inflation.webp|thumb|Argentina]] '''Jamhuriyar Argentina''' ko '''Argentina,'''ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Amurka|Amurika]] ta Kudu.<ref>Constitution of Argentina, art. 35.</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 457: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."; Kopka 2011, p. 5: "The sun's features are those of Inti, the Incan sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."</ref><ref>Ley No. 5598 de la Provincia de Corrientes, 22 October 2004 (in Spanish)</ref> Argentina tayi iyaka da ƙasashe uku, Daga arewacin, ƙasar [[Bolibiya]] da kasar [[Paraguay]], Daga gabashin kasar [[Uruguay]] da Ruwan Pacific ta Kudu, Daga yammacin kasar [[Cile]], Daga kudu Drake Passage.<ref>La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? [La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.] (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territorio de la provincia [..]</ref><ref>Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin [Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut...</ref><ref>Argentina Religions – Demographics". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</ref> kasa CE wacce ta shahara sosai a kwalan kafa wace ita ke rike da kambun [[duniya]] na yanzun.<ref>3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km2); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km2) [pg.23]" (PDF). www.ign.gob.ar (in Spanish). es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina) – IGN. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2025.</ref><ref>Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km2); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km2)" (XLS). www.indec.gob.ar (in Spanish). Census 2022. INDEC. 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025</ref><ref>Proyecciones y estimaciones". www.indec.gob.ar. INDEC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</ref> Argentina wata kasa ce a cikin larduna ashirin da uku,<ref>de Onis, Juan (2 January 1977). "Argentina's Terror: Army Is Ahead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Bernstein, Adam (17 May 2013). "Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007</ref> da kuma birni daya mai cin gashin kanta, wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma,<ref>Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism" Archived 26 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976</ref><ref>Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994</ref><ref>Argentina's Dirty War". Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</ref> wanda babban birnin tarayya da mafi girma aires na al'umma, wanda birnin tarayya ne na tarayya, Buenos Aires na tarayya, Buenos Aires na tarayya.<ref>"Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref><ref>Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208.</ref><ref>Buncombe, Andrew (11 February 2022). "Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Yahoo! Sports.</ref> The larduna da babban birnin suna da nasu ka'idojin, amma sun wanzu a karkashin tsarin tarayya.<ref>Bronstein, Hugh; Misculin, Nicolás (15 November 2021). "Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref><ref>Burke, Hilary (21 January 2007). "Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022</ref><ref>McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 January 2007). "Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022</ref><ref>Robben 2011, p. 127</ref> Argentina ta yi ikirarin cewa a kan Tsibirin Falkinland, South Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu, filin wasan kwaikwayon kankara, da kuma wani yanki na Antartica.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 423–65, vol. II.</ref><ref>Robben 2011, pp. 76–77.</ref><ref>Anderson & Sloan 2009, p. 40–41</ref> Farkon hadin gwiwar dan adam a cikin kwanakin Argentina ya dawo zuwa lokacin Paleolithic.<ref>Robben 2011, p. 145</ref><ref>Wilson 2016, p. 167</ref><ref>Robben 2011, p. 148.</ref> Daular Inca ta fadada zuwa arewa maso yammacin kasar a Pre-Columbian. Kasar tana da tushen sa a cikin mulkin mallaka na yankin a cikin karni na 16.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 467–504, vol. II</ref><ref>CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots". ''Fox News''. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref><ref>Meislin, Richard J. (16 June 1982). "THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</ref> Argentina ta tashi kamar yadda magajin gari ya samu a shekarar 1776.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 505–32, vol. II</ref><ref>Ley No. 23492, 29 December 1986, B.O., (26058) (in Spanish)</ref><ref>Ley No. 23521, 9 June 1987, B.O., (26155) (in Spanish)</ref> Bayanin kasashen Spain 9110 kuma yaƙin ya kara wa 'yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1880-1825) ya biyo bayan sake tsayawa takara har zuwa shekarar 1880.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 533–49, vol. II.</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 9.</ref> Kasar da ta ji daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, tare da raƙuman fice na Turai, musamman 'yan It'iyanci, su fi ƙarfin al'adunta.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 551–573, vol. II</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 575–87, vol. II</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 12</ref> Jamumin Jami'in daular da za a yi watsi da siyasar da ke da kasa a cikin lokacin da ake kira Jamhuriyar mai ra'ayin mai ra'ayin, daga shekarar 1880 har zuwa zabukan 1916.<ref>Kirchner Sworn in as President of Argentina – 2003-05-26". VOA. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</ref><ref>Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in". France 24. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</ref><ref>Epstein & Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 13</ref> Babban bacin rai ya haifar da juyin mulki na farko d'état a cikin 1930 ya jagoranci José Félix Urizix, da farko da ake kira "otamous shekaru 10 (1930-1943).<ref>Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref>Rabouin, Dion (3 September 2019). "Argentine president leads economy to debt, inflation and mass poverty". Axios. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</ref><ref>Alcalá Kovalski, Manuel (5 September 2019). "Lessons learned from the Argentine economy under Macri". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</ref> Bayan wannan juyin mulkin, ya ci karin hudu a shekarar 1943, 1955, 1965, 1962, da kuma Mataimakin shugaban kasa, masu fafutukarsa,<ref>Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency". BBC News. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021</ref><ref>We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left". The Guardian. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2022</ref><ref>Administracion Federal". AFIP. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</ref> wanda ya hau zuwa dubunnan na siyasa, masu fafutukar da aka samu, wadanda aka tallafa wa mutane dubunni Yaƙi, lokacin ta'addanci na Jiha da kuma tashin hankalin jama'a wanda ya kasance har zuwa zaben ra1l Alfonsín a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1983.<ref>Allegations of a network of corruption money involves former president Kirchner". Merco Press. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref><ref>Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref><ref>Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</ref> Argentina ce iyaka na yanki, kuma ya riƙe matsayinta na tarihi a matsayin wani yanki na tsakiya a harkokin kasa da kasa.<ref>Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</ref><ref>Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms". 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</ref><ref>Young 2005, p. 52: "The Andes Mountains form the "backbone" of Argentina along the western border with Chile."</ref> Babban mahimmancin Amurka ne,<ref>Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Información geográfica de la República Argentina" [Geographic information of the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.</ref><ref>McKinney 1993, p. 6; Fearns & Fearns 2005, p. 31</ref><ref>Albanese, Rubén (2009). "Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina" [Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.</ref> Argentina ce mai tasowa tare da HDI mafi girma na biyu (index na Hali na HDI) a Latin Amurka bayan Chile.<ref>Young 2005, p. 52.</ref><ref>Lynch, David K. "Land Below Sea Level". Geology – Geoscience News and Information. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.</ref><ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, pp. 5, 7–8, 51, 175</ref> Yana kula da tattalin arziki mafi girma na biyu a Kudancin Amurka, kuma memba ne na G-15 da G20.<ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 8.</ref><ref>McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 18.</ref><ref>Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros" [Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.</ref> Argentina kuma wani ya kafa memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya, kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya, Mercosur, jama'ar Latin Amurka da kungiyar Iribso-Amurka.<ref>"Argentina – Main Details". Montreal, Canada: Convention on Biological Diversity. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013.</ref><ref>Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005" (PDF). www.bipindicators.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.</ref><ref>Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayanai sun nuna cewa mutane sun zauna a ƙasar Argentina a yanzu tun shekaru 21,000 da suka wuce. A cikin shekarar 2015,<ref>El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina". Página/12. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023. La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes, es decir, 5.927.607 de personas más que las relevadas en el último censo, en 2010. En mayo de 2022, pocos días después del relevamiento, el INDEC había difundido los primeros resultados preliminares, que indicaban que la población argentina tenía 47.327.407 habitantes. Sin embargo el dato fue corregido esta tarde.</ref><ref>World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Argentina)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.</ref><ref>GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina". World Bank. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref> an gano burbushin kasusuwa na wani katon dabbobi masu sulke da ake kira Neosclerocalyptus kusa da Buenos Aires. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan sun sami yanke alamomi masu nuni da yankan da kayan aikin dutse,<ref>Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 128.</ref> wanda ke nuna ayyukan ɗan adam a lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum.<ref>Levene 1948, p. 11: "[After the Viceroyalty became] a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic."; Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–97: "The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times, during the Viceroyalty, and remained so after the revolution of May 1810. [...] The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states, but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it, incidentally affected by internal conflicts."; Vanossi 1964, p. 11: "[The Argentine nationality is a] unique national entity, successor to the Viceroyalty, which, after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization, adopted a decentralized form in 1853–1860 under the Constitution."</ref><ref>Gordon A. Bridger (2013). Britain and the Making of Argentina. WIT Press. p. 101. <nowiki>ISBN 9781845646844</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Some 86% identify themselves as being of European descent, of whom 60% would claim Italian links</ref><ref>Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2018. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.</ref> A kudu, shafin Piedra Museo a lardin Santa Cruz ya samar da gawarwakin mutane da kayayyakin tarihi tun kimanin shekaru 11,000.<ref>O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Wood 1988, p. 18; Solomon 1997, p. 3.</ref><ref>Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre" [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures] (PDF) (in Italian). Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012</ref> Abubuwan da aka gano a wannan rukunin yanar gizon sun haɗa da mashin da ke da alaƙa da bacewar megafauna kamar Mylodon da Hippidion, wanda ke nuna ci gaban ayyukan farauta na mazaunan farko.<ref>Huntington 2000, p. 6; Nierop 2001, p. 61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."; Lake 2009, p. 55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p. 283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."; Malamud 2011, p. 9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil's main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil's image as a regional leader."; Boughton 2012, p. 101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa."</ref><ref>Morris 1988, p. 63: "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."; Adler & Greve 2009, p. 78: "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."; Ruiz-Dana et al. 2009, p. 18: "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."</ref><ref>Major Non-NATO Ally Status". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</ref> Wani muhimmin rukunin yanar gizon shine Cueva de las Manos (Kogon Hannu), kuma yana cikin Santa Cruz. Wannan kogon yana da tambarin tambarin hannu da wuraren farauta da aka yi tsakanin 7,300 BC zuwa 700 AD, yana ba da haske game da rayuwar al'ummomin mafarauta na farko.<ref>Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 | countryeconomy.com". countryeconomy.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023</ref><ref>The name Argentine (Spanish) El nombre de Argentina Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Rock 1987, pp. 6, 8; Edwards 2008, p. 7.</ref> Har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai, Argentina ba ta da yawa ta yawan al'adu daban-daban tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban,<ref>Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1853, Preamble</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1826, art. 1.</ref> waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku.<ref>Rosenblat 1964, p. 78.</ref><ref>Constitution of Argentina, 1860 amd., art. 35</ref><ref>Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford, UK: Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014</ref> Rukuni na farko ’yan farauta ne da kuma masu tara abinci ba tare da yin aikin tukwane ba, kamar su Selkʼnam da Yaghan da ke kudancin ƙasar.<ref>"Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America"</ref><ref>"Welcome Argentina"</ref><ref>WHO UNESCO". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 15 May 2025.</ref> Rukuni na biyu sune manyan mafarauta da masu tattara abinci waɗanda suka haɗa da Puelche,<ref>Google Books". web.archive.org. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2025.</ref><ref>Edwards 2008, p. 12.</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 18–19</ref> Querandí da Serranos a tsakiyar gabas; da Tehuelche da ke kudu—dukkansu sun ci nasara da Mapuche da suka yaɗu daga Chile<ref>Edwards 2008, p. 13.</ref><ref>Crow 1992, pp. 129–32</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140</ref>—da Kom da Wichi a arewa.<ref>Crow 1992, p. 353</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 134</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 135.</ref> Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe ita ce manoma masu tukwane, irin su Charrúa, Minuane da Guaraní a arewa maso gabas, tare da slash da ƙonewa na zaman wuri;<ref>Crow 1992, p. 347</ref><ref>Crow 1992, p. 421</ref><ref>Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 194ff</ref> ci gaban al'adun kasuwanci na Diaguita a arewa maso yamma, wanda Daular Inca ta ci a kusa da 1480; Tonocoté da Hênîa da Kâmîare a tsakiyar ƙasar, da kuma Huarpe a tsakiyar-yamma, al'adar da ke kiwon dabbobin llama kuma Incas sun yi tasiri sosai.<ref>John Lynch, San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero (2009)</ref><ref>Rock 1987, p. 81.</ref><ref>Rock 1987, pp. 82–83</ref> === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Turawa sun fara isa yankin tare da tafiya 1502 na Amerigo Vespucci.<ref>Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.</ref><ref>Mercene, Manila men, p. 52</ref><ref>Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano</ref> Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa na Spain Juan Díaz de Solís da Sebastian Cabot sun ziyarci yankin da ke a yanzu Argentina a 1516 da 1526, bi da bi.<ref>O'Donnell 1998</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40</ref><ref>Rock 1987, p. 92; Lewis 2003, p. 41.</ref> A cikin 1536 Pedro de Mendoza ya kafa ƙaramin mazaunin Buenos Aires, wanda aka watsar a cikin 1541.<ref>Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 185–252, vol. I.</ref><ref>Feriados nacionales 2018" [National Holidays 2018] (in Spanish). Argentina Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.</ref> Ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce ya fito daga Paraguay-kafa Gwamnar Río de la Plata-Peru da Chile.<ref>Lewis 2003, p. 41.</ref><ref>"El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref><ref>Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener". 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Francisco de Aguirre ya kafa Santiago del Estero a shekara ta 1553.<ref>Plan del Inca". 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2021</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, p. 45</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, p. 43</ref> An kafa Londres a shekara ta 1558; Mendoza, a cikin 1561; San Juan, a cikin 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, a shekara ta 1565.<ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 46–47</ref><ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 48–50</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 363–541, vol. I</ref> Juan de Garay ya kafa Santa Fe a shekara ta 1573 kuma a wannan shekarar ne Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera ya kafa Cordoba.<ref>Bolt & Van Zanden 2013</ref><ref>Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1.</ref><ref>Lewis 1990, pp. 18–30</ref> Garay ya wuce kudu don sake gano Buenos Aires a 1580.<ref>Mosk 1990, pp. 88–89</ref><ref>Cruz 1990, p. 10</ref><ref>Díaz Alejandro 1970, pp. 2–3</ref> An kafa San Luis a shekara ta 1596.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 567–625, vol. I.</ref><ref>Lewis 1990, pp. 37–38.</ref><ref>Douglas A. Richmond, "Julio Argentino Roca" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4 p. 583. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996</ref> Daular Spain ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon tattalin arziƙin ƙasar Argentina ga dukiyar azurfa da ma'adinan zinare a Bolivia da Peru,<ref>Barros, Álvaro (1872). Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud (in Spanish). tipos á vapor. pp. 155–57.</ref><ref>Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "Pulgas y garrapatas" (in Spanish). Página/12. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref><ref>Ras, Norberto (2006). La guerra por las vacas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Galerna. <nowiki>ISBN 978-987-05-0539-6</nowiki>.</ref> don haka ta zama wani ɓangare na mataimakiyar Peru har sai da aka ƙirƙiri mataimakin sarauta na Río de la Plata a 1776 tare da Buenos Aires a matsayin babban birninta.<ref>Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "VIII". Historia del Chaco (in Spanish). Editorial Plus Ultra. p. 105. <nowiki>ISBN 978-950-21-1256-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). La colonización del Chaco (in Spanish). Centro Editor de América Latina. pp. 16–23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-950-25-0123-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación de Argentina. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> Buenos Aires ya kori mamaya na Birtaniyya guda biyu marasa lafiya a cikin 1806 da 1807.<ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 7–178, vol. II.</ref><ref>Becoming a serious country". The Economist. London. 3 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Argentina is thus not a "developing country". Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again.</ref><ref>Galasso 2011, pp. 181–302, vol. II.</ref> Tunanin zamanin wayewa da kuma misalin juyin juya halin Atlantika na farko ya haifar da suka ga mulkin kama karya da ya mulki kasar.<ref>Alexander, Robert Jackson. A History of Organized Labor in Argentina. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003.</ref><ref>Barnes 1978, p. 3</ref><ref>Barnes 1978, pp. 113ff.</ref> Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen Mutanen Espanya, hambarar da Ferdinand VII a lokacin Yaƙin Tsibiri ya haifar da damuwa sosai.<ref>Chronology: Argentina's turbulent history of economic crises". Reuters. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</ref><ref>Rock, David (1993). Authoritarian Argentina. University of California Press.</ref><ref>Clarín". Clarin.com. 2 August 2001. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</ref> == Mulki == == Arziki == == Wasanni == [[File:Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina 05.jpg|thumb|wasu mutanen Argentina na bangaren tsaro]] == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == [[File:Aerolineas Argentinas Comet 4 Groves.jpg|thumb|filin jirgin saman kasar Argentina]] === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == [[File:Campeonas y jugadoras argentinas 1958.png|thumb|Wasu fitattun mutanen kasar Argentina a wani karni]] === Mutane === === Yaruka === === Abinci === [[File:Argentina 2015-11-10 (23370657009).jpg|thumb|Irin tufafin kasar Argentina a jikin wasu matasa]] === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === === Kiristanci === == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Glacial iceberg in Argentina.jpg|Dusan kankara a kasar Argentina File:Argentina 1836 8 Escudos.jpg|Kudin kwandala na kasar Argentina a shekrar 1836 File:Gauchos in Calchaquí Valleys, Argentina 05.jpg|Dawakai a kasar Argentina File:Danza de la zemba o charanda.JPG|Rawan al'ada a kasar Argentina File:Dancing in worship, Chaco Argentina (7157358789).jpg| Rawa a gurin bauta File:Robben-001.jpg|Robben File:Puelo_Lake.jpg|Alamomi na kasar File:La_Plata_desde_el_Aire.jpg|Kasar </gallery> == Noma == [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|Salta|alt=]] == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Argentina}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] fl6gj1ylb5xr9b1dgcocg68chd7b3n0 0 5976 879548 873608 2026-07-09T12:26:19Z Maiakwai4u 37986 879548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Abubakar Adam Ibrahim photo.jpg|thumb|200px|Hoto na Abubakar Adam Ibrahim.]] '''Abubakar Adam Ibrahim''' An haife shi a shekara ta ( 1979) a garin [[Jos]] ta Jihar [[Plateau]] [[Najeriya]], ɗaya ne daga cikin marubuta a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Ya kuma rubuta ƙagaggen labarin (''[[Season]] of [[Crimson]] [[Blossoms]])'' (''kakar tsirowar jajayen furannai''). Ya lashe kyautar [[adabi]] na [[NLNG]] a shekarar ta (2016).<ref name="DW">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/abubakar-adam-ibrahim-northern-nigerias-literary-provocateur/a-37558586|title=Nigeria's Literary Provocateur|work=Deutsche Welle|author=Gwendolin Hilse|date=|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref> == Sana’a == An kuma haifi Abubakar Adam Ibrahim a [[Jos|garin Jos]] dake [[Arewa]] ta tsakiyar [[Najeriya]], kuma ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a Sadarwar Jama'a a [[jami'ar Jos]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parresia.com.ng/abubakar-adam-ibrahim|title=Abubakar Adam Ibrahim|date=2015|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=|publisher=Parrésia Publishers|last=|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623010926/http://www.parresia.com.ng/abubakar-adam-ibrahim/|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarin gajeriyar labarinsa na halarta na farko An Kuma yi jerin ''sunayen Bishiyoyi masu''ruɗi don [[Kyautar Etisalat na Adabi|lambar yabo ta Etisalat don Adabi]] a cikin shekarar 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prize.etisalat.com.ng/the-inaugural-etisalat-prize-for-literature-longlist/|title=The Inaugural Etisalat Prize for Literature Longlist|date=20 December 2013|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=|publisher=Etisalat Nigeria|last=|first=}}</ref> tare da taken da aka zaɓa don [[Kyautar Caine|Kyautar Caine don Rubutun Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caineprize.com/news_2013_shortlist.php|title=Fourteenth Caine Prize shortlist announced|date=April 2013|accessdate=4 June 2015|website=The Caine Prize for African Writing|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607122503/http://www.caineprize.com/news_2013_shortlist.php|archivedate=7 June 2015}}</ref> Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Cassava Republic ne ya sake buga tarin don a rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin shekarar 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-14|title=The Whispering Trees {{!}} Abubakar Adam Ibrahim {{!}} Cassava Republic Press|url=https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/the-whispering-trees-by-abubakar-adam-ibrahim/,%20https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/the-whispering-trees-by-abubakar-adam-ibrahim/|access-date=2021-12-25|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma za a buga fassarar Faransanci a cikin shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.moutons-electriques.fr/arbres-murmurent|title=Les arbres qui murmurent|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-13|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130907/https://www.moutons-electriques.fr/arbres-murmurent|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar (2014) an zaɓe shi a jerin marubutan [[Afirka39|Afirka 39]] waɗanda shekarunsu ke ƙasa da (40) tare da yuwuwar da hazaƙa don ayyana yanayin gaba a cikin [[adabin]] [[Afirka]],<ref>[[Margaret Busby]], [https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 "Africa39: how we chose the writers for Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014"], ''The Guardian'', 10 April 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014|title=Africa 39 list of artists|url=https://www.hayfestival.com/artist.aspx?artistid=5966|publisher=[[Hay Festival]]|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref> kuma an saka shi a cikin anthology ''Africa39: Sabon Rubuce daga Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara''(ed). [[Allah|Allahu]] Akbar!<ref>[[Mukoma Wa Ngugi]], [http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/beauty-mourning-melancholy-africa39 "Beauty, Mourning, and Melancholy in Africa39"], ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', 9 November shekara ta 2014.</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da shawara a kan shirin Rubutun( 2013 )kuma ya yi hukunci da [[Kyautar Rubutun Gajeren Labari|Kyautar Gajerun Rubutattun Labarai]] a shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 May 2014|title=Writivism Short Story Prize 2014 Longlist|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/05/22/writivism-short-story-prize-2014-longlist|website=Books Live|publisher=Times Media Group|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban alkalai don lambar yabo ta Etisalat Flash Fiction Prize na 2016.<ref>"Etisalat Prize for Literature". ''Etisalat Prize for Literature''. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.</ref> Ibrahim ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[BBC]] [[African]] [[Performance Prize]]<ref>"African Performance 2007". BBC World Service. 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> da ANA Plateau/Amatu Braide Prize for Prose. Shi [[Gabriel Garcia]] Marquez Fellow (2013),<ref>"Selected for the Gabriel García Márquez fellowship in cultural journalism". ''Fundacion Gabriel Garcia Marquez para el Nuovo Periodismo Iberoamericano''. FNPI. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> ɗan Civitella Ranieri (2015)<ref>"Civitella Announces 2015 Fellows". ''Civitella Ranieri Foundation''. Civitella Ranieri Foundation. 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> da( 2018 )Art OMI Fellow.<ref name=":0">"Art OMI". 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</ref> A cikin shekarar (2016), Ibrahim ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta [[Goethe-Institut]]& Sylt Foundation [[African Writer's Residency Award]] kuma a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020 ya kasance Abokin Dora Maar.<ref>"Adam Ibrahim Abubakar". ''La Maison Dora Maar et L'Hôtel Tingry''. Retrieved 25 December 2021.</ref> Ibrahim ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[BBC]] African Performance Prize<ref>"Abubakar Adam Ibrahim". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.</ref> da ANA Plateau/Amatu Braide Prize for Prose. Shi Gabriel Garcia Marquez Fellow (2013),<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> ɗan Civitella Ranieri (2015)<ref>"Abubakar Adam Ibrahim dans la sélection du Prix Femina Étranger". ''www.editions-observatoire.com'' (in French). Retrieved 25 December2021.</ref> da 2018 Art OMI Fellow.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarar 2016, Ibrahim ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta [[Goethe-Institut]] & Sylt Foundation African Writer's Residency Award<ref>Eresia-Eke, Kudo (31 October 2016). "Shortlist of three for NLNG sponsored US$100,000 literature prize emerges". Nigeria LNG Ltd.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya|Ibrahim, Abubakar Adam]] ddt7rjqak91v3u5kd4l300a2gx0a62y 0 6118 879891 543831 2026-07-09T23:44:42Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Soviet_Union_demography.png |thumb|Yawan jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet ]] [[File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1.svg|thumb|200px|Jihar alama]] '''Kungiyar Sobiyet''' wato '''Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),''' ƙungiya ce wacce ta mamaye ƙasashe da nahiyoyi wacce ta mamaye mafi akasarin yankin [[Eurasia]] tun daga shekara ta 1922 har zuwa shekarar ta alif 1991. [[File:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar rukunin gudanarwa na USSR]] {{stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Turai]] Cikakken bayani kan Tarayyar Sobiyet (USSR) Tarayyar Sobiyet (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – USSR) wata babbar ƙasa ce da ta kasance daga 30 ga Disamba, 1922 zuwa 26 ga Disamba, 1991. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a tarihin duniya, inda ta mamaye yanki mai faɗi daga Gabashin Turai zuwa Arewacin Asiya. Fadin ƙasarta ya kai kusan kilomita murabba'i miliyan 22.4, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a duniya a lokacin. Asalin kafuwa Tarayyar Sobiyet ta samo asali ne bayan Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na shekarar 1917, lokacin da jam'iyyar Bolshevik ƙarƙashin jagorancin Vladimir Lenin ta karɓi mulki daga gwamnatin wucin gadi. Bayan shekaru na yaƙin basasa tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa, an kafa Tarayyar Sobiyet a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1922. Da farko ta ƙunshi jamhuriyoyi huɗu: Rasha (Russian SFSR) Ukraine Belarus Transcaucasian SFSR (wanda daga baya ya kasu zuwa Armenia, Azerbaijan da Georgia) Daga baya ƙarin jamhuriyoyi suka shiga har suka kai 15. Tsarin mulki Tarayyar Sobiyet ta kasance ƙasa mai bin tsarin kwaminisanci. Jam'iyyar Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) ce kaɗai ke da ikon mulki. Shugabannin ƙasar sun haɗa da: Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin Nikita Khrushchev Leonid Brezhnev Mikhail Gorbachev Tattalin arziki USSR ta gudanar da tattalin arzikinta ne ta hanyar tsarin tsare-tsaren gwamnati. Gwamnati ce ke mallakar: Manyan masana'antu Gonaki Ma'adinai Hanyoyin sufuri Bankuna An fi mai da hankali kan masana'antu masu nauyi, makamashi, ƙarafa, da aikin soja. Sojoji da makaman nukiliya Tarayyar Sobiyet ta gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojoji a duniya. Ta mallaki: Makaman nukiliya masu yawa Tankokin yaƙi Jiragen sama na yaƙi Jiragen ruwa na soja Ta kasance babbar ƙasa mai fafatawa da United States a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki. Yaƙin Cacar Baki Daga bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu har zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Sobiyet da Amurka sun shiga gasa ta siyasa, tattalin arziki, fasaha da makamai. Wannan lokaci ana kiransa Yaƙin Cacar Baki (Cold War). Duk da cewa ba su yi yaƙi kai tsaye ba, sun yi gogayya a fannoni daban-daban kuma suka goyi bayan ɓangarori masu saɓani a yaƙe-yaƙe na wasu ƙasashe. Nasarorin kimiyya Tarayyar Sobiyet ta zama ta farko a abubuwa da dama: Ta ƙaddamar da Sputnik 1, tauraron dan Adam na farko a duniya (1957). Yuri Gagarin ya zama mutum na farko da ya shiga sararin samaniya a shekarar 1961. Ta samar da manyan masana a fannin lissafi, kimiyya da injiniya. Al'umma da ilimi Gwamnati ta samar da: Ilimi kyauta Kiwon lafiya kyauta Tallafin gidaje Ayyukan yi ga yawancin jama'a Sai dai kuma akwai ƙarancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafafen yaɗa labarai. Jamhuriyoyi 15 Tarayyar Sobiyet ta ƙunshi: 1. Rasha 2. Ukraine 3. Belarus 4. Estonia 5. Latvia 6. Lithuania 7. Moldova 8. Georgia 9. Armenia 10. Azerbaijan 11. Kazakhstan 12. Uzbekistan 13. Turkmenistan 14. Kyrgyzstan 15. Tajikistan Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyet A shekarun 1980 tattalin arziki ya fara rauni, sannan matsalolin siyasa suka ƙaru. Shugaba Mikhail Gorbachev ya aiwatar da manufofin Perestroika (gyaran tattalin arziki) da Glasnost (buɗe siyasa), amma matsalolin suka ci gaba. A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1991, Tarayyar Sobiyet ta rushe. Jamhuriyoyin 15 suka zama ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu, yayin da Russia ta zama magajiyar mafi yawan kadarori da kujerar USSR a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Muhimmancin Tarayyar Sobiyet Tarayyar Sobiyet ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a ƙarni na 20 saboda: Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kayar da Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ta jagoranci yaɗuwar tsarin kwaminisanci a ƙasashe da dama. Ta yi babban ci gaba a kimiyya da binciken sararin samaniya. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe biyu mafi ƙarfi a duniya na tsawon kusan rabin ƙarni. Ko da yake Tarayyar Sobiyet ta rushe a shekarar 1991, tarihinta da tasirinta har yanzu suna da muhimmanci a siyasa, tattalin arziki, da dangantakar ƙasashen duniya. 31w9c5nricv1g360x4rw7cpjasbvsds 0 6177 879571 876656 2026-07-09T12:58:54Z Maiakwai4u 37986 879571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sokoto Sultanate.png|thumb|sokoto Sultan]] '''Sakkwato:''' Babban birni ne wanda ke yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], kusa da [[Haduwa|mahadar]] [[Sokoto (kogi)|Kogin, Sakkwato]] da Rima, Kamar yadda a shekara ta 2006 jahar na da kananan hukumomi m23 wanda ya ke dauke da gundumomi 244, da kuma yawan jama'a kimanin 427,760. Sakkwato ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jahar Sakkwato ta zamani]] kuma a baya ita ce babban birnin jihar arewa maso yamman Nijeriya. == Yanayi: == .haka zalika sakkwato tana daga cikin jihohinda suke samarwada Nigeria albasa, tafarnuwa, kwalin kura, Kara's,da dai sauran kayan noman Rani da damina. Fadamace ta kusan kewaye garinnna sakkwato da kuma sahara ta bangaren Niger. .sokoto tana da manyan makarantu kamar haka. .Shehu Shagari College of Education Umaru Aliyu Shinkafi polytechnic .Usmanu dan fodiyo university Sokoto State University University Of Education Sultan Abdulrahaman School Of Health Technology Gwadabawa Sokoto State School Of Nursing . .hakka zalika sakkwato tana da kamfanunuwa da Ake ha baka tattalin arzikin jihar dasu musamman kamfanin siminti wato sakkwato siminti dake wamakko lokal gamman. Sakkwato tana kuma da yanayi mai zafi saboda tana da rairayi. Tare da yawan zafin jiki na shekara {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sakkwato na ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi kowane zafi a Najeriya, duk da haka matsakaicin yanayin rana gaba ɗaya bai wuce {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} mafi yawan shekara, kuma bushewar tana sa a iya ɗaukar zafi.<ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web}}</ref> Watanni masu zafi sune Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40 ° C. Mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shi ne 45 ° C. .wasu daga cikin sanannu mutane a garinnna sokoto. .tsoho Dan amale, [[File:Sokoto State Nigeria.png|thumb|map na jihar Sokoto a Nigeria ]][[File:Aminu WAziri Tambuwal.jpg|thumb|gomnar jihar Sokoto a yanzu. ]][[File:Sookoto Sultanate palace.jpg|thumb|fadar sarkin musulmin kenan dake Sokoto a Nigeria ]][[File:Front of Sokoto Sultan Palce.jpg|thumb|gaban fadar sarkin musulmin dake Sokoto a Najeriya ]][[File:Secretary Meets With Religious Leaders in Sokoto, Nigeria (29176258455).jpg|thumb|<nowiki>Sarkin Musulmin Na || da gomna aminu waziri Tambuwal Da secretary a jihar Sokoto. </nowiki>]]. zamson, .annasiyya, * [[Sokoto (birni)]]. *[[Sokoto (jiha)]]. *[[Sokoto (kogi)]] == Bibiliyo; == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta (1910) zuwa shekara ta 1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. * ·Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-978-49000-1-0|978-978-49000-1-0]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 696220895. *·        ''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. *·        ''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *·        ''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' == Duba Kuma: == * [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]]. * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]]. * [[Cement in Africa|Siminti a Africa]]. * [[Makera Assada]]. == Manazarta; == {{reflist}} [[Category: garuruwan Hausawa]] [[Category:Jihohin Najeriya]] hszkdis4drp52v7cwr8g9ad4v5rtcap 879585 879571 2026-07-09T13:42:22Z Maiakwai4u 37986 879585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sokoto Sultanate.png|thumb|sokoto Sultan]] '''Sakkwato:''' Babban birni ne wanda ke yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], kusa da [[Haduwa|mahadar]] [[Sokoto (kogi)|Kogin, Sakkwato]] da Rima, Kamar yadda a shekara ta 2006 jahar na da kananan hukumomi m23 wanda ya ke dauke da gundumomi 244, da kuma yawan jama'a kimanin 427,760. Sakkwato ita ce babban birnin [[Sokoto (jiha)|jahar Sakkwato ta zamani]] kuma a baya ita ce babban birnin jihar arewa maso yamman Nijeriya. == Yanayi: == .Haka zalika sakkwato tana daga cikin jihohinda suke samarwada Nigeria albasa, tafarnuwa, kwalin kura, Kara's,da dai sauran kayan noman Rani da damina. Fadamace ta kusan kewaye garinnna sakkwato da kuma sahara ta bangaren Niger Rifubilic.<ref name="sokoto-description" /> .sokoto tana da manyan makarantu kamar haka. .Shehu Shagari College of Education Umaru Aliyu Shinkafi polytechnic .Usmanu Danfodiyo university Sokoto State University University Of Education Sultan Abdulrahaman School Of Health Technology Gwadabawa Sokoto State School Of Nursing . .Hakka zalika sakkwato tana da kamfanunuwa da Ake ha baka tattalin arzikin jihar dasu musamman kamfanin siminti wato sakkwato siminti dake wamakko lokal gamman. Sakkwato tana kuma da yanayi mai zafi saboda tana da rairayi. Tare da yawan zafin jiki na shekara {{Convert|28.3|°C|°F|1}}, Sakkwato na ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi kowane zafi a Najeriya, duk da haka matsakaicin yanayin rana gaba ɗaya bai wuce {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} mafi yawan shekara, kuma bushewar tana sa a iya ɗaukar zafi.<ref name="sokoto-description">{{Cite web}}</ref> Watanni masu zafi sune Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40 ° C. Mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shi ne 45 ° C. .wasu daga cikin sanannu mutane a garinnna sokoto. .tsoho Dan amale, [[File:Sokoto State Nigeria.png|thumb|map na jihar Sokoto a Nigeria ]][[File:Aminu WAziri Tambuwal.jpg|thumb|gomnar jihar Sokoto a yanzu. ]][[File:Sookoto Sultanate palace.jpg|thumb|fadar sarkin musulmin kenan dake Sokoto a Nigeria ]][[File:Front of Sokoto Sultan Palce.jpg|thumb|gaban fadar sarkin musulmin dake Sokoto a Najeriya ]][[File:Secretary Meets With Religious Leaders in Sokoto, Nigeria (29176258455).jpg|thumb|<nowiki>Sarkin Musulmin Na || da gomna aminu waziri Tambuwal Da secretary a jihar Sokoto. </nowiki>]]. zamson, .annasiyya, * [[Sokoto (birni)]]. *[[Sokoto (jiha)]]. *[[Sokoto (kogi)]] == Bibiliyo; == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta (1910) zuwa shekara ta 1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. * ·Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-978-49000-1-0|978-978-49000-1-0]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 696220895. *·        ''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. *·        ''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *·        ''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' == Duba Kuma: == * [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]]. * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]]. * [[Cement in Africa|Siminti a Africa]]. * [[Makera Assada]]. == Manazarta; == {{reflist}} [[Category: garuruwan Hausawa]] [[Category:Jihohin Najeriya]] rqu7ztxf4sr02zjrc01dnolfsftrdvq 0 6642 879938 736411 2026-07-10T05:08:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Nijeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayinda wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabncin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] s9gya62xdubunqnrovynlwa70mec7a6 879939 879938 2026-07-10T05:09:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Nijeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayinda wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabncin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] l3paiiucwwrp20qjuubg59gadlf4nxp 879940 879939 2026-07-10T05:09:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Nijeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayinda wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabncin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] 72sj79b3wcg6e3yyb500hs6kja9n0b0 879941 879940 2026-07-10T05:10:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Najeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayinda wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabncin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] md25esmfo9l2swvy3ngc7i1oeu1ac4h 879942 879941 2026-07-10T05:11:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Najeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayinda wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabancin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] 48108vlb3x00tadeororuhzn6s7d57k 879943 879942 2026-07-10T05:11:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Najeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayin da wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabancin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shine shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] 0zatzx6k4obatrersyslhplkmr24o8e 879944 879943 2026-07-10T05:13:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gen.yakubu Gowon]] [[Fayil:Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.jpg|thumb|'''Military Regime of General Yakubu Gowon Head of State July 29, 1966 - July 29 1975. And Military Regime of General Murtala Ramat Muhammad Head of State July 29, 1975 - Feb 13, 1976.''']] [[File:Musa Daggash with General Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Musa Daggash tare da Janar Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton yakubu gowon]] [[File:General Yakubu Gowon, from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|thumb|General Yakubu Gowon]] [[File:Adefemi Kila & Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb]] '''UseYakubu Gowon,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin da uku 1934) a [[Lur]] ta [[Filato|jihar Filato]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon</ref> Ana yi masa laƙabi da '''Jack Gowon''', tsohon soja ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|shugaban kasar]] [[Najeriya]]. Yakubu Gowon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ne daga watan Agusta a shekara alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da sittin da shida 1966, zuwa watan yuli shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975. (bayan [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] - kafin [[Murtala Mohammed]]).<ref>https://everything.explained.today/Yakubu_Gowon/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/23/the-gowon-legacy/</ref> A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gowon ne masu fafutukar neman ficewa daga Najeriya daga al'ummar ibo ƙarkashin jagorancin shugaban su [[Odemegwu Ojukwu]] don ƙasar Biafara suka janyo yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kuma mutanen [[Biyafara]],<ref>https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/nigerian-civil-war-biafra-anniversary</ref> inda gwamnatin Gowon ɗin tafito ta yaƙesu har sai da suka miƙa wuya. An kuma ayyana wannan yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin yaki mafi muni a tarihin zamani, yayin da wasu ke zargin Gowon da aikata ta'addanci ga 'yan Adam. Gowon ya bayyana cewa shi bai aikata wani aikin ta'addancci ba, asali ma shugabancin ya kwato kasar ne daga rushewa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/21/generals-gowon-obasanjo-masterminded-killing-igbo-schoolchildren-during-civil-war</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16</ref><ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/09/gowons-tears-cannot-erase-bloodstains-his-hands-ipob-slams-ex-head-state-over-civil-war</ref> Yakubu Gowon ya kasance mabiyin addinin kiristanci<ref>"Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace". ''The Archbishop of Canterbury''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> mai akidar anglican daga [[Kabilar Ngas]] na arewacin Najeriya,Gowon ya kasance mai kishin kasa,<ref>"The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria". ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref> kuma wanda yayi imani da hadin kai da kuma zaman 'yan Najeriya a matsayin tsintsiya guda.<ref>"Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon". ''Punch Newspapers''. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</ref> Shi ne shugaban ƙasan na [[Mulkin Soja|mulkin]] [[soja]] da ya fi kowa daɗewa akan karagar shugabancin Najeriya, har tsawon shekaru tara. Sannan kuma wasu sun zargi gowon da kashe adadin mutane masu yawa a dalilin yaƙin Biafra.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/civil-war-why-we-declared-no-victor-no-vanquished-gowon/</ref> == Haihuwa == == Karatu == == Aikin soja == == Shugaban kasa == == Iyali == Sunan Matarshi "V[[ictoria]]". ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowon, Yakubu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Sojoji]] em5cdvnold8i0mcewi60x87yowr4j2e 0 7431 879945 837193 2026-07-10T05:13:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879945 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:NigeriaKano.png|right|thumb|200x200px|[[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a [[Najeriya]]]] '''Mohammed Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso''', {{Small|[[Nigerian Society of Engineers|FNSE]] FNIQS}} (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1956) [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]] daga 1999 zuwa [[Zaben gwamnan jihar Kano na 2003|2003]] kuma daga 2011 zuwa [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]]. Bayan ya rasa sake zabensa a shekara ta 2003, an nada shi Ministan Tsaro na farko na Jamhuriyar Hudu ba tare da wani bayanan soja ba, daga 2003 zuwa 2007, a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Daga baya aka zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai a shekarar 2015, yana aiki na lokaci daya a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC) wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya ta Kano . A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na New Nigeria Peoples Party kuma yana da ƙungiyar adawa mai ƙarfi a Kano da sassa da yawa na Najeriya. Kwankwaso yana da goyon baya sosai a Kano da arewa maso yammacin Najeriya; an kalli shi a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.[1] A shekara ta 2011, an sake zabarsa a matsayin gwamnan jihar kuma ya ci gaba da shiga jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) a shekara ta 2014. A shekara ta 2015, Kwankwaso ya yi hamayya da zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa a karkashin adawar All Progressives Congress amma ya sha kashi a hannun Muhammadu Buhari . A shekara ta 2018, ya koma jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party kuma ya tsaya takarar zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Atiku Abubakar . A cikin 2023, Kwankwaso ya yi takarar shugaban Najeriya ba tare da nasara ba a karkashin dandalin New Nigeria Peoples Party, inda ya samu kashi 6.23% na kuri'un.[2][3] == Tarihi == === Iyali === An haifi Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1956 a Kano, ga dangin musulmi. Mahaifinsa ya rike mukamin shugaban ƙauyen Kwankwaso tare da taken Sarkin Fulani Dagacin Kwankwaso kafin a ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Shugaban Gundumar [[Madobi]] tare da taken Majidadin Kano, Hakimin Madobi ta Majalisar Masarautar Kano a ƙarƙashin jagorancin 13th Fulani Emir of Kano Alhaji [[Ado Bayero]] CFR, LLD, JP . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Biography of Rabiu Kwankwaso |url=https://financialquest.com.ng/biography-of-rabiu-kwankwaso |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811161452/https://financialquest.com.ng/biography-of-rabiu-kwankwaso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ilimi === Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Kwankwaso, Gwarzo Boarding Senior Primary School, Wudil Craft School da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kano kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Kaduna Polytechnic inda ya yi duka Diploma na Kasa, da kuma Diploma na Kasa. Kwankwaso ya kasance jagora ne mai aiki a lokacin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen jami'in Kungiyar Dalibai ta Jihar Kano . [1] Ya kuma halarci karatun digiri na biyu a Burtaniya daga 1982 zuwa 1983 a Middlesex Polytechnic; da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Loughborough inda ya sami digiri na biyu na injiniyan farar hula a shekarar 1985.[2] Ya kuma ba da digiri na biyu a fannin injiniya daga Jami'ar Sharda ta Indiya, a cikin 2022.[3 === Farkon aiki === Kwankwaso ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Injiniya ta Jihar Kano ta [[Gwamnatin Jihar Kano]] a 1975. Ya yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai a wurare daban-daban kuma ya tashi a cikin matsayi don ya zama babban injiniyan ruwa. == Shigar da siyasa == A shekara ta 1992, Kwankwaso ya shiga siyasa a dandalin [[Jam'iyyar SDP|Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party]] (SDP). Ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar People's Front na SDP karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Yar'adua]] da sauran sanannun 'yan siyasa kamar tsohon shugabansa Sanata [[Magaji Abdullahi]], [[Baba Gana Kingibe|Babagana Kingibe]], [[Atiku Abubakar]], [[Bola Tinubu]], [[Anthony Anenih|Tony Anenih]], [[Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo|Chuba Okadigbo]], [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]], [[Abubakar Koko]] da [[Lamidi Adedibu]] da sauransu. A shekara ta 1992, an zabi Kwankwaso a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Madobi . Zaben da ya biyo baya a matsayin mataimakin kakakin majalisar ya kawo shi ga hasken siyasa na kasa. A lokacin Taron Tsarin Mulki na 1995, an zabi Kwankwaso a matsayin daya daga cikin wakilai daga Kano, a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Yar'adua. Daga baya ya shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Najeriya (DPN) a cikin shirin sauya siyasa na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . Kwankwaso ya shiga PDP a shekarar 1998 a karkashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a a Kano karkashin jagorancin Mallam Musa Gwadabe, Sanata [[Hamisu Musa]] da Alhaji [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]]. A shekara ta 1999, ya tsaya takarar zaben fidda gwani na PDP tare da [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]], Mukthari Zimit da Jakadan Kabiru Rabiu Dansista . Santsi / P. S.P. sun kasance a bayan takarar Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, kwamitin zabe na jam'iyyar da Cif [[Tony Momoh]] ke jagoranta tare da Alhaji Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Sanata Bala Tafidan Yauri a matsayin mambobi da sauransu sun bayyana Rabiu Kwankwaso a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani. An yi sanarwar ne a Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar da ke Gidan Akida Hotoro GRA, Karamar Hukumar [[Tarauni]]. == Gwamnan Jihar Kano == === Lokaci na farko === An zabi Kwankwaso a karo na farko a matsayin gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] daga 29 ga Mayu 1999 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 2003. Lokacinsa na farko a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Kano ya kasance mai matukar damuwa saboda wasu kungiyoyi da yawa da suka yi adawa da gwamnatinsa mai girma da kuma yunkurinsa na tallafawa Shugaba Yoruba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . A shekara ta 2003, ya rasa sake zaben ga abokin hamayyarsa [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] . === Lokaci na biyu === An sake zabar Kwankwaso a karo na biyu a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Kano daga 29 ga Mayu 2011 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 2015. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2011 State Governorship Elections in Nigeria |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_2011governor.html |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=africanelections.tripod.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ya fara sake tsara tsarin siyasarsa da ake kira ''Kwankwassiya'' movement: gina hanyoyi, asibitoci, da makarantu da aika mazauna zuwa karatu a kasashen waje. A watan Agustan 2013, Kwankwaso na daga cikin gwamnoni bakwai da suka kafa ƙungiyar G-7 a cikin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Kwankwaso, tare da mambobi biyar na G-7, sun sauya sheka zuwa sabuwar jam'iyyar adawa, All Progressives Congress (APC). A watan Yunin 2014, Kwankwaso ya kasance a cikin rikici tare da Sarkin Kano [[Ado Bayero]] na dogon lokaci kan nadin Waziri (Vizier) na [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano]] . A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, Ado Bayero ya mutu kuma rikici na maye gurbin ya faru tsakanin sarakuna. A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2014, [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]] ya dakatar da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Gwamnan Babban Bankin]] kuma [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Dan Majen Kano]] (Ɗan Emir-Maje) ya fito a matsayin sabon Sarkin Kano. Shigar da shi ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi daga magoya bayan [[Sanusi Ado Bayero]] ɗan marigayi Emir da [[Taran Kano|Chiroman Kano]] (Prince), da kuma zargin cewa Kwankwaso ya goyi bayan Sanusi saboda [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Zaben shugaban kasa na 2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fawehinmi |first=Feyi |date=2 May 2016 |title=Guest Post 1: The Case Against Sanusi Lamido Sanusi As Emir of Kano |url=https://aguntasolo.co/guest-post-1-the-case-against-sanusi-lamido-sanusi-as-emir-of-kano-27503e9c9efa |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Medium |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815030738/https://aguntasolo.co/guest-post-1-the-case-against-sanusi-lamido-sanusi-as-emir-of-kano-27503e9c9efa?gi=3f6d687655e7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na shugaban kasa na 2015 === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kwankwaso ya yi amfani da manyan mabiya siyasa a Kano don yin takarar zaben fidda gwani na APC. Sakamakon zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a Legas sune: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] da kuri'u 3,430, Kwankwaso da kuri'un 974, [[Atiku Abubakar]] da kuri'uwannin 954, Rochas Okorocha da kuri'us 400 da Sam Nda-Isiah da kuri'ur 10. Da yake zuwa na biyu, Kwankwaso ya goyi bayan wanda ya lashe Muhammadu Buhari . == Bayan mulkin mallaka == === Ministan Tsaro === Daga 2003 zuwa 2007, Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya nada Kwankwaso a matsayin Ministan Tsaro, ya maye gurbin [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]] . === Zaben gwamna na 2007 === A shekara ta 2007, Kwankwaso ya yi murabus daga mukamin minista don yin takara a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano amma ya rasa saboda wani White Paper na Gwamnati ya zarge shi.<ref name=":1" /> Alhaji Ahmed Garba Bichi daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Haushi! |first=Bahaushe Mai Ban |date=8 June 2011 |title=Bahaushe Mai Ban Haushi!: The best revenge for Kwankwaso |url=http://ibrahim-sheme.blogspot.com/2011/06/best-revenge-for-kwankwaso.html |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=Bahaushe Mai Ban Haushi!}}</ref> Bayan ya rasa takarar jam'iyyarsa don tsayawa takara a zaben 2007, Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya nada shi a matsayin Jakadan Musamman a [[Somaliya]] da Darfur; kuma daga baya Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] ya nada shi memba na Kwamitin Ci gaban Neja Delta, matsayin da ya yi murabus daga 2010. === Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya === [[Fayil:Kwankwasiyya_May_29_2011.jpeg|thumb|Taron magoya baya (wanda aka rarrabe ta hanyar jan hular) a lokacin rantsar da Kwankwaso a matsayin Gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] kuma babban shugaban akidar Kwankwasiyya, 29 ga Mayu 2011]] Kwankwaso ya wakilci Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya ta Kano a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] daga Mayu 2015 zuwa Mayu 2019. === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na shugaban kasa na 2019 === A watan Yulin 2018, Kwankwaso tare da sanatoci goma sha huɗu na APC sun sauya sheka zuwa Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Kwankwaso ya tsaya takarar zaben fidda gwani na PDP. A zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a Rivers, daga cikin 'yan takarar shugaban kasa goma sha biyu Kwankwaso ya zo na huɗu a bayan [[Atiku Abubakar]] da kuri'u 1,532, [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] da kuri'un 693, [[Bukola Saraki]] da kuri'a 317 da Kwankwaso da kuri'una 158. Kwankwaso daga baya ya amince da wanda ya lashe Atiku Abubakar kuma ya ki neman sake zaben a majalisar dattijai, tare da [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ya maye gurbinsa. Kwankwaso ya yi yakin neman zabe sosai don surukinsa [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya fito a matsayin gwamna a Jihar Kano. Daga baya aka ayyana zaben ba a kammala shi ba don goyon bayan [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]]. === Kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa === A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Kwankwaso ya kafa kungiyar ta kasa a matsayin yunkurin siyasa na adawa da madafun ikon manyan jam’iyyun siyasa biyu na [[All Progressives Congress]] da [[Peoples Democratic Party]] . Ya zabi jam'iyyar New Nigeria Peoples Party a matsayin reshen siyasar tafiyar kuma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar na kasa a ranar 30 ga Maris 2022. == Ra'ayi da hoton jama'a == Kwankwaso an dauke shi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'umma kuma mai goyon bayan tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |agency=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Ya danganta tushen akidar ra'ayoyin tattalin arzikinsa na hagu ga [[Aminu Kano]], sanannen ɗan siyasa na zamantakewar al'umma na ƙarni na 20 daga Kano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilde |first=Aliyu U. |date=15 June 2012 |title=Interview (4): Kwankwaso |url=https://aliyuutilde.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/interview-4-kwankwaso/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Discourse With Dr. Tilde |via=[[WordPress]]}}</ref> Koyaya, an bayyana jam'iyyar Kwankwaso a matsayin mai mayar da hankali kan la'akari da yanki da kuma pragmatic kuma ba a kan wani akidar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babalola |first=Dele |date=23 October 2024 |title=Party politics, dearth of political ideology, and the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00358533.2024.2410544 |journal=The Round Table |language=English |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=434–450 |doi=10.1080/00358533.2024.2410544 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Infrastructure da ilimi === Lokacin Kwankwaso a ofis ya kasance tare da nasarori da yawa. A lokacin mulkinsa na farko a matsayin gwamna (1999 zuwa 2003), ya kafa [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kano|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kano a Wudil]], jami'ar farko kuma kawai a Kano a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Kust Wudil |url=https://kustwudil.edu.ng/brief-history-of-kust-wudil/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705033440/https://kustwudil.edu.ng/brief-history-of-kust-wudil |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa na biyu (2011 zuwa 2015), Kwankwaso ya kafa [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]], Kano, Jami'ar jihar ta biyu a Kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano - Nigeria |url=https://www.nwu.edu.ng/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214161546/https://www.nwu.edu.ng/history.php |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=www.nwu.edu.ng}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa cibiyoyin horar da ma'aikata da ma'aikatan ilimi 26 kuma ta hanyar waɗannan cibiyoyin an horar da matasa da mata sama da 360,000 kuma an ba da iko. Shi ne gwamnan farko a Najeriya da ya gabatar da abinci na makaranta kyauta da kayan aiki ga ɗaliban makarantar firamare. Wannan ya kara yawan adadin shiga makaranta daga miliyan 1 a 2011 zuwa sama da miliyan 3 a 2015 lokacin da ya bar ofis. Sha'awarsa ga ilimi ya ga gabatar da ilimi kyauta a duk matakan a jihar kuma ya ga isasshen samar da kayan koyarwa da ilmantarwa. Ya kafa makarantun sakandare 230 wadanda akwai kwalejojin fasaha 47, makarantun nazarin Islama 44, kwalejin Sinanci, kwalejin Faransanci, da kwalejin 'yan mata na farko da kuma kwalejin yara maza a Damagaran da Niamey tare da Gwamnatin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]]. A cikin shekaru hudu da ya yi a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Kano, ya ba da tallafin karatu na kasashen waje sama da 2,600 a kasashe 14 a duk faɗin duniya. Wannan ya faru ne da tallafin karatu na jami'a mai zaman kansa a Najeriya. A cikin yankin ababen more rayuwa a karo na farko a tarihin Arewacin Najeriya, an gina gadoji uku, ana gina hanyoyi masu haske guda 5 a kowane ɗayan yankuna 44 na Kano, kuma an gina gadojin karkashin kasa guda biyu. Kwankwaso ya kuma fara rufe magudanar ruwa tare da tayal masu haɗuwa a cikin jihar, gami da rufe Kogin Jakara wanda ke ratsa birnin Kano tare da hanya mai haɗari, wanda ya inganta yanayin muhalli da tsabta na dukan birnin Kano. Kwankwaso ya kuma gina gidaje da dukiya da yawa a cikin mulkinsa na farko da na biyu. An gina birane uku na zamani, Kwankwasiyya, Amana da Bandirawo tare da kimanin gidaje 3000 na iyawa daban-daban da aka sayar wa jama'a gaba ɗaya. An gina kimanin gidaje 1500 kuma an ba da gudummawa kyauta ga al'ummomin karkara matalauta da wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa.&nbsp; === Taimako === Bayan barin ofishin a matsayin gwamna, Engr Kwankwaso ya kaddamar da Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Kwankwasiyya (KDF), wani shiri da aka tsara don taimakawa mutanen jihar Kano da duk faɗin Najeriya. Ta hanyar tushe, Kwankwaso ta tallafa wa matasa da yawa don ci gaba da iliminsu tare da ci gaba da taimakon kuɗi. Rukunin farko na masu cin gajiyar 370 na tushen ya koma Najeriya a cikin 2021 bayan sun sami nasarar kammala digiri. Bayan kammala karatunsu, da yawa daga cikin malaman sun sami aiki tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa kamar Dangote da Bua, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar Gidauniyar Ci gaban Kwankwasiyya. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ya kaddamar da tushe, Kwankwaso ya bayyana cewa dalilin shine kawai don inganta karatu da rubutu da kuma rage matsanancin talauci a jihar Kano da Najeriya gaba ɗaya. Don tallafawa tushe, Kwankwaso ya sayar da dukiyarsa kuma ya ba da kuɗin ga tushe. Ta hanyar KDF, Kwankwaso ya kuma sami sakin fursunoni 170 a cikin kurkuku daban-daban a fadin Najeriya ta hanyar biyan tarar su da samar da sufuri don ba su damar zuwa inda suke zuwa kuma su sake haduwa da iyalansu. Kwankwaso ya kuma ba da gudummawar kayan wasanni da tsabar kudi sama da naira miliyan 150 ga kungiyoyin kwallon kafa masu son a fadin jihohin Najeriya. Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarinsa na tallafawa ci gaba da ci gaban wasanni na gida a Najeriya, wani yanki da ke ba matasa dama a duk faɗin duniya. Har ila yau, tushe ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi da kayan abinci ga matalauta da mabukata, gami da gwauraye, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da marayu, a kokarin rage talauci musamman tsakanin mata a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2017 |title=Mass Weddings: Kwakwasiyya foundation supports 760 couples |url=https://www.africannewspage.net/2017/03/26/mass-weddings-kwakwasiyya-foundation-supports-760-couples/ |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=African Newspage}}</ref> A ranar haihuwarsa ta 64 a shekarar 2020, Kwankwaso ya kaddamar da makarantar dalibai 300 wacce ya gina a karamar hukumar Rano, Kano. Makarantar tana da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana kuma tana da ɗakunan ajiya shida. An gina makarantar ta hanyar KDF daidai da hangen nesa da manufa ta Kwankwaso don tallafawa ilimi. === Cin hanci da rashawa === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, babban alƙali na jihar Kano ya rantse a cikin kwamitin bincike na mambobi shida wanda Hon. Justice Ahmed Badamasi ya jagoranta a matsayin shugaban don yin tambaya game da ayyukan Kwankwaso. Hukumar ta fara zama a ranar 19 ga Maris 2004 kuma ta ba da rahotonta kuma gwamnati ta fitar da farar takarda a watan Nuwamba 2004, lokacin da aka tuhume shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kano guber: Kwankwaso faces legal battle |url=http://www.ghanamma.com/news/kano-guber-kwankwaso-faces-legal-battle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080057/http://www.ghanamma.com/news/kano-guber-kwankwaso-faces-legal-battle/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=www.ghanamma.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EFCC Vs Kwankwaso |url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/news5701.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162800/https://www.gamji.com/article5000/news5701.htm |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=www.gamji.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jihar Kano da suka Damu da Fensho sun shigar da takarda ga [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] suna mai cewa Kwankwaso ya karya Dokar Fensho da Fensos na Jihar Kano ta 2007 kafin ya bar ofis a farkon shekarar 2015. A cewar kungiyar, Kwankwaso ya ba da umarnin cewa a yi amfani da kuɗin fansho don ci gaban gidaje amma ana zaton ya shiga cikin aikin gidaje don rarraba gidaje ga abokan aikinsa. Daga ƙarshe, rabon gidaje da zargin cin zarafin kudade ya kai kusan [[naira]] biliyan 10 bisa ga ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jihar Kano da ke Damuwa. A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2015, Mai shari’a Mohammed Yahaya na babbar kotun Kano ya hana hukumar EFCC kama ko takurawa Kwankwaso a binciken da take yi kan zargin karkatar da kudaden fansho naira biliyan 10 a lokacin da yake gwamnan jihar Kano. Amma bayan makonni biyu a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2015, wannan alkalin babbar kotun Kano ya yi watsi da umarnin da ya bayar a baya, ya kuma baiwa hukumar EFCC hukuncin da zai baiwa hukumar damar gudanar da bincike, kamawa da gurfanar da Kwankwaso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Dismisses Kwankwaso's Suit To Stop Arrest By EFCC - NewsRescue.com |url=https://newsrescue.com/court-dismisses-kwankwasos-suit-to-stop-arrest-by-efcc/ |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=newsrescue.com |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220120/http://newsrescue.com/court-dismisses-kwankwasos-suit-to-stop-arrest-by-efcc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai shari'a Muhammed Yahaya ya kuma ci tarar Kwankwaso N50,000 saboda " bata lokaci." Daga baya a cikin 2016, EFCC ta musanta kuma ta karyata da'awar duk wani shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa da ake jira da kuma gurfanar da Kwankwaso. Kwankwaso da kansa ya musanta kuma ya ki amincewa da duk wani zargi na cin hanci da rashawa a kansa, yana bayyana shi a matsayin cin zarafin siyasa kawai, mummunan aiki da rashin gaskiya wanda abokan gaba da abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa ke tallafawa don lalata siffarsa da sunansa. Kwankwaso ya shigar da kara a kotu ta hanyar lauyansa yana neman diyya don lalata matsayinsa. A watan Satumbar 2021, Premium Times ta gano cewa EFCC ta gayyaci Kwankwaso don yin tambayoyi a farkon wannan watan game da zargin asusun fansho daga 2015; Kwankwaso da farko ya yi watsi da hukumar kafin ya juya kansa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba don yin tambayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EFCC quizzes ex-Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso over alleged fraud |url=https://premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/490165-efcc-quizzes-ex-governor-rabiu-kwankwaso-over-alleged-fraud.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗannan hasashe ne kawai, kamar yadda ba a taɓa yanke Kwankwaso hukunci ba ko kuma a kai shi kotu kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Ya ziyarci EFCC da son rai don bayyana wasu jita-jita da abokan adawarsa na siyasa suka yada. Ba a kama shi ba kuma ba a same shi da laifi game da zargin da ake yi da shi ba. A lokacin jawabin da ya gabatar a Chatham House a Burtaniya, Kwankwaso ya bayyana a fili cewa ya shiga siyasa sama da shekaru 30 kuma bai taba fuskantar tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa ba.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's 2023 elections: Service delivery and policy alternatives |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/research-event/nigerias-2023-elections-service-delivery-and-policy-alternatives |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank}}</ref> == Dan takarar shugaban kasa == A cikin 2014, Kwankwaso ya sanar da niyyarsa ta tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a karkashin sabuwar jam'iyyar adawa da aka kafa, jam'iyyar APC. Ya shiga zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar a Legas, inda ya zo a matsayi na biyu bayan Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]], wanda ya ci gaba da lashe babban zaben 2015 kuma ya zama Shugaban Najeriya. Bayan rashin jituwa da tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnansa, [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Ganduje]], Kwankwaso ya bar APC kuma ya shiga PDP. A shekara ta 2018, ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na PDP da aka gudanar a Port Harcourt kuma ya zo a matsayi na huɗu, yayin da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya, [[Atiku Abubakar]], ya fito a matsayin mai nasara. Koyaya, Atiku daga baya ya rasa a babban zaben 2019. A cikin 2022, Kwankwaso ya bar PDP kuma ya shiga New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP). Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a Abuja daga baya a wannan shekarar. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2023, Kwankwaso da abokin takararsa, Bishop Isaac Idahosa, sun sami matsayi na huɗu tare da kusan kuri'u miliyan 1.5. Kafin babban zaben, Kwankwaso na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka gayyaci zuwa Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, Burtaniya, don tattauna hangen nesa ga Najeriya.<ref name="CH"/> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Kano]] * Yahuza Ado ====== Manazarta ====== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bod1p1zm5auxdlrd0r90fckwyaiscd7 0 8282 879766 599071 2026-07-09T19:14:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674929|Yokohama]]" 879766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Japan Yokohama.png|thumb|right|250px|Yokohama.]] '''Yokohama''' (lafazi : /yokohama/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Yokohama tana da yawan jama'a 3,732,616 bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Yokohama kafin karni na sha tara bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birni Yokohama [[Fumiko Hayashi]] ne. ==Hotuna== <Gallery> File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Yokohama_1.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Yokohama File:Yokohama_Stadium_2007_-3.jpg|Filin wasan ƙwallo na Yokohama File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg|Saint Patricks Day in Motomachi, Yokohama. File:Yokohama_Marine_Tower_Dscn1518a.jpg|Hasumiyar Marine, Yokohama File:Exhibition_Hall_Pacifico_Yokohama_JPN_001.jpg|Exhibition Hall Pacifico Yokohama_JPN File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02_cropped.jpg|Yokohama Landmark Tower File:Yokohama_Koreanwar.jpg|Yokohama Koreanwar File:HIKAWA MARU 2018.jpg|Gidan kayan tarihi na Jirgin ruwa "氷川丸" </Gallery> == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Yokohama}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] b3xvtnn4zc3uheab1tveyusla4knpn5 879767 879766 2026-07-09T19:15:12Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674929|Yokohama]]" 879767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Japan Yokohama.png|thumb|right|250px|Yokohama.]] '''Yokohama''' (lafazi : /yokohama/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Yokohama tana da yawan jama'a 3,732,616 bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Yokohama kafin karni na sha tara bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birni Yokohama [[Fumiko Hayashi]] ne. ==Hotuna== <Gallery> File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Yokohama_1.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Yokohama File:Yokohama_Stadium_2007_-3.jpg|Filin wasan ƙwallo na Yokohama File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg|Saint Patricks Day in Motomachi, Yokohama. File:Yokohama_Marine_Tower_Dscn1518a.jpg|Hasumiyar Marine, Yokohama File:Exhibition_Hall_Pacifico_Yokohama_JPN_001.jpg|Exhibition Hall Pacifico Yokohama_JPN File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02_cropped.jpg|Yokohama Landmark Tower File:Yokohama_Koreanwar.jpg|Yokohama Koreanwar File:HIKAWA MARU 2018.jpg|Gidan kayan tarihi na Jirgin ruwa "氷川丸" </Gallery> == Tarihi == == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Yokohama}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] j6o3cao370tjdodb4ds9d1mzczdw32v 879768 879767 2026-07-09T19:16:03Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674929|Yokohama]]" 879768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Japan Yokohama.png|thumb|right|250px|Yokohama.]] '''Yokohama''' (lafazi : /yokohama/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Yokohama tana da yawan jama'a 3,732,616 bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Yokohama kafin karni na sha tara bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birni Yokohama [[Fumiko Hayashi]] ne. ==Hotuna== <Gallery> File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Yokohama_1.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Yokohama File:Yokohama_Stadium_2007_-3.jpg|Filin wasan ƙwallo na Yokohama File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg|Saint Patricks Day in Motomachi, Yokohama. File:Yokohama_Marine_Tower_Dscn1518a.jpg|Hasumiyar Marine, Yokohama File:Exhibition_Hall_Pacifico_Yokohama_JPN_001.jpg|Exhibition Hall Pacifico Yokohama_JPN File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02_cropped.jpg|Yokohama Landmark Tower File:Yokohama_Koreanwar.jpg|Yokohama Koreanwar File:HIKAWA MARU 2018.jpg|Gidan kayan tarihi na Jirgin ruwa "氷川丸" </Gallery> == Tarihi == == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. [[Fayil:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Yokohama_Foreign_Settlement_Pano.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{Circa|1880}}]] === Girgizar ƙasa ta Kantō da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1923-1945) === [[Fayil:80-G-473746_(TR-15632)_(22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama bayan hare-haren sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] An lalata yawancin Yokohama a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1923, sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta Great Kantō . 'Yan sandan Yokohama sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 30,771 kuma 47,908 sun ji rauni, daga cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu kafin girgizar ƙasa na 434,170. Saboda jita-jitar tawaye da ɓarna, 'yan banga sun kashe 'yan Koriya da yawa a cikin unguwar marasa galihu ta Kojiki-yato, abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin Kanto . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi amfani da sihirin baƙar fata don haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dokar soji ta kasance har zuwa 19 ga Nuwamba, 1923. An yi amfani da tarkace daga girgizar ƙasa don dawo da filaye don wuraren shakatawa, mafi shahara shine Yamashita Park da ke bakin teku wanda aka buɗe a 1930. An sake gina Yokohama, amma sai aka sake lalata ta sakamakon hare-haren sama na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Harin farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1942 a Doolittle Raid . An kiyasta cewa mutane 7,000–8,000 sun mutu a cikin safe ɗaya a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1945, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Hare-haren Sama na Yokohama, lokacin da jiragen B-29 suka harba bam a birnin kuma cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna tara kacal, wanda ya rage kashi 42% na birnin ya zama tarkace. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama"]. ''Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau''. Archived from [https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ the original] on May 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Yokohama}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] p67oh9432xlbxgdfqjq8jb4sj7195zg 879769 879768 2026-07-09T19:16:52Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360674929|Yokohama]]" 879769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Japan Yokohama.png|thumb|right|250px|Yokohama.]] '''Yokohama''' (lafazi : /yokohama/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Yokohama tana da yawan jama'a 3,732,616 bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Yokohama kafin karni na sha tara bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. Shugaban birni Yokohama [[Fumiko Hayashi]] ne. ==Hotuna== <Gallery> File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Yokohama_1.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Yokohama File:Yokohama_Stadium_2007_-3.jpg|Filin wasan ƙwallo na Yokohama File:Saint_Patricks_Day_in_Motomachi_Yokohama.jpg|Saint Patricks Day in Motomachi, Yokohama. File:Yokohama_Marine_Tower_Dscn1518a.jpg|Hasumiyar Marine, Yokohama File:Exhibition_Hall_Pacifico_Yokohama_JPN_001.jpg|Exhibition Hall Pacifico Yokohama_JPN File:Yokohama_Landmark_Tower_02_cropped.jpg|Yokohama Landmark Tower File:Yokohama_Koreanwar.jpg|Yokohama Koreanwar File:HIKAWA MARU 2018.jpg|Gidan kayan tarihi na Jirgin ruwa "氷川丸" </Gallery> == Tarihi == == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. [[Fayil:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Yokohama_Foreign_Settlement_Pano.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{Circa|1880}}]] === Girgizar ƙasa ta Kantō da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1923-1945) === [[Fayil:80-G-473746_(TR-15632)_(22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama bayan hare-haren sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] An lalata yawancin Yokohama a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1923, sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta Great Kantō . 'Yan sandan Yokohama sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 30,771 kuma 47,908 sun ji rauni, daga cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu kafin girgizar ƙasa na 434,170. Saboda jita-jitar tawaye da ɓarna, 'yan banga sun kashe 'yan Koriya da yawa a cikin unguwar marasa galihu ta Kojiki-yato, abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin Kanto . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi amfani da sihirin baƙar fata don haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dokar soji ta kasance har zuwa 19 ga Nuwamba, 1923. An yi amfani da tarkace daga girgizar ƙasa don dawo da filaye don wuraren shakatawa, mafi shahara shine Yamashita Park da ke bakin teku wanda aka buɗe a 1930. An sake gina Yokohama, amma sai aka sake lalata ta sakamakon hare-haren sama na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Harin farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1942 a Doolittle Raid . An kiyasta cewa mutane 7,000–8,000 sun mutu a cikin safe ɗaya a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1945, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Hare-haren Sama na Yokohama, lokacin da jiragen B-29 suka harba bam a birnin kuma cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna tara kacal, wanda ya rage kashi 42% na birnin ya zama tarkace. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama"]. ''Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau''. Archived from [https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ the original] on May 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> === Ci gaba da bunƙasa bayan yaƙin === [[Fayil:The_night_view_of_Minato_Mirai_21.jpg|thumb|An sake gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tasoshin jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, da rumbunan ajiya a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Minato Mirai 21 .]] A lokacin mamayar Amurka, Yokohama babban sansanin jigilar kayayyaki da ma'aikatan Amurka ne, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya . Bayan mamayar, yawancin ayyukan sojojin ruwan Amurka na gida sun ƙaura daga Yokohama zuwa sansanin Amurka da ke kusa da Yokosuka . Shekaru huɗu bayan an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar San Francisco, an ayyana birnin bisa ga dokar gwamnati a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1956. An soke tsarin jirgin ƙasa da na trolleybus na birnin a shekarar 1972, a daidai lokacin da aka buɗe layin farko na tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Yokohama Municipal Subway . An kwatanta gina Minato Mirai 21 ("Port Future 21"), wani babban aikin ci gaban birane kan filayen da aka sake kwatowa a shekarar 1983, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da " [[Philadelphia]] da [[Boston]] na Gabas" da Cibiyar City, Philadelphia da Downtown Boston da ke Gabashin Tekun Amurka . Minato Mirai 21 ta dauki nauyin bikin baje kolin Yokohama Exotic a shekarar 1989, wanda ya ga fara aikin jiragen ƙasa na maglev a bainar jama'a a Japan da kuma buɗe Cosmo Clock 21, wanda a lokacin shine mafi tsayin ƙafafun Ferris a duniya. {{Convert|860|m|ft|-long}} Gadar Yokohama Bay ta buɗe a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1993, Minato Mirai 21 ta buɗe Hasumiyar Landmark ta Yokohama, gini na biyu mafi tsayi a Japan . An gudanar da wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2002 a watan Yuni a filin wasa na ƙasa da ƙasa na Yokohama . A shekarar 2009, birnin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma cika shekaru 120 da fara gudanar da gwamnatin birnin. Wani ɓangare na farko na aikin tunawa da wannan biki ya haɗa da taron ƙasa da ƙasa na huɗu na Tokyo kan ci gaban Afirka (TICAD).&nbsp;IV), wanda aka gudanar a Yokohama a watan Mayu na 2008. A watan Nuwamba na 2010, Yokohama ta karbi bakuncin taron hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin Asiya da Pacific (APEC). == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. [[Fayil:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Yokohama_Foreign_Settlement_Pano.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Yokohama {{Circa|1880}}]] === Girgizar ƙasa ta Kantō da Yaƙin Duniya na II (1923-1945) === [[Fayil:80-G-473746_(TR-15632)_(22324277654).jpg|thumb|Yokohama bayan hare-haren sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] An lalata yawancin Yokohama a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1923, sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta Great Kantō . 'Yan sandan Yokohama sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 30,771 kuma 47,908 sun ji rauni, daga cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu kafin girgizar ƙasa na 434,170. Saboda jita-jitar tawaye da ɓarna, 'yan banga sun kashe 'yan Koriya da yawa a cikin unguwar marasa galihu ta Kojiki-yato, abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin Kanto . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Koriya sun yi amfani da sihirin baƙar fata don haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dokar soji ta kasance har zuwa 19 ga Nuwamba, 1923. An yi amfani da tarkace daga girgizar ƙasa don dawo da filaye don wuraren shakatawa, mafi shahara shine Yamashita Park da ke bakin teku wanda aka buɗe a 1930. An sake gina Yokohama, amma sai aka sake lalata ta sakamakon hare-haren sama na Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Harin farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1942 a Doolittle Raid . An kiyasta cewa mutane 7,000–8,000 sun mutu a cikin safe ɗaya a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1945, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Babban Hare-haren Sama na Yokohama, lokacin da jiragen B-29 suka harba bam a birnin kuma cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna tara kacal, wanda ya rage kashi 42% na birnin ya zama tarkace. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama"]. ''Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau''. Archived from [https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ the original] on May 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> == Tarihi == === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. Domin kare muradun kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na Birtaniya a Yokohama, an kafa sansanin soja a shekarar 1862. Tare da karuwar cinikayya, adadin 'yan China sun fara zama a birnin. Yokohama ita ce wurin da aka fara samun manyan abubuwan tarihi a Japan, ciki har da karuwar karbuwar salon zamani na yammacin duniya, daukar hoto daga majagaba kamar Felice Beato, jaridar Turanci ta farko ta ''Japan'', wacce aka buga a shekarar 1861, da kuma a shekarar 1865 kamfanin ice cream da giya na farko da aka samar a Japan. Wasannin nishaɗi da mazauna Yokohama suka gabatar wa Japan sun haɗa da tseren dawaki na Turai a shekarar 1862, wasan kurket a shekarar 1863 da kuma ƙungiyar rugby a shekarar 1866. Wata gobara mai tsanani ta lalata yawancin matsugunan ƙasashen waje a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1866, kuma [[Agana|cutar kuraje]] ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, amma birnin ya ci gaba da girma cikin sauri - yana jan hankalin baƙi da 'yan Japan. === Zamanin Meiji da Taisho (1868-1923) === Bayan Maido da Meiji a shekarar 1868, an ƙirƙiro tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin siliki, babban abokin hulɗar ciniki shine Burtaniya. Tasirin ƙasashen yamma da canjin fasaha sun taimaka wajen kafa jaridar yau da kullun ta farko ta Japan (1870), fitilun titi na farko masu amfani da iskar gas (1872) da kuma [[Jirgin ƙasa|layin dogo]] na farko da aka gina a Japan a wannan shekarar don haɗa Yokohama da Shinagawa da Shinbashi a Tokyo. A shekarar 1872, Jules Verne ya nuna Yokohama, wanda bai taɓa ziyarta ba, a cikin wani shiri na littafinsa mai suna ''Around the World in Eighty Days'', wanda ya ɗauki yanayin birnin Japan mai saurin ci gaba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1887, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya, Samuel Cocking, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a birnin. Da farko don amfanin kansa, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal ta zama tushen Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Yokohama. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1889. <ref name="interesting1">{{Cite web |title=Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama |url=https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/https://www.yokohamajapan.com/about/ |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |website=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</ref> A lokacin da aka soke [[Hakki na waje|ikon mallakar]] yankunan baƙi a cikin 1899, Yokohama ita ce birni mafi girma a duniya a Japan, tare da yankunan baƙi da suka miƙe daga Kannai zuwa yankin Bluff da kuma babban garin Chinatown na Yokohama. A farkon karni na 20, an yi nuni da saurin ci gaban masana'antu. 'Yan kasuwa sun gina masana'antu a gefen filayen da aka sake kwatowa a arewacin birnin zuwa [[Kawasaki]], wanda daga karshe ya zama yankin masana'antu na Keihin . Ci gaban masana'antar Japan ya kawo wadata, kuma iyalai masu arziki da yawa sun gina gidaje masu yawa a can, yayin da yawan jama'a daga Japan da Koriya ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da kafa Kojiki-Yato, a lokacin mafi girman unguwa a Japan. === Buɗe Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Yarjejeniya (1859–1868) === Kafin Turawa su isa, Yokohama ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin Edo, lokacin da Japan ke da manufar keɓewa ta ƙasa, ba ta da hulɗa da baƙi sosai. Babban sauyi a tarihin Japan ya faru a 1853-54, lokacin da Commodore Matthew Perry ya isa kudancin Yokohama tare da rundunar jiragen ruwan Amurka, yana buƙatar Japan ta buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa don kasuwanci, kuma jirgin ruwan Tokugawa ya amince ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Yokohama city website it is fresh |url=http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234615/http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=City.yokohama.jp}}</ref> Da farko an amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwan da za a buɗe wa jiragen ruwan ƙasashen waje shine garin Kanagawa-juku (wanda yanzu ake kira Kanagawa Ward ) akan Tōkaidō, babbar hanya mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗa Edo da Kyoto da Osaka. Duk da haka, Tokugawa shogunate ta yanke shawarar cewa Kanagawa-juku yana kusa da Tōkaidō don jin daɗi, kuma maimakon haka an gina wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a fadin mashigar ruwa a ƙauyen masunta na Yokohama. An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yokohama a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1859. Yokohama ta zama cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasashen waje a Japan cikin sauri. Da farko baƙi sun mamaye gundumar ƙasa mai suna Kannai, gundumomin zama daga baya suka faɗaɗa yayin da mazaunin ya girma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Yamate mai tsayi da ke kallon birnin, wanda mazaunan Ingilishi ke kiranta da ''The Bluff'' . Sakamakon matsin lamba daga jami'an Amurka da Burtaniya, gwamnatin Tokugawa ta gina gundumar kasuwanci ta jima'i wadda aka buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1859, tare da gidajen karuwai 6 da kuma ma'aikatan jima'i 200 da aka amince da su. : 68 Yankin Yokohama wanda ya fi yawan gidajen karuwai an san shi da Bloodtown. <ref name=":6" /> : 67  Kannai, yankin kasuwanci da kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje (a zahiri, ''a cikin shingen''), yana kewaye da wani rami, mazauna ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin matsayin ƙasashen waje a ciki da wajen ginin. Hulɗa da jama'ar yankin, musamman samari matasa, a wajen matsugunin babu makawa ta haifar da matsaloli; Lamarin Namamugi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kafin rugujewar shogunate, ya faru ne a yankin da yanzu ake kira Tsurumi Ward a 1862, kuma ya haifar da harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Yokohama}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] tq3oybssrpt9kct0qfp2z1tpya2ksg4 0 9477 879829 843127 2026-07-09T20:41:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Otukpo''' daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] a [[Jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]]. == Yanayi == Otukpo na da yanayin savanna mai zafi. Yanayin yankin yana kasancewa mai ɗumi a duk watannin shekara tare da samun lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara a Otukpo ya kai 27.2°C, yayin da matsakaicin zafin watan Agusta yake kusan 25.5°C, wanda shi ne mafi ƙanƙantar matsakaicin zafi a duk shekara. Yankin yana samun kusan milimita 6,200 (inci 244) na ruwan sama a shekara, kuma yana da kwanaki kusan 169 na rashin ruwan sama a shekara. Matsakaicin danshin iska ya kai kashi 61 cikin 100, yayin da ma’aunin hasken ultraviolet (UV-index) yake a mataki na 7. Yanayin Otukpo gaba ɗaya yanayi ne mai zafi irin na yankunan tropics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otukpo weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature |url=https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/otukpo-2930108/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.besttravelmonths.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221121457/https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/otukpo-2930108/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] maz56fwoeutx0nrj26k1sqfxpfozb8a 0 10603 879635 856591 2026-07-09T15:26:30Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * Ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kundi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  3ilazb548346b27zsx84tfqttnusqu8 879636 879635 2026-07-09T15:27:09Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879636 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kundi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  9ez6g03wuqcqstm7xuq24p9uhdist7v 879638 879636 2026-07-09T15:32:41Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kunɗi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  5tjkar8l751366yw3j6ahi89gfl1ci5 879639 879638 2026-07-09T15:33:34Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kunɗi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku 3 a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  s7t67mk9m8hp3locvt81fqb92bp1wl5 879640 879639 2026-07-09T15:34:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Male Adder (30720968678).jpg|thumb|ƙasa]] '''Ƙasa''' na iya nufi: == Ilimin ƙasa == * ƙasar, tsayayyen ƙasa a Duniya * [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|Ƙasa]], cakuda yumɓu, yashi da ''kwayoyin halitta'' da ke saman duniya == Wutar Lantarki == * Ƙasa ([[Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli|wutan lantarki]]) , ma'anar ma'ana a cikin kewayon lantarki wanda ake auna ƙarfin lantarki * Tsarin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na shigarwar lantarki wanda ke haɗawa da farfajiyar duniya * Ƙasa da tsaka-tsaki, kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da juna == Dokar == * Tushen (sau da yawa dalilai), a cikin [[doka]], dalili mai ma'ana ko tushe don imani, hukunci, ko matakin da aka dauka, kamar matakin shari'a ko jayayya: * Dalilan kisan aure, ka'idojin da ke bayyana yanayin da za a ba mutum kisan aure == Waƙoƙi == * Ground (album), kundi na biyu na Nels Cline Trio * "Ground" (waƙar) , ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundi na farko na ƙungiyar rock ta Filipino Rivermaya * Ground bass, a cikin kiɗa, wani ɓangaren bass wanda ke ci gaba da maimaitawa, yayin da waƙoƙi da jituwa akan shi ke canzawa * The Ground, wani kunɗi na 2005 na dan ''Ƙasa'' jazz na Norway Tord Gustavsen * Ƙasa (art) , tushe don yadudduka na hoto. * Yankin kofi, shayar da kofi * Kwayar ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda uku 3 a cikin shuka * Kalmar ƙasa, a cikin ma'anar alama, kalma ba tare da canji ba * Ƙasa (ɗaya), ɗayan yanki da aka yi amfani da shi a Indiya * Ƙasa (Dzogchen) , babbar jiha a Dzogchen * Yankin ƙasa, sau da yawa a kan karafa, wanda aka kirkiro ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban na niƙaAyyukan niƙa * Filin (cricket), inda ake buga wasannin cricket, da kuma wani ɓangare na filin wasa.  rr0pixj6w9vddesncwucuegkce24v87 0 12006 879966 762367 2026-07-10T05:58:52Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan kasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na kasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziki a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.Kasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Kidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon karin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] 3iebz7i8mx1zqgwpu8ny5p4ts3lm9g7 879967 879966 2026-07-10T05:59:17Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan ƙasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na kasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziki a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.Kasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Kidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon karin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] qqk85cgtuyarmw5ojg3x56sygwnevoi 879968 879967 2026-07-10T06:00:52Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan ƙasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na kasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziki a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Kidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon karin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] 26mqwjc7asz58ud92wb0prjvl76cm58 879969 879968 2026-07-10T06:01:18Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan ƙasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na ƙasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziki a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Kidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon karin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] 1nof80i3my1iaw102brla5yb0aihbxl 879971 879969 2026-07-10T06:02:29Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan ƙasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na ƙasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziki a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Ƙidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon ƙarin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] s70c0ra4fxvdem0y3ssd0wap000ts74 879972 879971 2026-07-10T06:02:56Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:West Asia non political with water system.jpg|thumb|TASBIRAN Yammacin Asiya]] [[Fayil:مدارس کپری در جنوب استان کرمان و سیستان و بلوچستان - ایران - (عکاس مصطفی معراجی) 15.jpg|thumb|Yammacin Asiya]] '''Yammacin Asiya''', '''Asiya ta Yamma''','''Kudu maso Yamma da Asiya''' shine yankin yammaci na nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ana takaitawa ace yammacin [[Asiya]], amma ana iya fadadawa wajen fadin [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], anan kuma akan haɗa ne harda dukkannin yankunan ƙasar [[Misira]] da kuma yankin [[Turkiyya]] [[Turai]]. Adadin yawan mutane a yankin [[Yammacin Africa|yammacin]] [[Asiya]] an kiyasta zai kai miliyan 300 a kiyasin da akayi na shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref> ==Tarihi== [[File:Western Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Taswiras yammacin Asiya]] A farkon karni na 19 ana amfani da Kalmar ''yammacin asiya'' ne wajen bambancewa tsakanin yanayin muhallai na nahiyar [[Asiya]] da kuma bambance tsakanin iyakoki na ƙasashen da suka shafi yankin. Amma dai dukda haka ana daukar yankin a matsayin wani bamgare na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm</ref>. ==Tattalin Arziki== Yanayin hanyoyin samun tattalin arziƙi a [[yammacin Asiya]] ya bambanta,amma ana samun saurin habakar tattalin arziki kwarai a yankin.ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] ce kan gaba wajen karfin tattalin arziki a yammacin Asiya sai kasar [[Saudiyya]] ke biye da ita a matsayin ta biyu da kuma kasar [[Iran]].Man fetur shine babban tattalin arziki a yankin, India Samar da rabin man fetur da [[duniya]] me da shi yake a yankin, sannan kuma kashi 40% na iskar gas ta duniya ma na a yankin.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030691929390007X</ref>. ==Kasashen== Kasashen yammacin Asiya sune; *[[Abkhazia]] *[[Armeniya]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Baharain]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Georgia]] *[[Iraq]] *[[Iran]] *[[Isra'ila]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Oman]] *[[Falasdinu]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudiyya]] *[[Syria]] *[[Turkiyya]] *[[Daular Larabawa]] *[[Yemen]] Sannan kuma akan kara da [[Misira]]. == Alkaluma == [[File:Cedars in Lebanon.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Dajin Cedar a [[Lebanon]].]] [[File:West Asia Köppen Map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Taswira mai nuna yanayin muhalli a yankin Yammacin Asiya]] Ƙidayar jumullar mutane a yankin yammacin Asiya ya kai miliyan 272 a 2008, akwai hasahen adadin ka iya kaiwa miliyan 370 zuwa shekarar 2030 a wani kiyasi na ''Maddison'' (kididdigar ta hada da yankin Caucus da kuma kasar [[Cyprus]]. Wannan ya kunshi karin hauhawar haihuwar mutane Akan kaso 1.4% a shekara shekara. Mutane a yammacin [[Asiya]] sunkai kaso 4% na mutanen [[Duniya]], sun fara ne daga miliyan 39 a farkon ƙarin na 20, ko a kalla kaso 2% na mutanen duniya.<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/western-asia-population/</ref> Kasa mafi yawan jama'a a yankin yammacin Asiya itace kasar Turkiyya sai kuma Iran, wadanda dukkansu mutanen su sun kai miliyan 79, masu biye masu ta fuskar yawan jama'a kuma sune kasashen [[Saudi Arebiya]] da [[Iraƙi]] masu adadin mutane sama da miliyan 33. [[Larabawa]] dai aka fi sani a yankin yammacin Asiya, sai kuma [[Farisawa]], [[Turkawa]], sannan harsunan yankin sune [[Larabci]], [[Farisa]], [[Turkanci]], wadanda kowanne nada masu amfani da su Sama da mutane miliyan 70, akwai wasu kananan kabilu wadanda suka hada da [[Kurdawa]], Azabaijawa, [[Yahudawa]]. Sauran kabilu marasa rinjaye sun hada da Assiriyawa, Chaldiyawa, Druze, Mandawa, Maronitawa, Shabakawa, Lur da Yazidawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Nubian_Ibex_in_Negev.JPG|Nau'in Akuyar daga Negav da ke a yankin File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Liban_Barouk_2005.jpg|Wani yankin a yankin yammacin Asiya </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Asiya]] 8f74ruvsyxeb1ca27p8lvnetkoxsre0 0 12653 879890 826324 2026-07-09T23:42:42Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Various types of potatoes for sale.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Dankali daban-daban na saidawa a kasuwa]] [[File:Solanum tuberosum 004.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|File:Solanum tuberosum]] [[Fayil:Potatoes.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]] '''Dankalin turawa''' (''dànkálìn tùùrààwáá''; [[Turanci]]: '''potato''') (''Solanum tuberosum'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Solanum tuberosum.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Solanum tuberosum]] ==Duba kuma== *[[Dankali]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Shuka]] [[Category:Abinci]] Dankalin Turawa (Solanum tuberosum) Dankalin turawa (Turanci: Potato) wani nau'in shuka ne da ake noma domin tubers (ƙwaryoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa) waɗanda ake ci a matsayin abinci. Yana daga cikin amfanin gona mafi muhimmanci a duniya saboda sauƙin nomansa, yawan amfaninsa, da kuma wadataccen sinadarin gina jiki da yake ɗauke da shi. Yana cikin dangin Solanaceae, wanda ya haɗa da tumatir, barkono da gauta. Tarihi Asalin dankalin turawa daga tsaunukan Andes ne a ƙasashen Peru da Bolivia. Mutanen yankin sun fara nomansa kimanin shekaru 7,000–10,000 da suka wuce. A ƙarni na 16 ne Turawa suka kai shi nahiyar Turai, daga nan kuma ya bazu zuwa Asiya, Afirka da sauran sassan duniya. A yau yana cikin manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa bayan shinkafa, alkama da masara. Siffar shuka Shukar dankalin turawa tana girma tsakanin santimita 30 zuwa 100. Tana da: Ganye masu launin kore. Furanni masu launin fari, ruwan hoda, shuɗi ko violet. 'Ya'yan itace ƙanana masu kama da tumatir, amma ba a ci su saboda suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba. Tubers a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda su ne ake ci. Yanayin da ya fi so Dankalin turawa yana bunƙasa a: Ƙasa mai laushi da wadataccen sinadarin humus. Yanayi mai ɗan sanyi. Isasshen hasken rana. Ruwa mai kyau ba tare da ambaliya ba. Hanyar noma Ana shuka dankalin turawa ta amfani da ƙananan tubers ko yankakken tubers masu ido (buds). Bayan shuka: 1. Ana cire ciyawa. 2. Ana sa taki idan ya cancanta. 3. Ana yi masa maganin kwari da cututtuka. 4. Ana tara ƙasa a jikin shukar (earthing-up) domin kare tubers. 5. Yakan balaga cikin kwanaki 70 zuwa 120, gwargwadon iri da yanayin noma. Amfanin abinci Dankalin turawa na da amfani sosai saboda: Ana dafa shi. Ana soya shi. Ana gasa shi. Ana yin French fries da chips. Ana yin garin dankali da sitaci (starch). Ana amfani da shi wajen yin wasu kayan masana'antu. Sinadaran gina jiki Dankalin turawa na ɗauke da: Carbohydrates (tushen kuzari). Vitamin C. Vitamin B6. Potassium. Fiber. Ƙananan furotin da kitse. Muhimmancinsa Yana taimakawa wajen samar da abinci ga miliyoyin mutane. Yana samar wa manoma kuɗaɗen shiga. Ana fitar da shi zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban domin kasuwanci. Yana taimakawa wajen rage ƙarancin abinci a wasu yankuna. Cututtuka da kwari Shukar dankalin turawa na iya kamuwa da: Late blight, wadda ke lalata ganye da tubers. Early blight. Potato beetles. Aphids. Nematodes. Ana magance waɗannan ta hanyar amfani da iri masu juriya, magungunan kashe ƙwari da fungi, da kuma bin ingantattun hanyoyin noma. Manyan ƙasashen da ke nomansa Daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke samar da dankalin turawa akwai: China India Russia Ukraine United States Dankalin turawa a Najeriya A Najeriya, ana noma dankalin turawa musamman a: Plateau State Kaduna State Taraba State Ana sayar da shi a kasuwanni kuma ana amfani da shi wajen shirya nau'o'in abinci daban-daban a gidaje, otal-otal da gidajen cin abinci. Kammalawa Dankalin turawa na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman amfanin gona a duniya. Yana da matuƙar amfani wajen samar da abinci mai gina jiki, bunƙasa tattalin arziki, da samar da aikin yi ga manoma. Saboda yawan amfaninsa da sauƙin nomansa, yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan amfanin gona da ake dogaro da su wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci a ƙasashe da dama. 0987j2eiv1uu11srq1o1pawxba23xzo 0 12815 879659 479451 2026-07-09T16:56:45Z Abdulsalam Musa Soba 46747 Shigar da bayanin wuraren da ake iya samun shukar Taga rana a yankin Afrika. 879659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Abrus precatorius seeds.jpg|thumb|ta ga rana]] [[File:Pois rouges extraits de leur gousse (ou Abrus precatorius) au Bénin.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Abrus precatorius YS (6).JPG|thumb]] [[File:Abrus precatorius YS (7).JPG|thumb|'Ya'ya atafin hannu]] [[Fayil:Nordstjernan1848.djvu|thumb]] '''Taga rana''' shuka ne, amma kuma shi taga rana dane na shukar kayar sarkarkiya. Ana iya samun wannan shuka a wasu yankunan [[West Africa]] kamar [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana a Gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2020|Ghana]], [[Togo]] da [[Benin]] da kuma yankunan Central Africa kamar [[Kamaru|Cameroon]], [[Gabon]], [[Laberiya|Liberia]] da Democratic Republic of [[Congo]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== hfa6vyp7eppme7jufuyyek94ig87qfb 0 12968 879894 818873 2026-07-09T23:53:53Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, bas gevreet deur ystervark, Skeerpoort, a.jpg|thumb|bishiyar]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha00.jpg|thumb|Itacen waken wuta]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, blaar, Jimmy Aves Park, a.jpg|thumb|Gangen waken wuta]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, peule, Little Eden, a.jpg|thumb|'Ya 'yan waken wuta]] '''Waken wuta''' (ko '''dulluɓe''' ko '''dullube''' ko '''kwiwa''' ko '''kwiya''' ko '''kwaiwa''') (''Adenodolichos paniculatus'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] Waken wuta (Adenodolichos paniculatus) Waken wuta, wanda ake kira da dulluɓe, dullube, kwiwa, kwiya ko kwaiwa a wasu yankunan Hausawa, wata shuka ce daga dangin wake (Fabaceae). Sunanta na kimiyya shi ne Adenodolichos paniculatus. Tsiro ne da ke girma a yankunan savanna da dazuzzukan da ba su da cunkoso a nahiyar Afirka, kuma yana da muhimmanci ta fuskar noma, kiwon dabbobi da kuma kare muhalli. Asali da yaduwa Asalin waken wuta daga nahiyar Afirka ne. Ana samunsa a ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da: Najeriya Nijar Chadi Kamaru Ghana Togo Benin Burkina Faso Mali Sudan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Yana bunƙasa a wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama na matsakaici da kuma ƙasa mai kyau, musamman filayen savanna. Siffofin shukar Waken wuta shuka ce mai ɗaukar shekara ɗaya ko fiye, gwargwadon yanayin da take ciki. Yana iya bazuwa a ƙasa ko kuma ya hau kan wasu tsirrai. Siffofinsa sun haɗa da: Ganyaye masu sassa uku, kamar sauran nau'ikan wake. Furanni masu launin shunayya, violet ko ruwan hoda. 'Ya'yan itace masu kama da kwafon wake. Iraye masu tauri waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen yawaita shukar. Muhimmancin noma Waken wuta yana da amfani sosai ga manoma saboda: Yana ƙara sinadarin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da ƙwayoyin bacteria da ke cikin jijiyoyin tushensa. Ana amfani da shi a matsayin ciyawar kiwo ga shanu, tumaki da awaki. Yana taimakawa wajen hana zaizayar ƙasa saboda yawan ganyensa da tushensa. Amfanin gargajiya A wasu al'ummomi, ana amfani da sassa daban-daban na shukar wajen magungunan gargajiya, kamar: Maganin ciwon ciki. Maganin wasu raunuka. Maganin wasu cututtukan fata. Sai dai, ba a tabbatar da ingancin waɗannan amfani gaba ɗaya ta hanyar binciken kimiyya ba, don haka ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan kafin amfani da ita a matsayin magani. Muhimmancin muhalli Shukar tana taimakawa wajen: Kare ƙasa daga zaizaya. Samar da abinci ga kwari masu anfani wajen ɗaukar ƙwayar fure. Inganta lafiyar ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara sinadarin nitrogen. Rarrabuwar kimiyya Masarauta: Plantae Rabo: Angiosperms Ajin tsiro: Eudicots Tsari: Fabales Dangi: Fabaceae Jinsi: Adenodolichos Nau'i: Adenodolichos paniculatus Kammalawa Waken wuta (Adenodolichos paniculatus) muhimmiyar shuka ce ta dangin wake wadda ke da amfani ga noma, kiwon dabbobi da muhalli. Duk da cewa ba a noma ta sosai a matsayin amfanin gona na kasuwanci ba, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ƙasa, samar da ciyawar kiwo da kuma kiyaye daidaiton muhalli a yankunan savanna na Afirka. rgfr4vquyx3t61pewt7xav5ik4mhb84 0 14724 879722 875758 2026-07-09T17:56:58Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 879722 wikitext text/x-wiki   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == In the late 1980s, Nigerian publications were affected by the economic depression, leaving Adenuga with the decision to move from print to electronic media. Before the growth of the [[Nollywood|film industry]], Adenuga had released the celluloid movie ''Papa Ajasco'', which was based on the main character in ''Ikebe Super'', in 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' made history as the first English comedy in an industry which had been dominated by [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] lkxnpwxtqrxy2fbj6wl9vy373n77rik 879723 879722 2026-07-09T17:57:50Z Hamza DK 12444 879723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == In the late 1980s, Nigerian publications were affected by the economic depression, leaving Adenuga with the decision to move from print to electronic media. Before the growth of the [[Nollywood|film industry]], Adenuga had released the celluloid movie ''Papa Ajasco'', which was based on the main character in ''Ikebe Super'', in 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' made history as the first English comedy in an industry which had been dominated by [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] g7nb2uoit9vv4a1zuhubop31v69eyg8 879724 879723 2026-07-09T18:05:36Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Fim / Fim na Talabijin */ 879724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood|fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid mai suna "Papa Ajasco", wanda ya dogara ne akan babban jarumin a cikin "Ikebe Super", a cikin 1983. "Papa Ajasco" ya zama tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da ta mamaye ta hanyar fim ɗin.[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] jarp9gl0tf9v0fd04w9x9g5rimzqs5j 879733 879724 2026-07-09T18:29:08Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Fim / Fim na Talabijin */ 879733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood|fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid mai suna "Papa Ajasco", wanda ya dogara ne akan babban jarumin a cikin "Ikebe Super", a cikin 1983. "Papa Ajasco" ya zama tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da ta mamaye ta hanyar fim ɗin.. ("Ba mu so [a][[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 1d09a5w2680q15olu7m0bpm3p5ln2od 879736 879733 2026-07-09T18:30:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Fim / Fim na Talabijin */ 879736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood|fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid mai suna "Papa Ajasco", wanda ya dogara ne akan babban jarumin a cikin "Ikebe Super", a cikin 1983. "Papa Ajasco" ya zama tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da ta mamaye ta hanyar fim ɗin Shirye-shiryen Yarbanci.[2] An fitar da wani nau'in fim na Binta a shekarar 1995, kuma bayan shekaru biyu an nuna shirin talabijin na Papa Ajasco (wanda a da ake kira The Ajasco Family) a AIT don yin bita. . ("Ba mu so [a][[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 2qmznv9i4tv9mhaptkshpsnpl6q1y6g 879737 879736 2026-07-09T18:31:07Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Fim / Fim na Talabijin */ 879737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood|fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid mai suna "Papa Ajasco", wanda ya dogara ne akan babban jarumin a cikin "Ikebe Super", a cikin 1983. "Papa Ajasco" ya zama tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da ta mamaye ta hanyar fim ɗin Shirye-shiryen Yarbanci.[2] An fitar da wani nau'in fim na Binta a shekarar 1995, kuma bayan shekaru biyu an nuna shirin talabijin na Papa Ajasco (wanda a da ake kira The Ajasco Family) a AIT don yin bita.Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ta ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. . ("Ba mu so [a][[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] qp98dif825z27qyn8wbq95qpnmc1ioz 879892 879737 2026-07-09T23:50:10Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Fim / Fim na Talabijin */ 879892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Wale Adenuga ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne / mai bugawa na Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen Ikebe Super, Binta da Abokai da Super Story, da kuma nau'ikan talabijin ta hanyar kamfanin samar da shi WAP . [1] == Rayuwa ta farko == Dan mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin Ibadan inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] don takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa wacce ta rushe bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Buga == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashin zane-zane na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Campus inda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi Babban Mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da kuma aikin matasa a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya, yana gabatar da halayen halayen da suka hada da mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara ilimi, da kuma Boy Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata mace mai suna Miss Pepeiye. Sauran mujallu na Adenuga sune Super Story, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan satirical da ''Binta'', littafin yara.<ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim / Fim na Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood|fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid mai suna "Papa Ajasco", wanda ya dogara ne akan babban jarumin a cikin "Ikebe Super", a cikin 1983. "Papa Ajasco" ya zama tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da ta mamaye ta hanyar fim ɗin Shirye-shiryen Yarbanci.[2] An fitar da wani nau'in fim na Binta a shekarar 1995, kuma bayan shekaru biyu an nuna shirin talabijin na Papa Ajasco (wanda a da ake kira The Ajasco Family) a AIT don yin bita.Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ta ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. . ("Ba mu so [a][[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref>An fitar da wani nau'in fim na Binta a shekarar 1995, kuma bayan shekaru biyu an nuna shirin talabijin na Papa Ajasco (wanda a da ake kira The Ajasco Family) a AIT don yin bita. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ta ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") A film version of ''Binta'' was released in 1995, and two years later the television series ''[[Papa Ajasco]]'' (formerly ''The Ajasco Family'') was aired on [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] to rave reviews. This small screen version saw the return of the old characters alongside Pa James who was created to avoid offending Muslims. ("We did not want [a Muslim] who did the silly things as Pa Jimoh alone.")  == Cibiyoyin == A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma sun kafa Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Binta a Legas, tushe da aka keɓe don inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta bude Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin (PEFTI). Darussanta sun haɗa da samarwa, gudanarwa, da Cinematography. A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin De Film Industries van Nigeria, wani shirin Danish game da masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyaututtuka 5 a bikin fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun mai gabatarwa, Mafi kyawun marubucin rubutun, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Fitar da Talabijin. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Adenuga ta auri Ehiwenma tun shekara ta 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] losk5i3zqrewv0r4139lq988f624tte 0 15356 879898 785918 2026-07-10T00:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:I miss you - Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum - Pressekonference-2803.jpg|thumb|Peju Layiwola]] [[Fayil:Research and innovation office, University of Lagos.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar data ke koyawa]] '''Peju Layiwola''' (an kuma haife ta 29 ga watan satumba a shekarar alif 1967) ta kasance mai yin ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire na tarihi kuma mai zane-zane daga [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wacce ke aiki a kafofin watsa labarai da dama. An jera sunan ta a cikin mutane shahararrun na "21-ƙarni Avant-Garde" a cikin littafin ''Art Cities of the Future,'' wacce jaridar Phaidon Press ta buga,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phaidon.com/store/art/art-cities-of-the-future-9780714865362/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417214359/https://www.phaidon.com/store/art/art-cities-of-the-future-9780714865362/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yanzu haka ita farfesa ce a fannin kere-kere a Jami'ar Legas,<ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/peju-layiwola-create-women/</ref> <ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/arts-matriarch-hits-50/</ref>kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin mace "mai fasaha sosai."<ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/celebrating-two-generations-art-artists/</ref> == Tarihinta == Adepeju Olowu, Layiwola ta kasance ƴar Babatunde Olatokunbo Olowu da kuma Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu (née Akenzua ). <ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/206422/modernity-and-tradition-peju-layiwola.html</ref>Kakan kakanta ya kasance mashahurin ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa sinima da gidan buga takardu na farko a [[Benin]] da yankin Delta a tsohuwar jihar Midwest. Kakanta na wajen uwa a lokacin shi ne 'Oba Akenzua II', sarkin Benin, wanda ya yi sarauta daga shekarar 1933 zuwa shekarar 1978. Ita kuma ƙanwa ce ga DJ P Tee Money (haifaffen Thompson Iyamu ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nigerian-artists-keep-sculpture-family-091500538.html |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115091540/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nigerian-artists-keep-sculpture-family-091500538.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:I miss you - Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum - Pressekonference-2843.jpg|thumb|Peju Layiwola]] Layiwola ta ginu ne a bisa al'adar fasahar mahaifiyar ta wato Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu, mace ta farko da ta fara yin tagulla a Najeriya, matsayin data samu ta hanyar juriya a fannin al'adun da ke da gadon sarauta. Tarihinta na [[Yarbawa|Yarbanci]] da Edo da kuma tarihinta ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa kan aikinta da kuma samun ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-11-14-the-oba-of-benin-kingdom-a-history-of-the-monarchy |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2018-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604190544/http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-11-14-the-oba-of-benin-kingdom-a-history-of-the-monarchy |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kwarewar sana'a == Layiwola ta sami BA (Metal Design) daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a shekarar 1988, da MA da PhD (Visual Arts) daga Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya a shekarar 2004. Ta kuma kasance abokiyar aiki ga Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekarar 2012 wacce aka kirkira da shirin smartpower na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. Ayyukanta da suka haɗa da sakawa da kuma kwafin abubuwa an baje kolinsu a cikin Najeriyar da wajen nahiyar. Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Mata da Matasa, wata kungiya da ke da niyyar karfafa mata, matasa mata da matasa ta hanyar zane-zane. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan alkalai na fasaha. Layiwola, wanda da farko ya fara aiki da karfe, yanzu yana bincika hanyoyin watsa labarai masu yawa wadanda suka shafi tarihi, ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma lalata al'adu.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/peju-layiwola-heads-limcaf-2016-grand-jury-panel/</ref> A cikin bikin baje kolin da ta fi so, ''Benin1897.com:Art da Tambayar Maimaitawa'' (2010), dawowar Layiwola zuwa sanannen balaguron balaguron Biritaniya na shekarar 1897 da kuma kwasar ganima da kayayyakin gargajiya da aka kwato daga ɗakin kwanar kakanninta suka hada tarihinta da na zaman jama'a. . Sauran aikinta na hadin gwiwa na jama'a, ''Shekaru dari na waye?'' (2014) kuma ana sanar dashi ta tarihi da wuraren adana bayanai. Ta ba da jawabi a Makarantar Tsara Tsibiri ta Rhode a cikin shekarar 2019, kuma ɗayan a CAA-Getty International Programme a shekarar 2018 kan aikinta. [[File:I miss you - Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum - Pressekonference-2821.jpg|thumb|Peju Layiwola]] 6Game da aikinta da kwadaitarwa, ta ce "Na sami kwarin gwiwa sosai daga mahaifiyata, kasancewar na gan ta a matsayin yarinya ƙarama tana yin baƙin ƙarfe. Don haka, na zaɓi ƙirar ƙarfe a Jami'ar Benin, wanda ya fi fa'ida daga abin da ta karanta saboda tana yin ƙera ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin sassaka. Amma na kware ne a kan kere-kere, wanda ya hada samar da kayan ado, da karfe da sauransu ”<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/206422/1/modernity-and-tradition-peju-layiwola.html</ref> An bayyana ayyukan fasaha na Layiwola da shirye-shiryen jagoranci kamar yadda suke da tasiri ga tsararrun ƙwararrun masu fasaha a duk faɗin Najeriya.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/a-toast-to-a-resilient-art-amazon/</ref> == Shawara don dawo da fasahar sata == Layiwola ya jagoranci ba da shawara ga jama'a don dawo da ayyukan fasaha da aka sata daga Benin a lokacin Balaguron Balaguro na shekarar 1897 .<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/165632-walker-and-the-restitution-of-two-benin-bronzes-by-peju-layiwola.html</ref><ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/206422/1/modernity-and-tradition-peju-layiwola.html</ref> == Rubutun da aka zaba == * Layiwola Peju (2017) Tattaunawar Al'adu: Fasaha ta Amurka da Fasaha ta Najeriya a Tattaunawa, NKA Journal of Contemporary African Art-41, Nuwamba, NKA Publications, NY, pp.&nbsp;140–152. * Layiwola, Peju (2017). 'Bukukuwa da Jin Dadin Tunawa da Tattalin Arziƙi', labarin nazarin Littafin. Kalanda na Bukukuwan Gargajiya na Gargajiya na Frank Aig Imuokhuede, Eyo Journal, 20, Vol 2. * Layiwola, Peju (2016) 'Art a zuciyar bayarwa: Bruce Onobrakpeya da Harmattan Workshop a Retrospect, Onobrakpeya da Harmattan Workshop, SMO Contemporary, (16 Satumba - 16 Disamba 2016), Kotun sasantawa ta Lagos, Lagos. * Layiwola, Peju (2015) 'Shekaru dari na wa? Aikin Fasahar Jama'a a matsayin Bayyanar da Memorykin Mallaka 'Nigeria Field Society Journal, 85th Anniversary, No 80, pp.&nbsp;51–68. * Layiwola, Peju (2015) 'Ben Enwonwu ya tashi Almasihu a matsayin Alamar Addini a Jami'ar Ibadan' Yankin Birnin Ibadan: Rubutu da Mahallin Ed. Dele Layiwola, Littafin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan tare da haɗin gwiwar Bookbuilders (Editions Africa), Ibadan. shafi.&nbsp;169–176 * Layiwola, Peju (2015) Walker da Mayar da Bronzes Biyu na Benin, Eyo Journal of Arts and Humanities, Budurwa Edition, Department of Creative Arts, University of Lagos. Ed. Peju Layiwola. shafi 175-185. * Layiwola Peju (2014) Clad in Gold: The Art of the Jewel Smith in Ibadan: African Notes, vol 33, No. 1 &#x26; amp; 2, Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Nijeriya. shafi.&nbsp;18–26. * Layiwola Peju (2014) Yin Ma'ana daga Fuskokin da Aka Raba: 1897 da Tsarin Aiki, Kirkirar Rarraba: Tunawa, rikice-rikice da Kirkiro, Jaridar Open Arts, The Open University UK, Ed. Leon Wainwright, Bayanai na 3 na bazara, pp.&nbsp;86–96. * Layiwola, Peju (2014) Walk a cikin Hearth, Mandela: Jin daɗi ga Alamar Duniya. Ed. Toyin Falola, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, [[North Carolina]]. shafi.&nbsp;288–289 * Layiwola Peju (2013) Dele Jegede da Hisawancinsa na atarshe a Jami'ar Legas, Abubuwan Nationasa: Nijeriya da Fasaha na Dele Jegede, Eds. Aderonke Adesola Adesanya da Toyin Falola, Africa World Press, Amurka. shafi.&nbsp;369–378 * Layiwola Peju (2013) 'Daga Bayani daga Rubutu zuwa Babban Rubutu: Sake Framing Mata Masu Zane daga Najeriya' a Afirka da Itsasashenta na Afirka da Diasporaasashenta, n.paradoxa, Ed Katy Deepwell, KT Press UK da kuma Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, New York, Vol.31, shafi.&nbsp;78-87 * Layiwola Peju (2012) 'Welding the Lethal to the Unusual: Olu Amoda and the Art of Metal Assemblage', Cequel: Rage shingen taron Yarda da fasaha, Ed. Ohioma Ifuonu Pogoson, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan. shafi.&nbsp;112–123. * Layiwola Peju (2010) 'Al'adar Lace da Kwarewar sanya tufafi da kyau a Najeriya', Lace ta Afirka: Tarihin Ciniki, Creatirƙira da Nunawa a Nijeriya, Eds. Barbara Plankensteiner da Mayo Adediran, Museum of Ethnology, Vienna (Museum fur Volkerkunde,), National National for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria, Snoeck Publishers, Rudy Vecruysse, Ghent, pp.&nbsp;167-180. * Layiwola Peju (2010) 'tayar da wanda aka ɓace: Recontextualisation na 1897', Benin 1897.com: Art da Maimaita Tambaya, Eds. Peju Layiwola da Sola Olorunyomi, Wy Art Editions, Ibadan, pp.&nbsp;1–12 * Layiwola Peju (2009) Kalabawan a matsayin Manyan Magungunan Gargajiya da Adana Al'adu tsakanin Yarabawa na Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. ' a cikin Littafin karatun Tsirrai na Magunguna A Najeriya, Ed. Tolu Odugbemi, Jami'ar Legas Press, Lagos. Pp 81 - 92 * Layiwola Peju (2009) Sabbin Fannoni na Tunawa; Royal Textiles na Benin, Filin Najeriyar, Vol. 74, 1 da 2, Pp.5-19. * Layiwola, Peju da Biayere, Kunle (2007) &#x26; # 39; Siyasar Tunawa a cikin Sararin Dramatic: Ra'ayoyi Guda Biyu na Ovonramwen N'ogbaisi 'a cikin Nazarin Tarihi Ta Hanyar Fasaha, Ed. Peju Layiwola, National Gallery of Arts, Abuja, shafi na.&nbsp;84–97. * Layiwola, Adepeju (2007) 'Kisan Kiyashin Benin; Tunawa da gogewa ', Sarakunan Benin da Rituals, Arts Arts daga Nigeria, Museum of Ethnology, Vienna (Museum fur Volkerkunde Wien), Museum Qua Branly ([[Faris|Paris]]), Ethnologishes Staatliche Museen zu Berlin da Art Institute Chicago, Ed. Barbara Plankensteiner, Mawallafin Snoeck, Rudy Vecruysse, Ghent, pp.&nbsp;83–90. * Layiwola Peju (2006) 'Tangible Heritage in Nigeria,' Nigeria: Cultural and NaturalHeritage, A Unesco World Heritage, Ed. Rafael Valencia, Librose, Copernic, Viking, Barcelona, Spain. Pp. 280-305. * Layiwola, Peju (1997). 'Jinsi Ya Zama Ta Hanyar Karfe: Mata a Gwanin Tagulla a Benin, Najeriya' wajen Rubuta Matan Afirka: Jinsi, Mashahurin Al'adu da Adabi a Yammacin Afirka. Ed. Stephanie Newell, Zed Press, London. shafi.&nbsp;191–197. == Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen == * YGaskiyar Artificial da Abubuwan undasa, 20 ga watan Yuni - 20 watan Satumba shekarar 2015, Kunsthaus Dresden, Gallery of Arts, Dresden, Germany / Objectas Fontera a CA2M a Madrid, Spain 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015 zuwa 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2016; Rukuni na tafiya na rukuni: * Shekaru dari na wa? Hadin gwiwar Jama'a na Fasaha, Igun Street, Benin City, 6 / 7December 2014. Rukunin wasan kwaikwayon jama'a da baje koli. Tallafin Binciken Bincike na Jami'ar Legas * Benin1897.com: Fasaha da Tambayar Mayarwa, Baje kolin Tafiya ta Peju Layiwola, Lagos, 8 Afrilu-30 Mayu shekarar 2010, Babban dakin taro na Gallejin, Jami'ar Legas / Gidan Tarihi, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Nijeriya. Ibadan, 20 ga watan Agusta-10 Oktoba shekarar 2010 * Nunin hadin gwiwa: Takaddun shaida da Alamu: Mawallafa Matan Zamani takwas na Zamani, Jami'ar Afirka ta Pan Afirka a Lagos, 24 ga watan Satumba-8 Oktoba shekarar 2005 * Na Bronzes da Prints: Tsarin Uwa / ughteriya: Nunin zane-zane, Taimako da Bugawa. Cibiyar Goethe ta Legas, baje kolin mutum biyu ta Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu da Peju Layiwola. 14-25 Yuni 2003. * [[File:I miss you - Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum - Pressekonference-2786.jpg|thumb|Peju Layiwola]]Solo Show: 'Matar Afirka: Nunin Zane-zanen Tagulla,' Flowerfield Arts Gallery, Portstewart, Northern Ireland, UK, Mayu 1996. Mata, Art da Society: Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast, Armagh Campus. N. Ireland, Birtaniya, Satumba shekarar 1996. == Wuraren zama == * Raw Residency, Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown, Afirka ta Kudu, 15 Afrilu-15 Yuni 2018. * Artist-in –Dauki, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Jamus. 8 Oktoba-8 Disamba 2017. == Ayyuka da aka ambata a ciki == * Tobenna Okwuosa (2017) Peju Layiwola's Art: Haɗin kai tare da Tarihin Benin da Bala'in da ya faru a cikin Fasahar Matan Nijeriya, Littattafan Ben Bosah, Amurka. shafi.&nbsp;278–28. * Antawan Bryan (2014) 'Peju Layiwola', Garuruwan Fasaha na Nan gaba: Karni na 21 Avant-Gardes, Phaidon Press, London pp.&nbsp;178–179. * Barbara Winston Blackmun (2013) Sabanin Zamani: Bronzecasting a cikin Edo Edo of Benin ', Aboki ne ga Fasaha na Afirka na Zamani. Fitowa ta Farko, Eds. Gitti Salami da Monica Blackmun Visona, John Wiley Blackwell da Sons, Inc. shafi na.&nbsp;389–407. * Freida High (2010) Benin1897.com: 'Peju Layiwola's Metamonument', Benin 1897.com: Art da Maimaita Tambaya, Eds. Peju Layiwola da Sola Olorunyomi, Wy Art Editions, Ibadan, pp.&nbsp;1-12 pp15-40 == Tambayoyi masu dacewa == * [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/253437-interview-challenges-visual-art-face-nigerian-universities-peju-layiwola.html Kalubalen da ke gaban Kayayyakin Kayayyaki a Jami'o'in Najeriya - Peju Layiwola] (Premium Times) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.pejulayiwola.com/ www.pejulayiwola.com] * [https://www.wyartfoundation.org/ www.wyartfoundation.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124115104/http://wyartfoundation.org/ |date=2020-11-24 }} [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Mata]] r3am5ota3sar7o2pzxtxsszfv8hp33k 0 16033 879596 876039 2026-07-09T14:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nnimmo Bassey''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1958) ɗan gwagwarmayar muhalli ne na Najeriya, marubucin kuma mawaki wanda aka sani da aikinsa na dogon lokaci kan adalci na muhalli a Afirka . Ya jagoranci Friends of the Earth International daga 2008 zuwa 2012 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nnimmo Bassey elected chair of Friends of the Earth International |url=http://www.eraction.org/news/139-nnimmo-bassey-elected-chair-of-friends-of-the-earth-international- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122075338/http://eraction.org/news/139-nnimmo-bassey-elected-chair-of-friends-of-the-earth-international- |archive-date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2009-12-10}}</ref> kuma ya kasance babban darakta na Environmental Rights Action na tsawon shekaru ashirin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Right Livelyhood Award: List of Laureates: Nnimmo Bassey 2010 |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/bassey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422190832/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/bassey.html |archive-date=22 April 2014 |access-date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Right Livelihood Award Foundation}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan bayar da shawarwari ga al'ummomin da man fetur ya shafa a cikin Neja Delta da kuma karfafa hanyoyin sadarwar kasa da kasa da ke adawa da hawan lalata a duk faɗin Kudancin Duniya. Bassey shine wanda ya kafa kuma darektan Gidauniyar Lafiya ta Uwar Duniya, wani tanki na muhalli wanda ke inganta adalci na muhallar muhalli da ikon cin abinci a duk faɗin Afirka. An kira shi daya daga cikin Jarumai na Muhalli na ''[[Time (magazine)|Mujallar Time]]'' a cikin 2009 kuma ya sami yabo da yawa na duniya, gami da Laureate of the Right Livelihood Award (2010), Rafto Prize (2012), digirin digirin digirgir biyu daga Jami'ar York, Burtaniya (2019) da Jami'ar NY, Kanada (2023), da Wallenberg Medal na Jami'ar Michigan (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Right Livelihood Award: 2010 - Nnimmo Bassey |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/bassey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422190832/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/bassey.html |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2010-10-28}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nnimmo Bassey a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1958 a Najeriya. Ya girma a yankin Neja Delta, wani yanki da aka nuna ta hanyar samar da mai da matsalolin muhalli masu maimaitawa. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a yankin kafin ya yi karatun gine-gine a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] . Bayan kammala karatunsa na gine-gine, ya yi aiki a bangaren gwamnati na kimanin shekaru goma kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da aiki mai zaman kansa. A wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da sha'awar batutuwan zamantakewa da muhalli, wanda ya kai shi ga shiga cikin aikin kare hakkin dan adam a cikin shekarun 1980. Daga baya ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Najeriya kafin ya shiga cikin muhalli da kuma kare hakkin al'umma. == 'Yancin Dan Adam da gwagwarmayar farko == Bassey ya zama mai aiki a cikin aikin kare hakkin dan adam a cikin shekarun 1980 lokacin da ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Najeriya. Tallafinsa na farko ya magance 'yancin jama'a da damuwa game da muhalli da ke shafar al'ummomi a cikin Delta na Nijar. A wannan lokacin, ya fara danganta take hakkin dan adam da tasirin hakar albarkatu, haɗin da daga baya ya tsara aikinsa a cikin [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]]. == Gidauniyar Lafiya ta Uwar Duniya (HOMEF) == A cikin shekara ta 2011, Bassey ya kafa [[Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF)|Gidauniyar Lafiya ta Uwar Duniya (HOMEF)]] , <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Health of Mother Earth Foundation {{!}} Examining the roots of exploitation of resources, peoples and nations |url=https://homef.org/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402133844/https://homef.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wani tanki na muhalli da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari da ke aiki kan adalci na muhallu, tasirin yanayi da [[Ikon Mallakar Abinci|ikon cin abinci]] a Afirka. Da yake zaune a Najeriya, HOMEF tana gudanar da bincike, haɓaka iyawa da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar al'umma waɗanda ke nazarin batutuwa kamar hawan burbushin halittu, [[Canjin yanayi]], biotechnology, amfani da ƙasa da lissafin kamfanoni, musamman ta kamfanonin oli. HOMEF tana kiran ayyukan ilmantarwa da saka idanu tare da al'ummomin da ke fama da lalacewar muhalli, tana samar da rahotanni game da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewar tattalin arziki, kuma tana shirya tattaunawar manufofi da ta shafi kungiyoyin farar hula, masana kimiyya da jami'an gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources {{!}} Health of Mother Earth Foundation |url=https://homef.org/resources/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Bassey, kungiyar ta yi aiki tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa na yanki da na duniya da ke aiki kan [[Adalci na yanayi]] da kuma kula da muhalli. HOMEF kuma tana buga kayan ilimi kan lafiyar muhalli, ilimin kimiyyar muhalli da kuma bangarorin siyasa na canjin muhalli. == Ayyukan 'Yancin Muhalli (ERA) == Bassey ya kafa aikin kare muhalli (ERA), wanda aka fi sani da [[Abokan Duniya]] na Najeriya, a 1993 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta har zuwa 2013. A lokacin mulkinsa, ERA ta gudanar da kamfen kan gurɓataccen mai, fashewar gas, sare daji, kula da taba da injiniyan kwayar halitta. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan kokarin al'umma don yin rikodin lalacewar muhalli, ta bi shari'a a kan kamfanonin mai, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen yanki kan ikon cin abinci da sa ido kan muhalli. ERA ta sami karbuwa ta duniya saboda aikinta, gami da Kyautar Sophie a 1998 da kuma kyautar Bloomberg don gwagwarmayar kula da taba a 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philanthropies |first=Bloomberg |title=Bloomberg Philanthropies Recognizes Governments and NGOs For Outstanding Work in Ending Tobacco Use |url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/bloomberg-philanthropies-recognizes-governments-and-ngos-for-outstanding-work-in-ending-tobacco-use-676129053.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.prnewswire.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Oilwatch Afirka da Oilwatch International == Tun daga shekara ta 1996, Bassey yana da alaƙa da Oilwatch Africa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oilwatch in Africa {{!}} Oilwatch |url=https://www.oilwatch.org/oilwatch-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> hanyar sadarwar da aka kafa don haɗa al'ummomin da ke fama da man fetur da iskar gas. Daga baya ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Oilwatch International, cibiyar sadarwa ta Kudu ta Duniya da ke inganta madadin fadada burbushin halittu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oilwatch {{!}} Resisting the negative impact of fossil fuel extraction |url=https://www.oilwatch.org/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar, ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi a [[Afirka]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya don saka idanu kan tasirin cirewa da tallafawa martani na al'umma. Bassey ya yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Oilwatch International tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. == Abokan Duniya == Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2012, Bassey ya jagoranci Friends of the Earth International (FOEI), babbar ƙungiyar muhalli ta duniya. A cikin wannan rawar, ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin membobin a duk yankuna, ya goyi bayan kamfen na kasa da kasa kan adalci na yanayi da kuma fitar da albarkatu, kuma ya wakilci FOEI a cikin dandalin muhalli na duniya. Matsayinsa ya haifar da karuwar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Kudancin Duniya da ke amsawa ga lalacewar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da masana'antu masu hakar ma'adinai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] k7xdse1ddf3ykqz32x6as5wmaj0ss6m 0 16386 879760 871490 2026-07-09T19:04:58Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270145039|Andy Amadi Okoroafor]]" 879760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listen ⓘ fitaccen [[Filmmaker|mai shirya fina-finai]] ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Shi ne ya fi shahara a matsayin daraktan fim ɗin 2010 ''Relentless'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa kuma daraktan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin studio mai ƙirƙira 'Clam'. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]], Arewacin Najeriya. Yana da shekara ɗaya lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a fannin talla, bidiyon salon zamani da kiɗa. Shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na TED. <ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> == Sana'a == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana shirya bidiyon kiɗa da kuma hotunansu, tun daga murfin kundin waƙoƙi har zuwa bidiyon kiɗa. Ya kafa ɗakin zane mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Mujallar Clam' a shekarar 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station}}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil. <ref name="ted2">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A bikin baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci shirin ''Never Surrender'', a M. Bassy da ke Hamburg, Jamus. Shirin ya haɗa da ɗaukar hoto da shigarwa bidiyo a cikin shirin, ''More Aphrike'' . Tare da shirin, ya yi aiki tare da abokin aikinsa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai shirya fina-finai, Andrew Dosunmu. <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim ɗin ''Relentless'', fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2010, an zaɓi fim ɗin don bikin fina-finai na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga Disamba na 2010 a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] da aka yi a [[Port Harcourt]] a karon farko a Afirka. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta == Rayuwarta == . <ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref>An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a Bauchi, Arewacin Najeriya. Yana da shekara ɗaya a duniya lokacin da yaƙin Biafra ya fara. Daga baya ya koma Paris a ƙasar Faransa, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan fasaha a fannonin talla, kayan kwalliya (fashion), da bidiyon waƙoƙi. Haka kuma shi memba ne na shirin TED-Fellow. 6sd2vg8p5jhht3mcwzklcqetytcbxjd 0 16825 879937 689310 2026-07-10T05:02:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Canjin yanayi shine matakai na halitta wanda ke tasiri ga yawan yanayin zafi na duniya zai karu don adadin iskar gas. Bayanan da suka dace suna kara yawan dumamar duniya yayin da mummunan ra'ayi ke rage shi. :{{Rp|2233}} Feedbacks yana tasiri duka adadin iskar gas a cikin yanayi da kuma adadin canjin zafin jiki da ke faruwa a cikin martani. Duk da yake hayaki shine tilasta wanda ke haifar da canjin yanayi, ra'ayoyin sun haɗu don sarrafa [[Hankalin yanayi|Yanayin yanayi]] ga wannan tilasta.<ref name="AR6 WG1 SPM">{{Cite book|last3=IPCC}}</ref>:5 11 {{Rp|11}} Duk da yake jimlar ra'ayoyin ba ta da kyau, tana zama mara kyau yayin da hayakin gas ke ci gaba. Wannan yana nufin cewa dumama yana da jinkiri fiye da yadda zai kasance ba tare da ra'ayoyi ba, amma wannan dumama zai hanzarta idan hayaki ya ci gaba a matakan yanzu: 95-96 Net feedbacks za su kasance marasa kyau galibi saboda [[Planck's law|karuwar radiation na zafi yayin da duniya ke dumi]], wanda shine tasirin da ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da kowane ra'ayi na musamman.<ref name="IPCC_AR6_WG1_TS2" />: 96 Dangane da haka, canjin yanayi na mutum kadai ba zai iya haifar da tasirin greenhouse ba.<ref name="Kang2023">{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Sarah M. |last2=Ceppi |first2=Paulo |last3=Yu |first3=Yue |last4=Kang |first4=In-Sik |date=24 August 2023 |title=Recent global climate feedback controlled by Southern Ocean cooling |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=775–780 |bibcode=2023NatGe..16..775K |doi=10.1038/s41561-023-01256-6 |quote="Net climate feedback is negative as the climate system acts to counteract the forcing; otherwise, the system would be unstable." |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Za'a iya raba ra'ayoyi zuwa ra'ayoyin jiki da ra'ayoyyar halitta. Bayanan jiki sun haɗa da raguwar haskakawa (daga raguwar dusar ƙanƙara da rufe kankara) da karuwar tururin ruwa a cikin yanayi. [[Turirin Ruwa|Rashin ruwa]] ba kawai iskar gas ce mai karfi ba, har ma yana tasiri ga abubuwan da ke tattare da su a cikin rarraba girgije da yanayin zafi a cikin yanayi. Abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu galibi suna da alaƙa da canje-canje ga adadin da shuke-shuke ke tara a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake zagayowar carbon:{{Rp|967}} [[Tsarin carbon]] yana shan fiye da rabin hayaki na CO2 a kowace shekara a cikin shuke-shuke da teku:{{Rp|676}} A cikin dogon lokaci za a rage kashi yayin da sinks na carbon suka zama saturated kuma mafi girman yanayin zafi yana haifar da sakamako kamar fari da gobarar daji.<ref name="IPCC AR6 WG1 CH5" /> {{Rp|698}}{{Rp|96}}<ref name="AR6 WG1 SPM"/>: 20 {{Rp|20}} Ana kimanta ƙarfin ra'ayoyi da dangantaka ta hanyar tsarin yanayi na duniya, tare da kimantawarsu da aka daidaita akan bayanan lura a duk lokacin da ya yiwu.CO="true" id="mwdg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Coppola<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;first3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Erika<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last4<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Jones<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;first4<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Richard G.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;last5<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Krinner<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;first5<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Gerhard<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;year<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2021<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Technical Summary<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Climate</nowiki> Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;35–144<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;10.1017/9781009157896.009<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021347/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;21</nowiki> July 2022<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBK8\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt39\" class=\"citation report cs1\" id=\"CITEREFAriasBellouinCoppolaJones2021\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; Krinner, Gerhard (2021). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021347/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf\" id=\"mwBLA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Technical Summary</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwBLE\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwBLI\">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i></nowiki> (Report). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwBLM\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBLQ\">35–</span></nowiki>144. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"438\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwBLU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.009\" id=\"mwBLY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1017/9781009157896.009</a></nowiki>. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf\" id=\"mwBLc\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwBLg\">(PDF)</span></nowiki> on 21 July 2022.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_TS_4-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] :{{Rp|967}} Wasu ra'ayoyi da sauri suna tasiri ga yanayin yanayi, yayin da martani daga kankara ya fito a cikin ƙarni da yawa. :{{Rp|967}} Feedbacks na iya haifar da bambance-bambance na yanki, kamar [[Ƙarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara|Ƙarfafawa]] na polar wanda ya haifar da feedbacks wanda ya haɗa da rage dusar ƙanƙara da rufe kankara. Duk da yake ana fahimtar alaƙar asali sosai, rashin tabbas na ra'ayoyi ya wanzu a wasu yankuna, musamman game da ra'ayoyin girgije.<ref name="Zelinka2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zelinka MD, Myers TA, McCoy DT, Po-Chedley S, Caldwell PM, Ceppi P, Klein SA, Taylor KE |date=2020 |title=Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=e2019GL085782 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4785782Z |doi=10.1029/2019GL085782 |issn=1944-8007 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SD2020">{{Cite journal |date=24 June 2020 |title=Increased warming in latest generation of climate models likely caused by clouds: New representations of clouds are making models more sensitive to carbon dioxide. |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200624151600.htm |url-status=live |journal=Science Daily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626005318/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200624151600.htm |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Rashin tabbas na sake zagayowar carbon yana motsawa ne ta hanyar manyan kudade inda CO2 ke shawo kan shuke-shuke kuma an sake shi lokacin da biomass ya ƙone ko ya lalace. Misali, narkewar permafrost yana samar da CO2 da hayakin [[methane]] a hanyoyin da suke da wuyar tsarawa. :{{Rp|677}} [[Yanayin canjin yanayi]] suna amfani da samfuran don kimanta yadda Duniya za ta amsa ga hayakin gas a tsawon lokaci, gami da yadda abubuwan da za su canza yayin da duniya ke dumi.<ref name="CF2019">{{Cite web |last=Scott Johnson |date=September 17, 2019 |title=2°C is not known to be a "point of no return", as Jonathan Franzen claims |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/2c-not-known-point-of-no-return-as-jonathan-franzen-claims-new-yorker/ |access-date=September 16, 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback}}</ref> == Ma'anar da ƙamus == Amsar Planck ita ce ƙarin abubuwa masu zafi da ke fitarwa yayin da suke samun dumi. Ko amsar Planck ra'ayi ne na canjin yanayi ya dogara da mahallin. A cikin [[Climatology|kimiyyar yanayi]] ana iya bi da martani na Planck a matsayin wani bangare na warming wanda ya bambanta da radiative feedbacks da carbon sake zagayowar feedbacks. Koyaya, an haɗa martani na Planck yayin lissafin [[Hankalin yanayi|Yanayin yanayi]]. : 95–96 {{Rp|95–96}} Ra'ayi wanda ke kara canjin farko ana kiransa kyakkyawan ra'ayi <ref name="NASA_IntegratedSystem">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The Study of Earth as an Integrated System |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102022200/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ |archive-date=November 2, 2016 |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA}}</ref> yayin da ra'ayi wanda ya ''ragewa'' canjin farko ake kira ra'ayi mara kyau. Canjin yanayi yana cikin yanayin dumamar yanayi, don haka kyakkyawan ra'ayi yana inganta dumamar yanayi kuma mummunan ra'ayi ya rage shi. Sunayen ra'ayi ''mai kyau'' ko mara kyau ba ya nuna cewa ra'ayi yana da kyau ko maraƙi.<ref name="NOAA_StudentOutreach">{{Cite web |title=Climate change and feedback loops |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/info_activities/pdfs/PSA_analyzing_a_feedback_mechanism.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725160643/https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/info_activities/pdfs/PSA_analyzing_a_feedback_mechanism.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2023 |publisher=National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}</ref> Canjin farko wanda ke haifar da ra'ayi na iya tilastawa daga waje, ko kuma yana iya tasowa ta hanyar canjin yanayi na ciki. :{{Rp|2222}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;2222&#x200A; Tilasta waje yana nufin "wani wakili mai tilasta a waje da tsarin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji a cikin tsarin yanayi" <ref name="AR6_WG1_Glossary" />:{{Rp|2229}} wanda zai iya tura tsarin yanayi a cikin hanyar dumama ko sanyaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lacis |first=Andrew |date=October 2010 |title={{CO2}}: The Thermostat that Controls Earth's Temperature |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/lacis_01/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020041139/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/lacis_01/ |archive-date=20 October 2010 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Matsalar waje na iya haifar da mutum (alal misali, hayakin gas ko canjin amfani da ƙasa) ko na halitta (alal misali، fashewar dutsen wuta). <ref name="AR6_WG1_Glossary" /> : 2229  == Bayani na jiki == === Amsar Planck (marasa kyau) === [[Fayil:Schematic_presentation_on_the_Earth_heat_inventory_for_the_current_anthropogenically_driven_positive_Earth_energy_imbalance_(EEI)_at_the_top_of_the_atmosphere_(TOA).png|thumb|Canjin yanayi yana faruwa ne saboda adadin radiation na zafi da sassa daban-daban na yanayin duniya a halin yanzu ya wuce adadin da aka fitar zuwa sararin samaniya.<ref name="vonSchuckmann2021">{{Cite journal |last=von Schuckmann |first=Karina |last2=Minière |first2=Audrey. |last3=Gues |first3=Flora |last4=Cuesta-Valero |first4=Francisco José |last5=Kirchengast |first5=Gottfried |last6=Adusumilli |first6=Susheel |last7=Straneo |first7=Flammetta |last8=Ablain |first8=Michaël |last9=Allen |first9=Richard P. |last10=Barker |first10=Paul M. |display-authors=7 |date=17 April 2023 |title=Heat stored in the Earth system 1960-2020: where does the energy go? |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1675/2023/essd-15-1675-2023.html |journal=Earth System Science Data |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=1675-1709 [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] |doi=10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da dumama ke ƙaruwa, radiation mai fita zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙaruwa da sauri saboda amsawar Planck, wanda a ƙarshe yana taimakawa wajen daidaita Duniya a wasu matakin zafin jiki mafi girma <ref name="YangUT">{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Zong-Liang |title=Chapter 2: The global energy balance |url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387H/Lectures/chap2.pdf |access-date=2010-02-15 |publisher=University of Texas |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004039/http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387H/Lectures/chap2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Amsar Planck ita ce "mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a cikin tsarin yanayi". : 19 Yayin da zafin jiki na jikin baƙar fata ke ƙaruwa, fitarwa da radiation na infrared yana ƙaruwa tare da iko na huɗu na cikakkiyar zafin jiki bisa ga Dokar Stefan-Boltzmann. Wannan yana ƙara adadin radiation mai fita zuwa sararin samaniya yayin da Duniya ke dumi.<ref name="YangUT"/> Amsa ne mai karfi kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa "amsawar ba tare da ciyarwa ba" saboda yana da wani abu mai zurfi na tsarin thermodynamic lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi kawai aikin zafin jiki.<ref name="Cronin2023">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Timothy W. |last2=Dutta |first2=Ishir |date=17 July 2023 |title=How Well Do We Understand the Planck Feedback |journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1–19 |bibcode=2023JAMES..1503729C |doi=10.1029/2023MS003729 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake Duniya tana da tasiri mai tasiri ƙasa da hadin kai, radiation na jikin baƙar fata yana fitowa a matsayin adadi mai rarraba yayin binciken rikice-rikice ga radiation na duniya. Planck "feedback" ko [[Planck's law|Amsar Planck]] shine kwatankwacin amsawar radiative da aka samu daga nazarin abubuwan lura masu amfani ko [[Global climate model|Tsarin yanayi na duniya]] (GCMs). An kiyasta ƙarfin da ake tsammani daga ma'aunin Stefan-Boltzmann kamar -4σT³ = -3.8 W / m²/K (watts a kowace murabba'in mita a kowace digiri na dumama).<ref name="YangUT2">{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Zong-Liang |title=Chapter 2: The global energy balance |url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387H/Lectures/chap2.pdf |access-date=2010-02-15 |publisher=University of Texas |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004039/http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387H/Lectures/chap2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cronin20232">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Timothy W. |last2=Dutta |first2=Ishir |date=17 July 2023 |title=How Well Do We Understand the Planck Feedback |journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1–19 |bibcode=2023JAMES..1503729C |doi=10.1029/2023MS003729 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lissafi daga aikace-aikacen GCM wani lokacin ya samar da raguwar ƙarfi, kamar yadda ya haifar da manyan kaddarorin stratosphere da irin waɗannan kayan tarihi da aka gano daga baya kamar yadda ba su cikin irin waɗannan samfuran ba. <ref name="Cronin2023" /> Yawancin kaddarorin "mai launin toka" na Duniya waɗanda ke tasiri ga radiation mai fita yawanci ana zaton za su kewaye su da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ra'ayoyin GCM, kuma a rarraba su daidai da wani tsari na tilasta-feedback na tsarin yanayi.<ref name="Bony06">{{Cite journal |last=Bony |first=Sandrine |last2=Colman |first2=Robert |last3=Kattsov |first3=Vladimir M. |last4=Allan |first4=Richard P. |last5=Bretherton |first5=Christopher S. |last6=Dufresne |first6=Jean-Louis |last7=Hall |first7=Alex |last8=Hallegatte |first8=Stephane |last9=Holland |first9=Marika M. |last10=Ingram |first10=William |last11=Randall |first11=David A. |last12=Soden |first12=Brian J. |last13=Tseliousis |first13=George |last14=Webb |first14=Mark J. |date=1 August 2006 |title=How Well Do We Understand and Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes? |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=3445–3482 |bibcode=2006JCli...19.3445B |doi=10.1175/JCLI3819.1 |doi-access=free}}See Appendices A and B for a more detailed review of this and similar formulations</ref> Da kyau ƙarfin amsawar Planck da aka samu daga GCMs, ma'auni na kai tsaye, da ƙididdigar jikin baƙar fata za su ci gaba da haɗuwa yayin da hanyoyin bincike ke ci gaba da balaga.<ref name="Cronin2023"/> === Bayani na tururi na ruwa (mai kyau) === [[Fayil:CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png|thumb|Gas na sararin samaniya kawai yana shan wasu nau'ikan makamashi amma suna bayyane ga wasu. Hanyoyin shawo kan tururi na ruwa (blue peaks) da carbon dioxide (pink peaks) sun mamaye a wasu wavelengths.<ref name="NASA climate forcings">{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>]] A cewar Dangantakar Clausius-Clapeyron, matsin tururi ya fi girma a cikin yanayi mai dumi, don haka jimlar tururi na ruwa zai karu yayin da yanayi ya yi zafi. Wani lokaci ana kiransa takamaiman ra'ayi na zafi, :{{Rp|969}} saboda yanayin zafi (RH) yana kasancewa kusan koyaushe a kan tekuna, amma yana raguwa a kan ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byrne |first=Michael P. |last2=O’Gorman |first2=Paul A. |date=23 April 2018 |title=Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=115 |issue=19 |pages=4863–4868 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1722312115 |pmc=5948989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ƙasa tana fuskantar saurin dumama fiye da teku, kuma an lura da raguwar RH bayan shekara ta 2000. : 86 {{Rp|86}} Tunda tururin ruwa iskar gas ce, karuwar abun ciki na tururin ruwa yana sa yanayi ya kara dumi, wanda ke ba da damar yanayi ya riƙe ƙarin tururin ruwa. Don haka, an kafa madauki mai kyau, wanda ke ci gaba har sai mummunan ra'ayoyin ya kawo tsarin zuwa daidaituwa.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwate="">2</sup>&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Storelvmo&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first²&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;T.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Armour&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;K.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Collins&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;W.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last5&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Dufresne&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first5&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;J.-L.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last6&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Frame&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first6&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;D.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last7&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Lunt&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first7&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;D.J.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last8&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Mauritsen&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first8&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;T.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last9&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Watanabe&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first9&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;M.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last10&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Wild&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first10&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;M.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last11&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Zhang&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first11&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;H.&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;₂<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Masson-Delmotte<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;V.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor2-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Zhai<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor2-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;P.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor3-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Pirani<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor3-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;A.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor4-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Connors<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor4-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;S. L.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor5-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Péan<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor5-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;C.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor6-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Berger<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor6-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;S.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor7-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Caud<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor7-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;N.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor8-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Chen<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor8-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Y.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor9-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Goldfarb<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor9-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;L.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Climate</nowiki> Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;923–1054<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;10.1017/9781009157896.009<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBPk\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt42\" class=\"citation report cs1\" id=\"CITEREFForsterStorelvmoArmourCollins2021\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Frame, D.; Lunt, D.J.; Mauritsen, T.; Watanabe, M.; Wild, M.; Zhang, H. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf\" id=\"mwBPo\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwBPs\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwBPw\">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i></nowiki> (Report). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US. pp.<nowiki><span id=\"mwBP0\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBP4\">923–</span></nowiki>1054. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"442\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwBP8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.009\" id=\"mwBQA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1017/9781009157896.009</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR6_WG1_CH7_7-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Climate_change_feedbacks#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WG1_CH7-7 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] : An gano karuwar tururin ruwa na yanayi daga [[tauraron dan adam]], kuma lissafi bisa ga waɗannan abubuwan lura ya sanya wannan ƙarfin ra'ayi a 1.85 ± 0.32 m2/K. Wannan yayi kama da ƙididdigar samfurin, wanda ke 1.77 ± 0.20 m2/K <ref name="IPCC AR6 WG1 CH7" />:{{Rp|969}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;969&#x200A; Ko dai darajar ta ninka sau biyu dumama wanda in ba haka ba zai faru daga CO2 yana ƙaruwa shi kaɗai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Science Magazine February 19, 2009 |url=http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/216/dessler09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714153743/http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/216/dessler09.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-14 |access-date=2010-09-02}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran abubuwan da aka samu na zahiri, an riga an lissafa wannan a cikin tsinkayen dumama a ƙarƙashin [[Yanayin canjin yanayi]].<ref name="CF2019"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a7ylxmq02z08xj55mt6k75sd88cy1s8 0 17985 879881 445124 2026-07-09T23:26:53Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gajine''' (Serbian Cyrillic) ƙauye ne a cikin kasar [[Kroatiya|Kuroshiya]] . == Yawan jama'a == Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2011, Gajine tana da mazauna 116. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" ! colspan="16" |Yawan jama'a <ref>[http://www.dzs.hr - Republika Hrvatska - Državni zavod za statistiku: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857.-2001.]</ref> |- | 1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 643 | 783 | 772 | 786 | 991 | 378 | 378 | 365 | 353 | 169 | 224 | 71 | 116 |- |} <small>'''Lura''' : ''Daga shekara ta 1857 zuwa shekara ta 1880 bayanai sun kasance a cikin garin Donji Lapac .''</small> <small>''A cikin shekara ta 2001 wani ɓangare na sasantawa (ƙauye), mai suna Boričevac, ya zama sulhu mai zaman kansa.''</small> === Cidayar 1991 === Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 1991, ƙauyukan Gajine yana da mazauna 257, waɗanda aka bayyana su da ƙabilun kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" ! colspan="1" |Gajine |- | 1991 |- |{{Pie chart|thumb=center|caption=total: 257|label1=[[Serbs]] 245|value1=95.33|color1=#FF0000|label2=[[Yugoslavs]] 5|value2=1.94|color2=#8B008B|label3=[[Croats]] 2|value3=0.77|color3=#4169E1|label4=unknown 5|value4=1.94|color4=#A2A2D0}} |} === Austro-Hungary ƙidayar jama'a 1910 === Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 1910, ƙauyen Gajine yana da mazauna 772 a ƙauyuka 6, waɗanda aka bayyana su a yare da addini kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Yawan mutane ta yare ! Croatian ko Sabiya |- | ''Gajine'' | align="right" | 260 |- | ''Kosić-draga'' | align="right" | 41 |- | ''Lapački Obljaj'' | align="right" | 111 |- | ''Malta'' | align="right" | 76 |- | ''Podlisac'' | align="right" | 173 |- | ''Varošine'' | align="right" | 111 |- | '''Jimla''' | align="right" | 772 (100%) |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Yawan mutane ta hanyar addini ! Gabas ta Tsakiya ! Roman Katolika |- | ''Gajine'' | align="right" | 260 | align="right" | - |- | ''Kosić-draga'' | align="right" | 41 | align="right" | - |- | ''Lapački Obljaj'' | align="right" | 111 | align="right" | - |- | ''Malta'' | align="right" | 68 | align="right" | 8 |- | ''Podlisac'' | align="right" | 43 | align="right" | 130 |- | ''Varošine'' | align="right" | 99 | align="right" | 12 |- | '''Jimla''' | align="right" | 622 (80.56%) | align="right" | 150 (19.43%) |} {{Stub}} == Adabi == * [http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1991/pdf/G19914018.pdf] Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju FNRJ i SFRJ, popis stanovništva 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981. i 1991. godine. * Knjiga: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880-1991: po naseljima, autor: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998.,  ,  ; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fitattun Gurare a Lika-Senj County]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]Gajine, Croatia Gajine (Serbian Cyrillic: Гајине) ƙauye ne da ke a ƙaramar hukumar Donji Lapac, cikin gundumar Lika-Senj County a ƙasar Kuroshiya (Croatia). Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin Lika, wanda ya shahara da tsaunuka, dazuzzuka, filayen kiwo, da kyawawan wuraren halitta. Gajine yana daga cikin ƙauyukan karkara masu natsuwa da ke da dogon tarihi, duk da cewa yawan mazaunansa ya ragu a cikin shekaru da dama. Matsayi da yanayin ƙasa Gajine yana kudu maso gabashin gundumar Lika-Senj, kusa da garin Donji Lapac. Ƙauyen yana kan tsaunuka masu tsayi da kwaruruka, yana da yanayin nahiyar Turai, inda ake samun sanyi mai tsanani da dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, yayin da lokacin bazara yake da ɗumi. Tarihi An san Gajine tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata a matsayin ƙauyen manoma da makiyaya. Mazaunansa sun rayu ne ta hanyar noma, kiwon dabbobi da amfani da albarkatun gandun daji. A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙen Yugoslavia na shekarun 1990, yankin ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula, lamarin da ya jawo ƙaurar mutane da raguwar yawan jama'a. Bayan yaƙin, wasu mazauna sun dawo, amma har yanzu ƙauyen bai dawo da yawan jama'arsa na baya ba. Yawan jama'a Ƙidayar jama'a ta baya-bayan nan ta nuna cewa Gajine na da kimanin mazauna 67 (ƙidayar shekarar 2021). A baya kuwa, ƙauyen ya kasance da ɗaruruwan mazauna, amma ƙaura zuwa manyan birane da kuma raguwar haihuwa sun sa yawan jama'ar ya ragu. Tattalin arziki Babban abin dogaron mazaunan Gajine ya haɗa da: Noman hatsi da kayan lambu. Kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Amfani da albarkatun gandun daji. Ƙananan sana'o'in karkara. Sufuri Ana isa Gajine ta hanyoyin mota da ke haɗa shi da Donji Lapac da sauran garuruwan yankin Lika. Duk da kasancewarsa ƙauye mai nisa, hanyoyin sadarwa suna ba mazauna damar zuwa manyan garuruwa domin kasuwanci da samun ayyukan gwamnati. Muhalli da yawon buɗe ido Yankin Gajine yana da kyawawan dazuzzuka, tsaunuka da filayen kiwo. Masu son yawon buɗe ido, yawo cikin yanayi, daukar hoto da binciken ƙauyukan tarihi na iya ziyartar wannan yanki saboda kyawawan shimfidar ƙasarsa da yanayin da yake da shi. Muhimmanci Ko da yake Gajine ƙaramin ƙauye ne, yana da muhimmanci wajen nuna tarihin yankin Lika da rayuwar ƙauyukan Kuroshiya. Har ila yau, yana nuna yadda ƙananan ƙauyuka suka sauya sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙaura da canjin tattalin arziki a ƙasar Croatia. haewq4xlsamsew6em0gqjg93cwhewju 0 18044 879884 693299 2026-07-09T23:32:04Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emile_Degelin.jpg|right|thumb|224x224px| Degelin a cikin 2009]] '''Emile Degelin''' (16 ga Yuli 1926 - 20 Mayu shekara ta 2017) ya kasance [[darakta]] ɗan ƙasar Belgium kuma marubucin littattafai. An san shi da kasancewa darakta na ''finafinai'' Fim dinsa na ''Life and Death in Flanders na'' shekara ta 1963 an shiga shi ne bikin Fim na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Berlin karo na 13. Fim ɗin sa na 1969 ''Palaver'' ya shiga cikin bikin Fim na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Moscow karo na 6. Fim dinsa na karshe, ''De ooggetuige'', ya lashe kyautar masu sauraro a bikin Fim na Ghent a shekara ta 1995. Degelin an haife shi a Diest, [[Beljik|Belgium]]. Ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Mayu shekara ta 2017 a gidansa da ke Kessel-Lo, wata gundumar Leuven, Belgium daga ciwon huhu yana da shekara 90. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar Nobel]] Emile Degelin Emile Degelin (16 ga Yuli, 1926 – 20 ga Mayu, 2017) fitaccen daraktan fina-finai ne, marubucin allo (screenwriter), marubuci, kuma furodusa daga ƙasar Belgium. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Belgium a ƙarni na ashirin. A cikin fiye da shekaru arba'in da ya shafe yana aiki, ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen bunƙasa fina-finan Flemish da na Belgium, inda ya samar da fina-finai masu ɗauke da saƙonni na zamantakewa, tarihi da rayuwar ɗan Adam. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Emile Degelin a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1926, a garin Diest na lardin Flemish Brabant a Belgium. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha'awar rubuce-rubuce, wasan kwaikwayo da fasahar shirya fina-finai. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya shiga harkar fina-finai, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mai rubuta labarai da mataimakin darakta kafin daga bisani ya zama cikakken darakta. Fara aikin fim A shekarun 1950 ne Degelin ya fara shirya fina-finai. Ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar fina-finai da ke nuna al'adun Belgium da kuma matsalolin rayuwar al'umma. Salon aikinsa ya haɗa da amfani da labarai masu zurfi da ke ƙarfafa masu kallo su yi tunani kan zamantakewa, tarihi da ɗabi'ar ɗan Adam. Fitattun fina-finansa Life and Death in Flanders (1963) Wannan fim yana cikin fitattun ayyukansa. An zaɓi fim ɗin domin shiga Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Berlin karo na 13, wanda ya ba Degelin damar samun karɓuwa a duniya. Fim ɗin ya mayar da hankali kan tarihin yankin Flanders da rayuwar al'ummarsa. Palaver (1969) A shekarar 1969 ya shirya fim ɗin Palaver, wanda aka gayyata zuwa Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Moscow karo na 6. Wannan ya nuna yadda aikinsa ya samu karɓuwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. De ooggetuige (1995) Wannan shi ne fim dinsa na ƙarshe. Ya samu lambar yabo ta Kyautar Masu Sauraro a Bikin Fina-finai na Ghent, alamar cewa har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa yana ci gaba da samar da fina-finai masu jan hankalin masu kallo. Ayyukansa a matsayin marubuci Baya ga shirya fina-finai, Emile Degelin ya rubuta littattafai da dama tare da rubuce-rubucen allo. Rubuce-rubucensa sun fi mayar da hankali kan fasahar fim, tarihin Belgium da kuma rayuwar ɗan Adam. Ya kasance cikin marubutan da suka haɗa ilimin adabi da fasahar shirya fim. Salon shirya fina-finai Degelin ya yi fice wajen: Bayyana rayuwar yau da kullum cikin salo mai jan hankali. Haɗa tarihin Belgium da labaran almara. Yin amfani da yanayi da wurare na gaskiya wajen ɗaukar fim. Nuna matsalolin zamantakewa da ɗabi'un mutane ba tare da son zuciya ba. Saboda wannan salo ne fina-finansa suka samu yabo daga masu sharhi da masu kallon fina-finai. Gudummawarsa ga fina-finai Gudummawar Degelin ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa masana'antar fina-finai ta Belgium, musamman ta harshen Flemish. Ya horar da matasa masu sha'awar shirya fina-finai kuma ya zama abin koyi ga daraktoci da dama da suka zo bayansa. Rayuwar ƙarshe da mutuwa A shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa ya ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce da halartar bukukuwan fina-finai. Ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2017, a gidansa da ke Kessel-Lo, wani yanki na birnin Leuven a Belgium, sakamakon cutar huhu, yana da shekaru 90. Gadonsa Bayan rasuwarsa, an ci gaba da nuna fina-finansa a bukukuwan fina-finai da cibiyoyin nazarin fim. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Belgium da suka taimaka wajen isar da fina-finansu zuwa matakin duniya. Ayyukansa sun kasance abin koyi ga masu shirya fina-finai saboda yadda suke haɗa nishaɗi da saƙon ilimi. Wasu daga cikin fina-finansa Meeuwen sterven in de haven (1955) Sirenborrel (1961) Life and Death in Flanders (1963) Palaver (1969) De ooggetuige (1995) Emile Degelin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin Belgium da suka yi tasiri a tarihin fina-finan Turai, kuma ana ci gaba da tunawa da shi saboda kyawawan ayyukan fasaha da ya bari. gurq486ais5uk0kyqfb8pp8ra1xmi9u 0 19271 879883 450298 2026-07-09T23:30:30Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gado''' dai abu ne da Allah ya shar'anta shi a tsakanin wasu mutanen da suke da alaƙa da juna ta jini, gado dai mutum ne ke gadar mahaifinshi ko mahaifiyarshi, ko mahaifi ya gaji ɗansa ko mahaifiya ta gaji ɗanta ko ɗan'uwa ya gaji ɗan'uwan sha. Gado dai namiji nada kashi biyu ita kuma mace nada kashi ɗaya a cikin shari'a musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://islam-love.com/ha/topic/103 |access-date=2021-03-15 |archive-date=2021-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205606/https://www.islam-love.com/ha/topic/103 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Yanda ake rabon gado== Rabon gado dai akan raba gado ta hanyar yaddah addini ya tsara, hakan na nufin ko wanne mabiyan addini sukan bi tsarin da addinin su ya shimfiɗa ko gindaya akai. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Musulunci]] Gado Gado shi ne tsarin canja mallakar dukiya, haƙƙoƙi da wasu kadarori daga mamaci zuwa ga magadansa bayan rasuwarsa. A Musulunci, gado yana daga cikin muhimman hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, domin Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki Ya bayyana ƙa'idojin rabon gado a cikin Alƙur'ani, musamman a Suratun An-Nisā'i (aya ta 11, 12 da 176). Manufar wannan tsari ita ce tabbatar da adalci, kare haƙƙin magada, da hana rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan uwa. Ma'anar gado A harshen Hausa, gado na nufin abin da mutum ya bari bayan rasuwarsa wanda magadansa za su mallaka. A fannin shari'ar Musulunci kuwa, gado shi ne rabon dukiyar mamaci ga waɗanda suka cancanci gado bisa ƙa'idodin da Allah Ya shar'anta. Tushen hukuncin gado Musulunci ya kafa tsarin gado ne bisa: Alƙur'ani mai girma. Hadisan Annabi Muhammad (SAW). Ijma'in malamai da ƙa'idojin fikihu. Saboda haka, ba a yarda a canja rabon da Allah Ya ƙayyade ba sai dai a inda shari'a ta ba da dama. Waɗanda ke da haƙƙin gado Masu iya gado sun haɗa da: Mahaifi. Mahaifiya. Miji ko mata. 'Ya'ya maza da mata. Kakanni da jikoki a wasu yanayi. 'Yan'uwa maza da mata. Wasu dangin jini bisa sharuddan shari'a. Ba kowane ɗan uwa ne ke gado ba, domin akwai sharudda da kuma wasu dalilan da kan hana mutum gado. Sharuddan samun gado Domin mutum ya gaji mamaci, dole ne: 1. A tabbatar da rasuwar mamacin. 2. Magajin ya kasance yana raye lokacin rasuwar mamacin. 3. Ya kasance akwai alaƙar da shari'a ta amince da ita, kamar jini ko aure. Abubuwan da kan hana gado Daga cikin abubuwan da kan hana mutum gado akwai: Kashe mamacin da gangan. Bambancin addini (gwargwadon ra'ayin mafi yawan malamai). Bauta (a tsarin da ya kasance a da). Matakan da ake bi kafin rabon gado Kafin a fara rabon dukiya, ana fara: 1. Biyan kuɗin jana'iza. 2. Biyan basussukan mamaci. 3. Cika wasiyyar da ta dace da shari'a (ba ta wuce kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar ba ga waɗanda ba magada ba). 4. Bayan haka ne ake raba sauran dukiyar ga magada. Muhimmancin gado Tsarin gado yana da fa'idodi masu yawa, ciki har da: Tabbatar da adalci tsakanin magada. Kare haƙƙin mata, yara da sauran dangi. Rage rikice-rikice da shari'o'in gādo. Tabbatar da cewa dukiyar mamaci ba ta salwanta ba. Ƙarfafa zumunci da zaman lafiya a cikin iyali. Kalubalen rabon gado A wasu al'ummomi ana samun matsaloli kamar: Hana mata gadon dukiya ba bisa shari'a ba. Rikicin 'yan uwa kan rabon dukiya. Rashin sanin dokokin gado. Ɓoye wasu kadarorin mamaci ko rashin bayyana su. Kammalawa Gado wata muhimmiyar doka ce da Allah Ya shar'anta domin tabbatar da adalci da kiyaye haƙƙin magada. Yin rabon gado bisa ƙa'idodin shari'a yana taimakawa wajen kare dukiyar mamaci, hana zalunci, da tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin iyalai. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci a nemi ilimin gado ko shawarar malamai da masana idan aka fuskanci batun rabon gado mai sarkakiya. kwgotfqfd1f1lwokcag6n6oszn3tbkq 0 19320 879882 448730 2026-07-09T23:28:51Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Joevana_Charles.jpg|right|210x210px]] '''Joevana Charles''' (Yuli 1955 &#x2013; 17 Janairun 2021) ɗan siyasan Seychellois ne. Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Seychelles . Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Ci gaban Jama'ar Seychelles . An fara zaɓen ta a Majalisar a 1993. Ta yi ritaya a 2015. Charles ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Janairu 2021, tana da shekara 65. <ref>[http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/14215/Seychelles+longest-serving+woman+parliamentarian+dies%3B+remembered+as+an+adventurous+patriot Seychelles’ longest-serving woman parliamentarian dies; remembered as an adventurous patriot]</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013949/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/rc.aspx Shafin memba a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar] [[Category:Ƴan Siyasar Afrika]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] Joevana Charles Joevana Charles (Yuli 1955 – 17 ga Janairu, 2021) fitacciyar 'yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Seychelles wadda ta shahara saboda dogon lokacin da ta yi tana wakiltar al'ummarta a Majalisar Ƙasa ta ƙasar. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi daɗe suna aiki a majalisar dokokin Seychelles, inda ta ba da gudummawa sosai wajen bunƙasa dimokuraɗiyya, ci gaban al'umma, da kare muradun jama'a. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Joevana Charles a watan Yulin shekarar 1955 a Seychelles. Ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya takwas na iyayenta. Tun tana ƙarama ta nuna jajircewa da ɗaukar nauyi, domin yayin da iyayenta suke aiki a ƙasashen waje, ita ce ke taimakawa wajen kula da ƙannenta da kuma ƙarfafa su wajen karatu. Ta yi karatunta na farko da na sakandare a Seychelles, sannan ta halarci National Teachers' Training College, inda ta samu horo a aikin koyarwa. Bayan haka ta tafi tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet (Rasha), inda ta yi karatu a Moscow State Institute of International Relations, tana ƙara ilimi a fannin hulɗar ƙasashe da siyasa. Aikin koyarwa Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Joevana Charles ta yi aiki a matsayin malama. A wannan matsayi ta taimaka wajen ilimantar da matasa, kuma ta samu kwarewa wajen shugabanci da hulɗa da jama'a, abin da ya taimaka mata a rayuwarta ta siyasa. Shiga siyasa Bayan dawo da tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa da dama a Seychelles a shekarar 1993, Joevana Charles ta shiga siyasa a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), wadda daga baya ta canza suna zuwa Parti Lepep, sannan daga baya ta zama United Seychelles. A zaɓen shekarar 1993 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar Majalisar Ƙasa mai wakiltar mazabar Plaisance. Daga baya kuma ta wakilci mazabar Roche Caiman, inda aka sake zaɓenta a zaɓukan shekarun 1998, 2002, 2007 da 2011. Gudummawarta a Majalisar Ƙasa A tsawon fiye da shekaru 20 da ta yi a majalisa, Joevana Charles ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen: Wakiltar muradun al'ummarta a majalisa. Shiga kwamitocin majalisa masu kula da dokoki da gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati. Tallafa wa shirye-shiryen ci gaban mata, matasa da iyalai. Ba da gudummawa wajen tsara dokoki da manufofin ci gaban ƙasa. Yin aiki a Kwamitin Ƙasa na Farfaɗo da Zamantakewa (National Committee for Social Renaissance) da aka kafa domin ƙarfafa kyawawan ɗabi'u da haɗin kan al'umma. Siffofi da martaba Joevana Charles ta yi suna a matsayin shugaba mai ƙwazo, mai sauƙin kai da kishin ƙasa. An san ta da sadaukarwa wajen yi wa jama'a hidima, kuma ta kasance abin koyi ga mata masu son shiga siyasa a Seychelles. Saboda dogon lokacin da ta yi tana aiki a majalisa, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi tasiri a tarihin siyasar Seychelles. Rasuwa Joevana Charles ta rasu ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2021, tana da shekaru 65. Rasuwarta ta jawo alhini a faɗin Seychelles, inda shugabannin gwamnati, 'yan siyasa da jama'a suka bayyana ta a matsayin shugaba mai kishin ƙasa kuma mai sadaukar da rayuwarta wajen hidimar jama'a. Gadonta Har yanzu ana tuna Joevana Charles saboda: Dogon lokacin da ta yi tana wakiltar jama'a. Gudummawar da ta bayar wajen bunƙasa dimokuraɗiyya a Seychelles. Ƙoƙarinta wajen inganta rayuwar mata da iyalai. Zama abin koyi ga mata masu sha'awar shugabanci da siyasa. Joevana Charles ta bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a siyasar Seychelles, kuma ana ci gaba da yabawa irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaban ƙasarta. cl9bh2z2ct8rzhywa3kdllizjihyyit 0 21307 879702 711690 2026-07-09T17:37:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Okoroire''' wani karamin yanki ne a Kudancin Waikato District da yankin Waikato na Tsibirin Arewa ta [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]],<ref name="hariss2">{{cite web|last1=Hariss|first1=Gavin|title=Okoroire, Waikato|url=https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz195/Okoroire/|website=topomap.co.nz|publisher=NZ Topo Map}}</ref> wanda ke kewaye da Okoroire Hot Springs.<ref name="councilprofile2">{{cite web|title=Okoroire|url=https://www.southwaikato.govt.nz/our-district/living-here/okoroire|website=southwaikato.govt.nz|publisher=[[South Waikato District Council]]|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2023-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617163028/https://www.southwaikato.govt.nz/our-district/living-here/okoroire|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Al'adu da al'adun New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "wurin duck koroire " don ''Ōkoroire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-maori-place-names|title=1000 Māori place names|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=6 August 2019}}</ref>'' Gidan ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ya ƙunshi ɗakunan ruwa guda uku masu zafi waɗanda aka haƙa a 1880, waɗanda aka inganta su sosai a cikin shekarun 2017 da 2018.<ref name="provesright2">{{cite news|last1=Kirkeby|first1=Luke|title=Redevelopment proves right for historic Waikato springs|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/106603330/redevelopment-proves-right-for-historic-waikato-springs|agency=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Wuraren wanka suna kewaye da daji da fern.<ref name="threebest2">{{cite news|title=Three of the best... natural hot pools|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10824356|agency=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|publisher=[[New Zealand Media and Entertainment]]|date=5 August 2012|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108215952/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10824356|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, marassa lafiya sun yi amfani da wuraren waha don magani kuma matan Māori suna yin tsabta bayan sun haihu.<ref name="spruceup2">{{cite news|last1=Kirkeby|first1=Luke|title=Historic South Waikato hot springs given spruce up|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/99752232/historic-south-waikato-hot-springs-given-spruce-up|agency=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|date=13 December 2017}}</ref> A cikin shekarata 2016, an zargi membobin ƙungiyar Rugby ta Chiefs da nuna kansu ga ɗan sifila yayin taron ƙarshen-bazara a maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi.<ref name="malonea2">{{cite news|last1=Malone|first1=Audrey|title=Chiefs allegedly exposed themselves to stripper|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/82852409/chiefs-allegedly-exposed-themselves-to-stripper|agency=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|date=5 August 2016}}</ref> Otal din Okoroire, mashahurin gidan giya mai tarihi wanda aka gina a cikin 1889 daga tsohuwar katako, yana kusa da bankin Kogin Waihou Iyali ɗaya ne suka mallaka ta tun ƙarni uku An sayar da otal din ne ga kasuwancin kasar Sin a shekarar 2014.<ref name="tarrantp2">{{cite news|last1=Tarrant|first1=Petrice|title=Okoroire hotel sells to Chinese company|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/business/commercial-property/10378310/Okoroire-hotel-sells-to-Chinese-company|agency=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Ya sanya ma'aikata suka rage a shekarar 2018.<ref name="rifewith2">{{cite news|last1=Kirkeby|first1=Luke|title=South Waikato rife with job redundancies|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/108878414/south-waikato-rife-with-job-redundancies|agency=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Abubuwan jan hankali na gida sun haɗa da rafting farin ruwa, kallon tsuntsaye da kamun kifi. Tafiya na cikin gida sun haɗa da Waƙar Kauri Uku, da Wairere Falls tafiya da Te Waihou walkway.<ref name="councilprofile2" /> == Ilimi == Makarantar Firamare ta Kuranui makarantar firamare ce ta haɗin gwiwa,<ref name="official2">{{cite web|title=Kuranui Primary School Official School Website|url=http://www.kuranuischoolnz.org|website=kuranuischoolnz.org|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829091913/http://www.kuranuischoolnz.org/|archive-date=29 August 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="moe2">{{cite web|title=Kuranui Primary School Ministry of Education School Profile|url=https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?district=28&region=5&school=1858|website=educationcounts.govt.nz|publisher=[[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref> tare da keɓaɓɓiyar 52 har zuwa March 2021.<ref name="ero2">{{cite web|title=Kuranui Primary School Education Review Office Report|url=http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=1858|website=ero.govt.nz|publisher=[[Education Review Office]]|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2019-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131191228/https://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=1858|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tashar jirgin kasa == Okoroire tashar tuta ce<ref>{{Cite news|date=1886-08-21|title=Page 6 Advertisements Column 2|pages=6|work=New Zealand Herald|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18860821.2.17.2|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref> kusa da Makarantar Rangipai, <ref>{{Cite web|date=1978|title=Sheet N66 Matamata|url=http://www.mapspast.org.nz/?zoom=13&x=1844892&y=5796061&layerid=NZMS1%201979|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-05-31|website=www.mapspast.org.nz|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423110251/http://www.mapspast.org.nz/?zoom=13&x=1844892&y=5796061&layerid=NZMS1%201979}}</ref> kusan {{Convert|3|mi}} yamma da otal din, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Okoroire|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d3-d41.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-19|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz}}</ref> akan reshen Kinleith, daga 8 ga Maris 1886. Ya kasance {{Convert|94|m}} sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite book|title=New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas|publisher=Quail Map Co.|year=1965|edition=First|pages=3 & 4}}</ref> A cikin 1890 ba shi da wani mahalli da aka tanada, ko sintiri, amma a shekarar 1896 tashar ta sami rumfar tsuguna, dandamali, hanyar zuwa amalanke da [[fitsari]]. Zuwa 1911 kuma yana da {{Convert|30|ft}} ta {{Convert|20|ft}} kaya da aka zubar, filayen tumaki da madauki na wucewa don kekuna 19. An nada mai rikon kwarya a cikin shekarar 1913 kuma an yi wani dandamali mafi tsayi da ƙari ga maƙwabcin gidan a 1917. <ref name=":222">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stations|url=http://railheritage.org.nz/assets/Heritage_listings.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074304/http://railheritage.org.nz/assets/Heritage_listings.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-08|access-date=2020-08-10|website=NZR Rolling Stock Lists|language=en}}</ref> Tashar ta rufe wa fasinjoji a ranar 31 ga Yulin 1962,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Scoble|first=Juliet|date=2010|title=Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations|url=http://www.railheritage.org.nz/assets/dates_and_names.pdf|website=Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724032358/http://www.railheritage.org.nz/assets/dates_and_names.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ga dukkan zirga-zirga ban da haja daga 18 ga Agusta 1968 kuma zuwa ranar Litinin 1 ga Yuni 1970. Waƙa ɗaya kawai da [[shuka]] ta rage.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=State Hwy 29|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.9455797,175.7558081,3a,37.5y,353.67h,92.55t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sUK60gaC7TK-3T_bb60TBHQ!2e0!7i16384!8i8192|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Google Maps|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == e4hrfiokr3ooorfc3ghumvi616inbbo 4 21908 879851 879214 2026-07-09T21:26:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 879851 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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lada management. A cikin Burtaniya kuma tana iya komawa zuwa rarrabaccen kasar na ribar da aka danganta ga membobi a cikin aungiyar Kawancen Iya Dogara (LLP). == Iri == Albashi zai iya haɗawa da: * Hukumar * Hanyoyin diyya a cikin tallan kan layi da tallan intanet * Fa'idodin ma'aikata * Mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikata * Kudin zartarwa ** Biyan diyya * Albashi ** Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan aiki * Albashi == Amurka == Don dalilan hana albashi a karkashin dokar harajin kudin shiga na Amurka, kalmar "albashi" na nufin albashi (tare da wasu kebantattu) don ayyukan da ma'aikaci ya yi wa mai aiki. A karkashin koyarwar bawa mara imani, koyarwa a karkashin dokokin wasu jihohi a Amurka, kuma musamman dokar jihar New York, ma'aikacin da ya aikata rashin aminci ga mai aikinsa dole ne ya rasa duk wata lada da aka samu a lokacin rashin aminci. == Kuskuren == Kalmar "remuneration" wani lokaci ana kuskure rubuta shi "sake sakewa", wanda ke nufin kirgawa ko sake kirgawa. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[category:tarihi]] [[category:asali]] == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{wiktionary-inline}} * {{wiktionary-inline|emolument}} 0eyrbv2mcgn2wfgw1gysuozndkfh4s6 0 23801 879975 727255 2026-07-10T07:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ranar masu kafa''' ranar hutu ce ta kasa don tunawa da gudunmawar da dukkan mutane suka bayar, musamman "[[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manyan Shida]]"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thalmayer|first1=Amber Gayle|last2=Saucier|first2=Gerard|date=2014-07-23|title=The Questionnaire Big Six in 26 Nations: Developing Cross-Culturally Applicable Big Six, Big Five and Big Two Inventories|journal=European Journal of Personality|volume=28|issue=5|pages=482–496|doi=10.1002/per.1969|s2cid=49366494|issn=0890-2070|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_A3A1C1F5427B.P001/REF.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Grady, Tim.|title=Big six|date=2005|publisher=World Cycling Productions and Ryeka Sport|oclc=224607590}}</ref> wadanda suka jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founders' Day in Ghana in 2021|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/ghana/founders-day|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Office Holidays|language=en}}</ref> A baya ana kiran ranar da aka kafa ta da suna "''Founder's Day''" tare da harafin "S" wanda ke bayyana bayan ɓarna da turawa sukayi kuma an yi bikin don nuna nasarorin [[Kwame Nkrumah|Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Kwame Nkrumah shi ne shugaban kasar Ghana na farko kuma memba na "[[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manyan Shida]]".<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, saboda haka, bikin ranar "Founder's" ranar 21 ga Satumba a kowace shekara don girmama shigarsa cikin ƙungiyar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polunin|first=Nicholas|date=1995|title=Biosphere Day 1995: (Celebrated each Year on September 21st)|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=22|issue=3|pages=272|doi=10.1017/s0376892900010729|issn=0376-8929|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran membobin "Big Six" sune Edward Akufo-Addo, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, William Ofori Atta, da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei.<ref>{{Citation|last=Akansina Aziabah|first=Maxwell|title=Obetsebi-Lamptey, Emmanuel Odarquaye|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Akwai tunani da hangen nesa da dama na shugabannin gwamnatin Shugaba Akufo Addo na yanzu cewa sauran membobin "Big Six" wadanda ke cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana dole ne a girmama su a matsayin wani bangare na bikin.<ref name="Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana">{{Cite document|title=Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana|doi=10.1163/1570-6664_iyb_sim_person_34801}}</ref> An canza sunan daga "Founder's Day" zuwa "Founders' Day". Ma'ana kalmar tana da jam'i don haɗawa da wani memba na "Big Six" a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin "Ranar Mafarin" ta Ghana kuma don girmama su.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tools to the Men who can use them|date=2017-06-26|work=The Six-Hour Day & Other Industrial Questions|pages=36–49|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315213668-4|isbn=978-1-315-21366-8}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 21 ga Satumba na kowace shekara aka yi bikin ranar masu kafa (wacce a baya ake rubuta ta a matsayin 'Ranar da aka kafa') a Ghana don tunawa da ranar haihuwar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805130741/https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> shugaban Ghana na farko, [[Kwame Nkrumah|Osagyefo Dakta Kwame Nkrumah]],<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> da kuma tunawa da fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da Ghana ta yi. jarumai "Manya Shida" kamar yadda sunansu ya nuna.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter Six Nationalism and Ideology|date=1989-12-31|work=The Endless War|pages=133–168|place=New York Chichester, West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press|doi=10.7312/harr93426-011|isbn=978-0-231-89364-0}}</ref> Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo<ref name="Akufo-Addo, Hon. Nana" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Akufo-Addo, Nana, interviewee.|title=Evening encounter with Nana Addo Dankwa|year=2004|isbn=9988-584-87-3|oclc=1054405362}}</ref> bayan ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma bisa kiraye-kirayen da ake yi na yin murnar sauran membobin "Big Six" ya gabatar da doka ga majalisar don ayyana ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin sabuwar ranar bukukuwan ranar masu kafa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Sekou Nkrumah Fights Oquaye Over Founders' Day|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/283102-2/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> don fadada fadin bikin don rufe dukkan mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwato kasar.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Akgüç|first1=Mehtap|title=What happens to young people who move to another country to find work?|date=2018-12-23|work=Youth Labor in Transition|pages=389–418|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-086479-8|last2=Beblavý|first2=Miroslav|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0013}}</ref> Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ya sake ba da shawarar cewa ranar 21 ga Satumba duk da haka yakamata a sanya ta a matsayin Ranar Tunawa da Kwame Nkrumah, don tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akufo-Addo renaming of Founder's Day will be short-lived – CPP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-renaming-of-Founder-s-Day-will-be-short-lived-CPP-582139|publisher=Ghanaweb|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Founders' day to be placed on Ghana's Holiday Calendar|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/419363/1/founders-day-to-be-placed-on-ghanas-holiday-calend.html|publisher=Modern Ghana|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Hukuncin ya raba bikin "Ranar Mafarin" a matsayin girmama "Manya Shida" daga bikin tunawa da Osagye Dr. Kwame Nkrumah a ranar haihuwarsa a gwarzon jagoran samun 'yancin kan Ghana kuma tsohon Shugaban Ghana.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Rathbone|first=Richard|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana|date=2004-09-23|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31504}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta zartar da dokar yin gyare -gyare na hutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a matsayin "Ranar Mafifici,"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-17|title=Founders Day to be Aug. 4, Sept. 21 to honour Nkrumah's memory|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/09/founders-day-to-be-aug-4-sept-21-to-honour-nkrumahs-memory/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519212405/https://citifmonline.com/2017/09/founders-day-to-be-aug-4-sept-21-to-honour-nkrumahs-memory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ranar da ta yi daidai da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a kasar - 'United Gold Coast Convention' (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1947.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=4 August 2020|title=Nkrumah alone did not 'compose' Ghana's independence - Prof Oquaye|work=Graphic Online|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/nkrumah-alone-did-not-compose-ghana-s-independence-prof-oquaye.html|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Founders' Day in Ghana in 2020|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/ghana/founders-day|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Office Holidays|language=en}}</ref> An keɓe ranar Masu Kafa don murnar da girmama mutane ([[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manya Shida]]) waɗanda suka jagoranci Ghana zuwa samun 'yancin kai yayin da Kwame Nkrumah ranar tunawa ta kasance don Osagyefo Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ranar haihuwar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805130741/https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> jagoran motsi zuwa samun' yancin kai.<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=Independence Speech|date=2016-02-04|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=301–302|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Ghana|url=https://publicholidays.africa/ghana/founders-day/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=PublicHolidays.africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin ranar == Haka kuma "Ranar da aka kafa ta" ita ma rana ce da 'yan Ghana ke amfani da wannan dama don nuna irin sadaukarwar da magabatansu da suka yi fafutukar samun' yancin kan Ghana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dale, Peter David, (born 25 July 1955), Founder, Rare Day Ltd, since 2008|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u12734}}</ref> 'Yan kasar ta Ghana kuma suna yin bikin "Ranar Masu Kafa" don hada ayyukan da za su karfafa gwiwar jama'ar Ghana a cikin kasar da kuma na kasashen waje don karban Ghana a matsayin kasarsu ta asali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okyerefo|first=Michael Perry Kweku|date=2015|title="I Am Austro-Ghanaian": Citizenship and Belonging of Ghanaians in Austria|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1353/ghs.2015.0006|s2cid=147612455|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Bayan murnar "Ranar Masu Kafa" suna ƙarfafa 'yan Ghana su yaba da rawar da sadaukarwar da shugabanninta suka taka yayin da suke yin hakan ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga ƙasar a cikin dukkan ayyuka.<ref>{{Citation|title=ORATION 24|date=2010-04-01|work=Select Orations|pages=142–156|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt32b306.18|isbn=978-0-8132-1207-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Lectures na jama'a == * '''4 Agusta 2019''' Ranar Masu Kafa Ta Farko, wacce ita ce 4 ga Agusta 2019 ta fadi a karshen mako saboda haka Ministan Cikin Gida, Ambrose Dery, a cikin wata sanarwa ya ce ganin ranar da za ta fada a ranar Lahadi, Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ta hannun Babban Jami'i (EI) ), wanda aka ayyana ranar Litinin, 5 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin ranar hutu da za a yi irin wannan a duk faɗin ƙasar, ya gudanar da Luncheon don girmama Manyan yan ƙasa a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adogla-Bessa|first=Delali|date=1 August 2019|title=Founders' Day: Gov't declares August 5 a public holiday|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/founders-day-govt-declares-august-5-a-public-holiday/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Let's rise above partisanship - Akufo-Addo justifies Founders' Day|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/lets-rise-above-partisanship-akufo-addo-justifies-founders-day/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''4 Agusta 2020''' Jagorantar laccar ta jama'a shi ne wanda ya mallaki Dagbon, Yaa Naa Abubakari Mahama II, tare da sauran sarakunan gargajiya daga Dagbon.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dagbon|date=1975-07-03|work=The Lions of Dagbon|pages=13–38|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511759543.004|isbn=978-0-521-20682-2}}</ref> Shugaban majalisar, Farfesa Aaron Mike Oquaye ya gabatar da lacca ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OQUAYE|first=MIKE|title=The Ghanaian Elections of 1992—A Dissenting View|date=1995|journal=African Affairs|volume=94|issue=375|pages=259–275|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098809|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> Mai magana da yawun Yaa Naa, Zamgbali Naa, Dr Jacob Mahama, a cikin girmamawa ya yaba da duk mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa ga gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci kuma ya nanata ainihin girmama kowa da kowa ba tare da mai da hankali kan [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ba.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Manyan mutane kamar Shugaban Ma’aikata, Mrs Akosua Frema Opare; shugaban masu rinjaye kuma ministan harkokin majalisar, Mr Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu; ministan abinci da aikin gona, Dr Owusu Afriyie Akoto; ministan yada labarai, Mr Kojo Oppong Nkrumah; shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana (GJA), Mista Roland Affail Monney sun kasance a wurin lacca.<ref name=":1" /> Gidauniyar Open Foundation ta Yammacin Afirka ta ƙaddamar da gasar rubuce -rubucen ranar da aka kafa ta Ghana don haɓaka adabin Ghana na mutane da abubuwan da suka faru akan Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adotey|date=2019|title=A Matter of Apostrophe? Founder's Day, Founders' Day, and Holiday Politics in Contemporary Ghana|journal=Journal of West African History|volume=5|issue=2|pages=113|doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.5.2.0113|issn=2327-1868}}</ref> Gasar, wacce ta fara daga ranar 1 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2020 tana neman samar da fadakarwa da ilmantar da jama'a kan mahimmancin Ranar Masu Kafa tare kuma da karfafa kwarin gwiwa game da tarihin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anyorigya|first=Daniel Abugre|date=20 July 2020|title=Open Foundation West Africa launches writing contest to commemorate Founders Day|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/founders-day-holiday-to-be-observed-on-tuesday/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> == Jayayya == Koyaya, akwai wasu takaddama daga jam'iyyar adawa ta National Democratic Congress (NDC) da Convention People's Party (CPP) don soke ta tare da tunanin cewa sabon hutun ba shine wakilcin gaskiya na abubuwan tarihi ba kuma wani yunƙuri ne na Akufo. -Gwamnatin adddo ta sake rubuta tarihin kasar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Nyabor|first=Jonas|date=5 August 2019|title=NDC will reverse 4th August Founders' Day celebration – Otukonor|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/ndc-will-reverse-4th-august-founders-day-celebration-otukonor/|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> A cewar NDC, Akufo-Addo yana neman bai wa kawunsa JB Danquah wanda ya kasance jagora a United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam’iyyar siyasa da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ta fice daga cikinta ta kafa CPP wanda ya lashe zaben da ya gan shi ya zama Jagoran Kasuwancin Gwamnati kuma Firayim Minista kuma a ƙarshe ya zama shugaban Ghana na farko.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == 8buzacoj0je1u84yrukwuitanxlxx3c 0 25166 879900 831937 2026-07-10T00:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Kepler Laveran de Lima Ferreira''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1983), wanda aka fi sani da '''Pepe''', tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya wakilci ƙasar [[Portugal]] a matsayin mai tsaron baya. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kare gida, ƙarfi a jiki, da kuma salon wasa mai zafi. Ya yi suna sosai a lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyoyin [[FC Porto]] da [[Real Madrid]], inda ya lashe manyan kofuna a Turai da kuma duniya.<ref>[https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/the-club/history/football-legends/kepler-laveran-lima-ferreira-pepe](https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/the-club/history/football-legends/kepler-laveran-lima-ferreira-pepe)</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Pepe a birnin Maceió da ke ƙasar [[Brazil]]. Tun yana ƙarami yake sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a makarantu da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a yankinsa. Daga baya ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta Corinthians Alagoano, wacce ta taimaka masa wajen bunƙasa ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya.<ref>[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547](https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547)</ref> A lokacin yana matashi, Pepe ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen dakatar da hare-haren abokan wasa da kuma iya amfani da ƙarfinsa a filin wasa. Wannan ne ya jawo hankalin masu neman ’yan wasa daga Turai, musamman daga Portugal, inda daga baya ya samu damar komawa kungiyar Marítimo.<ref>[https://www.transfermarkt.com/pepe/profil/spieler/14132](https://www.transfermarkt.com/pepe/profil/spieler/14132)</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Marítimo === Pepe ya fara taka leda a Turai ne tare da kungiyar Marítimo ta Portugal. Da farko ya buga wa ƙungiyar ta biyu wasa kafin daga baya ya samu matsayi a babban tawaga. A lokacin da yake Marítimo, ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen tsaron gida tare da iya cin kwallaye daga bugun kai, abin da ya sanya manyan ƙungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>[https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=1534](https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=1534)</ref> === Porto === A shekara ta 2004, Pepe ya koma [[FC Porto]], daya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Portugal. A Porto ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a gasar Portugal. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe kofunan Primeira Liga da dama da kuma sauran kofuna na cikin gida.<ref>[https://www.fcporto.pt/en/club/history/former-players/pepe](https://www.fcporto.pt/en/club/history/former-players/pepe)</ref> Salon wasansa a Porto ya haɗa da ƙarfi, saurin karanta wasa, da kuma iya fara kai hari daga baya. Hakan ya sa ƙungiyoyi da dama daga Turai suka nuna sha’awar sayensa, musamman Real Madrid ta Spain.<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d7ffdc9921b-3f8f8d784c8d-1000--pepe-portugal-s-defensive-rock/](https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d7ffdc9921b-3f8f8d784c8d-1000--pepe-portugal-s-defensive-rock/)</ref> === Real Madrid === A shekarar 2007, Pepe ya koma kungiyar [[Real Madrid]] kan kuɗi mai yawa wanda ya sanya shi cikin masu tsaron baya mafi tsada a lokacin. Ya fara rayuwarsa a kungiyar cikin ƙalubale, amma daga baya ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsaron kungiyar.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pepe-Portuguese-football-player](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pepe-Portuguese-football-player)</ref> Yayin da yake Real Madrid, Pepe ya taka rawa wajen lashe kofunan [[La Liga]], [[UEFA Champions League]], Copa del Rey, da kuma FIFA Club World Cup. Ya yi haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da sauran masu tsaron baya kamar [[Sergio Ramos]], inda suka zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a Turai.<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/74561--pepe/](https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/74561--pepe/)</ref> Duk da nasarorin da ya samu, Pepe ya kasance mai yawan samun suka saboda salon wasansa mai zafi. Wasu lokuta ya shiga rikice-rikice a filin wasa, ciki har da bugun abokan wasa da samun jan kati. Duk da haka, masu horarwa da yawa sun yaba masa saboda jajircewa da sadaukarwa wajen kare ƙungiyarsa.<ref>[https://www.goal.com/en/news/pepe-real-madrid-most-controversial-moments/blt7d56d3a9b2f2d54d](https://www.goal.com/en/news/pepe-real-madrid-most-controversial-moments/blt7d56d3a9b2f2d54d)</ref> === Beşiktaş === Bayan barinsa Real Madrid a shekara ta 2017, Pepe ya koma kungiyar [[Beşiktaş]] ta [[Turkiyya]]. A can ya ci gaba da nuna gogewarsa da jagoranci, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyar a gasar cikin gida da kuma gasar [[Turai]].<ref>[https://bjk.com.tr/en/player/1880/pepe.html](https://bjk.com.tr/en/player/1880/pepe.html)</ref> === Komawa Porto === A shekarar 2019, Pepe ya koma [[Porto]] karo na biyu. Duk da tsufansa a lokacin, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a Portugal. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe kofuna da dama tare da jagorantar matasan ’yan wasa.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/porto-captain-pepe-announces-retirement-aged-41-2024-08-08/](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/porto-captain-pepe-announces-retirement-aged-41-2024-08-08/)</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Pepe ya sanar da yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bayan ya shafe shekaru masu yawa yana taka leda a matakin koli. An yaba masa saboda tsawon rayuwarsa a wasa da kuma irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyoyi da ƙasar Portugal.<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/pepe-portugal-retirement](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/pepe-portugal-retirement)</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Pepe ya samu ɗan ƙasar Portugal bayan ya zauna a ƙasar na tsawon lokaci. Ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Portugal wasa a shekara ta 2007, kuma daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan ƙasar.<ref>[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547](https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547)</ref> Ya wakilci Portugal a gasannin [[FIFA World Cup]] da dama da kuma [[UEFA European Championship]]. Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorinsa shi ne lashe gasar UEFA Euro 2016 tare da Portugal, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsaron ƙungiyar.<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d81a7f8c3d0-6a8d03cbf0bb-1000--portugal-s-uefa-euro-2016-story/](https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d81a7f8c3d0-6a8d03cbf0bb-1000--portugal-s-uefa-euro-2016-story/)</ref> Pepe ya kuma taka rawa a gasar [[UEFA Nations League]] da Portugal ta lashe a shekarar 2019. Duk da shekarunsa, ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa da jagoranci a manyan gasa har zuwa shekarun ƙarshe na aikinsa.<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/0253-0d8202515e1c-61d7c6df6c8d-1000--portugal-win-first-uefa-nations-league/](https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/0253-0d8202515e1c-61d7c6df6c8d-1000--portugal-win-first-uefa-nations-league/)</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Pepe da salon wasa mai ƙarfi da kuma iya karanta motsin abokan hamayya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen bugun kai, tsalle, tare da iya katse hare-haren abokan wasa cikin sauri. Haka kuma yana da jagoranci a bayan gida, abin da ya sa ya zama kyaftin a wasu lokuta.<ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/pepe-real-madrid-portugal-defender-profile]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/pepe-real-madrid-portugal-defender-profile{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> Duk da cewa wasu sun soki salon wasansa saboda tsanani, mutane da dama sun yarda cewa Pepe na daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya na zamaninsa saboda nasarori, ƙwarewa, da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi yana taka leda a matakin koli.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/40543792/portugal-pepe-retires-aged-41](https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/40543792/portugal-pepe-retires-aged-41)</ref> == Nasarori == === Porto === * Primeira Liga: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2019–20, 2021–22 * Taça de Portugal: 2005–06, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2004, 2006, 2020, 2022 === Real Madrid === * La Liga: 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016–17 * Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14 * UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2014, 2016 === Portugal === * UEFA European Championship: 2016 * UEFA Nations League: 2018–19 == Duba kuma == * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] * [[Real Madrid]] * [[FC Porto]] * [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal]] == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [[https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/the-club/history/football-legends/kepler-laveran-lima-ferreira-pepe](https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/the-club/history/football-legends/kepler-laveran-lima-ferreira-pepe) Pepe a shafin Real Madrid] * [[https://www.transfermarkt.com/pepe/profil/spieler/14132](https://www.transfermarkt.com/pepe/profil/spieler/14132) Pepe a Transfermarkt] * [[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547](https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/746547){{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pepe a hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal] etb64d8u3npx3p03ea8f72uk2znqpy0 0 25999 879889 445605 2026-07-09T23:40:43Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dogon Kawo''' gari ne dake [[jihar Kano]] a karamar Hukumar [[Tudun Wada]], a mazabar yaryasa. Yana kan titin Zuwa jos wanda ya tashi daga kwanar dan gora (kafin mai yaki). <ref>http://wikimapia.org/38134593/Dogon-Kawo</ref> Dogon Kawo gari ne wanda suke noman rani dana damina, suna da Arzikin Kubewa,Dankalin Hausa, Yalo, shinkafa.masara. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Dogon Kawo Dogon Kawo ƙauye ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Tudun Wada ta Jihar Kano, Najeriya. Yana ƙarƙashin mazabar Yaryasa, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke da muhimmanci a yankin saboda kasancewarsa a kan babban titin Kano–Jos, wanda ke haɗa Arewacin Najeriya da yankin Tsakiyar Ƙasa. Matsayi da muhalli Dogon Kawo yana kan hanyar Kano zuwa Jos, inda ake bi ta Kwanar Dan Gora kafin a isa garin Mai Yaki idan ana tafiya daga Kano. Wannan matsayi ya ba ƙauyen damar kasancewa muhimmin wurin da matafiya da 'yan kasuwa ke ratsawa. Yankin yana cikin savanna ta Sudan, inda ake samun damina da rani, yanayin da ya dace da aikin noma. Tarihi Ba a da cikakken rubutaccen tarihin kafuwar Dogon Kawo, amma kamar yawancin ƙauyukan Tudun Wada, an yi imanin cewa Hausawa ne suka kafa shi tun shekaru da dama da suka wuce. Sunan "Dogon Kawo" na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da wani tsohon wuri ko yanayin ƙasar yankin, kodayake ba a tabbatar da ainihin asalin sunan ba. Tattalin arziki Noma shi ne ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin Dogon Kawo. Manoma na noman: Masara Dawa Gero Wake Gyada Rogo Baya ga noma, ana kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki da kaji. Haka kuma akwai ƙananan kasuwanci da sana'o'i kamar dinki, walda, kafinta, gyaran babura da sayar da kayan masarufi. Al'umma Mafi yawan mazauna Dogon Kawo Hausawa ne, kuma addinin Musulunci shi ne addinin da ya fi rinjaye. Al'ummar ƙauyen suna rayuwa cikin haɗin kai tare da gudanar da bukukuwan addini da na al'ada. Ilimi A ƙauyen akwai makarantun firamare da ke ba yara ilimin farko, yayin da ɗaliban da ke son ci gaba da karatu kan je makarantun sakandare da ke garuruwa makwabta. Sufuri Saboda ƙauyen yana kan babban titin Kano–Jos, zirga-zirga na da sauƙi. Ana amfani da motoci, babura da kekunan hawa wajen zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki. Muhimmanci Dogon Kawo yana da muhimmanci ga Ƙaramar Hukumar Tudun Wada saboda: Samar da amfanin gona ga kasuwannin yankin. Sauƙaƙa zirga-zirgar matafiya tsakanin Kano da Jos. Gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar noma, kiwo da kasuwanci. Ko da yake Dogon Kawo ba shi da yawan jama'a kamar manyan garuruwa, yana daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa noma, kasuwanci da ci gaban al'ummar Ƙaramar Hukumar Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano. bitun4gq0jownje5oun1hfuziiyod0e 0 27079 880106 876294 2026-07-10T11:07:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sars-cov-2-spike-7JWB-image1.png|thumb|cutar Covid 19]] [[Fayil:Orient gene COVID-19 rapid test cassette open.jpg|thumb|Cutar korona ]] [[Fayil:COVID-19 vaccination (2020).jpg|thumb|Rigakafin korona]] '''Gwajin saurin antigen, na COVID-19''', gwaje-gwaje da ake yi say cikin. saurin wajen gwada kwayoyin kare lafiyar jiki do gano cuta mai yaduwa [[Koronavirus 2019|(COVID-19]] ) SAS. Ana iya saurin aiwatar da su tare da horo dan kadan, suna ba da fa'idodin tsada, farashi kaɗan na sauran nau'ikan gwajin COVID-19 kuma suna ba masu amfani sakamako a cikin mintuna 5-30. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen antigen cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a zaman wani ɓangare na gwajin taro ko hanyoyin tantance yawan jama'a.<ref name="Press corner2">{{Cite web|title=Presscorner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2021-03-20|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2020|title=Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/slovakia-carries-out-covid-mass-testing-of-two-thirds-of-population|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Peter Littlejohns|date=6 November 2020|title=The UK is trialling lateral flow testing for Covid-19 – how does it work?|url=https://www.nsmedicaldevices.com/news/lateral-flow-test-covid-19/|website=NS Medical Devices}}</ref> Ana tsammanin suna da mahimmanci don gano mutanen da ke da asymptomatic kuma suna iya yada cutar zuwa wasu mutane, waɗanda ba za su san sun kamu da cutar ba.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Guglielmi G|date=September 2020|title=Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do|journal=Nature|volume=585|issue=7826|pages=496–498|bibcode=2020Natur.585..496G|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02661-2|pmid=32939084|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gwaji na COVID-19, kamar PCR, waɗanda galibi ana ganin su zama gwaji mai amfani ga mutane masu alama, saboda suna da haɓakar hankali kuma suna iya gano lokuta daidai. == Tarihin ci gaban fasahar gwaji na saurin COVID-19 == [[File:Covid-19_rapid_test_in_Rwanda.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Gwajin gaggawa na Covid-19 a Rwanda]] Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don COVID-19 sun fito daga manyan saka hannun jari ta shirin Burtaniya Moonshot mai rikitarwa, shirin £ 100 biliyan don tantance tsari, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi don gwajin COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Iacobucci G, Coombes R|date=September 2020|title=Covid-19: Government plans to spend £100bn on expanding testing to 10 million a day|journal=BMJ|volume=370|pages=m3520|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3520|pmid=32907851|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rapid gwaje-gwaje da farko zauna a cikin wannan din kimantawa bututun dab da yawa wasu putative COVID-19 gwaji da fasahohi kamar fitila, Lampore, batu na kula PCR, taro spectrometry da samfurin pooling. Koyaya, yayin da aka ci gaba da kimantawa, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun fito a matsayin mafi nasara nau'in gwajin COVID-19 a cikin wannan shirin don dacewa da gwajin PCR na yanzu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} == Jagorar kasa da kasa don amfani da fasahar gwajin saurin COVID-19 da haɓakawa == Dalilin farko na kimiyya don yuwuwar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da jagorar duniya don haɓaka fasahar gwaji cikin sauri an haɓaka ta hanyar jagorar wucin gadi daga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] wacce ta nuna fa'idodin da za a iya samu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/antigen-detection-in-the-diagnosis-of-sars-cov-2infection-using-rapid-immunoassays|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=Word Health Organization}}</ref> Rahoton ya lura cewa gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun fi sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi masu tsada. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen barkewar cutar, don gano cutar da wuri da kuma sa ido kan yanayin cututtuka. Daga baya, kuma daga baya ga ƙungiyar nazarin da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan shawarar ta fadada ta Hukumar Turai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar gwaji cikin sauri don tantance yawan jama'a inda adadin ingancin gwajin ya yi girma ko kuma ya yi yawa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: Commission puts forward rules on rapid antigen tests and secures 20 million tests for Member States|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2483|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=European Council}}</ref> Ya zuwa Janairu 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da karfafa matsayinsu, tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri, lura da cewa "ya kamata bincike ya tabbatar da cewa gwajin antigen mai sauri na iya gudanar da gwajin da kansu .... Gwajin kai tare da ko ba tare da jagorar kwararru ba. kuma za a iya la'akari."<ref>{{cite web|title=Council agrees on strengthening the use of rapid antigen tests and on the mutual recognition of COVID-19 test results|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/01/21/council-agrees-on-strengthening-the-use-of-rapid-antigen-tests-and-on-the-mutual-recognition-of-covid-19-test-results|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=Council of the EU}}</ref> == Karatun Farko == Ofaya daga cikin ingantaccen binciken don gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri an kammala ta Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] da Jami'ar Manchester, kuma Farfesa Richard Body da Dr Lennard Lee suka ƙaddamar. An kaddamar da binciken Falcon-C19 a cikin kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An dauki majiyyaci na farko a filin wasa na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] Etihad carpark a sabuwar cibiyar gwajin COVID-19. Binciken ya haɓaka cikin sauri har ya haɗa da wuraren bincike na al'umma 14 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. An rufe binciken ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, bayan kammala gwajin mutane 878. Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin binciken bincike na COVID-19 mafi sauri a Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar. Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa na'urorin gwaji masu sauri sun iya ɗaukar sakamako mai kyau tare da daidaito mai girma. Jimlar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri guda 4, gami da Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test da Orientgene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, an inganta su a cikin wannan binciken, ta amfani da samfuran swab daga duka alamomi da masu asymptomatic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford University and PHE confirm lateral flow tests show high specificity and are effective at identifying most individuals who are infectious - University of Oxford|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-11-11-oxford-university-and-phe-confirm-lateral-flow-tests-show-high-specificity-and-are|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.ox.ac.uk|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717053744/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-11-11-oxford-university-and-phe-confirm-lateral-flow-tests-show-high-specificity-and-are|url-status=dead}}</ref> A daidai lokacin da ake fitar da bincike na wucin gadi na wannan binciken na Burtaniya, Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa za a sayi gwaje-gwajen gaggawa miliyan 100 daga Abbott kuma za a tura su a duk fadin kasar don fara irin wannan karatun na Amurka, don kammala karatun da Jami'ar Oxford ta fara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The U.S. is conducting millions more rapid coronavirus tests, but are results reported?|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7404354/us-coronavirus-rapid-test-results/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nazarin ƙima a duk faɗin duniya == A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Slovakia ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara gwajin yawan jama'a ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri. Ma’aikata 60,000 ne suka yi gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri miliyan biyar waɗanda suka yi amfani da gwajin antigen SD Biosensor kuma suka yi swabbing a kan jama'a.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahase E|date=December 2020|title=Covid-19: Mass testing in Slovakia may have helped cut infections|journal=BMJ|volume=371|pages=m4761|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4761|pmid=33293348|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Agence France-Presse|date=2020-11-02|title=Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/slovakia-carries-out-covid-mass-testing-of-two-thirds-of-population|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Wannan ya sa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantance yawan jama'a.<ref name="Press corner2" /> Nazarin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a farkon 2021, ɗaya daga farfesa Martin Kahanec daga Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya da mawallafinsa da kuma wani na Martin Pavelka daga Makarantar Tsabtace &amp;amp; Magungunan Tropical na London da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin guguwar kaka na saurin antigen. gwajin da aka yi a Slovakia ya taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar a kasar, kodayake a cewar tsohon binciken sakamakon gwajin yawan jama'a kan cutar na wucin gadi ne kuma ya fara bazuwa bayan kimanin makonni biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kahanec M, Laffers L, Schmidpeter B|date=June 2021|title=The Impact of Repeated Mass Antigen Testing for COVID-19 on the Prevalence of the Disease|journal=Journal of Population Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=1105–1140|language=English|doi=10.1007/s00148-021-00856-z|pmid=34219976|pmc=8241209|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Pavelka M, Van-Zandvoort K, Abbott S, Sherratt K, Majdan M, Jarčuška P, Krajčí M, Flasche S, Funk S|date=May 2021|title=The impact of population-wide rapid antigen testing on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Slovakia|journal=Science|volume=372|issue=6542|pages=635–641|doi=10.1126/science.abf9648|pmid=33758017|pmc=8139426|doi-access=free}}</ref> Burtaniya ta ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin ci gaban gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da gwajin sauri na Innova, tare da haɓaka cikin gaggawa yayin da shari'o'in COVID-19 ke ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Turai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Firayim Minista, [[Boris Johnson]] ya fara aikin tantance Liverpool a duk faɗin birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar fasahar fasaha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-02|title=Liverpool to pioneer UK's first attempt at mass Covid testing|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/02/liverpool-uk-first-attempt-coronavirus-mass-testing|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Boseley S, Elgot J}}</ref> An kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin fadada matukan gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a sassa da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa yin gwajin ba. Wadannan sun hada da dalibai a Jami'o'in da suka yi fama da barkewar cutar. Wannan da farko ya fara ne a Jami'ar Durham wanda ke da abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙwarewa don gudanar da shirin gwaji cikin sauri,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid-19 updates: University's lateral flow tests available to book from tomorrow|url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/covid-19-updates-michaelmas-2020/|date=2020-11-19|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Palatinate|language=en-GB|vauthors=Sigsworth T}}</ref> amma an faɗaɗa yawancin Jami'o'in Burtaniya kuma ya ba da damar tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa don samun ɗalibai a gida lafiya don [[Kirsimeti]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-11|title=Covid-19: Universities to oversee student exodus for Christmas|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-54887526|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref> An kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa don ma'aikata don rage yiwuwar watsawa ga marasa lafiya,<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|title=NHS staff to get twice-weekly home covid tests with immediate effect|url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/acute-care/nhs-staff-to-get-twice-weekly-home-covid-tests-with-immediate-effect/7028943.article|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Health Service Journal|language=en|vauthors=Serle J}}</ref> ƙananan hukumomi<ref>{{Cite web|title=More rapid COVID-19 tests to be rolled out across England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-rapid-covid-19-tests-to-be-rolled-out-across-england|date=2020-11-09|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll out of lateral flow tests to local authorities|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/roll-out-of-lateral-flow-tests-to-local-authorities|date=2020-11-13|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> da gidajen kulawa don ba da damar ziyartar mazauna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Care home residents allowed to see family after rapid tests rolled out – 'it was very emotional'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-care-home-residents-allowed-to-see-family-after-rapid-tests-rolled-out-it-was-very-emotional-12172563|date=2020-12-25|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=£149 million to support increased care home testing|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/149-million-to-support-increased-care-home-testing|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2020, Wales ta kammala gwajin gabaɗayan gundumar farko a Merthyr Tydfil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-14|title=Mass Testing in Merthyr Tydfil to continue until Friday|url=https://www.wales247.co.uk/mass-testing-in-merthyr-tydfil-to-continue-until-friday/|access-date=2020-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Results of mass coronavirus testing in Merthyr schools released|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/education/merthyr-schools-coronavirus-results-testing-19413382|access-date=2020-12-27|website=WalesOnline|language=en|vauthors=Wightwick A}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an kuma aiwatar da gwaji a duk makarantu a cikin Amurka don ɗalibai masu alamun cutar<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Dozens of Maine schools now using COVID rapid tests for students and staff|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/12/21/dozens-of-maine-schools-now-using-covid-rapid-tests-for-students-and-staff/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Press Herald|vauthors=Ohm R}}</ref> da kuma cikin gidajen kulawa na Portuguese da makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Portugal rolls out 'rapid tests' to help stem outbreaks in schools and OAP homes|url=https://www.portugalresident.com/portugal-rolls-out-rapid-tests-to-help-stem-outbreaks-in-schools-and-oap-homes/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Portugal Resident|language=en-GB|vauthors=Donn N|archive-date=2021-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114132357/https://www.portugalresident.com/portugal-rolls-out-rapid-tests-to-help-stem-outbreaks-in-schools-and-oap-homes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Sashen gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin duniya don haɓaka kimanta gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri wanda ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin aiwatar da gwajin cutar cikin sauri a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da taimakon yarjejeniya daga gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates wanda ke iyakance farashin don Kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SARS-CoV-2 Antigen detecting rapid diagnostic test implementation projects|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/sars-cov-2-antigen-detecting-rapid-diagnostic-test-implementation-projects|date=2020-11-10|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global partnership to make available 120 million affordable, quality COVID-19 rapid tests for low- and middle-income countries|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/28-09-2020-global-partnership-to-make-available-120-million-affordable-quality-covid-19-rapid-tests-for-low--and-middle-income-countries|date=2020-09-28|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> [[Austriya|Austria]] ta fara gwajin jama'a a fadin kasar a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma ta ba da umarnin gwaje-gwaje miliyan bakwai da suka kunshi gwajin SD Biosensor da Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Mass Testing in Austria: All Details|url=https://www.vindobona.org/article/covid-19-mass-testing-in-austria-all-details|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Vindobona.org {{!}} Vienna International News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='20,000 a day': How mass testing is working in Austria|url=https://www.thelocal.at/20201207/20000-a-day-how-mass-testing-is-working-in-austria|url-status=live|date=2020-12-07|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.thelocal.at}}</ref> A tsakiyar watan Disamba, an yi nazari da yawa da ke tabbatar da inganci da nasarar amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don gano mutane da COVID-19 ciki har da karatu a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, Ubijaan J, Wensing AM, Bonten MJ, Hofstra LM|date=January 2021|title=Real-life validation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=EClinicalMedicine|language=English|volume=31|pages=100677|doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100677|pmc=7832943|pmid=33521610|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Batra R, Olivieri LG, Rubin D, Vallari A, Pearce S, Olivo A, Prostko J, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, Rodgers M, Cloherty G|date=November 2020|title=A comparative evaluation between the Abbott Panbio™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device and Abbott Architect™ SARS CoV-2 IgG assay|journal=Journal of Clinical Virology|volume=132|pages=104645|doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104645|pmc=7493757|pmid=32961429}}</ref> da Amurka.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K, Woo KM, Atie O, Yurasits L, See B, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME|date=July 2020|title=Performance of Abbott ID Now COVID-19 Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Using Nasopharyngeal Swabs Transported in Viral Transport Media and Dry Nasal Swabs in a New York City Academic Institution|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=58|issue=8|doi=10.1128/JCM.01136-20|pmc=7383552|pmid=32471894|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan karatun duk sun ba da damar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don shiga daidaitattun dabarun gwajin COVID-19 na ƙasa. Gwajin gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a makarantu a Kanada,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-23|title=Rapid COVID-19 Testing Expands to Include Vulnerable Populations in Alberta|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/12/23/rapid-covid-19-testing-expands-to-include-vulnerable-populations-in-alberta.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=thestar.com|language=en}}</ref> wuraren balaguro a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=CoconutsBali|date=2020-12-22|title=Passengers form long queues to take antigen rapid tests in Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport {{!}} Coconuts Bali|url=https://coconuts.co/bali/news/passengers-form-long-queues-to-take-antigen-rapid-tests-in-balis-ngurah-rai-airport/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Coconuts|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma cikin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 28, 2020|title=Mumbai: As 15-minutes rapid tests start this week, spike in cases expected|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-as-15-minutes-rapid-tests-start-this-week-spike-in-cases-expected/articleshow/76668423.cms|access-date=2020-12-27|language=en|vauthors=Pinto R, Iyer M|department=Mumbai News|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> == Damuwa game da amfani == Mutane da yawa sun tayar da damuwar cewa daidaiton gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ba su da kyau kamar yadda ake yin gwajin COVID-19 na PCR. Bayanan da aka fitar daga allon babban birni na Burtaniya a Liverpool sun nuna cewa sojojin da suka yi gwajin gwajin sun sami aikin gwajin kwararrun masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje,<ref name="Topping2">{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Scientists in Liverpool mass Covid testing trial defend rapid tests|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/23/scientists-in-liverpool-mass-covid-testing-trial-defend-rapid-tests|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Topping A}}</ref> bin wasu matukan jirgi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Why India's rapid antigen tests for coronavirus are like 'flipping a coin'|url=https://theprint.in/india/why-indias-rapid-antigen-tests-for-coronavirus-are-like-flipping-a-coin/483203/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|vauthors=Saxena R}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan batutuwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya-psychological inda aka yi muhawara game da ko gwaje-gwaje masu sauri na iya haifar da tabbatacciyar ƙarya da canji a ɗabi'a. Koyaya, an tabbatar da canjin tunani game da amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri bayan buga daga Amurka. Farfesa Michael Mina ya yi hasashen cewa har yanzu gwaje-gwaje masu sauri za su kasance da amfani yayin da aka gano masu kamuwa da cuta,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mina MJ, Parker R, Larremore DB|date=November 2020|title=Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity – A Strategy for Containment|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=22|pages=e120|doi=10.1056/NEJMp2025631|pmid=32997903|doi-access=free}}</ref> da fa'idodin da aka samu daga maimaita gwajin sauri da samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan gwaji.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Larremore DB, Wilder B, Lester E, Shehata S, Burke JM, Hay JA, Tambe M, Mina MJ, Parker R|date=January 2021|title=Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=1|pages=eabd5393|bibcode=2021SciA....7.5393L|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd5393|pmc=7775777|pmid=33219112|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shirazi S, Stanford CM, Cooper LF|date=May 2021|title=Testing for COVID-19 in dental offices: mechanism of action, application and interpretation of laboratory and point-of-care screening tests|url=|journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association|volume=152|issue=7|pages=514–525.e8|doi=10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.019|pmid=34176567|issn=0002-8177|pmc=8096195}}</ref> Babbar jami'ar kula da lafiya ta Burtaniya, Dokta Susan Hopkins, ta kuma lura cewa gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun samar da hanyar gano "mutanen da ... ba za mu iya samu ba".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=Negative result in rapid Covid test is not green light to abandon social distancing, top medic warns|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-rapid-tests-susan-hopkins-b1766650.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Da yake lura da ikon gano lamura cikin sauri, da kuma la'akari da ci gaba da tabarbarewar lamura a Turai, hukumar ta Tarayyar Turai ta gana a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta samar da tsarin gama gari na Turai don "amfani, tabbatarwa da fahimtar juna na gwaje-gwaje masu sauri", da aiwatar da Yuro miliyan 100 don siyan gwaje-gwaje daga Roche da Abbott . Stella Kyriakides, kwamishiniyar Lafiya da Kariyar Abinci ta ce "Gwajin maganin antigen cikin sauri yana ba mu sauri, dogaro da martani mai sauri don ware lokuta na COVID. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2020-12-27|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}</ref> Wasu mutane sun nuna damuwa game da jinkirin ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da yuwuwar asarar rayuka da ka iya faruwa a sakamakon. Wata ƙungiyar ilimi daga Kanada ta lura cewa rabin mace-mace a gidajen kulawa a farkon farkon cutar za a iya hana su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapid tests could have prevented half of B.C. care home deaths in 2020, modelling suggests|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/rapid-tests-could-have-prevented-half-of-b-c-care-home-deaths-in-2020-modelling-suggests-1.5288453|access-date=2021-03-20|website=CTVNews|date=29 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803222211/http://bc.ctvnews.ca/rapid-tests-could-have-prevented-half-of-b-c-care-home-deaths-in-2020-modelling-suggests-1.5288453|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amincewa da tsarin duniya don amfani don gwajin COVID-19 == Bayan nasarar binciken da yawa a duk duniya don nazarin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri daga watan Agustan 2020, ƙungiyoyin da ke da tsari a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun amfani da gwaji a matsayin "sabuwar hanyar magance cutar". A ranar 16 ga Disamba, FDA ta zama hukuma ta farko don amincewa da gwajin saurin Abbott.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Office of the Commissioner|date=2020-12-17|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues New Authorization for the BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card Home Test|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-new-authorization-binaxnow-covid-19-ag-card-home-test|access-date=2020-12-27|website=FDA|language=en}}</ref> An ba da izini na gaba don gwajin gida na Ellume COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Rapid at-home Covid-19 tests are finally here. Here's how they could help end the pandemic.|url=https://www.vox.com/22178964/at-home-covid-tests-kit-rapid-ellume-abbott-lucira|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Vox|language=en|vauthors=Courage KH}}</ref> Health Canada kuma ta amince da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa tare da mai ba su shawara, Farfesa David Juncter tare da lura da "mafi kyawun gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da inganci sosai wajen gano masu kamuwa da cuta" kuma kwararre kan cututtukan cututtuka Jean Longtin yana mai cewa "Zai ba mu damar yin sauri fiye da kwayar cutar kuma mu nemo cutar. tuntuɓar mutum a cikin awa ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon jira awa 24".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rapid test very reliable when used on symptomatic patients, Quebec scientists find {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-id-now-rapid-covid-19-test-effective-1.5853027|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapid Test & Trace Canada|date=2020-12-17|title=Rapid Test & Trace Canada raises awareness about the benefits of rapid testing and tracing|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/17/2146884/0/en/Rapid-Test-Trace-Canada-raises-awareness-about-the-benefits-of-rapid-testing-and-tracing.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}</ref> MHRA ta Burtaniya ta tabbatar da amincewarsu da gwajin gaggawar Innova don gwajin amfani da kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a duniya na wannan ci gaba na gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya, Sir John Bell, Farfesa Regius a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Oxford ya ce "Gwajin da sauri ya kasance babban abin kariya daga cutar sankara saboda suna da sauri, arha kuma ana samun su don maimaita amfani da su.<ref name="Topping2" /> A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Tunawa da Class 1 na Innova LFT saboda rashin daidaiton su.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Health|first=Center for Devices and Radiological|date=2021-06-10|title=Stop Using Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test: FDA Safety Communication|url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/stop-using-innova-sars-cov-2-antigen-rapid-qualitative-test-fda-safety-communication|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin "komawa ga al'ada" == [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don sauƙaƙe komawa zuwa al'ada tare da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa da ake samu a cikin kantin magani,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Pharmacies in Spain to Roll out Rapid Tests for COVID-19|url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/07/pharmacies-in-spain-to-roll-out-rapid-tests-for-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Euro Weekly News Spain|language=en-GB|vauthors=Glenn A}}</ref> da kuma wasan kide-kide na kiɗan kyauta da aka gudanar a [[Barcelona]] ga mutanen da suka yi gwajin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-13|title=Barcelona hosts concert for 500 residents in COVID rapid-test experiment|url=https://nypost.com/2020/12/12/barcelona-hosts-concert-for-500-in-covid-rapid-test-experiment/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=New York Post|language=en-US|vauthors=Dorn S}}</ref> An ɗauki irin wannan hanya a [[Albaniya]] don ba da damar bukukuwan kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Albanian government has approved rapid Covid testing for Unum Festival 2021|url=https://crackmagazine.net/2020/12/albanian-government-has-approved-the-use-of-rapid-covid-testing-for-unum-festival-2021/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Crack Magazine}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙwararrun masana da yawa ba su da tabbas game da wannan hanyar suna gaskanta cewa "gwajin gaggawa ba shine mafita don sake farawa rayuwa ta al'ada ba"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Rapid tests are not the solution to restart normal life, expert says|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/146693/rapid-tests-are-not-the-solution-to-restart-normal-life-expert-says-herman-goossens-antigen-pcr/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Brussels Times|language=en}}</ref> amma ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu mahimman matakan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta kamar sa PPE mai dacewa, wanke hannu akai-akai da zamantakewa. nisantar ba da damar mutane su sami wannan muhimmin lokacin tare da waɗanda suke ƙauna yayin da suke taimakawa don kiyaye su.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lateral flow testing – new rapid tests to detect COVID-19 – Public health matters|url=https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/12/08/lateral-flow-testing-new-rapid-tests-to-detect-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Sabbin nau'ikan COVID-19 == A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, an gano wani sabon nau'in cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin Burtaniya, VOC-202012/01 . Nauyin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya. Tare da yaɗuwar amfani da wannan nau'i na gwajin COVID-19 a duniya, akwai damuwa cewa wannan bambance-bambancen zai sa gwajin sauri ya ƙare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka fasahar fasahar Burtaniya ta haɓaka kwararar ruwa, a cikin sa'o'i 24, dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Ingila sun sami damar tabbatar da gwajin saurin ci gaban duniya bai shafa ba kuma suna iya gano sabon bambance-bambancen. Wannan saboda saurin gwajin gabaɗaya yana hari akan furotin nucleocapsid ne ba furotin mai karu ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapid evaluation confirms lateral flow devices effective in detecting new COVID-19 variant|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/rapid-evaluation-confirms-lateral-flow-devices-effective-in-detecting-new-covid-19-variant|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan ko da yake, kwanan nan an gano su waɗanda ke shafar wasu saurin gwaji har zuwa ninki 1000.<ref>{{Cite document|last1=Bourassa|last8=Reed|doi=10.1101/2021.05.05.21256527|pages=2021.05.05.21256527|language=en|work=medRxiv|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.21256527v1|title=A SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Variant that Affects Antigen Test Performance|date=2021-05-05|first9=Alexander L.|last9=Greninger|first8=Jonathan C.|first7=Kimberly G.|first1=Lori|last7=Harmon|first6=Pavitra|last6=Roychoudhury|first5=Margaret G.|last5=Mills|first4=Michelle J.|last4=Lin|first3=Quynh|last3=Phung|first2=Garrett A.|last2=Perchetti|s2cid=233739399}}</ref> Abin farin ciki, yawan waɗannan maye gurbi na nucleocapsid (musamman D399N) har yanzu yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin duniya a ~ 0.02%. == Amfanin ɗan adam don gwaje-gwaje masu sauri == Baya ga amfani da al'umma na yau da kullun, an kuma yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jin kai yayin bala'in. Bayan ambaliya a [[Jakarta]] a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Disamba, an yi gwajin gaggawa a matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=North Jakarta to provide rapid tests for people in flood shelters|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/12/02/north-jakarta-to-provide-rapid-tests-for-people-in-flood-shelters.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari, bayan rufe iyakokin kasa a Turai biyo bayan bullar sabuwar matsalar Burtaniya kafin Kirsimeti, direbobin manyan motoci kusan 6,000 ne suka makale ba tare da abinci ba,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Covid-19: Charities send food to stranded truckers|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-55421924|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref> sun dakatar da isar da abincin Kirsimeti yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na Faransa ne suka yi gwajin gaggawa cikin sa'o'i 24 a tashar. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun baiwa manyan motocin dakon kaya damar hawa kan hanya da kammala jigilar kayayyaki da komawa ga iyalansu don Kirsimeti, yana nuna yuwuwar amfanin duniya na samun gwajin COVID-19 mai sauƙin aiwatarwa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-24|title=Army to take over Covid testing for hauliers trapped near Dover|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/24/french-firefighters-arrive-in-dover-with-10000-covid-tests-for-lorry-drivers|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Rawlinson K, Halliday J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Raw anger among lorry drivers in Dover as coronavirus testing fails to ease tensions|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-raw-anger-among-lorry-drivers-in-dover-as-coronavirus-testing-fails-to-ease-tensions-12171676|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières ta amince da yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga, tare da lura da cewa "Gwajin antigen na COVID-19 na iya ba da sakamako cikin sauri da aiki, tare da tabbatar da gano mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar a matakin al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 diagnostics: MSF welcomes more affordable rapid tests for lower- and middle-income countries – World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/covid-19-diagnostics-msf-welcomes-more-affordable-rapid-tests-lower-and-middle-income|access-date=2021-03-20|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> == Amurka da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri == Bayan da aka fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin saurin haɓaka fasahar gwaji tare da Burtaniya, ƙarin kimanta gwaje-gwajen cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin gwajin yawan jama'a a Amurka ya tsaya cik sakamakon rikicin kusan dala biliyan 900 na agajin COVID-19 da ke ƙunshe a cikin Haɗin gwiwar 2020 Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2021 . An soki dokar saboda ba musamman saka hannun jari na zobe a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin tsada-tattalin arziki da ingantaccen nau'i na gwajin yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9 Things You Need to Know About the $1.4 Trillion Fiscal Year 2021 Omnibus and $900 Billion COVID-19 Package|url=https://www.heritage.org/budget-and-spending/commentary/9-things-you-need-know-about-the-14-trillion-fiscal-year-2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|vauthors=Dickerson M}}</ref> Masana kimiyya a Amurka, irin su Farfesa Michael Mina na Jami'ar Harvard, sun lura cewa gwaje-gwajen sun kasance "masu ƙarfi sosai ga duk abin da mutane ke yi" kuma "gwajin gida don COVID-19 na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-11|title=How Rapid-Result, at-Home COVID-19 Tests Could Slash Infection Rate|work=The Daily Signal|url=https://www.dailysignal.com/2020/12/11/how-rapid-result-at-home-tests-for-covid-19-could-slash-infection-rate/|access-date=2021-03-20|vauthors=Allen V}}</ref> Farfesa William A. Haseltine, shi ma na Harvard, ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi, a cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Forbes da ke ba da shawara "Gwajin da za a yi cikin gaggawa, zai iya dakatar da yaduwar cututtuka da mutuwa"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Even With A Vaccine, We Still Need Rapid Tests To End Covid-19|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2020/12/11/even-with-a-vaccine-we-still-need-rapid-tests-to-end-covid-19/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Forbes|language=en|vauthors=Haseltine WA}}</ref> da kuma labarin da Farfesa Annie ya yi. Sparrow na Dutsen Sinai, New York yana ba da shawarar "Gwajin Rahusa Yana da Muhimmanci ga Nasara ta Cutar Kwalara" bisa la'akari da "gaggawa na nau'in B117 mai saurin yaduwa da sauri a cikin Burtaniya, da irin wannan nau'in daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheap Mass Testing Is Vital for Pandemic Victory|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/05/cheap-mass-testing-covid-pandemic-pcr-antigen/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|vauthors=Sparrow A}}</ref> Koyaya, saurin gwajin gida don COVID-19 yana samuwa ga mutane a bainar jama'a a cikin Janairu 2021, bin amincewar FDA ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Rapid at-home Covid-19 tests are finally here. Here's how they could help end the pandemic.|url=https://www.vox.com/22178964/at-home-covid-tests-kit-rapid-ellume-abbott-lucira|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Vox|language=en|vauthors=Courage KH}}</ref><ref name="htr2">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/12/16/coronavirus-home-test-rapid/|title=How do home tests for coronavirus work? Where can I get one?|first=William|last=Wan|date=December 16, 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Masu ba da inshorar lafiya a Amurka sun biya waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ga mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19, ko waɗanda ke da kusanci da mai kamuwa da cuta ko tare da wani da ke nuna alamun.<ref name="Appleby nbc2">{{cite news|last1=Appleby|first1=Julie|last2=Kaiser Health News|title=Is your COVID test covered? The answer is up for interpretation.|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/your-covid-test-covered-answer-interpretation-n1234173|access-date=15 September 2021|work=NBC News|date=18 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> Wani labarin a cikin Washington Post ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman fa'idar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Amurka ba za a iya cimmawa ba har sai "gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe gwajin mutanen da ba su da lafiya saboda watsar da wadancan mutanen babban bangare ne na barkewar", yayin da ake gwada wadannan mutane. inshorar lafiya bai rufe shi ba.<ref name="hrsa faq2">{{cite web|last1=HRSA Staff|title=FAQs for COVID-19 Claims Reimbursement to Health Care Providers and Facilities for Testing, Treatment and Vaccine Administration|url=https://www.hrsa.gov/coviduninsuredclaim/frequently-asked-questions|website=Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration|access-date=15 September 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="htr2" /> Bayan zaben sabon shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021, Amurka ta sake fara saka hannun jari a cikin saurin bunkasa fasahar fasahar tare da buga umarnin zartarwa na shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Combating COVID-19|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/covid-19/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The White House|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319232852/https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/covid-19/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Biden executive orders address COVID-19, other health care issues|url=https://www.rollcall.com/2021/01/21/biden-uses-executive-orders-to-address-covid-19-other-health-care-issues/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Roll Call|language=en}}</ref> == Darajar kasuwar duniya == Bayan yawaitar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a duk duniya, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 15; duk da haka, ana sa ran kasuwar za ta daina daga 2024 saboda allurar rigakafin yawan jama'ar duniya a ƙarshen 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global COVID 19 Rapid Test Kits Market Size, Share, Trends, Strategies|url=https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/covid-19-rapid-test-kits-market|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Amurka, kasuwa don saurin gwaje-gwaje shine dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9 tare da ƙimar haɓaka> 20% a asibitoci, asibitoci, Asiya Pacific amma kuma azaman gwajin masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reports and Data|date=2020-04-28|title=Rapid Test Kit Market For COVID-19 To Reach USD 3.91 Billion By 2027 {{!}} Reports and Data|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/04/28/2023339/0/en/Rapid-Test-Kit-Market-For-COVID-19-To-Reach-USD-3-91-Billion-By-2027-Reports-and-Data.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}</ref> Manazarta kasuwannin kasa da kasa sun yi hasashen cewa masu kera gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri za su fuskanci karuwar bukatu yayin da mutane da yawa suka fara amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don gano mutanen da ke da alamun sauki.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The Business Research Company|date=2020-09-03|title=COVID-19 Rapid Test Kits Manufacturing To Increase Due To Testing Of People With Mild Symptoms|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/09/03/2088347/0/en/COVID-19-Rapid-Test-Kits-Manufacturing-To-Increase-Due-To-Testing-Of-People-With-Mild-Symptoms.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}</ref> Yawancin masu sharhi da masana kimiyya daga Amurka sun nuna damuwa ko cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta sami damar biyan bukatun duniya tare da kera daruruwan miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen da za a buƙaci don gwaji akai-akai.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rubin R|date=November 2020|title=The Challenges of Expanding Rapid Tests to Curb COVID-19|journal=JAMA|volume=324|issue=18|pages=1813–1815|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.21106|pmid=33084882|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Huge demand for COVID-19 rapid antigen testing may face manufacturing constraints|url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/supply-chain/huge-demand-covid-19-rapid-antigen-testing-may-face-manufacturing-constraints|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Modern Healthcare|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614141955/https://www.modernhealthcare.com/supply-chain/huge-demand-covid-19-rapid-antigen-testing-may-face-manufacturing-constraints|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Covid-19]] [[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nv3lh18ebfsa58vgfpcggpy740nsqc6 0 29557 879646 508684 2026-07-09T15:48:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Nigeria Press Conference (29678757867).jpg|thumb|Nuuman barau danbatta lokacen wani conferences na wanigidan radio]] '''Nuuman Barau Danbatta''' ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, kuma shi ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya kai matsayin babban sakataren ma'aikatar sufuri,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: FG Sacks Inland Waterways's MD|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200905250964.html|url-status=live|website=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alison-Madueke Promises Better Infrastructure {{!}}The Nigeria Business.com|url=http://thenigeriabusiness.com/btravel28.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=thenigeriabusiness.com|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523034928/http://thenigeriabusiness.com/btravel28.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarayyar Najeriya, tsohon shugaban [[Bankin Unity|Bankin Unity plc]], shugaban Gracefield Island a yanzu. Yana kuma sarautar gargajiya na "Ajiyan [[Kazaure]] " [[Jihar Jigawa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Unity Bank Plc: Appointment of Non-Executive Director|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Stock---Analyst-Updates/Unity-Bank-Plc--Appointment-of-Non-Executive-Director/14033|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Unity Bank Plc: Appointment of Non-Executive Director|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gracefield Island - Alhaji Nu’uman Barau Danbatta, OON|url=https://www.gracefieldisland.com/about-us/the-team/9-team/3-alhaji-nu-uman-barau-danbatta-oon|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.gracefieldisland.com|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116210531/https://www.gracefieldisland.com/about-us/the-team/9-team/3-alhaji-nu-uman-barau-danbatta-oon|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nu'uman Barau Danbatta, Member-Endowment Fund Board Trustees at Bayero University at Kano - Relationship Science|url=https://relationshipscience.com/person/nuuman-barau-danbatta-5181922|access-date=2021-01-14|website=relationshipscience.com|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032558/https://relationshipscience.com/person/nuuman-barau-danbatta-5181922|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ju4UUKFPW4 |title=Nu'uman Barau Danbatta 1 |publisher=YouTube |date=2012-01-07 |accessdate=2021-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2016-11-19|title=$40m transfer: ONSA, not GEJ’s cousin’s firm paid N650m for Maitama property|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/11/40m-transfer-onsa-not-gejs-cousins-firm-paid-n650m-maitama-property/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Danbatta is Unity Bank's new chairman. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Danbatta+is+Unity+Bank%27s+new+chairman.-a0266861635|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian Stock Exchange live quotes, news and analysis.Stock market Investment, live NSE Nigeria, Finance Portfolio Investor/Management, Nigeria financial news - Easykobo|url=https://www.easykobo.com/ComPro/UNITYBNK|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.easykobo.com|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116053644/https://www.easykobo.com/ComPro/UNITYBNK|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dambatta resigns as Unity Bank board chairman|url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/dambatta-resigns-as-unity-bank-board-chairman/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=peoplesdailyng.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNITY BANK SHAREHOLDERS COMMEND BOARD AND MANAGEMENT TEAM|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/55235/unity-bank-shareholders-commend-board-and-management-team.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/118026/unity-bank-7th-agm-captions.html|title=Unity Bank 7th AGM Captions|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/director/10563765/MR-NU%27UMAN-BARAU-DANBATTA|title=NU'UMAN BARAU DANBATTA - LONDON|website=www.checkcompany.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://investadvocate.com.ng/2014/04/01/unity-bank-appoints-lamis-shehu-new-chairman/|title=Unity Bank Appoints Lamis Shehu New Chairman -|date=April 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/banking/article/unity-bank-to-raise-n39-2bn-via-rights-issue-private-placement/|title=Unity Bank to raise N39.2bn via rights issue, private placement|date=May 6, 2014}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Nu'uman a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, shekarar ta alif 1955 a [[Kano Municipal|ƙaramar hukumar birni]] ta Kano[[Kano (jiha)|,]] ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Kwalli, Kano, sannan ya halarci [[Kwalejin Rumfa Kano|kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano]] don yin karatunsa na sakandare. Ya yi Digiri a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Bayero University College Kano (wanda a yanzu aka canza mata suna [[Jami'ar Bayero|Bayero University Kano]]).<ref>,{{Cite web|title=Unity Bank Plc: Appointment of Non-Executive Director|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Stock---Analyst-Updates/Unity-Bank-Plc--Appointment-of-Non-Executive-Director/14033|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Unity Bank Plc: Appointment of Non-Executive Director|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] qd6pozn1ip7lr22tlggb65f8di35fui 0 31777 879885 566232 2026-07-09T23:34:10Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Djibril Moussa Souna''' (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, 1992) a [[Niamey|Yamai]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Nijar (ƙasa)|ƙasar Nijar]]. A halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar AS GNN ta Nijar. Shi memba ne a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Nijar, wanda ake kira a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2012.<ref>"Niger - M. Djibrilla - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com.</ref> {{Stub}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|pid=39940}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] Djibril Moussa Souna Djibril Moussa Souna (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1992 a Yamai (Niamey), Nijar) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Nijar. Ya fi taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (defender). Ya shahara da ƙarfin jiki, iya tare hare-haren abokan hamayya, da kuma taka rawar gani a tsaron ƙungiyarsa. Rayuwarsa ta farko An haifi Djibril Moussa Souna a birnin Yamai, babban birnin Nijar. Tun yana ƙarami yake sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a matakin matasa kafin ya samu damar shiga manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar. Hazakarsa da jajircewarsa suka sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na Nijar. Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa Djibril ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na Nijar, ciki har da AS FAN da kuma AS GNN. A waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kare gida da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hare-hare daga baya. A matakin ƙasa Souna ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar, kuma an saka shi cikin tawagar Nijar da ta halarci Gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) ta 2012. Wannan ne karo na farko da Nijar ta taka leda a wannan babbar gasa, kuma kasancewarsa cikin tawagar ya kasance babban ci gaba a rayuwarsa ta wasa. Salon wasansa Djibril Moussa Souna ɗan wasa ne mai: Ƙarfin jiki da iya fafatawa da 'yan gaba. Iya karanta wasan da katse hare-hare. Kyakkyawan amfani da ƙafafu wajen fara gina wasa daga baya. Jajircewa da ƙoƙari a duk lokacin wasa. Takaitaccen bayani Cikakken suna: Djibril Moussa Souna Ranar haihuwa: 7 ga Mayu, 1992 Wurin haihuwa: Yamai, Nijar Ƙasa: Nijar Matsayi: Mai tsaron baya (Defender) Ƙungiyoyin da ya buga wa: AS FAN, AS GNN Ƙungiyar ƙasa: Nijar Babbar gasa: Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) 2012. ab36e984iwubq52iwginzpmij7urj9o 0 33937 879857 516846 2026-07-09T21:55:23Z M Bash Ne 12403 879857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Surah Al-Hajj.png|thumb|Kalmal Hajj da larabci]] '''''Amirul Hajji''''' [[Aikin Hajji|shi]] ne shugaban alhazai, wanda hukumar gwamnati ko hukumar Hajji ko shugaban addini ta naɗa. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Amirul Hajji sun haɗa da tafiyar da aikin hajji, nasiha da sharuɗɗan da suka dace da aikin Hajji, da jagorantar sallah, da kula da ƙorafe-ƙorafe. == Fitattun Mutane == * [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi]] Sa'ad Abubakar III shi ne Amirul Hajj na 'yan Najeriya masu aikin Hajji na shekarar 2013. * Ga al'ummar Dawudi Bohra, Mufaddal Saifuddin shi ne Amirul Haj a shekarar 2012, da dan uwansa Malik ul Ashtar Shujauddin a shekarar 2019. * An nada tsohon gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] [[Abba Musa Rimi]] a matsayin ''Amirul Hajj'' ga Musulman Najeriya a watan Agustan 2013.<ref name="Premium Times - 28 June 2013 - NAHCON says Sultan remains permanent Amirul Hajj">{{cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/139809-nahcon-says-sultan-remains-permanent-amirul-hajj.html|title=NAHCON says Sultan remains permanent Amirul Hajj|date=28 June 2013|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Daily Times of Nigeria - 15 August 2013 - Katsina Appoints Rimi as Amirul-Hajj">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/katsina-appoints-rimi-amirul-hajj|title=Katsina Appoints Rimi as Amirul-Hajj|date=15 August 2013|publisher=[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]|accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hajji]] [[Category:Makkah]] [[Category:Madina]] [[Category:Garuruwan Afghanistan]] [[Category:Garuruwa]] [[Category:Gine-gine a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabwa]] su5bbf05f0mw3uf67zcdpiq069xza1d 0 34837 880041 233102 2026-07-10T09:23:34Z Nnamadee 31123 880041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Tramping''' ( yawan jama'a na 2016 : 60 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Saskatchewan na Kanada a cikin gundumar Karkara ta Tramping Lake No. 380 da Division Countididdigar No. 13 . Ƙauyen ya sami sunansa daga tafkin Tramping na kusa. == Tarihi == An haɗa tafkin Tramping a matsayin ƙauye a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1917.<ref>"Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref> == Alkaluma == A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Tramping Lake yana da yawan jama'a 35 da ke zaune a cikin 17 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 26 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -41.7% daga 2016 yawan 60 . Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.27|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 27.6/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, ƙauyen Tramping Lake ya rubuta yawan jama'a 60 da ke zaune a cikin 29 daga cikin 44 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 8.3% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 55 . Tare da filin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.39|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 43.2/km a cikin 2016. == Duba kuma == * Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan * Ƙauyen Saskatchewan ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pf5wcwzzvd294p8skfz8myumgfk3263 880043 880041 2026-07-10T09:24:05Z Nnamadee 31123 880043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Tramping''' ( yawan jama'a na 2016 : 60 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Saskatchewan na Kanada a cikin gundumar Karkara ta Tramping Lake No. 380 da Division Countididdigar No. 13 . Ƙauyen ya sami sunansa daga tafkin Tramping na kusa. == Tarihi == An haɗa tafkin Tramping a matsayin ƙauye a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1917.<ref>"Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref> == Alkaluma == A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Tramping Lake yana da yawan jama'a 35 da ke zaune a cikin 17 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 26 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -41.7% daga 2016 yawan 60 . Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.27|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 27.6/km a cikin 2021.<ref>"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</ref> A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, ƙauyen Tramping Lake ya rubuta yawan jama'a 60 da ke zaune a cikin 29 daga cikin 44 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 8.3% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 55 . Tare da filin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.39|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 43.2/km a cikin 2016. == Duba kuma == * Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan * Ƙauyen Saskatchewan ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6gaitz53gn72umzcfzd7l6fp0s3hhar 880045 880043 2026-07-10T09:24:51Z Nnamadee 31123 880045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Tramping''' ( yawan jama'a na 2016: 60 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Saskatchewan na Kanada a cikin gundumar Karkara ta Tramping Lake No. 380 da Division Countididdigar No. 13 . Ƙauyen ya sami sunansa daga tafkin Tramping na kusa. == Tarihi == An haɗa tafkin Tramping a matsayin ƙauye a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1917.<ref>"Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref> == Alkaluma == A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Tramping Lake yana da yawan jama'a 35 da ke zaune a cikin 17 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 26 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -41.7% daga 2016 yawan 60 . Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.27|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 27.6/km a cikin 2021.<ref>"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</ref> A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, ƙauyen Tramping Lake ya rubuta yawan jama'a 60 da ke zaune a cikin 29 daga cikin 44 jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 8.3% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 55 . Tare da filin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.39|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 43.2/km a cikin 2016.<ref>"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan * Ƙauyen Saskatchewan ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7wk0sk9vvk11ud59qttm4zm3cm0ndwh 0 34906 880121 745200 2026-07-10T11:51:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Acheampong''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 18, 1970) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta Huɗu mai wakiltar Mazaɓar Bia ta Gabas a Yankin Yamma a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Democratic Congress. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - List of MPs |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5541 |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2024-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926063118/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5541 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Acheampong a ranar 18 ga Mayun shekarar 1970. Ya fito ne daga Adabokrom, wani gari a [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yammacin]] [[Ghana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Acheampong, Richard |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5541 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2024-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926063118/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5541 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shiga Kwalejin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Kumasi a shekarar 2011 kuma ya sami digiri na farko a kan Human Resource. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Jami'ar Mountcrest, Kanda-Accra a 2016 kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acheampong, Richard |url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/acheampong-richard/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Ghana MPS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Acheampong ma'aikacin banki ne. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja a Nfana Rural Bank Sampa == Siyasa == Acheampong memba ne na National Democratic Congress (NDC). A shekarar 2012, ya tsaya takarar neman kujerar Bia ta Gabas a kan tikitin jam'iyyar NDC ta shida a jamhuriya ta huɗu kuma ya yi nasara. <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Acheampong Kirista ne (Assemblies of God Church). Yana da aure (mai 'ya'ya biyar).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=181 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Parliament Of Ghana }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rigima == A watan Afrilun shekarar 2017, babbar hukumar Burtaniya a Ghana ta zargi Acheampong, [[George Boakye (dan siyasa)|George Boakye]], [[Johnson Kwaku Adu]], da Joseph Benhazin Dahah da taimakawa ƴan uwansu shiga [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar amfani da fasfo din diflomasiyya. Ya yi amfani da fasfo dinsa na diflomasiyya don samun takardar bizar hutu ga matarsa don hutun makonni biyu, ya ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya sama da shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-28 |title=U.K. Accuses 4 Ghanaian MPs of Visa Fraud |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/ghana-mps-visa-fraud |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Face2Face Africa |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-26 |title=Four MPs barred from the UK for 'visa fraud' |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/04/four-mps-barred-from-the-uk-for-visa-fraud/ |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525134006/https://citifmonline.com/2017/04/four-mps-barred-from-the-uk-for-visa-fraud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=4 MPs Busted For VIsa Fraud |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/4-mps-busted-visa-fraud/ |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] nlz8j8t4pwxb6hrpu9mq03wc6cmyrkb 0 36243 879817 563477 2026-07-09T20:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Oron Museum | native_name = | native_name_lang = Museum Esuk Oro | logo = | logo_upright = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Nat Museum Oron.jpg | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|4.82762|8.23091|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:NG|display=ti}} | former_name = | established = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->1958 | dissolved = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --> | location = [[Oron, Akwa Ibom]], [[Nigeria]] | type = | accreditation = | key_holdings = | collections = | collection_size = | visitors = | founder = | executive_director = | leader_type = | leader = | director = | president = | ceo = | chairperson = | curator = | architect = | historian = | owner = | publictransit = | car_park = | parking = | network = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = }} '''Oron Museum''' sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne, daya daga cikin Museums a cikin [[Oron (Nijeriya)|Oron, Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Great |first=Dennis |date=2023-01-30 |title=Oron Museum ( The City of Oron) |url=https://www.bigtimeafrica.com.ng/oron-museum-the-city-of-oron/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=BTATnT - Big Time Africa Travels & Tours Company |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110132314/https://www.bigtimeafrica.com.ng/oron-museum-the-city-of-oron/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa gidan tarihin ne a cikin 1958 don ɗaukar sanannun jigogi na kakanni ɗari takwas ( Ekpu Oro ) na [[mutanen Oron]] waɗanda aka yi imanin suna cikin mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyawun sassaƙa na itace a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 |title=Nigerian Embassy |access-date=2023-05-10 |archive-date=2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303091843/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, an sassaƙan itace da yawa kuma an lalata gidan kayan gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Ola |date=2022-08-07 |title=Lord Luggard’s Residence, Amalgamation House, 5 other Nigerian historical places located in Akwa Ibom |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2022/08/07/lord-luggards-residence-amalgamation-house-5-other-nigerian-historical-places-located-in-akwa-ibom/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=PIECE — WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1975, an sake bude gidan tarihin inda a yau ke dauke da ragowar sassakakin katako da sauran kayan tarihi na kabilanci daga sassan Najeriya. Gidan tarihin yana kuma da baje kolin bunne da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin yakin basasa da kuma ƙauyen masu sana'a. A shekarar 2023, gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom, Fasto Umo Eno ya gyara gidan tarihi na Oron. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oron |first=Gideon |date=September 1994 |title=Duckweed culture for wastewater renovation and biomass production |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)90022-1 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=26 |issue=1-2 |pages=27–40 |doi=10.1016/0378-3774(94)90022-1 |issn=0378-3774}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ax16eaptvoujyflj8uu7v11musdntrf 0 42383 879878 450221 2026-07-09T23:20:33Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Hemmat''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar. Ya yi takara a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1948 . <ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|title=Mohamed Hemmat Olympic Results}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mohamed Hemmat at Olympedia Mohamed Hemmat Mohamed Hemmat (Larabci: محمد محمود همت) ɗan wasan water polo ne na ƙasar Masar. Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar water polo ta maza a Gasar Olympics ta Bazara ta 1948 da aka gudanar a birnin Landan na ƙasar Birtaniya. A wannan gasa, ƙungiyar Masar ta kammala a matsayi na bakwai bayan an fitar da ita daga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Hemmat ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ruwa na Masar a shekarun 1940. Kafin ya fi shahara a water polo, ya lashe gasa da dama ta ninkaya a cikin ƙasar Masar, musamman a gajerun tazara da kuma wasannin relay. Daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙasa ta ninkaya da kuma ta water polo, inda ya wakilci Masar a manyan gasa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da tasirinsa, Hemmat bai samu damar shiga manyan gasannin duniya a lokacin da yake kan ganiyarsa ba. Duk da haka, bayan yaƙin ya samu damar halartar gasar Olympics ta 1948, wadda ita ce babbar gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ya taka rawa a cikinta. Bayan ya daina buga wasa, Mohamed Hemmat ya ci gaba da hidima ga wasannin ruwa ta hanyar zama mai horar da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Masar na tsawon shekaru. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Masar, inda ya ci gaba da shiga gasannin soja har zuwa shekarun 1950. Ya rasu a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1973. Gudummawa Mohamed Hemmat yana cikin 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasan water polo a Masar. Nasarorin da ya samu a fannin ninkaya da water polo, tare da aikin horaswa bayan ritayarsa, sun ba da gudummawa wajen ci gaban wannan wasa a ƙasar. Manazarta 1. Olympedia. Mohamed Hemmat. 2. Olympic Results (Sports Reference, an adana bayanan). ltob9yz4367qkf1gt5qvtl5ugl7tl83 0 42483 879879 450256 2026-07-09T23:21:59Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Kofi Daniels''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris 1950-13 Agusta 2005)<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "George Daniels" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</ref><ref>"George Daniels" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</ref> ɗan wasan tseren [[Ghana]] ne wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1972.<ref>"[[George Daniels]]" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</ref> <ref name="sref">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/da/george-daniels-1.html|accessdate=30 May 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205204717/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/da/george-daniels-1.html|archivedate=5 February 2013}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]]George Kofi Daniels George Kofi Daniels (8 ga Maris, 1950 – 13 ga Agusta, 2005) fitaccen ɗan wasan guje-guje ne daga ƙasar Ghana wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 100 da mita 200. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan guje-guje na Ghana a shekarun 1970, kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasannin Olympics, Commonwealth da sauran manyan gasa na duniya. Rayuwar farko An haifi George Kofi Daniels a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1950 a Ghana. Tun yana matashi ya nuna ƙwarewa a wasan guje-guje, musamman a gajerun tseren mita 100 da mita 200. Daga baya ya samu damar yin karatu da kuma wakiltar jami'a a Amurka, inda ya ci gaba da bunƙasa ƙwarewarsa a wasannin guje-guje. Aikin wasanni Daniels ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu gudun tsere na Ghana. Ya kasance cikin tawagar ƙasar a Gasar Olympics ta Bazara ta 1972 da aka gudanar a Munich, Jamus ta Yamma. A wannan gasa ya fafata a: Tseren mita 100 na maza. Tseren mita 200 na maza. Gasar gudun ba da sanda ta mita 4 × 100 ta maza. Ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Olympics ta Bazara ta 1976 a Montréal, Kanada, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar gudun ba da sanda ta mita 4 × 100. Sai dai Ghana ta kaurace wa wasannin Olympics na shekarar 1976 tare da wasu ƙasashen Afirka saboda dalilan siyasa, don haka tawagar ba ta shiga gasar ba. Nasarori George Daniels ya kuma wakilci Ghana a Gasar Commonwealth. A shekarar 1970 ya shiga gasar Commonwealth, sannan a 1974 ya lashe lambar azurfa biyu, ɗaya a tseren mita 200, ɗaya kuma a gasar gudun ba da sanda ta mita 4 × 100. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin aikinsa. A lokacin aikinsa ya kafa mafi kyawun lokutan gudunsa na: Mita 100 – dakika 10.38 (1974). Mita 200 – dakika 20.6 (1971). Rayuwa ta ƙarshe A shekara ta 2004, Daniels ya fuskanci matsala ta shari'a kuma kotu ta yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari bisa wani laifi. Wannan al'amari ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce a rayuwarsa. Bayan kusan shekara guda, ya rasu a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2005, a garin Cape Coast na Ghana yana da shekaru 55. Gadonsa Duk da ƙarshen rayuwarsa da ya zo cikin ce-ce-ku-ce, George Kofi Daniels ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan guje-guje da suka ɗaga martabar Ghana a shekarun 1970. Gudummawar da ya bayar a wasannin Olympics da Commonwealth ta sanya sunansa cikin tarihin wasannin guje-guje na Ghana. f3sc738a1vu6nbujopsqri9x61tzor8 0 42664 879822 477015 2026-07-09T20:15:09Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adam John Forshaw''' (An haife shi 8 ga watan [[Oktoba]] shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na [[ƙasar Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar [[Premier League|ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Leeds United F.C.|ta Leeds United]] . Forshaw ya fara buga wasa a makarantar kimiyya a kungiyar [[Premier League|Premier]] ta Everton kuma ya yi fice a Brentford, wanda ya lashe kyautar 2013-14 League One Player of the Year. == Wasanni a Kulob == === Kulob din Everton === Forshaw ya shiga makarantar Everton yana dan shekara bakwai. Kafin farkon lokacin kakar 2008 – 09, an ba shi wuri a matsayin malami na farko kuma nan da nan ya nemi matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar yan kasa da shekara 18. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008 – 09 da aka samu rauni, <ref name="evertonfc" /> Forshaw ya fara buga ƙungiyar sa ta farko a ranar 29 ga Maris shekara ta 2009, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 na nasarar 2-0 akan Wigan Athletic . Kocin tawagar farko David Moyes ya ba Forshaw wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a matattu a wasan da suka yi da BATE Borisov a matakin rukuni na rukuni a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2009, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90. Forshaw ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasu lokatai biyu a lokacin kakar 2009 – 10 kuma shine babban mai gabatar da bayyanar ga ƙungiyar ajiyar. <ref> "Brentford 1–0 Preston North End". BBC Sport. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</ref> [[Fayil:Blues at Chelsea - Feb 2013 - Ashley Cole - Last of the Mohicans (8693392777).jpg|thumb|Adam Forshaw]] Forshaw ya fara buga [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 82 a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 3-0 a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2011 kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba don ƙarin wasanni uku na gasar zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2010-11 . Forshaw ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekara guda a watan Yuni 2011 kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba don ƙungiyar farko a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar 2011-12 . Ya shafe wata guda a matsayin aro zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar na bana. <ref name="evertonfc" /> Ba a ba Forshaw sabon kwangila ba kuma an sake shi a watan Mayu 2012. <ref> "Adam Forshaw". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</ref> === Brentford === [[File:Adam_Forshaw,_Brentford_FC,_January_2013.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Forshaw yana tsaye kan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a Brentford a watan Janairun 2013.]] A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2012, Forshaw ya shiga ƙungiyar League One Brentford akan lamunin matasa na wata ɗaya. Washegari ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Sam Saunders na mintuna 69 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Scunthorpe United . <ref name="Soccerbase1112" /> Forshaw ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya koma Everton bayan ya samu karyewar muƙamuƙi a wasan da suka doke Rochdale da ci 2-0 a ranar 24 ga Maris. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] d255wuh98bupc47xpbv3o41yxx4ke0d 0 42900 879805 508306 2026-07-09T19:54:57Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2020-21 Chabab Ghazieh vs Shabab Sahel 02.jpg|thumb|mohmud rizk]] [[Fayil:2020-21 Chabab Ghazieh vs Shabab Sahel 02.jpg|thumb|hoton ghazieh]] '''Mahmoud Rizk''' (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan [[Janairu]], 1990) kwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Misra|Masar]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Al Ittihad ta Masar.<ref name=":0">http://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/316611/1/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5.html</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Rizk ya tashi daga El Mansoura zuwa Al Ahly a cikin 2015 tare da kwantiragin shekaru biyar, <ref name=":0" />amma an ba shi aro zuwa El Entag El Harby na shekara guda, <ref>http://www.dotmsr.com/details/340127/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A</ref> <ref>http://www.elbalad.news/1641364</ref><ref>http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/719607.aspx</ref> a lokacin farkon kakarsa tare da El Entag El Harby. , ya samu rauni; duk da haka kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin daga Al Ahly a karshen kakar wasa ta bana<ref>https://www.filgoal.com/articles/273538</ref>. A cikin 2017, ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da El Entag El Harby na shekaru 2. <ref>http://www.youm7.com/story/2017/7/19/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/3332140</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.innfrad.com/News/21/768327/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86 |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305212415/http://www.innfrad.com/News/21/768327/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2023-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305212415/http://www.innfrad.com/News/21/768327/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86 }}</ref> <ref>http://www.ryada24.com/news/details/34248</ref>Duk da sabunta kwantiraginsa, kungiyar ta sake shi a karshen kakar wasan Premier ta Masar ta 2017–18, kuma daga baya ya koma Al Ittihad kan canja wuri kyauta.<ref>https://arabia.eurosport.com/article/5266245-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1990]] cdk5xoacdejtne7cgy5v6p0w56ggqnf 0 43480 879895 708392 2026-07-09T23:54:49Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Nchinda-Kaya''' (an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 1967) tsohon ɗan wasan tsere ne [[Kamaru|ɗan ƙasar Kamaru]] wanda ya fafata a gasar tseren mita 100 na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1992.<ref>Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. " Samuel Nchinda-Kaya Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref> Ya yi rikodin 10.41, wanda ya isa ya cancanci zuwa zagaye na gaba bayan heats, inda ya zira kwallaye 10.58. Mafi kyawun sa na sirri shine 10.24, wanda aka saita a cikin shekarar 1992. Ya kuma yi gudun mita 200, inda ya yi gudun 21.50. A [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]] ta bazara ta shekarar 1988, ya yi takara a tseren mita 100 da 200 haka nan, ya kai matakin wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418011248/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/nc/samuel-nchinda-kaya-1.html Samuel Nchinda Kaya at Sports Reference] Stats</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] Samuel Nchinda-Kaya tsohon ɗan wasan guje-guje ne na ƙasar Kamaru, wanda aka haifa a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1967. Ya yi fice a tseren gajeren zango, musamman gudun mita 100 da gudun mita 200, kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa a manyan gasa na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarun 1988 da 1992. Farkon rayuwa Ba a wallafa cikakkun bayanai game da wurin haihuwarsa, iyalinsa, ko karatunsa ba. Duk da haka, tun yana matashi ya nuna ƙwarewa a wasan guje-guje, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga tawagar ƙasar Kamaru. Aikinsa a wasan guje-guje Samuel ya ƙware a tseren: Mita 100 Mita 200 Ya kasance cikin fitattun 'yan tseren Kamaru a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Gasar Olympics ta 1988 A Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988 da aka gudanar a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu, ya fafata a: Gudun mita 100 Gudun mita 200 A duka wasannin, ya samu nasarar kaiwa zagayen gaba kafin ya fita daga gasar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yana cikin manyan 'yan tseren nahiyar Afirka a lokacin. Gasar Olympics ta 1992 A Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992 da aka gudanar a Barcelona, Spain, ya sake wakiltar Kamaru a gudun mita 100. A zagayen farko ya yi gudun cikin dakika 10.41, wanda ya ba shi damar tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na biyu. A zagaye na gaba ya yi dakika 10.58, inda ya kasa samun gurbin zuwa zagaye na gaba. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa Mafi kyawun lokacin da Samuel Nchinda-Kaya ya taɓa yi a gudun mita 100 shi ne: Dakika 10.24, wanda ya kafa a shekarar 1992. A gudun mita 200 kuma ya taɓa yin: Dakika 21.50. Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa yana daga cikin masu gudun da suka fi sauri a Kamaru a lokacin. Gudummawarsa Ko da yake bai samu lambar yabo ta Olympics ko ta Gasar Duniya ba, Samuel Nchinda-Kaya ya taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar wasan guje-guje na Kamaru. Kasancewarsa a gasar Olympics sau biyu ya nuna ƙwazonsa da jajircewarsa wajen wakiltar ƙasarsa a matakin duniya. Takaitawa Samuel Nchinda-Kaya fitaccen tsohon ɗan wasan guje-guje ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 100 da mita 200. Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a Gasar Olympics ta 1988 da 1992, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin gudu. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa na mita 100 shi ne dakika 10.24, wanda ya kafa a shekarar 1992. Duk da cewa bai lashe lambar yabo ba, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan tseren Kamaru a zamaninsa. nwf73u13jndw0oabt651bs4hc08e50y 0 43662 879815 421581 2026-07-09T20:07:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Orlando pirates team photo.jpg|thumb|hoton kunkiyar orlando]] '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Orlando Pirates''' (wanda akafi sani da "The Buccaneers"), ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu]] wacce ke a yankin Houghton na birnin [[Johannesburg]] kuma tana wasa a cikin babban tsarin [[Kwallon kafa a Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa a Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda aka sani da DStv Premiership . Ƙungiyar na buga wasanninta na gida ne a filin wasa na Orlando dake Soweto. An kafa kulob ɗin a cikin shekarar 1937 kuma an samo asali ne a Orlando, Soweto . <ref name="building">{{cite web |url=http://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/default.asp?cId=5294 |title=History&nbsp;– Chapter 1: A)Orlando Pirates are famously known for being the first South African team to win the African Champions League in 1995. BUILDING THE HOUSE OF PIRATES (1937–59) |work=OrlandoPiratesFC.com |publisher=Orlando Pirates FC |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728051550/http://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/default.asp?cId=5294 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba su suna "amapirate" wanda ke nufin 'Pirates' a IsiZulu bayan ƙungiyar matasan da suka kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Orlando Boys Club sun rabu kuma suka fara taro a gidan ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke aiki a Orlando Boys Club. Orlando Pirates ita ce kulob na farko tun lokacin da aka fara gasar Premier a shekarar 1996 da ya lashe manyan kofuna uku a cikin kaka guda a baya, bayan da ya ci gasar cikin gida ABSA Premiership, Kofin Nedbank na FA da Kofin 8 na Top 8 MTN 8 a lokacin ABSA Premiership shekarar 2010–2011 kakar da gasar cikin gida ABSA Premiership, League Cup Telkom Knockout da Top 8 Cup MTN 8 a lokacin ABSA Premiership 2011-2012 kakar. Suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Afrika ta Kudu guda biyu da Mamelodi Sundowns suka lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afrika ta CAF, wanda suka lashe a shekarar 1995. Su ne wadanda suka zo na biyu na shekarar 2015 da 2021–2022 CAF Confederation Cup . Tun farkon su, Pirates sun lashe kofunan lig 9 da kofuna 35 gabaɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trophy Cabinet |url=https://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/club/trophy-cabinet |website=Orlando Pirates Football Club |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> [[File:Orlando pirates team photo.jpg|150Px|RIOrlando_pirates_team_photo]] == Tarihi == Orlando Pirates na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka ta Kudu da aka kafa a shekarar 1937 a Orlando Gabas, Soweto.<ref name=building /><ref name=FIFA>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44235/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217065217/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44235/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2010 |title=Orlando Pirates: The Pirates who ruled Africa |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=15 May 2010}}</ref> Ayyukan da kulob ɗin ya yi a tsawon shekaru ya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga matasa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa don yin ƙoƙari don buga Kyawun Wasan a matakin mafi girma a cikin launin baƙi da fari na 'Buccaneers'.{{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website}} * [https://twitter.com/Orlando_Pirates Official Twitter page] * [http://www.facebook.com/OrlandoPirates Official Facebook Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061608/http://www.psl.co.za/team.asp?team=pirates PSL Club Info] bk3oi0sdoijguh7l6ibo3cbgssp26o5 0 44527 879830 552525 2026-07-09T21:09:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ousseynou Ba''' (an haife shi 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995A.c) miladiya.ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne kuma ɗan ƙasar [[Senegal]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar Super League ta Girka Olympiacos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite-foot/le-senegalais-ousseynou-ba-officiellement-retenu-par-la-jsk-229276 |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823093551/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite-foot/le-senegalais-ousseynou-ba-officiellement-retenu-par-la-jsk-229276 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Ba samfurin matasa ne daga makarantar SMASH ta Senegal, kafin ya koma Amiens a lokacin rani na cikin shekarar 2016. Ba za a iya samun izinin aiki a gare su ba, bayan shekara guda ba tare da wasa Ba ya sami takardar izinin aiki lokacin da ya sanya hannu tare da Gazélec Ajaccio a cikin watan watan Yulin shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maligue2.fr/2017/07/17/un-an-apres-arrivee-france-ousseynou-ba-decouvrir-ligue-2/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823093551/https://maligue2.fr/2017/07/17/un-an-apres-arrivee-france-ousseynou-ba-decouvrir-ligue-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru don Gazélec Ajaccio a wasan 1 – 1 tare da FC Valenciennes a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2017.<ref>https://www.ligue1.com/error404</ref> [[File:RC Lens - GFC Ajaccio (22-10-2018) 47.jpg|thumb|Ousseynou Ba]] A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2019 Ba ya rattaɓa hannu tare da kulob ɗin Olympiakos na Girka kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, amma an yanke shawarar buga wasa har zuwa Ƙarshen kakar wasa a Ajaccio.<ref>https://www.to10.gr/podosfero/superleague/516133/ke-typika-pektis-tou-olybiakou-o-ba-pic/</ref> Fitowarsa ta farko ya zo ne da Lamia a ranar 28 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2019.<ref>https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1399671/lovera-kai-mpa-deihnoyn-oti-ehoyn-kai-mellon-alla-kai-paron</ref> A lokacin kakar shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020, Avraam Papadopoulos 'rauni tare da na [[Rúben Semedo]] da [[Pape Abou Cissé]] ba zato ba tsammani ya kuma kawo tsakiyar zaɓi na biyar, Ba a gefe. Wannan ita ce damar da ɗan wasan ke buƙata. Bayan shiga cikin jerin farawa a farkon Disamba da Panetolikos, Ba ya kasance a can har sai lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta katse. A wannan lokacin, Ba ya buga matches 16 a cikin ƙasa da kwanaki 100, yana shiga azaman mai farawa a kowane ɗayan waɗannan wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/bas-rise-the-culmination-of-a-perfect-storm |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319152805/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/bas-rise-the-culmination-of-a-perfect-storm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:RC Lens - GFC Ajaccio (22-10-2018) 62.jpg|thumb|Ousseynou Ba]] A ranar 8 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2020, an kira ɗan wasan baya na tsakiya mai shekaru 25 zuwa tawagar ƙasar Senegal a karon farko a rayuwarsa. A cikin watanni shida, ɗan wasan na Afirka ya sami nasarar samun gurbi a ƙungiyar Olympiacos, ya buga gasar cin kofin Turai ta Europa kuma ya yi kira da a buga wasanni biyu masu zuwa don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2020, da Guinea Bissau a ranakun 28 da 31 ga Maris.<ref>https://www.sport24.gr/football/olympiakos-proti-fora-stin-ethniki-senegalis-o-mpa.8943486.html</ref> Ya fara wakilcin tawagar ƙasar Senegal a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Morocco|Morocco]] da ci 3-1 a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2020.<ref>https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/morocco/senegal/3369317/</ref> == Ƙididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|26 August 2022<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/ousseynou-ba/492428/</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- | rowspan="3" | Gazélec Ajaccio | 2017-18 | rowspan="2" | Ligue 2 | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 32 | 0 |- | 2018-19 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 34 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 57 ! 1 ! 4 ! 0 ! 3 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! 66 ! 1 |- | rowspan="5" | Olympiacos | 2019-20 | rowspan="4" | Super League Girka | 22 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 5 | 0 | 29 | 0 |- | 2020-21 | 19 | 1 | 4 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 8 | 0 | 31 | 1 |- | 2021-22 | 18 | 0 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 7 | 0 | 28 | 0 |- | 2022-23 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 5 | 0 | 17 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 71 ! 1 ! 9 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! 25 ! 0 ! 105 ! 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 128 ! 2 ! 13 ! 0 ! 3 ! 0 ! 25 ! 0 ! 171 ! 2 |- |} == Girmamawa == === Kulob === '''Olympiacos''' * Super League Girka : 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 * Kofin Girka : 2019-20 ; Shekara: 2020-21 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] miwfvkdfv9u881os9psx1nnurfkcmcj 0 44661 879584 788601 2026-07-09T13:41:19Z Maiakwai4u 37986 879584 wikitext text/x-wiki À{{databox}} [[Fayil:Ha-Makera Assada.ogg|thumb|Makera sokoto]] '''Makera Assada'''{{Audio|Ha-Makera Assada.ogg|Makera Assada}} na daga cikin yankunan da suka kafa garin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a [[Najeriya]]. Yankin na unguwar Magajin Gari (B) dake kudancin sakkwato a karamar hukumar Sakkwato ta Arewa, tana kuma iyaka da Gidan Haki daga gabas, da Digyar Agyare a yamma, Mafara assada a arewa da Helele a kudu. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiranta da Makerar Dutsi. Kalmar ''Makera'' tana nufin wani sunan [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] ne na ''smithery'' . An san yankin da sana'ar kire kere, wanda kuma ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sanaa kira. Assada ya kuma shahara sosai a yankin; mai kirki da son zumunci, ance yana cikin makusantan sarki har ma yakan karɓi bakoncin sultan a gidansa. Gidanshi kamar gidan baƙi ko guest house.<ref name="Assada">Umar Hamza Tsoho; ''Growth and history of the establishment of Makera Assada in Sokoto metropolis to the year 2007''.</ref> Dalilin da ya sa aka ƙara Assada a matsayin ƙari ga Makera shi ne don bambanta shi da sauran wuraren da aka sani da masu sana'a. Sauran wuraren da aka yi sukuni sun haɗa da: Kofar-Rini yankin da ya kware wajen hada fararen ƙarfe wajen samar da ‘yan kunne da sarka. Akwai kuma Makera a garin Nupawa da ke samar da faranti da sauran kayan aikin noma. Amma a Makera Assada kowane nau'i na smi yana faruwa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Assada gidan Sarkin Makeran Sarkin Musulmi ne, ko kuma babban smith na Sarkin Musulmi. <ref name="Assada">Umar Hamza Tsoho; ''Growth and history of the establishment of Makera Assada in Sokoto metropolis to the year 2007''.</ref> == Asalin mutanen Makera Assada == Asalin mutanen Makera Assada ba a bayyana ba. Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar da za a sasanta. Amma an tabbatar da cewa mutanen sun zauna ne bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka kafa Sakkwato. Zuwan bakin haure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi da ci gaban yankin. Wadannan bakin haure sun hada da ’yan bindiga daga Zamfara wadanda su ma Fulani ne karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme. <ref>Oral interview with Malam Bello Da`agi. Imam and Islamic scholar Makera Assada</ref> A lokacin da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya fara koyarwa da wa'azi a garinsu Degel, bayan wani lokaci ya fita yawon bude ido. Ziyarar da ya fara zuwa Kebbi daga nan ne ya samu tubabbun farko. Usman da mataimakansa, ciki har da kaninsa Abdullahi dan Fodiyo, suka tafi Zamfara inda suka zauna suna wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wa’azinsa ya shafi [[mutane]] da yawa daga sassa dabam-dabam na yammacin Afirka. Ba da daɗewa ba masu sha'awar da wa'azinsa suka rinjaye su suka ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Jama'a, kamar yadda aka san mabiyansa. Mutanen sun hada da Fulani, kabilarsa, da Hausa tun lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ya yi wa'azi da [[harshen Hausa]] da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] . Jama'a da yawa sun zama nasa, kuma al'ummar ta ci gaba da samun daukaka a ciki da wajen kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] . <ref>Boyi. U;''Tanzinul waraqat''Hausa translation of Abdullahi's work,</ref> Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme, tare da jama'arsu sun bar zamfara domin su hada kai da Shehun da ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu, watakila Jihadin da ake yi. Mallam Bello ya bayyana cewa “A lokacin da Muhammad Andi da jama’arsa suka bar Zamfara sun hadu da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a lokacin da ake Jihadi, har ma sun halarci gagarumin yakin Alkalawa. <ref name="Malam Bello">Malam Bello</ref> A cewar majiyar baka, Muhammad Andi da mutanen sa Fulani ne daga Zamfara. Babban aikin su shine maƙera. Wadannan mutane an zalunce su kafin su bar gidansu Zamfara, saboda imanin da suka yi da wa’azin Shehu. Sarakunan Hausawa sun ji tsoron kada talakawansu su yi musu tawaye. Ganin haka yasa sarakunan hausa suka firgita. Sun ga karuwar mabiyansa da rikon da [[Musulunci]] ya samu. Maza suka bukace su da cewa “idan ba ku wargaza wannan taron jama’a ba, ikonku zai kare; Za su lalatar da ƙasarku ta wurin sa dukan mutane su bar ku su tafi wurinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa, lokacin da Sarki Nafata yake Sarkin Gobir, ya hana kowane mutum yin taron addini da wa’azi ga jama’a, sai Shehu kawai. Na biyu kuma ya shar’anta cewa wadanda suka gaji aqida daga ubanninsu ba za su yi aiki da shi ba, sannan kuma ya haramta sanya rawani da mata. An yi shelar wadannan hukunce-hukunce a kowace kasuwa a Gobir da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Adar da Zamfara wadanda ke karkashin mamayar Gobir. Da wadannan za mu ga cewa al’ummar Shehu Usmanu da sauran mabiya a wurare daban-daban musamman a kasar Hausa sun yi tarayya da su. Don haka mutanen Muhammad Andi da suke Zamfara ba su da wani abin da ya wuce yin hijira da bin Shehu a duk inda yake. A kan hijirarsu sarakunan [[Hausawa]] sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su bin Shehu. Domin tsira daga barazanar da suke yi, mutanen Andi sun koka da su, cewa su maƙera ne kawai, a kan hanyarsu ta kasuwanci. Yayin da kowanne ya bude kayansa, an gano cewa yana dauke da kayan aikin maƙera, don haka ya ba su damar wucewa. <ref name="Malam Bello">Malam Bello</ref> Wadannan mutane sun samu tarba daga Shehu da Jama’arsa, musamman saboda sana’arsu. Wannan jama'a sun kasance tare da Jama'ar [[Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo]] kuma sun halarci jihadin kasar Hausa. Mutanen Muhammad Andi sun ci gaba da sana'arsu a can ta hanyar kera kayan yaki da makamai ga masu jihadi. A lokacin yakin sun samar da takuba, mashi, kibau, bindigogin hannu, kwalkwali, garkuwa da sauran kayan da dawakai suke sawa. Bayan jihadin kasar Hausa bayan kirkiro daular Sokoto da Shehu Usmanu da dansa kuma kwamandan yaki Muhammad Bello suka yi, sun taru tare da mabiyansu, malamansu, abokansu, 'yan uwa da sauran mahalarta wannan jihadi. An ba wa waɗannan mutane wani yanki na fili don su zauna da mutanensu. Don haka Muhammad Andi ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, kasancewar shi ne ya fara zama a yanzu Makera Assada. Shehu ya umurci Muhammad Andi da ya zagaya ya nemo wurin da ya dace ya zauna, da ya samu wurin (Makera Assada) ya sanar da Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo, don haka Shehu ya albarkaci kasa. Majiya mai tushe ta bayyana cewa Shehu ya bukaci Muhammad Andi ya zauna a kusa da Hubbare amma Andi ya koka da cewa bisa ga sana’ar da suke yi na maƙera da kuma irin nau’in kiwon dabbobi, ya fi kyau su zauna nesa da tsakiyar garin. <ref>''ibid.''</ref> Bayan wasu shekaru kuma wani muhimmin hali ya isa sabuwar Makera tare da danginsa. Wannan mutumin da aka fi sani da Sharif Muhammad Al-gudana. Ya kasance tare da wasu mutane. Algudana da mutanensa Adarawa ne. Ana samun Adarawa a yankin Tamaske, Buza da Adar a cikin Tawa, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] . Ana kuma samun su a Illela cikin Sakkwato. Sakamakon jihadin Shehu dan [[Fodiyo]] a karni na 19, Sarkin Adar Mustaphata da dansa Muhammad Dan Almustapha da Ahmad Bida suka ziyarci Shehu Danfodiyo lokacin yana Gudu, amma Mustapha ya bar Ahmad Bida da Muhammad tare da Shehu. Hamidun wanda ya gaji sarautar Sarkin Adar a lokacin Jihadin Danfodiyo ya goyi bayan Gobirawa har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Sarkin Azbin Muhammad Gemma, wanda ya gaji Al-Bakri ya dauki Sarkin Adar Hamidun zuwa wurin Shehu a Sifawa, Sarkin Adar ya mika wuya. Ya rasu jim kadan bayan haka. An ce Ahmad Bida ya zauna a Dundaye a matsayin Sarkin Adar na Dundaye. Haka aka haifi daular Adarawa a Dundaye. Ibid Za mu iya gani a cikin labarin da ke sama cewa, a lokacin Jihadi Adarawa ya shiga cikinsa, bayan haka, wasu sun zauna a Dundaye, suka bazu a sassa daban-daban na Sakkwato don neman harkokin kasuwanci. Amma wasu daga cikinsu sun koma jamhuriyar Nijar karkashin Muhammad dan Al-Mustapha, wanda ya shirya ci gaba da zama a Adar da fatan ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki. Lokacin da wadannan mutane suka zauna a yankin, sun yi aikin fata. Sun samar da kayan fata iri-iri kamar takalmi, jakunkuna na fata, matashin kai na sarauta da dai sauransu, amma wadannan mutane ba su yi fice a harkar fata ba saboda yawancinsu sun rungumi sana’ar mai masaukin baki ne. <ref name="Malam Bello">Malam Bello</ref> == Sana'o'i == Yayin da jama’a da dama suka ci gaba da zama a yankin, babban abin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin jama’a ya kasance sana’ar fataucin mutane, wanda ya mamaye yankin, inda jama’a suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan yi iri-iri. Al'ummar yankin sun dukufa wajen gudanar da duk wani nau'i na tulle da sauran ayyukan karfe. Duka ana yin su ne da yin ƙulle-ƙulle a yankin. Tun bayan kafuwar yankin bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu ana yin sa ne. Al'ummar yankin dai sun kasance suna daukar baƙar fata a matsayin wani zama na wajibi ga kowane ɗan yankin. Suna daukar wadanda suka yi watsi da sana'ar kakansu a matsayin wani babban laifi. Aikin smith yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen yankin, saboda maƙerin yana samar da kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin noma, makamai da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma wadanda suka kware wajen fasa karfe ko Makeran fari, suna samar da kayan ado ga mata, ta yadda suke samar da abin wuya, 'yan kunne, handring da sauransu. Masu sana'ar farar fata ba su da yawa a yankin don haka ana daukar maƙeri ko Makeran Baki a matsayin ubangidansu. Baya ga sana’o’in hannu, an yi la’akari da al’ummar Hausawa kan yadda suke shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Wasu mutanen yankin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin cikin gida (Kasuwanci). Wannan ya kasance musamman batun 'yan kasuwa masu karamin jari. Sun sayar da kayayyakin da ake nomawa a yankin a kauyuka da garuruwa. Noma ya kasance abin sha'awa ga yawancin al'ummar Afirka, wanda aka yi shi sosai a lokacin damina. A wannan yanki (Makera Assada), akwai mutanen da suke yin noma, wadannan mutane galibi suna da filayen noma ne a bakin kogi da ke yankin Dundaye da Kofar Kware, galibi suna noma a kananan hukumomi. A sauran bangaren tattalin arziki a yankin, akwai kuma mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin samar da tabarma. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan fannin masana'antu shine bishiyar dabino mai juji da roba. Wannan masana'antar ba ita ce keɓaɓɓiyar mace ko namiji ba. Maza da mata suna yin sana’ar tabarmi ko kafet, Wundaye da Tabarmi. Duk da haka kada mu manta da irin gudunmawar da matan wannan yanki suke bayarwa wajen ayyukan tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikinsu suna shiga harkar tattalin arziki. Matsayin mata a matsayin wakilai na hukumar (Dillalai), kamar dai yadda mambobin kasuwar musayar hannun jari, tsofaffin matan suka tsunduma cikin hidimar wakilai (Dillalai). Domin kuwa manyan mata ne kawai aka bari su fita daga gidajensu. Haka kuma sun kasance suna tafiya gida-gida suna neman kayan da za su sayar. Misali, sun kasance suna yin ciniki mai yawa ta zaren da mata ke kerawa a gida. Sun kasance suna tattara waɗannan samfuran gida ko dai a matsayin wakili ko kuma ta hanyar sayayya kai tsaye. Su kuma wadannan matan sun tsunduma cikin siyar da sabbin kayan sawa da na zamani. Sun kuma sayar da kayan abinci a ciki da wajen gidajensu. Mutane na kowane rukuni na shekaru suna amfani da su don siyan waɗannan abubuwan. Matan sun sami riba mai yawa ga waɗannan mata masu sana'a da masu siyarwa. Ayyukan wakilan da aka ba da izini sun ƙarfafa saboda yanayi da halaye da dabi'un zamantakewa a Sakkwato. Don haka ya haramta wa matan aure hawa da sauka ko ta yaya musamman a kasuwanni. Don haka wakilan kasuwanci suna ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don su. Wani fannin tattalin arziki da mata suka bayar da gudunmawar da ke da alaka da harkar noma, ita ce masana’antar abinci da abinci. Ayyukansu a cikin wannan masana'antar ba ta iyakance ga samar da abinci don amfanin iyali ba. Haka kuma sun sarrafa tare da dafa abinci iri-iri na siyarwa a wajen dangi. Daga cikin daskararrun abinci sun dafa Tuwo da shinkafa (Tuwon shinkafa), masara ko masara da dai sauransu, Masa zagaye na gari, Bula da dai sauransu. Shaye-shaye na safe irin su Kunu, Koko da Fura wanda ake yawan sha a lokacin rani da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri, kamar Kosan Rogo, Wake Awara da dai sauransu. Wadannan duk mata ne a gida suka shirya su don cin abinci na iyali har ma da siyarwa. An yi noman ,[[Kwaruru|gyada]] da yawa a kasar Hausa, matan yankin na amfani da gyada wajen samar da kayayyaki iri-iri domin amfanin iyali da kuma na siyarwa. An niƙa harsashi na ƙwaya misali an niƙa shi ya zama foda don yin bran (Dussa), wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da shanu da tumaki. An datse ƙwayar gyada kuma an fitar da mai. Ana amfani da wannan mai a zamanin da a matsayin mai (paraffin ko kananzir) da kuma abinci. An yi babban ɓangaren ƙwaya ɗin gyada ya zama wainar gyada, (Kuli Kuli) kuma an fi amfani da shi sosai musamman wajen yin azumin “Datu” da kuma matsayin biredi. Haka kuma akwai wasu matan yankin da suka kware wajen samar da miya ko “ Dadawa ” muhimmin sinadari na yin miya, miya na gida ya toshe nasarorin da ake samu a kasuwannin zamani kamar maggi cube, ko Ajini-moto. Yawancin mutanen musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan sun dogara da miya na gida. Watakila wannan ne dalilin da ya sa kamfanin abinci da abubuwan sha na Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fitowa da sabon sunan miya na zamani mai suna Daddawa cubes. A cikin sana'ar saka, mata tare da maza kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin Kwaddo da Linzami. Waɗannan kayan ado ne da aka yi akan mazan da ke rufewa. Haka kuma an samu wasu da suka tsunduma cikin kera hula masu launi daban-daban (Kube). Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na mata akwai zane a kan bedsheets (Zanen Gado) matashin kai da katifa. ƙwararrun mata a gidansu sun yi waɗannan. Akwai kuma samuwar karamar kasuwa wadda ke biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin nan take. Kasuwar da aka fi sani da Kasuwar Bayangida tana budewa da yamma har zuwa dare. === Maƙera a Makera Assada === Makera Assada tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na garin Sakkwato, ta yi suna da sana’ar fataucin baki (Kira). Wani lokaci yana da wuya a yi tunanin a yau, zamanin da mutane ke amfani da muhallin da suke kewaye da su a matsayin tushen tsira kawai. A farkon wayewar Afirka an samo muhimman kayan aikin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin itace da na dutse. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun tabbatar da aiki sosai don farauta da noma, amma yayin da lokaci ya canza kuma ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba, ya zama dole a sami ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa. Aikin ƙarfe na farko da aka sani ya wanzu a [[Turkiyya]] kuma shekarun karafa irin su zinariya, jan karfe, azurfa, gubar da baƙin ƙarfe ba su iya aiki ba sai kusan 400 BC. Wannan ci gaban ya ragu har zuwa kusan 1500 BC, tare da haɓaka tanderun da ke da ikon kera kayan aikin ƙarfe. Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kuma ba da daɗewa ba fasahar maƙera ta yaɗu a yammacin Afirka. Baƙi ya fara ne da zamanin ƙarfe, lokacin da ɗan adam na farko ya fara kera kayan aiki daga ƙarfe. Zamanin Ƙarfe ya fara ne sa’ad da wani tsohon mutum ya lura cewa wani nau’in dutse yana samar da baƙin ƙarfe, sa’ad da garwashin wuta mai zafi ya tashi. A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa ƙera fasahar kera ɗanyen karfen da za a iya amfani da shi, ya daɗe. A Najeriya, mutanen NOK, sun nuna fasahar maƙera, wadda ta samo asali tun ƙarni na shida BC. Wadannan ma’aikatan karafa na Najeriya sun kirkiro wata fasahar da ta ba su karfin gwiwa a rayuwa, kuma za ta zama wata fasahar da za ta kawo sauyi a duniya. Clapperton ya rubuta a cikin 1824, yayi magana akan aikin ƙarfe a Sokoto har ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk maƙeran birni Nupes ne. Ko ta yaya, ƙimar Nupes a cikin masana'antar aikin ƙarfe yana yiwuwa Clapperton ya wuce gona da iri. Babu shakka kwararrun ma’aikatan karfe da dama sun zo Sakkwato ne saboda ci gabanta ta fuskar matsuguni ya ja hankalinsu. Sauran ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ƙarfe babu shakka sun shigo garin a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira (Al-kalawa), a matsayin bayi da aka aiko daga masarautu ko kuma ta neman ƙwararrun hannaye a Sakkwato ita kanta. A cikin surori da suka gabata mun ga zuwan Muhammad Andi da mutanensa daga Zamfara ya zama farkon fara sana’ar sana’a a Makera. Zamfara da dadewa an santa da taurin kai. ==== Matsayin Maƙera a Sakkwato ==== Kafin zuwan Turawa, Makera Assada na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba a cikin garin Sakkwato. An lura da cewa galibin ci gaban da ya same ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawan shigar baki da kuma hakan ya taimaka wa garin Sakkwato baki daya. Smithing shine babban abin da ya hada kan al'ummar unguwar Magajin Gari. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ana buƙatar kayan da maƙera ya kera a cikin yankin da kewaye saboda yawancinsu suna noma. Mutanen Mafara dake makwabtaka da su sun kasance manoma da makiyaya. Mutanen Mafara sun kasance suna siyan kayan da aka ƙera na maƙeran, kamar kayan aikin noma, kayan gida, maɓalli da makulli, ƴan kunne da sauransu. Hakan na nuni da cewa a yayin da al’ummar garin Makera suka shagaltu da samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata ga mutanen makwabta, Mafara na taimaka musu wajen fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa wurare daban-daban. Mutanen Mafara jikokin Muhammad Sambo ne, daya daga cikin makusantan Shehu, duk dan jihadi ne kuma malami. Akwai wani irin auratayya tsakanin mutanen Makera da Mafara da ke karfafa dangantakarsu. Ci gaban kasuwancin, ya kasance ne sakamakon tattalin arzikin da aka yi a farkon lokaci. Kamar yadda Makera Assada ya kware wajen samar da karafa akwai kuma jama’a a ciki da wajen Sakkwato wadanda suke sana’ar noma, mutuwa capentary, farauta da sauransu, don haka ana bukatar irin wannan karfe ta nau’ukan daban-daban. Mashi, kibau, takobi, wukake. Manoman na bukatar faratanya, ashana da garma. A cewar Ibrahim Gandi, daya daga cikin masu ba ni labari, ya bayyana cewa mafarauta da manoma daga lungu da sako na nesa suke zuwa su sayi kayan aiki daban-daban daga mutanen Makera. Al'ummar Makera da suka yi wa mayaka kafin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki sosai, Sarkin Makera Buhari, ya bayyana cewa "Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya umarci dansa Muhammad Bello da ya fadada garin Sokoto". Yankin Assada na ci gaba da karbar bakin haure. Maƙerin yankin na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo su. Don haka Muhammad Bello ya ba da umarnin cire daji da ke kusa da yankin har zuwa Kofar-Kware. Yawancin maƙeran suna fara aiki tun suna samari, ƙila su kai shekaru 6 ko 7. Za su koyi maƙeran, na tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye, sannan za su tashi su fara kantin nasu. Idan yaro ya koya wa ubangidansa, zai iya yin yawancin rayuwarsa a shago kafin ya sami damar zama ɗan tafiya. Al'ummar Assada na kokarin ganin sun cusa ilimin boko ga duk dan da aka haifa a yankin. daga baya lokacin da ilimin yamma ya fara samun tsari a yankin da farko maƙerin bai nuna sha'awa ba. Waɗanda suka ƙi yin fatauci ne kawai aka tura su makaranta. Wadannan nau'ikan samarin an sallame su ne don kada a gansu a kusa domin ganinsu zai bata wa iyayensu rai. Amma maƙeran sun fahimci mahimmancin ilimin turawa, sun sanya unguwanninsu, har ma da malalaci. Jama’a da dama sun ji dadin karatun kasashen yamma a yankin, saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kara kusanci da gwamnati. Gwamnati na bukatar shawarar irin wadannan mutane kamar Shahararren Yahaya Danboko daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihar Sokoto. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Maƙerar Dutsi. Kalmar ''Makera'' sunan [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] ne na ''smithery'' . An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Da zuwan Turawa Sakkwato, a duk lokacin da suke bukatar hidimar maƙera sai su tuntubi Sarkin Musulmi. Duk da haka Sarkin zai kira Sarkin Makera da Mazugi. Maƙeran Assada suna samar da ƙwarƙwarar ƙura don gidan yarin Sakkwato da mazaunin Turawa da sauran wurare. Wata muhimmiyar rawar da maƙeran Makera Assada suka taka ita ce lokacin jihadin Shehu Danfodiyo. Maƙerin baya ga shiga jihadi, suna kera makamai ga masu jihadi. An yi imanin cewa, da gwamnati ta dauki irin wannan aikin na cikin gida da gaske, da ba za ta kashe kudi da shigo da kayan amfanin gona da sauran kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje ba. Yin aikin ƙarfe ya sa noma, farauta da yaƙi ya fi dacewa. Iron ya ba da damar haɓaka girma a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikon tallafawa manyan masarautu, waɗanda suka bazu a yammacin Afirka. ==== Tsarin baƙar fata a Assada ==== Maƙera mutum ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro abubuwa daga ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ta hanyar “ƙirƙira” ƙarfen, ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki don yin guduma, lanƙwasa, yanke da kuma siffata shi ta hanyar da ba ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci karfen yana zafi har sai ya yi haske ja ko orange a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙirƙira. Maƙeran suna samar da abubuwa kamar ƙofofin ƙarfe, gasa, gasa, dogo, fitilu, kayan ɗaki, sassaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan ado da na addini, kayan dafa abinci da makamai. Maƙera suna aiki da tsofaffin tufafin wannan saboda yanayin aikin. Suna aiki duka a shagonsu (Bukkar Makera), har ma a kofar gidajensu (Zaure) suke yi kamar na Makera Assdada. Sai dai a wannan lokacin da akasarin aikin kan yi amfani da shi a kasuwa. Maƙera suna aiki da baƙin ƙarfe, yawanci baƙin ƙarfe. Kalmar smith ta samo asali ne daga kalmar 'smite' wanda ke nufin zafi. Don haka maƙeri shine mutum mai aiki ko buga baƙin ƙarfe. Tsawon ƙarnuka da suka wuce, maƙeran sun yi alfahari da cewa, nasu ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ke ba su damar yin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don sana'arsu. Lokaci da al'ada sun ba da wasu ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta dalla-dalla kawai a duk duniya. Za zDuk abin da maƙeri yake buƙata shine wani abu don dumama ƙarfen, wani abu da zai riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi da shi, wani abu da zai buga ƙarfen a kai, da kuma wani abu da zai buga ƙarfe da shi. Kayan aikin da maƙera ke buƙatar haɗawa da su. Jujjuya ko Tukunya da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jabun murhu ce ta shagon maƙeran. Yana ba da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafawa tare da taimakon Mazuzzugi. Ana amfani da '''Tongs (Awartaki)''' don riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi. Sun zo cikin kewayon siffofi da girma dabam. Abin ban sha'awa, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa don ƙwaƙƙwaran maƙera, ana iya yin aiki da yawa ta hanyar riƙe ƙarshen sanyi da hannun hannu kawai. Karfe shi ne madaidaicin jagorar zafi, kuma karfen zafi na orange a gefe ɗaya zai yi sanyi don taɓa ƙafa ko makamancin haka. '''Anvil (makera)''' a mafi sauƙi shine babban toshe na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A tsawon lokaci an tsaftace wannan don samar da ƙaho mai zagaye don sauƙaƙe zane da lanƙwasa, fuska don zane da damuwa da lanƙwasa da kuma a kan daya ko fiye da ramuka don rike kayan aiki na musamman (swages ko hardies) da sauƙaƙe naushi. Sau da yawa Flat surface na anvil zai zama taurara karfe, da kuma jikin da aka yi daga baƙin ƙarfe mafi tsanani. '''Maƙeran guduma (amaleshi)''' suna da fuska ɗaya da alƙawarin. Kwakwalwa yawanci ko dai ball ne ko ƙwanƙwasa (giciye ko madaidaicin peen dangane da fuskantar jujjuya zuwa riƙo) kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin zana. Swage (magagari) wannan kayan aiki ne na siffatawa, swages ko dai kayan aikin tsaye ne kawai ko kuma sun dace da 'ramin hardie' akan fuskar macijiya. Maƙeran suna aiki ta hanyar dumama sassa na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe har sai ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi don ya zama siffa da kayan aikin hannu, kamar guduma da chisel. Don ƙona ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙirƙira, ana amfani da itace zuwa ga gawayi. Dabarun Maƙeran ƙila za a iya raba su kusan zuwa ƙirƙira (wani lokaci ana kiranta “sculpting”), walda, maganin zafi da ƙarewa. '''Har''' ila yau ana kiran ƙirƙira da sassaƙawa domin aikin gyaran ƙarfe ne. Wasu ayyuka ko dabaru da ake amfani da su wajen ƙirƙira sun haɗa da zane, raguwa, lanƙwasa, bacin rai da naushi. Za a iya yin zane tare da kayan aiki da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyi biyu na yau da kullun ta yin amfani da guduma da maƙarƙashiya kawai za su kasance suna guduma a kan ƙahon maƙarƙashiya, da kuma buge-buge a fuskar majiya ta yin amfani da guntun giciye na guduma. Wata hanyar yin zane ita ce ta yin amfani da kayan aiki mai suna Fuller (tsinke), ko kuma pen guduma don gaggauta zana daga wani kauri mai kauri. Ana kiran dabarar cikawa daga kayan aiki. Cikakkewa ya ƙunshi guduma jeri na indentations (tare da madaidaicin tudu) daidai da tsayin sashe na yanki da ake zana. Sakamakon sakamako zai zama kama da raƙuman ruwa tare da saman yanki. Lankwasawa ta hanyar dumama karfe zuwa zafi na orange yana ba da damar lankwasawa kamar dai karfe mai zafi yumbu ne ko sarafy taffy; yana ɗaukar mahimmanci amma ba ƙoƙarin Herculean ba. Ana iya yin lanƙwasa tare da guduma a kan ƙaho ko shekarun maƙarƙashiya, ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da aikin a cikin ɗayan ramukan da ke saman majiya da kuma karkatar da ƙarshen kyauta zuwa gefe ɗaya. Ana iya yin suturar lanƙwasa da ɗaurewa ko faɗaɗa su ta hanyar dunƙule su a kan sashin da ya dace da siffa. '''Tashin hankali''' shine tsarin sanya ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin wani girma ta hanyar ragewa a ɗayan. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i shine ta hanyar dumama ƙarshen sanda kuma suna gudu a kan ta kamar yadda mutum zai fitar da ƙusa, sandunan ya yi guntu, kuma ɓangaren zafi yana fadada. Madadin guduma a ƙarshen zafi, shine sanya ƙarshen zafi a ƙarshen magudanar da guduma akan ƙarshen sanyi, ko kuma zubar da sandar, ƙarshen zafi ƙasa, a kan wani yanki na daidaitawa a matakin bene. Ana iya yin '''naushi''' don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ado, ko kuma a yi rami, alal misali, a shirye-shiryen yin kan guduma, maƙerin zai bugi rami a cikin sanda mai nauyi ko sanda don riƙon guduma. Duka bai iyakance ga baƙin ciki da ramuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da yankewa, tsagawa da tuƙi; Ana yin waɗannan da chisel. '''Tsarin hadawa''' ; Ana haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira na asali guda biyar sau da yawa don samarwa da kuma daidaita sifofin da suka dace don samfuran da aka gama. Misali, don kera shugaban hamma mai ƙwanƙwasa, maƙerin zai fara da sandar kusan diamita na fuskar guduma, za a buga ramin hannun kuma a buge shi (fadi ta hanyar saka ko wuce babban kayan aiki ta cikinsa), shugaban zai yi. a yanka (bushi, amma da ƙugiya), za a zana peen zuwa wani yanki kuma a yi ado da fuska ta hanyar tayar da hankali. '''Welding''' shi ne haɗa ƙarfe iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa wanda babu haɗin gwiwa ko ɗinki; guntun da za a yi walda sun zama guda ɗaya. Yanzu smith yana motsawa da manufa mai sauri. Ana ɗauko ƙarfen daga wuta a haɗa shi da sauri, guduma yana shafa ƴan famfo kaɗan don kawo fuskokin mating ɗin gabaɗaya sannan a matse ruwan sannan a sake komawa wuta. An fara walda tare da famfo, amma sau da yawa haɗin gwiwa yana da rauni kuma bai cika ba, don haka maƙerin zai sake buga haɗin gwiwa zuwa zafin walda kuma yayi aiki da walda tare da bugun haske don ' saita' weld kuma a ƙarshe ya yi ado da shi don siffa. ; Maganin zafi Baya ga haɓaka rashin lafiyarsa, wani dalili na dumama ƙarfe shine don dalilai na maganin zafi. Ƙarfe za a iya taurare, fushi, daidaitacce, annealed, yanayin taurara da kuma batun sauran tsari wanda ke canza tsarin crystalline na karfe don ba shi takamaiman halaye da ake buƙata don amfani daban-daban. '''Ƙarshe''' ; Dangane da abin da aka yi niyya na amfani da yanki, maƙerin zai iya gama shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Jig mai sauƙi wanda smith zai iya amfani da ƴan lokuta kawai a cikin shagon yana iya samun ƙaramar kammala rap akan maƙarƙashiya don karya sikelin da goga tare da goga na waya. Ana iya amfani da fayiloli don kawo yanki zuwa siffa ta ƙarshe, cire burrs da kaifi, da kuma santsin saman. Nika duwatsun takarda mai ƙyalli da ƙafafun emery na iya ƙara siffa, santsi da goge saman. Ƙarshen sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fenti, varnish, bluing, aro, mai da kakin zuma ba. Koyaya, dan wasan mazugi (mazugi) mataimaki ne ga maƙerin. Ayyukansa shine yaɗa babban guduma a cikin manyan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Sarkin Makera ya ci gaba da cewa, “Idan aka yi wani aiki ko kuma Sarkin Musulmi yana bukatar hidimar maƙera, sai ya gayyaci Sarkin Makera kuma Mazugi ne zai bi shi da kayan aikin sa. Yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, saitin hinjiyoyin ƙofa ko ƙusoshin ƙusoshi shine abin da maƙerin ƙauyen ya yi. Shagon nasa shine kantin kayan masarufi na gida. Yana kuma iya gyara doguwar sarƙa ko ya sa ƙafafu a kan ƙafafun keken, ko kuma ya gyara gatari da ya tsinke sa’ad da ya bugi dutsen. Ko ƙauyen yana buƙatar takuba ko garma, maƙerin ya yi su. Domin ba tare da maƙerin ba, ƙauyen ba zai iya rayuwa ba Yayin da duk wannan masana'antar ƙarfe ta samo asali a kan lokaci, maƙerin ya zama laima ga ƙwararru da yawa. Maƙerin da ya yi wuƙaƙe da takuba, shi ne maƙeri. Maƙerin da ya yi ƙulli ya kasance maƙerin. Maƙerin da ya yi hidimar sulke mai sulke mai sulke ne. Maƙerin da ya kera gangunan bindiga da harsashi shi ne maƙerin bindiga. Maƙerin da ya yi wa dawakai sutura, ya kasance farrier. Maƙerin wanda ya yi wa mata ƴan kunne, sarƙoƙi da sauran kayan ado, farar fata ne. Maƙerin da ya ƙware wajen gyare-gyaren zinariya ya kasance maƙerin zinare. Don haka maƙeran sun mallaki duk waɗannan fasaha. ==== Kimanta masana'antu ==== Gandi ya bayyana sana’ar baƙar fata a matsayin babbar hanyar rayuwa ga mutanen Assada yana mai cewa duk wanda ya fito daga yankin dole ne ya zama maƙeri don haka haramun ne mutum ya yi watsi da sana’ar mahaifinsa da kakansa. A cikin kowane iyali na Makera Assada, dole ne a sami shaidar baƙar fata. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin sana’ar da kuma zamanin da, a tsakanin mutanen Assada. Masu sana'ar Makera Assada kullum suna cikin shagunansu da wuraren aiki. Yawancin maƙeran ba manoma ba ne, don haka ba sa zuwa gona amma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manoman da ke buƙatar ayyukansu. Smithing wata sana'a ce ta daban da ke buƙatar fasaha da ƙarfin jiki. Maƙerin yau ya fi mai fassara na baya kuma mai fasaha idan kuna so maimakon abu na gaske. Don haka an katange shi da haramtattun abubuwa da yawa kuma yana buƙatar dogon lokaci na koyo. Maƙeran sun shahara da yin amfani da ƙarfe da wuta, ta yadda makamin ƙarfe ko wuta ba zai iya cutar da su ba. Maƙeran sun ba da taimako ga noma kuma sun ba da tushe na fasaha. Maƙeran suna ba da abubuwan da suka zama dole ta ayyukan zamantakewa da na yau da kullun. Tun bayan bullar maƙera zuwa yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ana jin tsoronsu a wasu al'ummomin yammacin Afirka saboda irin ƙarfin da suke da shi a fannin aikin ƙarfe, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya mafi yawan mashahuran maƙera, makamin ƙarfe da wuta ba za su iya cutar da su ba, ko da yake wasu suna ganin hakan. a matsayin wani nau'i na sihiri, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya Afirka ta Yamma suna girmama su don aikin majagaba na fasaha. Yayin da talakawa ke tsoron ikon maƙeri, ana sha'awar su sosai kuma suna da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Domin sana’ar ta yi fice sosai kuma tana da haxari, maƙera galibi ana neman garuruwa da ƙauyuka inda babu. Don haka yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, kwano (baho) ko saitin lalurar ƙofa aikinsa ne. Yana kuma iya gyara makullin ƙofa ko gyara gatari da ya tsinke idan ya bugi dutse. Abin da ya shafi masu sana'ar Makera shi ne shigo da kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje, kayan masarufi masu arha da yawa yanzu haka ana sayarwa a kasuwannin cikin gida. Wukake, kayan aikin gida kamar guga, kwano, abin wuya, da sauransu. Za'a iya siyan kusoshi na ƙofa da hinges da sauran kayan amfani a duk inda ake so. A bisa ƙa'ida mutane sun dogara ga masana'antar gida, don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki. Waɗannan kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje sun fi arha kuma sun fi dacewa da manufar sa. Ko da yake, maƙeran Makera Assada sun kware a kowane irin aikin ƙarfe, amma ba su ba da fifiko ga kera bindigogin gida ba duk da cewa mafarauta na buƙatar su don farautar dabbobi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin tsaro saboda gwamnati ta hana irin wannan samarwa. Wato a can ake kera makaman gida kamar takobi, mashi da sauransu. Baya ga gyare-gyaren ƙarfe don samar da abubuwa, wasu mutane suna yin maƙeran balaguro. Suna tafiya wurare da dama har zuwa Kano, Zariya, Funtuwa da ma bayan iyakokin Arewacin Najeriya, don sayen karafa da za a iya amfani da su, kamar barnar motoci da jiragen sama, guntun sandunan ƙarfe, kwantenan dakon mai da dai sauransu. A wannan karafa ana kawowa Makera Assada har sai lokacin da ake bukata duk wani kamfani ko mai son irin wannan sana'a ko karafa za a tura shi yankin Makera Assada. Bambance-bambancen sana'o'i a tsakanin Makera musamman a cikin sana'o'insu na kera yana nuna bajintar fasaharsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shaida ce a lokacin jihadi. A cikin 1839, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a cikin sanannen waƙarsa, "The Village Blacksmith" ya yaba wa maƙerin, "Kingarsa yana jike da gumi na gaskiya. Yakan sami duk abin da zai iya, kuma yana kallon duniya gaba ɗaya, don ba ya bin kowa. == Duba kuma == * [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] * [[Usman Dan Fodiyo]] * [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto Caliphate]] * Maƙeran yammacin Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] l8enhue0s17lrbvx7jr2frz5gzufci4 0 48778 879626 678755 2026-07-09T14:48:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], wadda Babban Kwamishinan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya bayyana da cewa tana fuskantar "rikicin da aka yi watsi da shi a duniya", tana da mummunan yanayin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|hakkin dan adam]].<ref name="mercycorps.org">{{cite web|title=Central African Republic: The near-poorest country - and most neglected crisis - in the world|url=http://www.mercycorps.org/countries/centralafricanrepublic/15071|work=Mercy Corps|access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> Freedom House ta sanya shi 'Ba Kyauta' daga 1972 zuwa 1990, a cikin 2002 da 2003, kuma daga 2014 zuwa yau. An ƙididdige shi 'Babban Kyauta' daga 1991 zuwa 2001 da kuma daga 2004 zuwa 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIW Score|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls|work=Freedom House|access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> A kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana matsayi na 179 cikin kasashe 187.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central African Republic |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/CAF.html |work=International Human Development Indicators |access-date=January 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209164416/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/CAF.html |archive-date=December 9, 2013 }}</ref> Tsakanin 1988 da 2008, tsawon rayuwa ya ragu daga shekaru 49 zuwa shekaru 47.7. <ref name="mercycorps.org" /> A cewar ma'aikatar [[Amurkawa|harkokin wajen Amurka]], ana cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar. Wadannan sun hada da kisan gilla da jami’an tsaro ke yi; [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], duka da fyade ga wadanda ake zargi da fursunoni; rashin hukunci, musamman a tsakanin sojojin; yanayi mai tsanani da barazanar rai a gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane; [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba]], tsawaita tsarewar gaban shari'a da hana [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'a ta gaskiya]] ; lokaci-lokaci tsoratarwa da ƙuntatawa a kan manema labarai ; ƙuntatawa akan 'yancin motsi; cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance ; da tauye [[Hakkokin Ma'aikata|hakkin ma'aikata]].<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Central African Republic|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154337.htm|work=US Department of State|access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> Har ila yau, rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya ba da misali da tashe-tashen hankula masu yaduwa, kuma galibi suna kashe mutane ; yawaitar kaciyar mata ; nuna wariya ga mata da Mahani ; [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] ; aikin tilastawa ; da aikin yara. ‘Yancin walwala a yankin arewacin kasar ya takaita ne “saboda ayyukan jami’an tsaro na jihohi, ‘yan fashi da makami, da sauran kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ba na gwamnati ba” kuma albarkacin fada tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa da gwamnati, mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallansu . == Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan kan take hakkin dan Adam == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, watakila babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga 'yancin bil'adama a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya shi ne ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai a kasar tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da kuma a wasu lokutan, tsakanin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu fada da juna. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wani rahoto da sashen kare hakkin bil’adama na ofishin tallafawa zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar, wanda aka fi sani da BONUCA, ya bayyana “mummunan matsalar tsaro a arewacin kasar inda sojojin gwamnati, ‘yan tawaye da kuma ‘yan fashi da makami suka yi garkuwa da su. sun kasance masu fafutuka, wadanda dukkansu sun aikata ta'asa" kuma sun bayyana cewa "[e] kisan gilla, azabtarwa da kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi ana danganta su ga jami'an tsaro da tsaro da kuma karfafa al'adar rashin hukunta su, sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar haƙƙin ɗan adam". Rahoton na BONUCA ya kuma kara da cewa sojojin gwamnati “sun keta dokokin yaki da wulakanci. A hare-haren da suke yi da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi ba sa banbance tsakanin wadanda suka dauki makamai da fararen hula… A hare-haren ramuwar gayya, sojoji suna kona gidaje, suna kashe mutane da dama ko kuma wadanda ake zargi da hada baki da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi”. A cewar BONUCA, sojoji a garin Bouar sun baje kolin ‘yan ta’addan da suka yi ikirarin na ‘yan bindigar manyan tituna ne da suka harbe, ‘yan fashin “suna azabtar da matafiya, suna sace mazauna yankin, tare da yin garkuwa da mata da kananan yara domin neman kudin fansa”, abin da kungiyar ‘yan tawayen ta kira. Armée populaire pour la restauration de la democratie (APRD) "ya hana wasu mazauna zagayawa" da kuma cewa wasu mutane dauke da makamai watakila na kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) ne "sun yi garkuwa da mutane 150, ciki har da yara 55 tare da cin zarafinsu". A gefe guda kuma, BONUCA ta ce gwamnati ta ba da hadin kai sosai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central African Republic: UN reports mounting human rights abuses|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=28531|work=UN News Centre| date=10 October 2008 |access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin bil'adama, [[Navi Pillay]], ta ce rashin hukunta laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Da take ambaton " takaitaccen hukuncin kisa, tilasta bacewar mutane, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsarewa", ta yi kira da a yi "kokari mai karfi......don kawo karshen wadannan muggan laifuka na cin zarafi". Rahoton da [[Amnesty International]] ta fitar kan abubuwan da suka faru a kasar a shekarar 2011 ya yi tsokaci kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban da ke wakiltar kalubale ga dakarun gwamnati, inda ya lura cewa yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar "yana karkashin ingantacciyar kulawar Sojoji mai farin jini don maido da mulkin dimokradiyya. (APRD), kungiyar da ke dauke da makamai wacce ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnati, yayin da "Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ta kara yawan da kuma tsananin hare-harenta" a kudu maso gabas da gabas. A watan Yulin 2011, Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) ta kai hari tare da mamaye garin Sam Ouandja da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, "da ake zargin a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan hare-haren da kungiyar Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) ta kai kan mukamanta. . . . Tsakanin watan Yuni da Agusta, bangarorin CPJP uku sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da gwamnati, duk da cewa mayakan nasu sun ci gaba da rike makamai”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa, sakamakon wannan tashin hankalin, “kaso mai tsoka na CAR ya fi karfin gwamnati”, inda sama da mutane 200,000 suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu kusan 200,000 ke zama a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta.<ref name="Annual Report 2012">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/central-african-republic/report-2012|work=Amnesty International|access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2012, dakarun kawancen Seleka, wadanda akasarinsu mambobin APRD da UFDR, suka kaddamar da farmaki kan dakarun gwamnati, kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2013 aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya inda jam'iyyun suka amince da gudanar da sabon zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human rights: violence against women in India; crackdown in Bahrain; insecurity in Central African Republic|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/pressroom/content/20130114IPR05320/html/Human-rights-violence-against-women-in-India-Bahrain-Central-African-Republic|work=Aktuelles|access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2013, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da lamarin, inda ta yi kira ga bangarorin da su mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tare da yin Allah wadai da "dukkan yunkurin kwace mulki da karfi". Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ware amfani da yara kanana wajen yaki da tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin dalilin damuwa na musamman.<ref name="Lombard">{{cite news|last=Lombard|first=Louisa|title=Making War, Not Peace|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/19/opinion/global/making-war-not-peace-in-central-african-republic.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=18 January 2013 |access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> Kwamitin agaji na kasa da kasa ya wajaba ya rufe ofisoshinsa a kasar sakamakon rikicin da ya faru a watan Disamba, amma ya sake bude su a watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da cewa, duk da haka halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin “rikici......a yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin gwamnati, da ‘yan adawa. An fara kawancen 'yan tawaye da jam'iyyun adawa a Gabon".  Rahoton na ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2013 da [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa]] FIDH ta fitar, ya yi kira ga dukkan bangarorin kasar da su kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam, da kare fararen hula, da yin shawarwari da kafa kyakkyawan shugabanci ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman ma. domin yaki na gaskiya da rashin hukunta wadanda suka aikata manyan laifuka”. Wani rahoto na 11 ga Janairu 2013 na [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross]] ta kasa da kasa ya nuna cewa duk da tattaunawar da ake yi a [[Libreville]], mazauna garuruwan Sibut da Damara, da ke kan gaba a rikicin, sun "gudu daga gidajensu saboda tsoron tashin hankali" kuma "sun kafa. matsuguni na wucin gadi a cikin daji, inda ake samun saukin kamuwa da sauro masu dauke da zazzabin cizon sauro”. A wannan rana, hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce tana fargabar yiwuwar sake afkuwar rikicin, inda ta ce ta samu rahoton dubban mutane da ke gudun hijira a arewaci da gabashin kasar tun farkon yunkurin na Seleka. kimanin wata daya da ya wuce". A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2013, Louisa Lombard ta [[New York Times]] ta bayyana CAR a matsayin "ɗakin gwaje-gwaje don ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya na duniya" wanda ya ci gaba da gazawa. An lura da cewa yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ta "inganta shirye-shiryen 'DDR' akai-akai - kwance damara, rugujewa da sake hadewa - don taimakawa kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai su koma cikin al'ummomin farar hula", tsarin DDR ya "kare wa wadanda ake son amfana da kuma samar da abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga wadanda ba a son su ba. don ɗaukar makamai", saboda shirye-shiryen "sun ɗauka cewa gwamnatocin da suke taimakawa suna aiki kamar kyakkyawan yanayin Max Weber - kiyaye ikon amfani da karfi, samar da ayyuka ga duk 'yan ƙasa". A zahiri, Lombard ya rubuta, gwamnatin CAR "ta yi rayuwa a cikin koma baya yayin da ta bar hukumomin karkara galibi ga nasu na'urorin". Ta yi zargin cewa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na DDR, wanda aka kafa a 2009 a karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ayyukan kasa da kasa, ya kwashe lokaci mai yawa "magana da karkatar da hankali", amma bai cim ma komai ba, har ma a matsayin "mambobin kwamitin, da ma'aikatan kasashen waje., ya samu albashi mai gamsarwa”. Lombard ya koka kan gaskiyar cewa bayan hayewar kawancen Seleka a watan Disamba na 2012, "har yanzu 'yan wasan duniya suna ganin DDR a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na kayan aikin samar da zaman lafiya". A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2014, a cikin wani rahoto, [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] (FIDH) ta ce "an ci gaba da aikata laifuffukan yaƙi da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil adama yayin da rikici na rashin hukunci ya ci gaba" a cikin CAR.<ref>{{cite web|title=US increases aid to Central African Republic amid new surge of violence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/26/us-increases-aid-central-african-republic-violence|work=The Guardian|date=26 June 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> === Gargadin kisan kare dangi === A watan Nuwamban 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kasar na cikin hadarin fadawa cikin kisan kare dangi kuma Faransa ta bayyana kasar a matsayin "... tana gab da yin kisan kare dangi."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24800682|title=UN warning over Central African Republic genocide risk|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=25 November 2013|date=4 November 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-centralafrica-france-idUKBRE9AK0WU20131121|title=France says Central African Republic on verge of genocide|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=25 November 2013|date=21 November 2013|archive-date=23 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123121217/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/uk-centralafrica-france-idUKBRE9AK0WU20131121|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tashin hankalin da ke karuwa ya samo asali ne daga hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan fararen hula daga mayakan Seleka galibinsu mayakan Seleka da kuma mayakan sa-kai na Kirista da ake kira " [[anti-balaka]] ", ma'ana 'anti-machete' ko 'maganin takobi'. <ref name="GuardianNov13">Smith, David (22 November 2013) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/22/central-african-republic-verge-of-genocide Unspeakable horrors in a country on the verge of genocide] The Guardian, Retrieved 23 November 2013</ref> Kirista ya kai rabin yawan al’ummar kasar, sannan musulmi kashi 15 cikin dari, a cewar CIA World Factbook. Kamar yadda yawancin Kiristocin ke da salon zaman kashe wando kuma Musulmai da yawa makiyaya ne, da'awar ƙasar wani bangare ne na tashin hankalin.<ref name = GuardianNov13/> == Tarihi == Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960, bayan haka an sami abin da kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa ya kira "shekaru goma na zalunci da rashin bin doka" da kuma abin da Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Berkeley ta bayyana a matsayin "shekaru goma na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa. gazawar jiha, rashin gudanar da mulki, da jerin tashe-tashen hankula na makami. . . . Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna kulle-kulle cikin yanayin fatara da rikici da barna. Kadan, duk da haka, sun sami kulawa kaɗan kamar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Rebel Training: Introducing Human Rights In War-Torn Central African Republic|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-biro/rebel-training-introducin_b_638545.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=7 July 2010 |access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref> Tarihin zamani na al'ummar kasar ya kasance yana da gwagwarmayar makami tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban, sau da yawa fiye da daya a lokaci guda, da juyin mulki da yunkurin juyin mulki da dama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/HRC/Publications_Building-Peace-Seeking-Justice_08-2010.pdf |work=Berkeley |title=A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes About Accountability and Social Reconstruction in the Central African Republic |access-date=January 27, 2013}}</ref> David Dacko, wanda ya kafa jam’iyya daya ba da dadewa ba bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an hambarar da shi a juyin mulki a shekara ta 1965 da Kanar Jean-Bédel Bokassa, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa na rayuwa a 1972 da Sarkin sarakuna a 1976. Juyin mulki a 1979 da 1981 ya kai ga mulkin soja; An gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 1993, kuma a shekara ta 2003 Janar Francois Bozize ya karɓi mulki. Bayan shekaru biyu, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban kasa a zabukan da aka yi la'akari da su cikin 'yanci da adalci. A cikin shekarun da ya yi yana mulki, gwamnatinsa tana fuskantar barazanar tawaye daga ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010 ne ya kamata wa’adinsa ya kare, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka amince da gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kara wa’adinsa da nasu. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010, Bozize ya zartar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa zagaye na farko a cikin Janairu 2011. An gudanar da zabukan a watan Janairu, kuma an sake zaben Bozize. == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na iya yin aiki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wasu 'yan takunkumi a hukumance, amma gwamnati ba ta saba yin la'akari da damuwarsu. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida-haƙƙin ɗan adam sun iyakance ayyukansu kusan a babban birni kawai. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun nuna shakku kan rashin kasancewar wata kungiya daya tilo da ta amince da ita a hukumance a kasar, wato Inter-NGO Council in CAR (CIONGCA), wacce wani dan uwan shugaban kasa ke tafiyar da shi. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida masu aiki da inganci sune LCDH (Ligue Centrafricaine des Droits de l'Homme), OCDH (Office centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme), ACAT (l'Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de) la azabtarwa), da AWJ (Ƙungiyar Matan Shari'a). Ko da yake an ba wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa izinin gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma galibi dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati suna yi musu fashi a kan titunan karkara. Saboda tsananin rashin tsaro da ake fama da shi a wasu sassan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun rufe ofisoshinsu a kasar. == Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Kyakkyawan Mulki == Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da kyakkyawan shugabanci ana tuhumarsa da gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam da gwamnati ke yi, amma ba shi da ma'aikata da kuma karancin kudade, don haka yana aiki ne kawai a [[Bangui]]. Masu suka sun ce ya fi ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na gwamnati . Haka kuma akwai hukumar kare hakkin bil adama a majalisar dokokin kasar, amma ba ta da kudaden da za ta iya cin gashin kanta, kuma ana shakkun cin gashin kanta. == Hakkoki na asali == A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk ’yan Adam suna daidai ba tare da la’akari da dukiya, launin fata, nakasa, harshe, ko jinsi ba. Amma waɗannan tanade-tanaden ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana nuna wariya sosai. ‘Yan sanda ba su da wani tasiri, ba su da kuɗi, kuma ba a biya su ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma rashin amincewar jama’a a kan su yakan haifar da cin zarafi ga waɗanda ake zargi. Mai yiyuwa ne a shigar da kara a kan jami’an ‘yan sanda saboda cin zarafi, amma ma’aikatan mai gabatar da kara ba su da kayan aikin da za su iya gudanar da kararrakin. Yayin da kungiyar ta BINUCA ke hada kai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, ana sukar ta da rashin kula da cin zarafi a cikin sahu. Ko da yake binciken gidaje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, yana faruwa. A yayin farmakin da ake kai wa dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnatin kasar, sojoji sun kona gidaje tare da kashe mutanen kauyukan da ake zargi da taimakawa ‘yan tawaye, haka kuma dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati sun yi garkuwa da fararen hula tare da karbar kudade daga ‘yan uwansu. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da dokokin kasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a aikace ana amfani da barazana da tursasawa wajen takaita sukar gwamnati. Ana tuhumar gwamnati da cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da latsa wayarsu. Jaridu na sukar shugaban kasar, amma ba sa samun ko’ina a wajen babban birnin kasar, sakamakon rashin isassun gidan waya mai aiki. Karancin karatu na ƙasar yana iyakance masu sauraron su ma. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida masu zaman kansu kan kaucewa yada labaran da ka iya jawo hankalin gwamnati ba tare da jin dadi ba, duk da cewa gidajen rediyon kasa da kasa irin su Rediyon Faransa, wadanda ba su da irin wannan matsin lamba, su ma masu saurare a kasar za su iya karba. Gidan Talabijin a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yanki ne na gwamnati, wanda galibin labaran da ake yadawa ya karkata ga gwamnati. Babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (HCC), wacce ke da alhakin ba da lasisin bugawa da watsa shirye-shirye da kuma kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ana zargin tana da zaman kanta, amma wani bangare na gwamnati ne kuma aka ce tana karkashin ikon gwamnati. Tasirin kafafen yada labarai ya raunana saboda matsalolin kudi, gazawar sana'a, da rashin samun bayanan jihar. Ba a ba da izinin masu ba da rahoto na kafofin watsa labaru na sirri su ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance, kuma galibi dole ne su dogara ga fitar da manema labarai. A shekarar 2010, an yi wa wata mai daukar hoto duka, yi mata fashi, da kuma yi mata fyade a gaban ‘ya’yanta da mijinta, amma ba a kama kowa ba. Wasu manyan jami’an kasar sun yi barazana ga ‘yan jaridar da ke sukar gwamnati. Yawancin ’yan jarida na yin katsalandan ne saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya na gwamnati. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 babu wani bincike a hukumance kuma ba a daure shi saboda bata suna, ko da yake har yanzu batanci ko batanci yana da tarar CFA miliyan takwas ($16,000). Ba bisa ka'ida ba don yada abubuwan da ake zaton "misogynist." Ba a ƙuntatawa ko kulawa da amfani da Intanet, kodayake ƴan tsirarun mutane ne kawai a ƙasar ke da damar Intanet. Duk da cewa an tabbatar da ‘yancin yin taro a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana takurawa, inda ake bukatar masu shirya tarurrukan jama’a su yi rajistar sa’o’i 48 kafin su. Taron siyasa yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati kuma maiyuwa ba za a gudanar da shi a makarantu ko majami'u ba. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma ba da tabbacin ‘yancin yin tarayya, duk da cewa dole ne dukkan kungiyoyi su nemi rajista, wadanda galibi ake ba su ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da kariya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta ƴancin addini, kuma ta hana nuna son zuciya. Akwai wasu wariya na al'umma, duk da haka, a cikin ƙasar, wanda kashi 51 cikin dari na Furotesta ne, kashi 29 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 15 cikin 100 Musulmai, tare da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke aikata mugunta. Maita, wanda har zuwa kwanan nan ya kasance babban laifi, a yanzu ana daure shi daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari da tara. Ya rage na alkalai su yanke shawarar ko wanda ake tuhuma ya "yi hali kamar mayya." Kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba na asali ba dole ne su yi rajista da hukumomi, kuma don samun amincewar gwamnati don gudanar da aiki dole ne su sami mambobi sama da 1000 kuma dole ne su sami shugabanni wadanda horarwar tauhidi jihar ta amince da su a matsayin halal. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna da damar yin watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a kowane mako a gidan rediyon hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zirga-zirga a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, amma biyun farko an takaita su a aikace, inda jami’ai ke neman cin hanci a shingayen bincike. Kwace barace-barace a kan tituna ba bisa ka'ida ba na hana kasuwanci da tafiye-tafiye, don haka ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin kasa. 'Yancin motsi kuma yana da wahala a yankunan da ake rikici. Kasashen waje, ban da jami'an diflomasiyya, dole ne su sami takardar izinin fita don ficewa daga kasar, kuma hakan na iya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa ba su da kudi ga gwamnati. Dakarun gwamnati sukan yi kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai ‘yan fashi da makami da dama da masu adawa da gwamnati wadanda kuma suke kashewa tare da yin garkuwa da fararen hula. Sannan akwai wadanda suke kashe mutane wadanda suke zargin matsafa ne ko matsafa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa amma azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da wadanda ake tsare da su, da fursunoni ya zama ruwan dare. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati su ma suna da alhakin cin zarafi da yawa. Sojoji da sauran dakarun gwamnati na yi wa fararen hula fyade. Cin hanci da rashawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka kafa da su yadda ya kamata, kuma bankin duniya ya bayyana cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin babbar matsala a kasar. Kudaden jama’a ana karkatar da su akai-akai. == Haƙƙoƙin mata == Fyade haramun ne, amma ba fyaden ma'aurata ba. Babu mafi ƙarancin hukunci na fyade, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ita yadda ya kamata. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta yi kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa fyade, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da aka yi hira da su don nazarin 2009 ya ruwaito cewa an yi mata fyade a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma masu binciken sun ji cewa suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa gaskiyar lamarin fyade ya fi girma. Kashi 22 cikin 100 na matan da aka yi binciken sun ce wani dan gidansu ya yi musu mugun duka. Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma na kowa, amma ba a magance shi yadda ya kamata, kuma babu wani hukunci da aka kayyade. Yayin da mata ke samun daidaiton rabon gado da haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula, galibi ana fuskantar dokokin al'ada na wariya musamman a yankunan karkara. Mata suna fuskantar wariya na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mata marasa aure ba a daukarsu a matsayin shugabannin gidaje, kuma galibi ana hana su tallafin iyali wanda ake zaton suna da hakki. Haka kuma an hana su damar samun ilimi da ayyukan yi daidai gwargwado. Hakkokin saki suna da daidaito, duk da haka. Mata da yawa, musamman wadanda suka tsufa sosai kuma ba su da iyali, ana zarginsu da zama mayu. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam Pillay ta bayyana damuwa game da zargin da ake yi wa mata, da kama su, ko kuma a kai musu hari saboda mayu. Tattaunawar kasa da gwamnati ta shirya a shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da shawarar cewa mata su rike kashi 35 na mukamai a ma’aikatu da jam’iyyu, amma ba a cimma wannan buri ba. == Haƙƙoƙin yara == Yaran da aka haifa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma iyayen da ke cikinta suna da damar zama ɗan ƙasa. Kimanin rabin yara ba su da rajista, wanda zai iya haifar da hana samun ilimi ko wasu ayyuka. Ilimi ya wajaba har zuwa shekara 15. Koyarwa kyauta ce, amma littattafai, kayayyaki, sufuri, da inshora ba. Ana hana ‘ya’ya mata damar zuwa makarantar firamare daidai wa daida, kuma su kan daina zuwa makaranta da wuri saboda matsa musu su yi aure da haihuwa. Kadan daga cikin Ba'aka (Aliyu) suke zuwa makarantar firamare; gwamnati ba ta yi wani yunkuri na canza wannan ba. Cin zarafin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma ya yadu, kamar yadda FGM ke faruwa. Ko da yake mafi ƙarancin shekarun auren jama'a shine 18, kashi sittin da ɗaya na 'yan mata suna aure kafin 18. Babu wata doka da ta haramta yin fyade ko kallon batsa na yara. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare, yawancin abin tilastawa. Ana amfani da yara a matsayin sojoji, tare da rahotannin yara kanana 'yan kasa da shekaru 12 da ke aiki a dakarun adawa da gwamnati. Akwai sama da yara kan titi 6000 tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 18. “Masana da yawa sun gaskata cewa cutar HIV/AIDS da kuma imani da sihiri, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun taimaka wajen yawaitar yara kanana a titi,” in ji Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011. “Kimanin yara 300,000 ne suka rasa iyayensu daya ko kuma duka biyu daga kamuwa da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], kuma yaran da ake zargi da yin sihiri (sau da yawa ana bayar da rahoton cewa suna da alaka da mace-macen da ke da alaka da cutar kanjamau a unguwanninsu) galibi ana korarsu daga gidajensu, kuma a wasu lokutan ana cin zarafin al’umma. ." Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. Kungiyoyin da ke adawa da gwamnati da dama na yin garkuwa da yara tare da rike su domin neman kudin fansa. Ana kuma tilasta wa wasu yaran yin aiki a matsayin bayi na jima'i, a matsayin ƴan dako ɗauke da kayan sata na 'yan fashi, ko kuma a matsayin masu aikin gona da ma'adinai (musamman a aikin haƙar lu'u-lu'u ).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/central_african_republic.htm |title=2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -CAR- |access-date=2015-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014412/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/central_african_republic.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="state.gov"/> A watan Janairun 2013, [[UNICEF]] ta yi kira ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta daina daukar yara kanana daga kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da masu goyon bayan gwamnati, lura da rahotannin baya-bayan nan da ke cewa irin wadannan kungiyoyi na cikin shirin daukar yara. Tun kafin barkewar sabon tashin hankali a watan Disamba, UNICEF ta nuna cewa, "kimanin yara 2,500 - mata da maza - suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare kai, a cikin CAR." UNICEF ta kara da cewa, sama da yara 300,000 ne rikicin kasar ta CAR ya rigaya ya shafa da kuma sakamakonsa, wadanda suka hada da daukar ma'aikata, raba iyali, cin zarafin mata, tilastawa gudun hijira da karancin damar samun ilimi da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tana da tsarin taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, kuma a aikace tana kare su daga mayar da su kasashen da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu za su shiga cikin hadari saboda wasu dalilai. Ana karbar 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da tantancewa ba, kuma gwamnati na hada kai da UNHCR da sauran kungiyoyi, ciki har da Doctors without Borders, Caritas, International Medical Corps, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar. == Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru == Rikicin da ake yi wa Mbororo ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta suna samun matsala wajen tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati. Ba’Aka (Pygmies), waɗanda ke da kashi 1-2 na al’ummar ƙasar, ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati kuma ba su da ikon siyasa. Bambancin al'umma ga Ba'Aka yana da mahimmanci, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don hana shi. Ba a ba su katunan shaida, don haka ana hana su wasu haƙƙoƙi da ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin Ba’Aka bayi ne da ya dace, kuma dukkansu ‘yan kasa ne masu daraja ta biyu. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma dole ne a kashe wani kaso na membobin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikata a manyan kamfanoni. Bambancin al'umma ba matsala ba ne, amma ba a ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ba. Galibin nakasassu a kasar na faruwa ne sakamakon cutar shan inna. == Haƙƙin LGBT == Halin luwadi da madigo a bainar jama'a yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da tara, amma da alama gwamnati ba ta kai hari ga 'yan luwadi ba. == Hakkin HIV/AIDS == Mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau su ne abubuwan wariya, amma hakan ya ragu saboda kokarin da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi na kara wayar da kan jama'a. == Haƙƙoƙin Ɗaurarru == Doka ta hana kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta tanadi hukunta masu aikata laifuka cikin gaggawa; amma galibi ana yin watsi da wadannan tanade-tanade, kuma masu lura da al’amura na nuni da cewa kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba shi ne “hakin da jami’an tsaro suka saba yi” a shekarar 2010. Akwai wasu wa’adin da aka yi wa fursunonin a cikin su a sanar da wadanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da kuma gabatar da su a gaban alkali, amma a aikace ba a mutunta wa’adin. Yakamata gwamnati ta samar da lauyoyi ga wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu, kuma akwai yuwuwar beli, kuma ana mutunta wadannan tanade-tanade. Mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifuffukan cin zarafin jami'an tsaron jihar suna bin wasu tsauraran ka'idoji. Ana kama mutane da yawa ana tuhumar su da aikata sihiri, wanda hakan babban laifi ne. A cikin 2010, jami'an gidan yari a Bangui sun ce kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na matan da ake tsare da su an kama su da laifin maita.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Simpson held in Central African Republic after discovery of dead bodies|url=http://www.fairtrials.net/press/press-releases/david-simpson-held-in-central-african-republic-after-discovery-of-dead-bodies/|work=Fair Trial International|access-date=January 26, 2013|archive-date=February 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202111715/http://www.fairtrials.net/press/press-releases/david-simpson-held-in-central-african-republic-after-discovery-of-dead-bodies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsawancin tsarewa gabanin shari'a babbar matsala ce. Fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin shari’a sun kai kusan kashi 67 na al’ummar gidan yarin Ngaragba a karshen shekarar 2010 da kuma kashi 63 na al’ummar gidan yarin na Bimbo. Ko da yake galibin fursunonin suna nan take sanar da su tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu, amma da yawa suna jira na tsawon watanni kafin a gurfanar da su gaban alkali, wasu kuma ana tsare da su tsawon shekaru ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a ba saboda matsalolin da suka shafi aikin gwamnati. Ana yawan azabtar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka kuma ba a hukunta su. Daga cikin nau'ikan azabtarwa da 'yan sanda ke yi akwai "le cafe," wanda ya hada da bugun tafin kafar mutum da sanda ko sanda sannan kuma a tilasta wa mutumin ya yi tafiya. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a == Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai cin gashin kansa, amma kotuna na fuskantar tasirin bangaren zartarwa. Babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta bayyana damuwarta game da hakan a shekara ta 2010, ko da yake ta yaba da sake fasalin dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin kasar ta yi da za ta inganta 'yancin shari'a da kuma karfafa kokarin tabbatar da cin zarafin bil'adama. Rashin iya aiki, rashin iya aiki, jinkirin biyan albashi, da rashin kayan aiki duk manyan matsalolin shari’a ne. Kasancewar kotuna 38 da alkalai 124 kacal a kasar, yawancin ‘yan kasar ba sa samun sauki wajen gudanar da harkokin shari’a, sakamakon haka kotunan iyali da na kauye ke ci gaba da taka rawa sosai. Haka kuma rashin ingancin kotuna ya sa jama’a su dauki doka a hannunsu, suna rike da kotunan cikin gida, da daukaka kara ga sarakunan yankin, da yin shari’a ga ’yan iska, musamman a shari’o’in da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da maita. Shari'ar laifuka ta juri ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da irin wannan haƙƙoƙin kamar zato na rashin laifi, shari'ar jama'a, 'yancin halarta, gani da gabatar da shaida, samun mai kare jama'a, da ɗaukaka ƙara. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, kuma tana ba da lauyoyi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma waɗanda ba za su iya ba da lauyoyi da kansu ba, amma ƙarancin albarkatun gwamnati yakan haifar da jinkirin ba da lauyoyi, kuma Ba’aka (Alhazai) galibi suna fuskantar shari’a marasa adalci. ‘Yancin yin shari’a na gaskiya yakan fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa, inda lauyoyi ke biyan alkalan kudaden da suka dace. Ana gwada shari'ar maita akai-akai. == Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni == Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana yanayin kurkuku a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin "mai tsananin tsauri kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana yin barazana ga rayuwa," tare da gidajen yari a wajen babban birnin "mafi muni" fiye da na cikinsa. Fursunonin suna fuskantar azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci da wulakanci. Tsaftar muhalli, samun iska, hasken wuta, da samar da ruwa ba su da inganci, haka ma kula da lafiya. Cunkoso babbar matsala ce. Iyalan gidan yarin dai na bukatar samar da abinci don karawa da karancin abinci da gidajen yarin ke bayarwa, sannan wasu gidajen yarin da ke wajen babban birnin kasar ba sa ba da abinci ga fursunoni da kuma neman cin hancin da za su mika wa fursunonin abinci daga iyalan gidan. Ana barin fursunonin baƙi kuma an ba su izinin yin ibada, kodayake baƙi dole ne su ba da cin hanci. Sau da yawa ana tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki ba tare da albashi ba. A wasu gidajen yari, ana tsare maza da mata tare, haka ma manya da matasa, kuma ana tsare wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yanke musu hukunci tare da masu laifi. Cibiyoyin tsare mutane suna fama da matsalolin da suka fi na gidajen yari, kodayake iri ɗaya ne. Fair Trials International ta yi ishara da "mummunan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ciki har da yanayi mai tsauri da barazanar rayuwa a wuraren da ake tsare da ita." A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "Cibiyoyin tsare 'yan sandan na Bangui sun kunshi cunkoson dakunan dakunan da ba su da haske da kuma bokitin ban daki." Ba a samun magani, kuma fursunonin da ke fama da cututtuka ba a raba su da wasu. Maimakon gadaje, wadanda ake zargin yawanci suna kwana akan benen siminti ko datti. Masu gadi suna buƙatar cin hanci don ruwa, abinci, shawa, da ziyarta. Wurin da ake tsarewa ɗaya ba ta da tagogi ko bandaki; a wani wurin, fursunonin suna barci a ɗaure tare. Ziyarar gidajen yari na masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam an hana su, an hana su, ko jinkiri na makonni ko watanni, kodayake kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa yana da damar shiga fursunoni mara iyaka.  == Haƙƙin ma'aikata == Duk ma'aikata, ban da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an tsaro, na iya shiga kungiyoyin kwadago, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilastawa haramun ne, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata. Ana tilasta mata da yara yin aiki a gonaki, a cikin ma'adinai, gidajen abinci, da sauran wurare, kuma suna fuskantar lalata. Ba’aka manya da yara galibi ana tilasta musu yin aiki a gonaki da sauran wurare kuma ana yi da su a matsayin bayi. Kusan rabin yaran dake tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 a kasar suna aiki, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin ma'adinai. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa yara aiki a ma'adinai, wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi ba. Yawancin yara 3000 ko fiye da haka a kan titi a Bangui suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da titi. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati na amfani da kananan yara sojoji, kuma yaran da suka rasa muhallansu na aiki na tsawon sa'o'i a filayen cikin yanayi na tsananin zafi. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi daban-daban a cikin fage na yau da kullun, ya danganta da nau'in kalmar da ke ciki. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin mafi ƙarancin albashi. A kowane hali, mafi ƙarancin albashi bai isa ba don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa. Akwai madaidaitan makonnin aiki da ma'auni daban-daban na aiki na hukuma da dokokin lafiya da aminci, amma ba a aiwatar da su ba. == 'Yancin magana == An yi magana game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki; duk da haka, an sha samun tarzoma na tsoratar da gwamnati da nufin takaita sukar kafafen yada labarai. Rahoton da Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta kafofin watsa labarai na dorewa ta lura da cewa 'ƙasar ba ta cika cika buƙatu ba, tare da sassan tsarin shari'a da gwamnati da ke adawa da tsarin watsa labarai mai 'yanci." <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180829/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135944.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Central African Republic]</ref> == Halin tarihi == Taswirar tana nuna ƙimar CAR tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |Head of State{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jean-Bédel Bokassa |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |David Dacko |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |David Dacko |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |André Kolingba |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ange-Félix Patassé |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |François Bozizé |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin CAR game da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Treaty | Organization | Introduced | Signed | Ratified |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | [[United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]]<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1981 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1981 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = [[United Nations]] | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1981 |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]]<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = [[United Nations]] | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid]]<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1981 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1991 |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]]<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty]]<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en| title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999| access-date = 2012-08-29| author = [[United Nations]]| archive-date = 2011-05-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict]]<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en| title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000| access-date = 2012-08-29| author = [[United Nations]]| archive-date = 2016-04-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography]]<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en| title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000| access-date = 2012-08-29| author = [[United Nations]]| archive-date = 2013-12-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance]]<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en| title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006| access-date = 2012-08-29| author = [[United Nations]]| archive-date = 2019-07-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en| title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008| access-date = 2012-08-29| author = [[United Nations]]| archive-date = 2012-07-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure]]<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |} |} == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya * Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya * Hakkokin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya * Siyasar Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Hakkin tsaro]] [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] i7jscwg0kull2ioy47jm33x6wdee1ot 0 49629 879807 391311 2026-07-09T19:56:13Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879807 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{databox}} ''Shabewa''' kauye ne a karamar hukumar Mai-Aduwa, dake a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Garuruwa a Jihar Katsina]] qg8a6vcznbryowwwqy9geaaxfeolos8 0 51313 879641 618309 2026-07-09T15:35:27Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da ranta ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] hy7fzk3d4g7ypg75clext2idzv82omc 879642 879641 2026-07-09T15:36:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da ranc ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] ecn9pop1dcexi9fugtcxdhkg5r167kl 879643 879642 2026-07-09T15:36:34Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da rance ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] b8wt53pu0jz3oy9lxxnksjhie7gik7n 879644 879643 2026-07-09T15:43:47Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da rance ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] 9r6q3018s83tczen139u9fpoyf3ejvn 879645 879644 2026-07-09T15:44:15Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da rance ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta (1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] hfnd53lfqnfkuvkssc9do71ipcul5nc 879647 879645 2026-07-09T15:49:04Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da rance ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta (1977, lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, haɗin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] 5tl8r9al3g4yscfcm4djo12s2qv94q3 879648 879647 2026-07-09T15:52:20Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-public-spending-nigeria |title=Agricultural public spending in Nigeria |website=www.ifpri.org |access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> == Tarihi. == Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a ƙasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba.<ref name="biyo">{{Cite journal |last=Olubiyo |first=S. O. |last2=Hill |first2=G. P. |title=Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria |date=2003 |journal=African Review of Money Finance and Banking |pages=5–22|jstor=23026310 }}</ref> A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da rance ga kamfanonin noma. A shekara ta (1977), lokacin da [[Umaru Mutallab]] ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NBD Business News |magazine=Nigerian business digest |edition=February/March |location=[Lagos |publisher=Universal Publications] |date=1977 |page=3}}</ref><ref>Olubiyo, S. O.; Hill, G. P. (2003). "Beyond the Risk Factor: Bank Lending to Small-Scale Peasant Farms in Nigeria". ''African Review of Money Finance and Banking'': 5–22. [[JSTOR (masu ganewa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23026310 23026310].</ref> A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, haɗin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imhanlahimi |first=Joseph E. |last2=Idolor |first2=Eseoghene Joseph |date=2010-06-04 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Micro Financing in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1689893 |journal=Journal of Financial Management & Analysis }}</ref> BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/how-n40bn-non-performing-loans-crippled-bank-of-agriculture/ |title=How N40bn non-performing loans crippled Bank of Agriculture - The Sun News |date=2017-07-21 |work=The Sun News |access-date=2018-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su. == [[Category:Bankuna a Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] ph1vlbmz7n44f84ug3aid0ttetkrefb 0 54096 879629 876788 2026-07-09T14:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nora Awolowo''', shi ne mai shirya fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], darektan, kuma mai daukar hoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Awolowo |url=https://filmfreeway.com/NoraAwolowo17 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Popular Nigerian Cinematographer, Nora Shares The Best Thing A Stranger Has Done For Her |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/popular-nigerian-cinematographer-nora-shares-the-best-thing-a-stranger-has-done-for-her/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=ghgossip.com |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925180600/https://www.ghgossip.com/popular-nigerian-cinematographer-nora-shares-the-best-thing-a-stranger-has-done-for-her/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=#Symphonies: Watch The Trailer To Nora Awolowo's Short Film "Symphonies" |url=https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924103039/https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=This Must Watch Documentary "Life at the Bay" portrays the Inspiring Survival Tales of Tarkwa Bay Women {{!}} Watch the Teaser on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/this-must-watch-documentary-life-at-the-bay-portrays-the-inspiring-survival-tales-of-tarkwa-bay-women-watch-the-teaser-on-bn/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayi na ofishin jakadancin miliyan 100 na ''Red Circle'', fim ɗin da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto. Har ila yau, ita ce mace ta farko ta Najeriya da aka zaba don Mafi kyawun Cinematography a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin littafin Najeriya na 2024 Lisabi: The Uprising . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digiri a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta haɓaka sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna tare da wayarta, tana samun wasu ayyukan da aka biya yayin da take dalibi. Fiye da sha'awar ba da labari, ta sauya zuwa yin fim, ta fara da yin rubuce-rubuce a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa tsari, kamar [[Lota Chukwu]]'s Lota Takes . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta don gyara abubuwan talabijin, ta ƙarfafa sha'awarta ga aikin fim.<ref name="Sule" /> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da ta kammala karatu Dauda jami'a a shekarar 2019, Awolowo ta kasance tana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai na tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan shekarar, ta kafa kamfaninta na samarwa, Rixel Studios, kuma ta fitar da shirin ta na farko, Life at the Bay, wanda ke biye da rayuwar mata da ke zaune a Tarkwa Bay. An nuna gajeren fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka [1] kuma ya kafa tsari a cikin aikinta na farko, wanda sau da yawa ya binciki kalubalen mutum da na al'umma da 'yan Najeriya ke fuskanta, musamman mata.[2] A wannan shekarar ta biyo baya da Symphonies, wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wata budurwa wacce rayuwarta ta fara warwarewa a cikin ƙalubalen mutum. A cikin 2021, ta fitar da David, fim din bangaskiya game da wani saurayi da ke gab da kashe kansa. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka biyu kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasa da kasa guda shida.[3][4][5] Nasarar Awolowo ta zo ne tare da ''Baby Blues'': The Trials of Childbirth (2021), wani shirin da ya nuna kalubalen matan Najeriya da ke fuskantar haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. A cikin 2023, an zabi Baby Blues don Kyautattun Bayanai a Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka, tare da wani fim dinta, Najeriya: The Debut - wani shirin da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta ba da izini, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe rukunin. A cikin 2024, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Barnabas Emordi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Netflix, Lisabi: The Uprising, tare da duka biyun suna karɓar gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Mai daukar hoto a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA). A cikin 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto ga mai ban tsoro ''Red Circle,'' babbar nasarar kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A cikin ƙasa da wata guda bayan da aka saki shi a watan Yuni, ya ƙetare alamar miliyan 100 a ofishin akwatin, ya kafa Awolowo a matsayin ƙaramin mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ya kai wannan ma'auni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Uchechukwu |date=2025-07-11 |title=Nora Awolowo Sets Record as Red Circle Hits ₦100M Box Office |url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/nora-awolowo-red-circle/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rex Clarke Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Awolowo ta kasance mai gabatarwa sau uku - a cikin 2020, 2021, da 2023 - don Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin Kyautar Fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=The Future Awards Africa names 2020 nominees, all under-28 + Full list |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/the-future-awards-africa-names-2020-nominees-all-under-28-full-list/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards: Rema, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated (Full List) |url=https://allnews.ng/news/the-future-awards-rema-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-full-list |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2023: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/future-awards-africa-2023-all-nominees |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Bayanan lambar yabo !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2020 |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim ||| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=DJ Cuppy, Tomike Adeoye, Taaooma, Jemima Osunde Nominated For The Future Awards Africa (TFAA) 2020 (See Full List) |url=https://fabwoman.ng/tfaa-2020-nominees-list-fabwoman/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=fabwoman.ng}}</ref> |- |2019 |25 A karkashin 25 SME Awards |Mafi kyawun kafofin watsa labarai da Sadarwa ||| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Meet The Winners of 2019 25under25 Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/25under25-awards-winners/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Bayani |''Najeriya: Farko''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Baby Blues''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim | rowspan="1" |Shi da kansa|{{Pending}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2019 |''Rayuwa a Bay'' |Daraktan |- |2019 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Daraktan |- |2021 |''Dauda'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2021 |''Baby Blues'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |''Tsarin Abubuwa'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2023 |''Maza ƙaunatattun mutane'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Menene Ka Tsoro da Gaskiya?'' |Daraktan |- |2024 |''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2025 |''Red Circle'' |Mai gabatarwa da Mai daukar hoto |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] jjz5c8oimnfwediff9fnciw32hvq289 0 54124 879930 875088 2026-07-10T04:43:33Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Awards and nominations" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344770195|Eric Aghimien]]" 879930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. A shekarar 2011, ya yi wani gajeren fim na gwaji mai suna Heckto wanda aka zaba domin Best Use of Special Effects da Best Actor a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''A Mile from Home'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ==Manazarta == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2013 | Kyaututtukan Blueprint | Fim ɗin Shekara Mai Kyau | ''[[A Mile from Home|Mil ɗaya daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" | 2014 | [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske | rowspan="22" | ''[[A Mile from Home|Mil ɗaya daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Nasara a Tasirin Gani| {{Won}} |- | Nasara a Kayan Kwalliya| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood Mafi Kyawun Kyaututtuka]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> | Mafi kyawun Darakta| {{Nom}} |- | Fim ɗin da aka Shirya Mafi Kyau| {{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | Fim Mai Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" | [[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> | Mafi kyawun Darakta| {{Won}} |- | Fitaccen Furodusan Shekara| {{Nom}} |- | Fim ɗin da aka Shirya Mafi Kyau| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Cinematographer| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Motsi| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyaututtukan Fina-finan Nollywood]] | Mafi kyawun Darakta| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Cinematographer| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Tsarin Saiti| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | Kyautar Bikin Fina-Finan Afirka da Kwalejin Zama (ZAFAA) | Mafi kyawun Furodusa| {{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Edita| {{Won}} |} n8tnjpkuag6ocntblk55w2kwywqk7te 0 54158 879589 876237 2026-07-09T13:48:18Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218247|Ndave David Njoku]]" 879589 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na [https://www.ndavedavid.com/ Ndave David Njoku]. * [[Facebook]].com/ndaved/" id="mwARg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Facebook * [[Twitter]].com/ndavedavid/" id="mwARs" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Twitter * [[Instagram]].com/ndavedavid/" href="<nowiki>https://instagram.com/ndavedavid/</nowiki>" id="mwAR4" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Instagram {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] 35unaxdmmnhj244wz2hvyp1e5mdchnk 879590 879589 2026-07-09T13:49:03Z Maiakwai4u 37986 879590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na [https://www.ndavedavid.com/ Ndave David Njoku]. * [[Facebook]].com/ndaved/" id="mwARg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Facebook * [[Twitter]].com/ndavedavid/" id="mwARs" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Twitter * [[Instagram]].com/ndavedavid/" href="<nowiki>https://instagram.com/ndavedavid/</nowiki>" id="mwAR4" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Instagram {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] g81k9lpy4ucpq4k3bcpy5ihow8t54lf 0 54951 879790 516669 2026-07-09T19:49:38Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ken Hinkley 2018.1.jpg|thumb|Ken Hinkley]] {{Infobox AFL biography|name=Ken Hinkley|image=Ken Hinkley 2018.1.jpg|caption=Hinkley in April 2018|fullname=Ken Hinkley|nickname=Kenny|birth_date={{birth date and age|1966|9|30|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Camperdown, Victoria]]|death_date=|death_place=|originalteam=[[Camperdown Football Club|Camperdown]]|height=185&nbsp;cm|weight=80&nbsp;kg|position=|years1=1987–1988|club1=[[Fitzroy Football Club|Fitzroy]]|games_goals1={{0}}11 (21)|years2=1989–1995|club2=[[Geelong Football Club|Geelong]]|games_goals2=121 (58)|games_goalstotal=132 (79)|statsend=1995|coachyears1=2013–|coachclub1=[[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]|coachgames_wins1=230 (135–95–0)|coachstatsend=round 6, 2023|careerhighlights=* 2x [[AFL Coaches Association awards#Winners 4|AFLCA Coach of the Year]] (2013, 2020) * [[Carji Greeves Medal]] (1992) * [[Hampden Football Netball League|HNFL]] Leading goalkicker (1983) * 2x [[All-Australian team|All-Australian]] (1991, 1992)}} '''Ken Hinkley''' (An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan [[Satumba|Satumbar]] shekara ta 1966) shi ne babban kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Adelaide a gasar kwallon kafa ta [[Asturaliya|Australia]] (AFL) kuma tsohon dan wasa ne tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa da Fitzroy . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hinkley kuma ta girma a Camperdown, Victoria . Shi ne na 7 cikin yara 10. Yayinda yake matashi Hinkley ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Camperdown.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan wasa == === Fitzroy (1987-1988) === A shekara ta 1987 Hinkley ya fara bugawa VFL a matsayin mai gaba ga Fitzroy a wasan da ya yi da Arewacin Melbourne a Waverley Park . Hinkley bai ji daɗin lokacinsa a Melbourne ba kuma Geelong ya kusanci shi a ƙarshen kakar VFL ta 1988. === Geelong (1989-1995) === [[Fayil:Listening to the Coach (14508991143).jpg|thumb|Ken Hinkley a cikin mutane]] Hinkley ya koma Geelong don kakar VFL ta 1989 kuma a kulob dinsa na biyu ne inda ya buga kwallon kafa mafi kyau a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Hinkley ya fita daga Fitzroy a cikin 1988 kuma ya nemi izini ga Geelong. Ya fito daga kwallon kafa na sauran kakar 1988 kafin a sayar da shi zuwa Geelong don kakar 1989. Wani dan wasan da ya fi dacewa a cikin kungiyoyin Australia na 1991 da 1992, Hinkley ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Carji Greeves a matsayin [[Dukan Australiya|dan]] wasan Geelong mafi kyau kuma mafi kyau a kakar 1992 ta AFL. A cikin wannan shekarar ya kammala na uku a Brownlow Medal count, a bayan mai nasara [[Scott Wynd]] da Hawthorn's [[Jason Dunstall]] . Ya bayyana a wasan karshe 12 tare da Geelong, gami da asarar 1992, 1994 da [[1992 AFL Grand Final|1995]]. == Ayyukan horarwa == === Babban kocin Hampden (1996-1998) === Hinkley ya koma Geelong don kakar VFL ta 1989 kuma a kulob dinsa na biyu ne inda ya buga kwallon kafa mafi kyau a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Hinkley ya fita daga Fitzroy a cikin 1988 kuma ya nemi izini ga Geelong. Ya fito daga kwallon kafa na sauran kakar 1988 kafin a sayar da shi zuwa Geelong don kakar 1989. Wani dan wasan da ya fi dacewa a cikin kungiyoyin Australia na 1991 da 1992, Hinkley ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Carji Greeves a matsayin [[Dukan Australiya|dan]] wasan Geelong mafi kyau kuma mafi kyau a kakar 1992 ta AFL. A cikin wannan shekarar ya kammala na uku a Brownlow Medal count, a bayan mai nasara [[Scott Wynd]] da Hawthorn's [[Jason Dunstall]] . Ya bayyana a wasan karshe 12 tare da Geelong, gami da asarar 1992, 1994 da [[1992 AFL Grand Final|1995]]. === Babban kocin Camperdown (1999-2000) === [[Fayil:Ken Hinkley addressing players.jpg|thumb|Ken Hinkley]] Hinkley ya koma Camperdown kuma ya horar da kulob din zuwa matsayi na farko a 1999 da 2000, tsohon a matsayin kyaftin-kocin. [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] 5fx96c5rrl8g9xqngo2hrm5c0bjs52i 0 55964 879888 431617 2026-07-09T23:38:59Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ellis Grove Il''' Wani birni ne a cikin yankin jihar Illinois dake ƙasar tarayyar Amurka {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Ellis Grove, Illinois Ellis Grove ƙauye ne da ke cikin gundumar Randolph a jihar Illinois, ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka. Yana daga cikin ƙananan ƙauyukan jihar, kuma ya shahara da yanayin ƙauye mai cike da natsuwa, gonaki masu faɗi, da kuma al'umma masu haɗin kai. Kodayake ƙauyen ba shi da yawan jama'a, yana da muhimmanci a tarihin yankin saboda kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin matsugunan da aka kafa a kudancin Illinois. Tarihi An kafa Ellis Grove a cikin ƙarni na 19 yayin da mutane daga sassa daban-daban na Amurka da Turai suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankin domin noma da kafa sabbin al'ummomi. Sunan Ellis Grove ya samo asali ne daga dangin Ellis, waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin farkon mazaunan yankin. Tun daga lokacin kafuwarsa, noma ya kasance ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin ƙauyen. Yanayin ƙasa Ellis Grove yana kudu maso yammacin jihar Illinois, a cikin yankin da ke da ƙasa mai albarka. Wannan ya sa noma ya bunƙasa sosai. Yana da faɗin kusan kilomita murabba'i 1.28, kuma kusan dukkan yankinsa ƙasa ce ba tare da manyan tafkuna ko koguna a cikinsa ba. Yawan jama'a Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2020, Ellis Grove yana da mazauna kusan 328. Yawancin mazauna sun daɗe suna rayuwa a ƙauyen, kuma akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin iyalai da maƙwabta. Tattalin arziki Babban tushen tattalin arzikin Ellis Grove shi ne: Noman masara da waken soya. Kiwon shanu da sauran dabbobi. Ƙananan kasuwanci da ayyukan hidima. Wasu mazauna suna aiki a garuruwa da biranen da ke kusa. Ilimi Daliban Ellis Grove suna samun ilimi ta makarantun yankin Randolph County. Haka kuma, akwai damar zuwa kwalejoji da jami'o'i a manyan biranen Illinois. Gwamnati Ellis Grove na da gwamnatin ƙauye wadda ke kula da ayyukan jama'a kamar gyaran hanyoyi, tsaro, tsafta, da sauran harkokin gudanarwa. Hakanan tana aiki tare da gwamnatin gundumar Randolph wajen samar da ayyukan ci gaba. Sufuri Ana haɗa Ellis Grove da sauran garuruwa ta hanyoyin mota na jihar Illinois. Mafi yawan mazauna suna amfani da motocinsu domin zirga-zirga, saboda babu manyan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa ko filin jirgin sama a ƙauyen. Al'adu da rayuwa Rayuwa a Ellis Grove tana da natsuwa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan al'umma, tarurrukan addini, da sauran shirye-shiryen haɗin kai. Yawancin mazauna suna da hannu wajen ayyukan sa-kai da ci gaban ƙauyen. Muhimmanci Ko da yake Ellis Grove ƙaramin ƙauye ne, yana wakiltar irin ƙauyukan noma na jihar Illinois waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa noma da samar da abinci a Amurka. Har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa wuri mai aminci da kwanciyar hankali ga mazaunansa. 96k3ln9btzokfa48gclh94kjjg9ht8s 0 57173 879860 434683 2026-07-09T22:17:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Parveen Kaur''' (an haifeta ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1988)<ref>https://www.instagram.com/yoparveen/?hl=en</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayon kasar Kanada ce.wadda taka rawa a matsayin Christine a wasan kwaikwayon Beyond da kuma fitowa a matsayin masanin kimiyya Saanvi Bahl a cikin shiri mai dogon zango wato Manifest.<ref>https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5573195/</ref> == Rayuwarta Ta Farko == An haifi Parveen a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba,a shekarar 1988 kuma ta girma a Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Kanada. Ita 'yar kabilar Punjabi ce kuma 'yar Sikh. Tana da shekaru 18, ta koma Toronto. Ita ce mai yin yoga, yoga mai zafi da tunani.<ref>https://www.tvinsider.com/people/parveen-kaur/</ref> == Sana'a == Kaur ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a lokacin shekarunta 20 bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare da wuri. Matsayi na farko na Kaur mai maimaitawa ya zo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ban tsoro na Guillermo del Toro The Strain a cikin 2018, Kaur ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin Ta Black Spruce wanda aka fara a 2018 Toronto International Film Festival. Kaur yayi tauraro a matsayin Saanvi na yanayi 4 (sashe 62) na Manifest tsakanin 2018 da 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/parveen-kaur-biography-heritage-age-weight-height-relationships/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-08-17 |archive-date=2023-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817231138/https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/parveen-kaur-biography-heritage-age-weight-height-relationships/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Girmamawa == Kaur ta karɓi Tauraron MISAFF na shekarar 2017 wanda ACTRA ta gabatar a bikin Mosaic International na Kudancin Asiya na shekara-shekara a Mississauga, Ontario. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Parveen Kaur 2015.jpg|parveen File:CFC in L.A. 2019 (33560615668).jpg|parveen with some friends </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] gqycv6gxyu86kooap0hbyw52yt3tedx 0 61315 879880 500593 2026-07-09T23:25:08Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ehrenstetten - Ölbergkapelle6.jpg|thumb|dajin kogi Kogin Mbéré]] '''Kogin Mbéré''' kogi ne a cikin [[Kamaru]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]]. Ya kasance wani yanki na iyakar [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Tashar ruwa ce ta [[kogin Logone]].{{stub}} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} Kogin Mbéré Kogin Mbéré kogi ne mai muhimmanci da ke yankin tsakiyar Afirka. Yana gudana ta ƙasar Kamaru, sannan a wasu sassan hanyarsa yana zama iyaka ta halitta tsakanin Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kafin ya ci gaba zuwa yankunan da ke da alaƙa da tsarin kogunan Chadi. Kogin yana daga cikin manyan rafukan da ke ciyar da Kogin Logone, wanda shi kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Chari kafin ruwansu ya zube cikin Tafkin Chadi. Yanayin ƙasa da hanyar gudana Kogin Mbéré yana samo asali ne daga tsaunuka da filayen da ke gabashin Kamaru. Yana ratsawa ta yankunan savanna masu ciyayi da dazuzzukan buɗe fili, inda ruwan sama ke ƙara masa ƙarfi musamman a lokacin damina. A wasu wurare kogin yana zama iyakar ƙasa tsakanin Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, abin da ya sa yake da muhimmanci wajen tantance iyakokin ƙasashen. Muhimmanci ga al'umma Al'ummomin da ke zaune a bakin kogin Mbéré suna amfani da ruwansa wajen: Samar da ruwan sha. Ban ruwa domin noma. Kiwon dabbobi. Kamun kifi. Wasu ƙananan hanyoyin sufuri a lokacin damina. Har ila yau, kogin yana taimakawa wajen samar da ƙasa mai albarka saboda ambaliyar ruwa da take ajiye laka mai amfani ga noma. Muhalli Yankin kogin Mbéré na da nau'o'in tsirrai da dabbobi iri-iri. Ana samun bishiyoyi, ciyayi, kifaye, tsuntsaye, da sauran namun daji masu dogaro da ruwa. Wannan ya sa kogin yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye daidaiton muhalli a yankin. Kalubale Kogin Mbéré na fuskantar wasu matsaloli da suka haɗa da: Sauyin yanayi da ke rage yawan ruwan sama. Sare dazuzzuka a bakin kogi. Faɗaɗar noma da kiwo ba tare da kula da muhalli ba. Zaizayar ƙasa da gurɓatar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Muhimmancin tattalin arziki Kogin yana taimakawa tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar tallafawa noma, kiwo da kamun kifi. Haka kuma, kasancewarsa wani ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Tafkin Chadi yana ƙara muhimmancinsa wajen samar da ruwa da rayuwa ga miliyoyin mutane a yankin. Kammalawa Kogin Mbéré yana daga cikin muhimman koguna na yankin tsakiyar Afirka. Baya ga kasancewarsa wani ɓangare na iyakar ƙasashe, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga noma, kiwo, kamun kifi, da kiyaye muhalli. Kula da wannan kogi da albarkatunsa na da matuƙar muhimmanci domin tabbatar da dorewar rayuwa da ci gaban yankin. rttscinlbxja2lgezczmq4hformv3rr 0 62170 879934 877177 2026-07-10T04:51:30Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Biography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360144291|Akhabue Ebalu Evans]]" 879934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akhabue Evans''' '''Ebalu''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Darakta En'man''', furodusa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]], mai daukar hoto kuma daraktan fina-finai. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Vanguard |first1=Nwafor |title=Meet Lawyer Ebalu who finds love in video directing |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/meet-lawyer-ebalu-who-finds-love-in-video-directing-2/ |accessdate=30 December 2019 |ref=1 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Yana aiki kuma yana ba da umarni ga Kamfanin Carel Films, inda kuma shi ne Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Kamfanin. Ya jagoranci bidiyon kiɗa na [[Nathaniel Bassey]], Dunsin Oyekan, [[Sinach]], [[Ada Ehi]], [[Rozey]], [[Eben (singer)|Eben]], [[Jahdiel]], Shaida Jaga, [[Samsong]], [[Victoria Orenze]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}, [[Sunmisola Agbebi]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} da kuma marigayi ministan bishara na Liberia Moses Swarey. <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Akhabue Evans''' '''Ebalu''', also known as '''Director En'man''', is a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nigerian]] producer, cinematographer and film director.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Vanguard |first1=Nwafor |title=Meet Lawyer Ebalu who finds love in video directing |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/meet-lawyer-ebalu-who-finds-love-in-video-directing-2/ |accessdate=30 December 2019 |ref=1 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> He works and directs for Carel Films, where he is also the Chief Executive Officer of the company. He has directed music videos of Nathaniel Bassey, Dunsin Oyekan, [[Sinach]], [[Ada Ehi]], Rozey, Eben, [[Jahdiel]], Testimony Jaga, Samsong, [[Victoria Orenze]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}, [[Sunmisola Agbebi]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} and the late Liberian gospel minister Moses Swarey. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Ya fara buga kayan kida yana da shekaru biyar kuma ya zama furodusa a kiɗa yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, ya fara da yin fim mai cike da kaset kafin ya fara yin fim yana da shekaru 20. === Sana'a === Evans lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a kuma an kira shi zuwa lauyan Najeriya yana da shekaru 21. Ya kafa kamfanoni biyu; BTSGram (Behind The Scene Gram) da Music Video Market Place. BTS-Gram <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Esohe |first=Grace |title=EVANS AKHABUE: WHY AFRICANS HAVE GREAT PROSPECTS |url=https://www.newsnowafrica.com/2019/12/30/evans-akhabue-why-africans-have-great-prospects/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127220416/http://www.newsnowafrica.com/2019/12/30/evans-akhabue-why-africans-have-great-prospects/ |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=23 May 2020 |website=News Now Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> wani shafin yanar gizo ne na yin fina-finai wanda ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni kamar; Feiyiu tech FY, Hollyland Technology, 3d lut creator, <ref name=":2" /> Teffest na [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalande-Ekeinde]], Gvm LED, Insta360, Gudsenmoza, Zhiyun_tech, Filmcrux. <ref name=":0" /> A watan Oktoba na 2022, ya jagoranci shirin Tim Godfrey mai suna "FEARLESS CONCERT" wanda aka gudanar a Eko Convention Center, Lagos Nigeria. Yana da alhakin manyan shirye-shiryen Yamaha a Afirka. == Kyautittika == ** SSMA (Kyautar Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Kudu-Kudu) 2014, Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara (En'man – Kilq (Ileke) (An zaɓe shi kuma ya lashe shi) ** Kyautar Loveworld- An zaɓe shi a matsayin Editan Bidiyo na shekara a 2016 da 2017 ** LMAM (Kyaututtukan Ma'aikatar Kiɗa da Fasaha ta Loveworld) Nau'i- Darakta, Gyara & Zane-zanen Motsi (2016-2019) <ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane] ==Manazarta == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Ya fara buga kayan kida yana da shekaru biyar kuma ya zama furodusa a kiɗa yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, ya fara da yin fim mai cike da kaset kafin ya fara yin fim yana da shekaru 20. === Sana'a === Evans lauya ne a sana’a, kuma an karɓe shi a matsayin lauya a ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya tun yana ɗan shekara 21. Ya kafa kamfanoni guda biyu: BTSGram (Behind The Scene Gram) da kuma Music Video Market Place. md1z5d68okgh08ybhh58y9c2s891hpe 0 62645 879887 609696 2026-07-09T23:37:33Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hsinchu, wanda a da aka fi sani da Shinchiku a lokacin mulkin Japan, birni ne da ke arewa maso yammacin Taiwan. Shi ne birni mafi yawan jama'a a Taiwan wanda ba birni na musamman ba ne, wanda aka kiyasta mazauna 450,655. Hsinchu birni ne na bakin teku da ke iyaka da mashigin Taiwan zuwa yamma, gundumar Hsinchu a arewa da gabas, da gundumar Miaoli a kudu. Ana yi masa lakabi da garin iska saboda tsananin damina a arewa maso gabas a lokacin kaka da lokacin hunturu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346|title=中華民國 內政部戶政司 全球資訊網|last=中華民國內政部戶政司|date=1 May 2018|website=中華民國內政部戶政司|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507110703/https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346|url-status=dead}}</ref> Asalin yankin 'yan asalin Taiwan ne na Austronesiya ne suka zaunar da shi, inda 'yan gudun hijira na Hoklo suka sanya wa mazaunin suna "Tek-kham". An kafa birnin Han 'yan kasar Sin ne suka kafa shi a shekara ta 1711, kuma sun canza masa suna zuwa Hsinchu a shekarar 1878. A zamanin Jafananci, birnin shi ne wurin zama na lardin Shinchiku, mai suna birnin. Lardin ya ƙunshi Birni da gundumar Hsinchu na yanzu, da kuma ɗaukacin Taoyuan da Miaoli. Bayan mulkin ROC a cikin 1945, an shirya yankin biranen Hsinchu a matsayin birni na lardi. {{stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> </gallery> ==Manazarta== Cikakken bayani kan Hsinchu Hsinchu (Sinanci: 新竹市), wanda a lokacin mulkin Japan ake kira Shinchiku, birni ne da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Taiwan. Yana daga cikin muhimman biranen Taiwan, kuma ya shahara a duniya saboda ci gabansa a fannin fasaha da masana'antar kera kwakwalwan kwamfuta (semiconductors). Saboda yawan iska da ke kadawa daga Tekun Taiwan, ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da "Birnin Iska" (The Windy City). Matsayin ƙasa Hsinchu yana bakin tekun Mashigin Taiwan (Taiwan Strait). Yana iyaka da: Gundumar Hsinchu daga arewa da gabas. Gundumar Miaoli daga kudu. Tekun Taiwan daga yamma. Birnin yana da faɗin kusan 104 km², kuma yawan jama'arsa ya zarce 450,000. Tarihi An fara samun matsuguni a yankin tun ƙarni na 18 lokacin da 'yan ƙaura daga lardin Fujian na ƙasar Sin suka zauna a wurin. A shekarar 1723 aka kafa ƙauyen da daga baya ya bunƙasa zuwa gari. A shekarar 1895, bayan Yaƙin Sino–Japan na farko, Japan ta karɓi ikon Taiwan. A wannan lokaci aka sauya sunan Hsinchu zuwa Shinchiku, aka kuma gina tituna, layukan dogo, makarantu da gine-ginen gwamnati. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a shekarar 1945, Taiwan ta koma ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sin (Republic of China), sannan aka mayar da sunan birnin zuwa Hsinchu. Tattalin arziki Babban abin da ya sa Hsinchu ya yi suna shi ne kasancewar Hsinchu Science Park, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1980 domin bunƙasa fasaha. Wannan cibiyar ta zama gida ga kamfanoni masu ƙera: Kwamfutoci. Kayan sadarwa. Na'urorin lantarki. Kwakwalwan kwamfuta (Semiconductors). Fasahar zamani. Saboda haka, ana kwatanta Hsinchu da Silicon Valley na Amurka. Ilimi Hsinchu cibiyar ilimi ce mai muhimmanci. Daga cikin manyan jami'o'in da ke cikinta akwai: National Tsing Hua University National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Waɗannan jami'o'i suna gudanar da bincike a fannonin kimiyya, injiniya, likitanci da fasahar sadarwa. Al'adu da wuraren tarihi Hsinchu yana da wuraren tarihi masu yawa, ciki har da: Hsinchu City God Temple – ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin haikalai mafi daraja a Taiwan. East Gate of Hsinchu – ƙofar tsohon katangar birni da aka gina tun zamanin Daular Qing. Gidajen tarihi da wuraren nune-nunen al'adun gargajiya. Yanayi Birnin yana da yanayin zafi mai ɗan laushi (humid subtropical climate). Lokacin bazara yana da zafi da ruwan sama, yayin da damina ke da sanyi mai sauƙi. Iska mai ƙarfi daga teku tana kadawa a mafi yawan lokutan shekara. Sufuri Hsinchu yana da ingantaccen tsarin sufuri: Layin dogo na Taiwan. Titunan mota masu saurin tafiya. Tashoshin motocin haya da na bas. Tashar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin tafiya (High-Speed Rail), wadda ke haɗa Hsinchu da manyan biranen Taiwan. Abinci Hsinchu ya shahara da: Taliyar shinkafa (Rice noodles). Kwallayen nama (Meatballs). Abincin teku. Kayan marmari da kayan gargajiya na Taiwan. Muhimmanci A yau Hsinchu yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin fasaha a duniya. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta da sauran kayayyakin zamani da ake amfani da su a wayoyin hannu, kwamfutoci, motoci da sauran na'urorin lantarki. Haka kuma, birnin yana haɗa ilimi, binciken kimiyya, masana'antu da yawon buɗe ido, abin da ya sa yake ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi tasiri a tattalin arzikin Taiwan. ggtsssjhvduzl0lw35eh6u5iuhadty7 0 62723 879922 817320 2026-07-10T02:38:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879922 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PROF._PN_OKEKE_AS_PROF._EMERITUS-_2015.jpg|thumb |Pius Nwankwo Okeke ]] [[Fayil:PROF. PN OKEKE AS PROF. EMERITUS- 2015.jpg|thumb|Pius Nwankwo Okeke]] '''Pius Nwankwo Okeke''' (an haife shi 30 ga Oktoba 1941) masanin falaki ne kuma malami ɗan Najeriya wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga binciken sararin samaniyar Afirka. An san shi da ''sunan Uban Taurari a Najeriya'' . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Pius Nwankwo Okeke a ranar 30 ga Oktoba (1941) a [[Oraukwu, Anambra|Oraukwu]] . <ref name=":422">{{Cite web|last=Africa|first=Space in|date=2019-03-28|title=Meet the Father of Astronomy in Nigeria - Prof. P.N Okeke|url=https://africanews.space/meet-the-father-of-astronomy-in-nigeria-prof-p-n-okeke/|access-date=2022-11-05|website=Space in Africa|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-20|title=Celebrating PN Okeke, the man who made Nigerian students love physics|url=https://qwenu.com/2021/10/20/celebrating-pn-okeke-the-man-who-made-nigerian-students-love-physics/|access-date=2022-11-05|website=Qwenu!|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105202406/https://qwenu.com/2021/10/20/celebrating-pn-okeke-the-man-who-made-nigerian-students-love-physics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Okeke ya halarci makarantar firamare a garin Oraukwu, inda ya yi fice a fannin lissafi sannan kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Washington memorial Grammar School daga (1957) zuwa 1962. Okeke ya halarci makarantar kimiyya ta gaggawa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], inda ya yi matakinsa na A . A shekarar (1965), ya samu gurbin karatu a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami’ar Legas]] inda ya yi karatun Physics. Sai dai saboda [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] ya koma [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] inda ya kammala digirin farko a fannin Physics a shekarar 1971. Ya ci gaba da zama dan karamin bincike a jami’a kafin ya kammala digirinsa na uku a shekarar (1975) inda ya zama mutum na farko da ya fara yin hakan. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Okeke Pius {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/okeke-pius|access-date=2022-11-05|website=www.aasciences.africa|archive-date=2022-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105194706/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/okeke-pius|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == A cikin 1979, Okeke ya koma matsayin mai bincike na Postdoctoral zuwa Jami'ar Cambridge don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar farfesa Martin Rees . Bayan ya dawo Najeriya kuma a shekarar 1989, ya zama Farfesa kuma shugaban Cibiyar Binciken Sararin Samaniya a Jami’ar Najeriya. A Jami'ar Najeriya, ya kasance shugaban Sashen Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Astronomy, sannan kuma shugaban tsangayar kimiyyar lissafi daga 1999 zuwa 2002. Tun daga watan Nuwamba 2022, Okeke ƙwararren malami ne a Jami'ar Najeriya. Okeke wani masanin kimiyya ne mai ziyara a Jami'ar Tuebingen (1995) da Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (1997), babban jami'in bincike a National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (1993), malami mai ziyara a Cibiyar Astronomical Observatory ta Afirka ta Kudu (1996). ), da Memba na Hukumar Bincike na Ƙasa (Afirka ta Kudu) daga 1994 har zuwa 2000. Okeke shi ne shugaban kungiyar Astronomical Society na Afirka kuma darektan Cibiyar Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Historical Backgroud|url=https://www.nasrdacbss.com/our-historical-backgroud/|access-date=2022-11-05|website=NASRDA-Centre for Basic Space Science|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen karatun digiri mai ƙarfi da wuraren bincike, ya taimaka wajen fara shirye-shiryen kimiyyar sararin samaniya a Afirka. An kafa na'urar hangen nesa ta rediyo mai tsayin mita 25, daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka a [[Nsukka]] karkashin jagorancin Okeke da hadin gwiwar kasar Sin. <ref name=":522">{{Cite web|title=nigerian – ikechukwu|url=https://realikechukwu.com/tag/nigerian/|access-date=2022-11-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Okeke ya samar da litattafai 15 kan ilimin lissafi da ilmin taurari . Okeke shine marubucin Babban Sakandare Physics. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Okeke|first1=Pius N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCXFAAAACAAJ|title=Senior Secondary Physics|last2=Anyakoha|first2=M. W.|date=1987|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-37571-6|language=en}}</ref> Okeke ya ba da gudunmawa mara misaltuwa ga ci gaban masana ilimi, wanda ake zaton shi ne ke da alhakin samar da kusan kashi 3/4 na masana ilmin taurarin Najeriya. Ana kiran Okeke a matsayin ''uban ilimin taurari a Najeriya'' . <ref name=":422" /> Okeke abokin tarayya ne a makarantar Pan-African na masu tasowa astronomers (PASEA) da makarantar bazara ta yammacin Afirka don matasa masu ilimin taurari. <ref>{{Cite web|title=West African International Summer School for Young Astronomers|url=https://sites.google.com/site/astronomywestafrica/home|access-date=2022-11-05|website=sites.google.com|archive-date=2022-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105202132/https://sites.google.com/site/astronomywestafrica/home|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarihinsa, "Braving the Stars", Sam Chukwu da Jeff Unaegbu ne suka rubuta shi a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Amazon|first=KDP|date=April 29, 2023|title=BRAVING THE STARS: THE BIOGRAPHY OF P.N. OKEKE FAMOUS NIGERIAN SPACE SCIENTIST AND PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS|isbn=978-1080411818}}</ref> == Kyauta == Okeke shine Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society ( FRAS ), Fellow of the [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Nigerian Academy of Sciences]] (1998), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-13|title=Fellowship {{!}} The Nigerian Academy of Science|url=https://nas.org.ng/list-of-fellows-since-inception/|access-date=2022-11-06|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162544/https://nas.org.ng/list-of-fellows-since-inception/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences (2017), and the [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] Consultant for Space Kimiyya a Afirka. A shekara ta 2007, Okeke ya kasance dan Afirka da ya samu lambar yabo ta UN/NASA saboda aikinsa na ciyar da ilimin taurari a Afirka gaba. <ref name=":12" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Okeke ya auri Francisca Okeke, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma yana da ‘ya’ya shida. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2018|title=How A Notorious Physics Problem Led Prof Okeke To Physics|url=https://www.scicomnigeria.org/blank-1/How-A-Notorious-Physics-Problem-Led-Prof-Okeke-To-Physics-|access-date=6 August 2018|website=Science Communication Hub Nigeria|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162605/https://www.scicomnigeria.org/blank-1/How-A-Notorious-Physics-Problem-Led-Prof-Okeke-To-Physics-|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspiring Youth: Francisca Nneka Okeke {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/science-education/inspiring-youth/inspiring-youth-francisca-nneka-okeke/|access-date=2020-01-22|website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> Francisca Okeke wata kwararriyar likitan kimiyya ce wacce ta ci lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO Ga Mata a Kimiyyar Kimiyya a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-14|title=Okeke… The love, the life of UNESCO medalist|url=https://tundeakingbade.wordpress.com/2013/04/14/okeke-the-love-the-life-of-unesco-medalist/|access-date=2022-11-05|website=tundeakingbade|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=2012-10-05|title=Inspiring Youth: Francisca Nneka Okeke &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/science-education/inspiring-youth/inspiring-youth-francisca-nneka-okeke/|accessdate=2013-05-09|publisher=Unesco.org}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=2013-04-19|title=Nigeria : une scientifique remporte le prix L'OrĂŠal-Unesco|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/172165/nigeria-une-scientifique-remporte-le-prix-loreal-unesco|accessdate=2013-05-09|publisher=Slate Afrique|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210849/http://www.slateafrique.com/172165/nigeria-une-scientifique-remporte-le-prix-loreal-unesco|url-status=dead}}</ref> == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == * {{cite book|last1=Okeke|first1=Pius N.|last2=Anyakoha|first2=M. W.|title=Senior secondary physics|publisher=Macmillan|publication-place=London|date=1987|isbn=0-333-37571-8|oclc=17776397}} * {{cite journal|last1=Soon|first1=W|last2=Baliunas|first2=S|last3=Posmentier|first3=E.S|last4=Okeke|first4=P|title=Variations of solar coronal hole area and terrestrial lower tropospheric air temperature from 1979 to mid-1998: astronomical forcings of change in earth's climate?|journal=New Astronomy|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=4|issue=8|year=2000|issn=1384-1076|doi=10.1016/s1384-1076(00)00002-6|pages=563–579|bibcode=2000NewA....4..563S}} * {{cite journal|last1=Ayantunji|first1=Benjamin Gbenro|last2=Okeke|first2=P. N.|last3=Urama|first3=J. O.|title=Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Surface Refractivity Over Nigeria|journal=Progress in Electromagnetics Research B|publisher=The Electromagnetics Academy|volume=30|year=2011|issn=1937-6472|doi=10.2528/pierb11030902|pages=201–222|doi-access=free}} == Manazarta == <references /> == Kara karantawa ==  {{Cite book|last1=Chukwu|first1=Sam|publisher=Independently published|year=2013|isbn=978-1080411818|title=Braving the Stars: The Biography of P.N. Okeke famous Nigerian space scientist and professor of physics|last2=Unaegbu|first2=Jeff}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Pius Nwankwo Okeke publications indexed by Google Scholar * Pius Nwankwo Okeke's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required) * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pius-Okeke Pius Nwankwo Okeke], researchgate profile. [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Karni na 21 malaman nigeria]] [[Category:Karni na 20 malaman nigeria]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Category:Mutanen anambra]] 4cqzs7j9x4cfoxk6amsp2s1257g8w1j 0 64391 880079 575769 2026-07-10T10:45:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christopher Jullien''' (an haife shi 22 Maris 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiya don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue 1 [[Montpellier]]. Shi tsohon matashin Faransa ne na duniya, wanda ya wakilci ƙasarsa a matakin ƙasa da shekara 20.. == Aikin kulob == '''Farkon aiki da Auxerre''' An haife shi a Faransa, asalin daga tsibirin Faransa, Martinique. Bayan ya kasa samun zaɓi a cikin babbar makarantar Clairefontaine, Jullien ya koma wani kulob na [[Faris|Paris]], Torcy, ƙungiyar da ta samar da ɗan wasan Faransa Paul Pogba.<ref>"En moins d'un an, Christopher Jullien est passé de la CFA 2 à une place de titulaire en pro" (in French). lyonne.fr. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</ref> Daga nan ya bar Auxerre a cikin 2006. Bayan shafe shekara guda yana wasa tare da tawagar 'yan wasan kungiyar, tsohon kociyan kungiyar Jean-Guy Wallemme ya fara taka leda a lokacin kamfen na 2012-13 a rukuni na biyu. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2012, lokacin da Auxerre ya ci 2-1 a kan Laval. '''SC Freiburg''' Jullien ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko tare da SC Freiburg akan canja wuri kyauta, bayan Auxerre ya gaza yin hakan a lokacin bazara na 2013.<ref>"Der SC Freiburg verpflichtet Christopher Jullien". Badische Zeitung (in German). 26 June 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2019.  </ref><ref>"Bienvenue, Christopher Jullien!". SC Freiburg (in German). 26 June 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> A lokacin kakarsa ta farko a Freiburg, ko da yake ya fito ne kawai ga ƙungiya ta biyu, ya taka leda a mataki na hudu, Regionalliga. '''Loan ga Dijon''' A ƙarshen Yuni 2015, an ba Jullien aro ga Dijon a Ligue 2.<ref>"Fribourg prête Christopher Jullien à Dijon". m.lequipe.fr (in French). 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.</ref> '''Toulouse''' A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2016, Jullien ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu don kungiyar [[Toulouse]] ta Ligue 1.<ref>"Christopher Jullien, première recrue estivale du TFC" [Christopher Jullien, the first summer signing of TFC]. Toulouse FC (in French). 1 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</ref> '''Celtic''' A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2019, Jullien ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu don Celtic. Ya sanya hannu kan farashin da ake yayatawa cewa yana kan fan miliyan 7, wanda zai sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyu mafi tsada da Celtic (bayan dan kasar Faransa Odsonne Édouard, wanda ya sanya hannu kan fam miliyan 9 a bazarar da ta gabata).<ref>"Christopher Jullien: Defender joins Celtic from Toulouse". BBC Sport. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</ref> Wasan da ya biyo baya da Romanians CFR Cluj, Jullien ya kasance a kan benci yayin da Celtic ta yi rashin nasara da ci 4–3 a daren da kuma 5–4 a jimillar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta Champions League zagaye na 3 zagaye na biyu.<ref>"Celtic's Jullien thankful for German disappointment". The Herald. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</ref> Ya ci wa Celtic kwallonsa ta farko a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa da AIK a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019.<ref>"AIK 1-4 Celtic". BBC. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.  </ref> Ya samu rauni a kai a wasa a watan Satumbar 2019.<ref>"Hamilton Academical 0-1 Celtic: Chrstopher Jullien set to be 'fine' for Euro action after head knock". 14 September 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.</ref> Jullien ya lashe kofinsa na farko na cikin gida, inda ya zira kwallo daya tilo a nasarar da suka yi da Rangers da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2019 a ranar 8 ga Disamba a Hampden Park.<ref>"Jullien earns 10-man Celtic win over Rangers in fiery Old Firm cup final". The Independent. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</ref> '''Montpellier''' A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2022, Jullien ya rattaba hannu tare da Montpellier na Ligue 1 kan kwantiragin shekaru uku.<ref>"Transferts : Christopher Jullien (Celtic Glasgow) a signé à Montpellier" [Transfers: Christopher Jullien (Celtic Glasgow) has signed for Montpellier]. L'Équipe (in French). 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</ref> Celtic ta karɓi kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 1.<ref>"Montpellier sign Christopher Jullien for €1million plus add-ons, on a 3 year deal". The Celtic Star. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Jullien ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Faransa da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da Faransa ta yi a Turkiyya. == Lambar Girmamawa == '''Celtic''' * Gasar Premier ta Scotland: 2019-20<ref>"Celtic champions & Hearts relegated after SPFL ends season". BBC Sport. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020. </ref> * Kofin Scotland: 2019-20<ref>Celtic win fourth straight Scottish Cup as Hazard's shootout saves break Hearts, Ewan Murray, The Guardian, 20 December 2020  </ref> * Kofin League na Scotland: 2019-20<ref>"Rangers 0 – 1 Celtic". BBC Sport. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</ref> '''Faransa U20''' * FIFA U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya: 2013 {{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 177p4fg71qri720b6b0799lsfhoobgn 0 64516 879740 829093 2026-07-09T18:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Olubayi.jpg|thumb|olubayi]] [[Fayil:Olubayi Olubayi.jpg|thumb|Olubayi ]] Farfesa '''Olubayi Olubayi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1960) a [[Kenya]], ya tashi a Kenya kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Rutgers da ke Amurka. Shi ne Babban Jami'in Ilimi a Ma'arifa Education,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maarifaeducation.com/index.php/team|publisher=Maarifa Education|title=Team}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ya kasance mataimakin shugaba kuma shugaban Jami'ar International University of East Africa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iuea.ac.ug/university-leadership/|publisher=University of East Africa|title=Leadership|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120233827/http://iuea.ac.ug/university-leadership/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a [[Uganda]]. Masanin kimiyya ne kuma kwararre a kan kwayoyin cuta, ilimi, ilmantarwa, jagoranci da zamantakewar kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos.co.ke/NEWBASE_EXPORTS/Unilever-dont%20delete/150626_The%20East%20African%20Business%20Times_28_9b64d.pdf|publisher=Ipsos Limited|title=East Africa Business Times}}</ref> A matsayinsa na masanin kimiya kuma kwararre, Olubayi ya sami Ph.D. game da hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta-da-shuke-shuke a Jami'ar Rutgers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=35&PHPSESSID=5c47ec012732ff3aa99ab1b13319c7d4|publisher=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance|title=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708144017/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=35&PHPSESSID=013d38a718ba8e5b6a09f86143fefc44|url-status=dead}}</ref> yana riƙe da takardar shaidar bincike kan ɗimbin [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] kuma ya wallafa labaran masana da yawa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ilimin halittu da kimiyyar zamantakewa. A matsayinsa na malami ya koyar a Kwalejin Middlesex da Jami'ar Rutgers na tsawon shekaru 16, kuma ya koyar da tunani mai zurfi a cikin shirin IUEA MBA. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kuma mai ba da shawara ga jami'an gwamnati a Kenya da Afirka ta Kudu, da UNDP a kan batutuwan karatu, ilimi, fasahar kere-kere, ci gaba mai dorewa da zama ɗan kasa a duniya. Shi mai ba da shawara ne na waje ga masu Ph.D. ɗalibai a cikin Jami'ar Oxford-Kemri/Wellcome Trust Research Programme a Kilifi, Kenya. A matsayin ɗan kasuwa na zamantakewa, Olubayi ya kafa ƙungiyar Kiwimbi International<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiwimbi.org/people-of-kiwimbi.html|title=Initial Kenyan NGO Board Members|publisher=Kiwimbi International}}</ref> mai zaman kanta da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya da ake mutuntawa ta Amurka wacce ke kafa ɗakunan karatu a duk duniya kuma tana ba da damar koyon sabis na duniya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Education for a Better World|isbn=1461076862}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai tunani, shi ne marubucin littafin "Ilimi don Ingantacciyar Duniya" da kuma binciken masana kimiyya mai tasowa na al'adun gargajiya na Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol2/iss2/8/|title=The Emerging National Culture of Kenya|publisher=Journal of Global Initiatives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://network.bepress.com/explore/social-and-behavioral-sciences/sociology/sociology-of-culture/?facet=discipline%3A%22Politics+and+Social+Change%22&facet=subject_facet%3A%22National+identity%22|title=Sociology of Culture Commons|publisher=Digital Commons Network}}</ref> Farfesa Olubayi shi ne shugaban Majalisar Jami’ar a Jami’ar Cavendish Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cavendish.ac.ug/|title=Cavendish University Uganda|website=www.cavendish.ac.ug|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> He is a Member of the University Council of KCA University, Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kca.ac.ke/9th-commencement-ceremony?lightbox=dataItem-jb6810r6|title=9th Commencement Ceremony|website=kcauniversity|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kca.ac.ke/university-governance|title=University Governance|website=kcauniversity|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29|archive-date=2019-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929123122/https://www.kca.ac.ke/university-governance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Majalisar Jami'ar Jami'ar KCA, Kenya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ƙabilu da kabilanci Policy Relations Policy of National Cohesion and Integration Commission of Kenya (NCIC) a shekarun 2012 da 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmWEDwAAQBAJ&q=alice+wairimu+nderitu+book+ethnic+divides+++olubayi&pg=PR10|title=Kenya, Bridging Ethnic Divides: A Commissioner's Experience on Cohesion and Integration|last=Wairimu|first=Nderitu, Alice|date=2018-12-12|publisher=Mdahalo Bridging Divides|isbn=9789966190314|language=en}}</ref> Shi murya ce mai mai kyau da aka ambata sosai akan "al'adun haɗin kai na ƙasa da ke tasowa a Kenya" tun daga shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katibaculturalrights.wordpress.com/2017/08/25/one-tribe-one-kenya/|title=One Tribe, One Kenya?|last=Blog|first=Guest|date=2017-08-25|website=Cultural Rights and Kenya's New Constitution|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mshale.com/2007/03/23/kenyan-diaspora-convention-kicks-off/|title=Kenyan Diaspora Convention Kicks Off|date=2007-03-23|website=Mshale|access-date=2019-09-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=jgi The Emerging National Culture of Kenya: Decolonizing Modernity] Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective</ref><ref>[https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=jgi The Emerging National Culture of Kenya: Decolonizing Modernity] Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne shugaban hukumar gudanarwa na makarantar sakandare ta ‘yan mata ta St. Thomas Amagoro da ke gundumar Busia a ƙasar Kenya. == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 40adrmfvc6mzoglq2v5e2sp6ol1zddz 0 65181 880094 573048 2026-07-10T10:56:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Noah Persson (Sweden U21 starting XI vs Moldova U21, 13 October 2023).jpg|thumb|Noah Persson]] '''Noah Karl Anders Persson''' (an haife shi 16 ga Yuli 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Sweden]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiyar wallon Young Boys Swiss Super League. == Aikin kulob == Nuhu Persson na yara club shine Asarums IF. Lokacin yana ɗan shekara 15, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Mjällby AIF.<ref>"Mjällby AIF flyttar upp Otto och Noah" [Mjällby AIF moves up Otto and Noah] (in Swedish). Mjällby AIF. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarsa na 18th, ya yi Allsvenskan na farko a Mjällby AIF, lokacin da ya fito a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] a wasan 2-2 da Örebro SK a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2021.<ref>"Noah Persson om allsvenska debuten: "Något jag väntat på"" [Noah Persson about the Allsvenskan debut: "Something I was waiting for"] (in Swedish). Blekinge Läns Tidning. 13 August 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> Daga baya wannan watan, Persson ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙungiyar farko tare da Mjällby AIF. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2023 an sayar da Persson ga kulob din BSC Young Boys na [[Switzerland]] kan 'kudi miliyan biyu da ba a bayyana ba' wanda ya sa Persson ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada da Mjällby ya sayar. Persson ya kasance fiye da aro zuwa Mjällby har zuwa Mayu 2023.<ref>Kjellander, Daniel; Ljungkvist, Matilda (8 February 2023). "Mjällbys rekordförsäljning av Noah Persson: "En affär som får MVG på alla plan"" [Mjällby's record sale of Noah Persson: "A deal that gets MVG on all levels"]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 February 2023.</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2024, an ba shi aro ga takwarorinsu na Super League na kungiyar Grasshopper Club Zürich na sauran kakar 2024–25.<ref>"Noah Persson joins GC Zurich on loan". Grasshopper Club Zurich. 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref> Ya fafata a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2024, a cikin nasara da ci 2 – 0 a gasar cin kofin Swiss da suka yi da FC Thun, inda ya ba da taimako ga burin farko.<ref>"Sieg in der Stockhorn Arena" [Victory in the Stockhorn Arena] (in Swiss High German). Grasshopper Club Zurich. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</ref> Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Grasshoppers a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2024, inda ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi waje da FC Basel da ci 0 – 1, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar zama gwarzon dan wasan.<ref>"Basel unterliegt GC und verpasst den Sprung an die Tabellenspitze". www.bluewin.ch (in German). Bluewin. 14 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.</ref> Ita ce kuma kwallonsa ta farko tun bayan da ya koma Switzerland. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Persson ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Sweden a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2023, yana wasa na mintuna 90 a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Finland da ci 2-0.<ref>"Sverige - Finland - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2023.  "Noah Persson". Soccerway.com. Retrieved 29 February 2024. </ref>{{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] pgejn9b6c8jusootk4jxdcprs0qzr7n 0 65277 879620 874271 2026-07-09T14:44:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andoni Iraola''' Andoni Iraola Sagarna haifaffen 22 ga Yuni 1982) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League ta AFC Bournemouth.<ref name=":0">"Andoni IRAOLA Sagama [sic]". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> An yi amfani da shi da farko azaman mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]]. Akan aikinsa ya kasance mai gwagwarmaya sosai kuma yana da ƙwarewar wucewa. Ya ciyar da mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Athletic Bilbao, <ref>Rodrigálvarez, Eduardo (20 February 2011). "Iraola, sin fin" [Iraola, without limits]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2011.</ref> yana bayyana a cikin gasa na 510 sama da lokutan 12.<ref name=":1">Río, Endika (11 October 2013). "Iraola igualará a Larrazabal en el ranking histórico" [Iraola to equal Larrazabal in historical ranking]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> Iraola ya fara gudanar da aikin ne a shekarar 2018, inda ya ke jagorantar Rayo Vallecano na tsawon shekaru uku. A cikin 2023, an nada shi a matsayin manajan kulob din Premier League Bournemouth == Sana'ar wasa == '''Kwallo''' '''Athletic Bilbao''' An haifi Iraola a Usurbil, Gipuzkoa.<ref>Herguedas, Miguel Ángel (26 September 2021). "Andoni Iraola: "El fútbol y la sociedad han cambiado, pero no creo que para peor"" [Andoni Iraola: "Football and society have changed, but I don't think it was for the worse"]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> Ya taka leda a matsayin matashi don Antiguoko, <ref>"Jugadores relevantes" [Relevant players] (in Spanish). Antiguoko KE. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.</ref> tare da abokan aiki kamar Mikel Arteta, Xabi Alonso, Mikel Alonso da Aritz Aduriz.<ref>Lowe, Sid (29 September 2023). "Iraola v Arteta: childhood teammates in Basque Dream Team meet again". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</ref> Samfurin tsarin matasa na Athletic Bilbao a Lezama, ya fara wasansa na farko tare da ƙungiyar farko a cikin kakar 2003 – 04, ya zama zaɓi na farko yayin da yake ɗaukar bugun fanareti da bugun fanareti.<ref>"Iraizoz asegura que no hay preocupación por los penaltis fallados" [Iraizoz assures there is nothing to worry about regarding missed penalties]. El Correo (in Spanish). 23 February 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2003, ya fara bayyanarsa na farko a La Liga, wanda ya fara a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a gida da Barcelona, <ref>"Athletic Bilbao 0–1 Barcelona". ESPN Soccernet. 30 August 2003. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>​​[10] da kwallaye biyar da ya zira a cikin wasanni 30 ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin lokutansa na 12, Iraola bai taɓa buga ƙasa da wasannin lig na 30 ba, yana zira kwallaye a cikin duka kamfen ɗin gasar sai dai guda ɗaya - kamar tsohon gwarzon kulob Aitor Larrazábal, wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya<ref name=":1" /><ref>Moscoso, Álvaro (22 November 2011). "Iraola es el defensa más goleador de toda la Liga" [Iraola is the defender with the most goals in the entire League] (in Spanish). El Desmarque. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> - yayin da kuma yana taimakawa bangaren Basque. gama na biyu a gasar Copa del Rey guda uku da 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2007, ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka ci 2–0 a waje da maƙwabta Real Sociedad, <ref>"Real Sociedad 0–2 Athletic Bilbao". ESPN Soccernet. 28 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</ref> waɗanda a ƙarshe suka sake komawa; ‘Yan wasa sun kauce wa faduwa, inda suke matsayi na 17.<ref>"La peor temporada del Athletic en San Mamés desde 2007" [Athletic's worst season at San Mamés since 2007] (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref>. Ya buga wasan karshe na kofinsa na farko a cikin 2009, rashin nasara da ci 4 – 1 ga Barcelona a filin wasa na Mestalla da ke Valencia,<ref> Melero, Delfín (13 May 2009). "El Barça se corona por aplastamiento" [Barça crowned through crushing]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> kuma bayan shekaru uku ya taimaka musu wajen kammala gasar cin kofin gida <ref>Lowe, Sid (26 May 2012). "Barcelona end Guardiola era with Copa del Rey win over Athletic Bilbao". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> da kuma gasar cin kofin Turai.<ref>Atkin, John (9 May 2012). "Falcao at double as Atlético march to title". UEFA. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2012–13 ita ce shekara ta farko inda Iraola ya kasa samun raga a gasar, amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa zabin farko na kungiyar a matsayinsa kamar yadda ya taka leda a wasanni 35. Burinsa daya tilo na kakar wasa ya zo ne a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2012 a cikin 6-0 na gida na HJK a wasan zagaye na gaba na UEFA Europa League (9-3 akan jimillar).<ref>Bryan, Paul (24 August 2012). "Bielsa delighted as Athletic get back on track". UEFA. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref> Iraola ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2013, inda ya ajiye shi a San Mamés har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2015.<ref> "Andoni Iraola's renewal". Athletic Bilbao. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref>. A cikin minti na 24 na wasansa na karshe a gasar Premier da Villarreal a watan Mayun 2015, Aritz Aduriz ya ba shi bugun fanareti amma ya ki, don haka tsohon ya sauya ta a maimakon; 'yan wasan biyu suka hada kai don Iraola ya zura kwallo a budaddiyar wasan bayan mintuna hudu.<ref>Estepa, Javier (23 May 2015). "El Athletic monta la fiesta" [Athletic get the party started]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> Ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a wasansa na karshe, wasan karshe na Copa del Rey na 2015 wanda Barcelona ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. <ref>"Andoni Iraola: Neymar has examples in his own team to learn from". Sport. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> '''New York City FC''' A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, yana da shekaru 33, Iraola ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Major League Soccer na [[New York (birni)|New York City]] FC.<ref>"New York City FC sign Athletic Bilbao veteran Andoni Iraola, Manchester City youth product Angelino". Major League Soccer. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Toronto FC a filin wasa na Yankee ranar 12 ga Yuli, inda ya buga gaba dayan canjaras 4–4.<ref>"New York City FC vs. Toronto FC: Match recap". New York City FC. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> Iraola ya sanar da yin ritaya a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2016.<ref>"Andoni Iraola retires". New York City FC. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.</ref> '''Ƙasashen Duniya''' A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, sabon kocin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] Vicente del Bosque ya kira Iraola don wasan sada zumunci da Denmark, tare da abokin wasansa Fernando Amorebieta.<ref>"Amorebieta e Iraola, sorpresas en la lista de Del Bosque" [Amorebieta and Iraola, surprises in Del Bosque's list]. Marca (in Spanish). 14 August 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> Ya shiga filin wasan ne a cikin mintuna 15 na karshe na wasan da suka yi nasara a waje da ci 3-0, inda ya zo a madadin Sergio Ramos.<ref>Rodríguez, Rubén (20 August 2008). "Del Bosque debuta con victoria en Dinamarca" [Del Bosque debuts with victory in Denmark]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 May 2015.  </ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris 2011, bayan kusan shekara ɗaya da rabi ba tare da buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar wasa ba, Iraola ya fara ne a ci 3-1 da Lithuania a Kaunas don neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2012.<ref>Januška, Vaidotas (29 March 2011). "Mata the catalyst as Spain win in Lithuania". UEFA. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</ref> Ya kamata a yanke wa 'yan wasan karshe, amma raunin da ya ji ya tilasta masa barin dan wasan Atlético Madrid Juanfran.<ref>López, José David (28 May 2012). "Negredo, Jordi Alba y Juanfran, tres caras nuevas para tres necesidades" [Negredo, Jordi Alba and Juanfran, three new faces for three needs] (in Spanish). Goal. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref> Iraola ya taka leda a bangaren wakilcin Basque na tsawon shekaru goma, bayan da ya yi muhawara a baya a wasan da suka yi nasara da Uruguay da ci 2–1 a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2003.<ref>"Dos goles de Bolo terminan con la resistencia uruguaya" [Two goals from Bolo finish off the Uruguayan resistance]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 27 December 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</ref><ref>"Euskadi golea a Perú" [Euskadi thrash Peru]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == '''AEK Larnaca''' An nada Iraola kocin kungiyar AEK Larnaca na kasar Cyprus a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2018, inda ya gaji dan kasarsa Imanol Idiakez.<ref>García, Alberto (18 June 2018). "Iraola y Murillo, presentados por el AEK Larnaca" [Iraola and Murillo, presented by AEK Larnaca]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2018.</ref> An kore shi a ranar 14 ga Janairu,<ref>Zaballa, Carlos (14 January 2019). "Andoni Iraola, destituido del AEK Larnaca" [Andoni Iraola, sacked by AEK Larnaca]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> bayan kusan watanni biyu ba tare da ya ci ko da wasa ba.<ref>Manchón, Martín (14 January 2019). "Los números de Iraola como entrenador del AEK Larnaca" [The numbers of Iraola as manager of AEK Larnaca]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> '''Mirandés''' A kan 10 Yuli 2019, Iraola ya maye gurbin Borja Jiménez da ya tafi a jagororin Mirandés, wanda aka ƙara zuwa Segunda División.<ref>"Andoni Iraola, nuevo entrenador del Club Deportivo Mirandés" [Andoni Iraola, new manager of Club Deportivo Mirandés] (in Spanish). CD Mirandés. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019. </ref> Ya kai kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Spain a karo na biyu a tarihin shekaru 92, musamman kawar da manyan kungiyoyin Celta, Sevilla da Villarreal.<ref>"El Mirandés obra otro milagro histórico y volverá a jugar unas semifinales de Copa del Rey" [Mirandés work another historical miracle and will play semi-finals of the King's Cup again] (in Spanish). Eurosport. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2020, ya bar kulob din yayin da kwantiraginsa ya kare.<ref>"COMUNICADO OFICIAL | CLUB DEPORTIVO MIRANDÉS S.A.D." [OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT | CLUB DEPORTIVO MIRANDÉS S.A.D.] (in Spanish). CD Mirandés. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> '''Rayo Vallecano''' Iraola ya ci gaba da zama a rukuni na biyu a watan Agusta 2020, inda ya maye gurbin Paco Jémez a Rayo Vallecano.<ref>"Andoni Iraola nuevo entrenador del Rayo Vallecano" [Andoni Iraola new coach of Rayo Vallecano] (in Spanish). Rayo Vallecano. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</ref> A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2021, bayan samun ci gaba a fafatawar, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2022.<ref>"Andoni Iraola 2022" (in Spanish). Rayo Vallecano. 6 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</ref> A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya sake jagorantar kungiyar zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasar; Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Rayo ke samun wannan, karo na farko da ya zo shekaru 40 da suka gabata.<ref>"El Rayo de Iraola hace historia en Copa Del Rey al volver 40 años después a semis" [Iraola's Rayo make history in the King's Cup by returning to the semis after 40 years]. Marca (in Spanish). 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2023, Leeds United ta Premier League ta tuntuɓi Iraola, amma ba a ba shi izinin barin Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas ba.<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Leeds approach for Rayo Vallecano boss blocked, says Guillem Balague". BBC Sport. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref> Ya tafi ne a karshen yakin neman zabe, bayan da ya ki amincewa da tayin sabuntawa<ref>"Andoni Iraola se va del Rayo Vallecano" [Andoni Iraola leaves Rayo Vallecano] (in Spanish). El Desmarque. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</ref>. '''AFC Bournemouth''' A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2023, an nada Iraola kocin AFC Bournemouth kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.<ref>Martin, Richard (19 June 2023). "Andoni Iraola: Who is Bournemouth's new manager?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</ref> Wasansa na farko da ya jagoranci shine 1-1 gida da West Ham United a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda Dominic Solanke ya zira kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.<ref>Olley, Declan (12 August 2023). "Bournemouth 1–1 West Ham: Dominic Solanke rescues point for Cherries after Jarrod Bowen's stunning opener". Sky Sports. Retrieved 10 September 2023. </ref> Ya samu nasararsa ta farko a zagaye na goma, inda ya doke Burnley da ci 2–1 da kwallaye daga Antoine Semenyo da Philip Billing.<ref>Howarth, Matthew (28 October 2023). "AFC Bournemouth 2–1 Burnley". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</ref> Iraola ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2024, har zuwa 2026;<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Bournemouth boss Iraola signs contract extension". BBC Sport. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</ref> tawagarsa ta Cherries ta kammala kakar wasa da maki 48 mafi kyawu, a matsayi na 12.<ref>Tanner, Jack (20 May 2024). "Andoni Iraola on AFC Bournemouth missing out on Premier League top 10". Bournemouth Daily Echo. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</ref> A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, ya lura da nasara da ci 2–1 a kan Manchester City, wanda ya kawo karshen wasanninsu na 32 ba tare da an doke su ba a gasar cikin gida.<ref>Long, Dan (2 November 2024). "Bournemouth 2–1 Man City: Antoine Semenyo, Evanilson strike as Premier League champions shocked on the south coast". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</ref> == Salon gudanarwa == Iraola ya yarda da tsarin 4–3–3/4–3–2–1 tare da mai da hankali kan saurin dawo da ƙwallon ƙafa. Tare da masu saurin fuka-fuki, ’yan wasan tsakiya marasa gajiyawa da kuma dan wasan tsakiya mai karewa wanda ke son zurfafa zurfafawa yayin da ake gini daga baya lokacin da ‘yan baya suka matsa gaba, babban abin da ya ba da muhimmanci shi ne kamo ‘yan adawa.<ref>Karlsen, Tor-Kristian (3 March 2022). "Barcelona's Xavi among six top young coaches to watch in European football". ESPN. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</ref> == Lambobin Girmamawa == '''Dan wasa''' '''Athletic Bilbao''' * Copa del Rey wanda ya zo na biyu: 2008–09, <ref>Melero, Delfín (13 May 2009). "El Barça se corona por aplastamiento" [Barça crowned through crushing]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2011–12, <ref>Lowe, Sid (26 May 2012). "Barcelona end Guardiola era with Copa del Rey win over Athletic Bilbao". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> 2014–15<ref>"Andoni Iraola: Neymar has examples in his own team to learn from". ''Sport''. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</ref> * Supercopa de España: 2009<ref>"El FC Barcelona golea al Athletic y conquista el título (3–0)" [FC Barcelona thrash Athletic and conquer title (3–0)]. ''Diario de Sevilla'' (in Spanish). 23 August 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> * UEFA Europa League ta biyu: 2011-12<ref>Atkin, John (9 May 2012). "Falcao at double as Atlético march to title". UEFA. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref> '''Manager''' '''AEK Larnaca''' * Cypriot Super Cup: 2018<ref>Constantinou, Iacovos (29 September 2018). "Turbulent Apoel take on AEK in Super Cup". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</ref> '''Mutum''' * Manajan Premier League na Watan: Maris 2024<ref>"Iraola wins Barclays Manager of the Month award". Premier League. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 4xmw79hfzm2mk35u5e16x5egnslnetr 0 65361 880111 873288 2026-07-10T11:11:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Renato Tapia ECUADOR VS PERU - RUSIA 2018 (37051721495) (cropped) 2.jpg|thumb|Renato Tapia]] [[Fayil:Renato Tapia, Rusia 2018.png|thumb|Renato Tapia]] '''Renato Fabrizio Tapia Cortijo''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://peru.com/futbol/peruanos-en-el-extranjero/peruano-renato-tapia-asegura-que-liverpool-no-lo-ficho-medir-menos-190-noticia-149500 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421143419/https://peru.com/futbol/peruanos-en-el-extranjero/peruano-renato-tapia-asegura-que-liverpool-no-lo-ficho-medir-menos-190-noticia-149500/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (an Haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1995) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Peru<ref>http://stats.washingtonpost.com/copa/players.asp?player=143690</ref> wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ko matsakaici don kulob ɗin La Liga Celta Vigo da [[Peru]] ƙasar.<ref name=":0">https://www.ad.nl/eredivisie/twente-houdt-groningen-op-gelijkspel-in-heerlijk-potje~aee351ca/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180619164139/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF</ref> == Aikin kulob == '''Sana'ar matasa''' An haife shi a [[Lima]], Peru, Tapia ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Sporting Cristal kafin ya shiga makarantar Esther Grande yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu <ref name=":1">"Crack A Seguir: Renato Tapia" (in Spanish). Goal.com. 4 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> inda ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa. Yayin da kuma yake a makarantar Esther Grande, ya taimaka wa makarantar ta lashe Copa Federación tare da nau'in 1995, kuma ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun dan wasa a cikin 'Night of Stars'.<ref name=":3">"Quién es Renato Tapia?" (in Spanish). Peru Official Website. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ci gabansa a makarantar Esther Grande ya jawo sha'awar kungiyoyin Premier Liverpool da Tottenham Hotspur.<ref name=":1" /> Tapia ya bayyana cewa ya kusa shiga Liverpool, to amma an ki shi, saboda tsayinsa<ref>"Peruano Renato Tapia asegura que Liverpool no lo fichó por medir menos de 1,90" (in Spanish). Peru Official Website. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref>. '''Twente''' A cikin lokacin bazara na shekarar 2013, Tapia ya koma Turai a karon farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kungiyar Eredivisie Twente.<ref>"Renato Tapia ya es jugador del Twente FC de Holanda" (in Spanish). La Republica. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> Nan da nan bayan shiga kulob din, an aika shi zuwa Jong FC Twente, ajiyar kulob din, don haɓaka.<ref>"Schilder en Tapia in selectie duel Jong FC Twente" (in Spanish). FC Twente. 15 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Tapia ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Jong FC Twente a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da De Graafschap a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013, wanda ya zo a madadin Robbert Schilder. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan farko da kungiyar ta yi da Cambuur<ref>"Con Renato Tapia en banca: Twente venció 1-0 al Cambuur" (in Spanish). Depor.com. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> Tapia ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a Jong FC Twente kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2013, a wasan da suka doke Willem da ci 2–1. II.<ref>"Jong FC Twente wint bij Willem II" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 19, inda ya zira kwallaye sau daya don ajiyar Twente a kakar 2013–14. Bayan kakar wasa a Jong FC Twente, Tapia ta samu matsayi na farko a Twente.<ref>"Selectie naar Herzlake voor trainingsweek" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 14 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a rukunin farko a Twente a wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda suka tashi 0-0 da Cambuur, ya zo ne a madadin Darryl Lachman a minti na 80.<ref>"Gelijkspel bij seizoensouverture in Leeuwarden" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 8 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Bayan mako guda ya samu rauni a idon sawun wanda ya sa ba zai yi jinyar wata uku ba<ref>"We zijn gewaarschuwd" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref>. Ya koma kungiyar farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke PEC Zwolle da ci 2–1 a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014.<ref>"Castaignos helpt Twente langs PEC Zwolle" (in Dutch). Gelderlander. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2016. </ref> A wasan da suka yi da Willem II a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014, Tapia ta samu jan kati, bayan mintuna 8 kacal da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, saboda keta da Samuel Armenteros ya yi.<ref>"Zinderende slotfase helpt Twente langs Willem II". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 21 December 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa daya, <ref>"Kortom - Hyypiä stapt op, Daehli alweer weg uit Cardiff" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2015, a wasan da suka doke Cambuur da ci 2–1.<ref>"In slotminuut naar zege op Cambuur" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Daga baya ya zira kwallaye hudu daga baya a kakar wasa a kan PEC Zwolle, <ref>"Zege op PEC Zwolle" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 14 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Groningen<ref>"Twente houdt Groningen op gelijkspel in heerlijk potje". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 22 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> da bugun ƙwallo da Go Ahead Eagles.<ref>"FC Twente neemt sportieve revanche na rampweek". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 12 April 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.  </ref> Kakar tasa ta kare ne lokacin da ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa kuma ya kammala kakar wasan yana buga wasanni 22 kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a dukkan gasa.<ref>"Renato Tapia twijfelgeval voor zondag" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen kakar 2014-15, Tapia ya yi aikin tiyata a gwiwa kuma ana sa ran cewa zai yi jinkiri don farkon kakar 2015-16, yana kashe matsayinsa a cikin tawagar Peru don 2015 Copa América.<ref name=":4">"Blessure kost Tapia Copa América en start nieuwe seizoen" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> Amma a tsakiyar watan Yuli, ya murmure daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwarsa bayan horo da tawagar farko.<ref>"Tapia sneller dan verwacht hersteld van blessure" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.  </ref> Sannan ya zura kwallo a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Groningen.<ref>"Gelijkspel in Groningen (1-1)" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ya sake samun rauni a gwiwarsa kuma aka sauya shi a rabi na biyu sakamakon haka<ref>"Schreuder rekent op snel herstel uitgevallen Tapia" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.  </ref>. Bayan ya murmure ya bayyana a cikin bayyanar da dama, ya buga wasanni biyar na farko na kakar wasa, kafin ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa da Ajax a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015.<ref>"Wederom lichte blessure voor pechvogel Tapia" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.  </ref> Ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa a farkon watan Nuwamba kuma bai buga wasa daya na Twente ba, amma ya murmure a lokacin wasansa na kasa da kasa. A karshen rabin farkon kakar wasa ta bana, Tapia ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya ci sau daya a duk gasa.<ref>"Knieblessure houdt Tapia bij FC Twente aan de kant". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 3 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> '''Feyenoord''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, Feyenoord ya tabbatar da sha'awar su ta shiga Tapia bayan sunyi koyi game da yanayin kudi na FC Twente kuma an ruwaito shi a cikin 'yan wasa uku a Twente don sayar da shi.<ref>"Verkoop lijkt voor Feyenoord onvermijdelijk bij komst Tapia" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> An kammala cinikin ne a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2016, akan farashin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 2.4. Bayan shekaru uku a FC Twente, Tapia ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4.5 tare da Feyenoord.<ref>"Feyenoord haalt Tapia weg bij FC Twente" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> Tapia ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Feyenoord a wasan hamayya da Ajax a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2016, wanda ya fara da rashin nasara da ci 2-1.<ref>"Ajax 2-1 Feyenoord: Bazoer rocket settles De Klassieker". Goal.com. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> An taƙaita damar ƙungiyarsa ta farko zuwa bayyanuwa uku da kasancewa wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Maimakon haka, ya taka leda a mafi yawan lokutan kakar.<ref name=":2">"Tapia wil basisplaats bij Feyenoord: 'Ben hier om te spelen'". Voetbal International. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.  </ref> Daga baya ya bayyana cewa domin samun damar shiga kungiyar farko, yana bukatar ya inganta ta hanyar yin sauri da sauki don dacewa da dabarun kungiyar<ref>"Straatvoetbalachtergrond zit Tapia ook weleens dwars" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref>. Gaban kakar 2016-17, Tapia yana fatan zai iya kafa kansa a cikin tawagar farko.<ref name=":2" /> Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin masu mayewa<ref>"Terugkeer Tapia vergroot luxeprobleem Van Bronckhorst" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref>. A kan 22 Satumba 2016, ya fara bayyanarsa na farko a zagaye na biyu na Kofin KNVB, yana wasa 7 mintuna bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a 4 – 1 nasara akan Oss.<ref>"Feyenoord worstelt zich langs FC Oss" (in Dutch). NOS.nl. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> A kan 2 Oktoba 2016, ya zira kwallaye a bayyanarsa ta farko a kakar wasa, mintuna 13 kacal bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a cikin nasara da ci 2–0 akan Willem II.<ref>"Acht duels en Feyenoord heeft nog altijd de maximale score" (in Dutch). NOS.nl. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> '''Celta de Vigo''' A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, ƙungiyar La Liga Celta de Vigo ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Tapia kyauta a ƙarƙashin kwantiragin shekaru huɗu. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Al Nassar inda ta yi nasara a kan Celta Vigo da ci 5-0. '''Leganes''' A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2024, Tapia ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin babban matakin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Leganés.<ref>"El C.D. Leganés fortalece su centro del campo con la llegada de Renato Tapia" [C.D. Leganés strengthen their centre of midfield with the arrival of Renato Tapia] (in Spanish). CD Leganés. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Peru U17 ta zaɓi Tapia don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudancin Amurka ta Under-17 <ref name=":3" /> da Peru U20 don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa ta Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin Maris 2015, babban tawagar Peru ta kira Tapia a karon farko.<ref>"Twentse internationals in actie" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da [[Venezuela]].<ref>"Renato Tapia debuteert voor Peru" (in Dutch). FC Twente. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</ref> Ana sa ran zai kasance a gasar Copa América don tawagar Peru, amma rauni ya hana shi yin hakan<ref name=":4" />. Duk da haka, an saka shi a cikin 'yan wasan na Copa América Centenario kuma ya buga dukkan wasanni hudu a yakin.<ref>"Feyenoorder Tapia sluit seizoen af op Copa América" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.  </ref> Tapia ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Peru a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2016, a wasan da suka doke [[Ecuador]] da ci 2–1.<ref>"Perú 2-1 Ecuador: Ofuscado relato de comentarista ecuatoriano sobre la victoria peruana" (in Spanish). La Republica. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, an saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 24 na wucin gadi na Peru don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha.<ref>"Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists". goal.com. Goal. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</ref> == Rayuwar shi ta gefe == Tapia dan Afirka ne kuma asalin Quechua kuma tare da abokin wasansa Edison Flores, sun yi kamfen don haɓakawa da kare mutanen Quechua yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018.<ref>Vilchis, Raúl (21 June 2018). "Broadcasts in a Native Language, Speaking to Every Corner of Peru". The New York Times.</ref> == Lambobin Girmamawa == '''Feyenoord''' * Gasar Premier: 2016-17 * Kofin KNVB: 2015-16, 2017-18<ref>Feyenoord wint KNVB-beker mede dankzij prachtgoal Van Persie - AD (in Dutch)</ref> * Garkuwar Johan Cruijff: 2017, <ref>"Jones the shootout hero as Feyenoord win Super Cup". theworldgame.sbs. 5 August 2017.</ref> 2018<ref>"Soccerway Match Report". Soccerway. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</ref> {{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] jnbup1pqlfbpbe6fqy6kidm92jp3p34 0 68208 879559 737904 2026-07-09T12:51:22Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 23 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar 2023-24, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== mm1ihyoe2r3zccwp91prvipkckuwb2k 879560 879559 2026-07-09T12:51:38Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar 2023-24, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 77ujdukk8swhstyvkkmrlt5y334g1sg 879561 879560 2026-07-09T12:51:52Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar sheksrar 2023-24, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 5u0dihebbz0ofxjmayvmc8a2bcpc6ye 879562 879561 2026-07-09T12:52:11Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== bkvy7o2zt1q4nqdik24u34d37uikrib 879563 879562 2026-07-09T12:52:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 6g84zj75ymwt3epcs4l771aaw8dg5x4 879564 879563 2026-07-09T12:52:34Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== q93oafa5nod57yg2nohgo8fyt8y6psj 879565 879564 2026-07-09T12:52:59Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 7hx731pzkch79wzmgqtjvuwn84dmdb1 879566 879565 2026-07-09T12:53:10Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon Kulob */ 879566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== dcnf7e5z9stepunkjebp3a0uxbzrdh8 879567 879566 2026-07-09T12:53:30Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon kasa da kasa */ 879567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matashi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 3lk92swtfo0k2bt85obef25j5cdakb5 879568 879567 2026-07-09T12:53:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kwallon kasa da kasa */ 879568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Héctor Fort García''' an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2006 ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Barcelona Atlètic<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=¿Quién es Héctor Fort? |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/hector-fort-76430719 |website=Sport |language=es |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>. ==Kwallon Kulob== An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, Fort ya rattaba hannu kan La Masia daga PB Anguera, yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Juvenil A a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023 kuma suna buga duk wasanni shida a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa <ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=Summary: Héctor Fort |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hector-fort--garcia/717394/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>. A shekara mai zuwa a preseason na Barcelona gabanin kakar shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, Fort ya yi rashin gasa na farko ga ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka fara taka leda a kungiyar ta farko. An inganta shi zuwa bangaren ajiyar Barcelona, Fort ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a farkon kakar wasan su na Primera Federación <ref>{{cite web |title=SD Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Debut defeat |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/3656494/sd-logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-debut-defeat |website=FC Barcelona |language=en |date=28 August 2023}}</ref> . ==Kwallon kasa da kasa== Matashi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, Fort ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin U16 da U17 na Sipaniya. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan U17 da suka taka leda a gasar cin kofin Turai na shekarar 2023 a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. ==Manazarta== 4igrcne5w8tm5n90f5acb0h7bigb6zn 0 68819 879685 559542 2026-07-09T17:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Oga Bolaji''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekara dubu biyu da goma sha’takwas 2018 wanda Kayode Kasum ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. fim din Ikponmwosa Gold, [[Omowumi Dada]] da [[Idowu Philips]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/oga-bolaji/|website=www.nollywoodweek.com|access-date=2020-05-03|title=Oga Bolaji &#124; NollywoodWeek Film Festival|archive-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007050835/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/oga-bolaji/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An saki fim din a ranar bakwai 7 ga watan Agusta shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’takwas 2018 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar kuma an yaba da shi sosai saboda rubutun sa da labarin sa. kuma nuna fim din a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa kamar su New York African Film Festival, Nollywood mako Paris, Zimbabwe International Film Festival, RTF Film Festival, Cardiff Film Festival da Zanzibar International Festival . [1] da kansa ya gabatar da fim din kyauta ta hanyar [[YouTube]] a watan Afrilun shekarar dubu biyu da da ishirin 2020 ga mutanen da ke zaune a gida a lokacin kulle-kulle saboda annobar coronavirus a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kayode Kasum premieres 'Oga Bolaji' on YouTube|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/388040-kayode-kasum-premieres-oga-bolaji-on-youtube.html|last=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-04-15|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kayode Kasum's 'Oga Bolaji' premieres on YouTube|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/oga-bolaji-premieres-on-youtube/rg2zf2z|date=2020-04-15|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-03|archive-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426003611/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/oga-bolaji-premieres-on-youtube/rg2zf2z|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' == Bayanai akan shirin == Bolaji, rayuwa mai farin ciki na mai ritaya, mai shekaru 40 wanda rayuwarsa ta canza sosai har abada lokacin da ya haye hanyoyi tare da yarinya mai shekaru 7.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oga Bolaji|url=https://www.filmlinc.org/films/oga-bolaji/|website=Film at Lincoln Center|language=en|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Oga Bolaji * [[Idowu Philips]] a matsayin Mama Bolaji * [[Omowumi Dada]] a matsayin Victoria * Gregory Ojefua a matsayin Omo * Jasmine Fakunle a matsayin Ajua * [[Ronke Ojo]] * Jami'in Woos == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Binkin kyauta !Kyauta !Sakamako !Magana |- | rowspan="10" |2018 | rowspan="10" |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Actor in a Lead Role - English - Gold Ikponmwosa |{{nom}} | rowspan="10" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2018-12-10|title=BON Awards 2018: Tope Oshin, Tana Adelana win big|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/300174-bon-awards-2018-tope-oshin-tana-adelana-win-big.html|access-date=2021-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Best Actress in a Lead Role - English - [[Omowumi Dada]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor –English - Greg Ojefua |{{nom}} |- |Best Child Actress - Jasmine Fakunle |{{won}} |- |Movie with the Best Screenplay |{{nom}} |- |Movie with the Best Editing |{{nom}} |- |Movie with the Best Cinematography |{{nom}} |- |Director of the Year - [[Kayode Kasum]] |{{nom}} |- |Movie with the Best Production Design |{{nom}} |- |Movie with the Best Soundtrack |{{nom}} |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|8847418}} lqx8rywh5nmidbun0mb75c9214o2zfc 0 69581 880033 621149 2026-07-10T09:12:41Z Nnamadee 31123 880033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kyakkyawar Yarinyar Katolika''''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na shekarar alif 2010 na ƙasar Uganda game da sha'awar yarinya Musulma ga wani daga wani addini daban. Matt Bish ne ya rubuta, samar da shi gami da bada Umarni. Matthew Nabwiso ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa goyon baya a gasar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2013 saboda ya taka rawa a matsayi "Ahmed" a cikin shirin fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ | title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> == Makirci == Ahmed (mugun mahauci da Matthew Nabwiso ya taka matsayin a shirin) yana sha'awar ɗiyar abokin ciniki mai tsauri musulmi duk da haka tana son wani, ƙasƙantaccen kafinta (rawar da Joel Okuyo Atiku Prynce ya taka) wanda ba musulmi ba, wanda haramun ne ( Haram ) a addini. Ahmed ya yi yunƙurin yi mata fyade, da ta ki, sai ya kashe ta. Amma, masoyinta [[Avenges|ya rama]] mata. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Maureen Kulany a matsayin Amina * Joel Okuyo Atiku a matsayin kafinta * Matthew Nabwiso a matsayin Ahmed * Brenda Ibarah a matsayin Madina * Tibba Murungi a matsayin Abokin Amina * Sharon Amali a matsayin aminiyar Amina * Cathy Masajjage a matsayin Uwa * Herbert Kibirige a matsayin Uba == Tsokaci == Fim din mai cike da cece-kuce ana tambayar wasu akidu na Musulunci tare da nuna rigingimun addini. An saka fim ɗin a cikin jerin sunayen na ''Africa First: Volume Two'', na tarihin gajerun fina-finai biyar daga sababbin masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka. Nabwiso ya sami kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun tallafi - lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabwiso Upsets Nigerians (''The Observer'') |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044549/http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bikin ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) a Lagos, Nigeria a cikin Maris 2013 ya doke abokan hamayya huɗu: ƴan Najeriya uku Osita Iheme, Fabian Adeoye Lojede da Kalu Ikeagwu tare da dan Afirka ta Kudu Thomas Gumede. Shi ne kaɗai ɗan kasar Uganda da aka zaba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na 26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] li69tae1nv2555jhed5k1e3dm5hd78r 880036 880033 2026-07-10T09:18:13Z Nnamadee 31123 880036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kyakkyawar Yarinyar Katolika''''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na shekarar alif 2010 na ƙasar Uganda game da sha'awar yarinya Musulma ga wani daga wani addini daban. Matt Bish ne ya rubuta, samar da shi gami da bada Umarni. Matthew Nabwiso ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa goyon baya a gasar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2013 saboda ya taka rawa a matsayi "Ahmed" a cikin shirin fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ | title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> An saka fim ɗin a cikin littafin Africa First: Juzu'i na Biyu, wani kundin gajerun fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka masu tasowa, kuma ya sami karɓuwa saboda ba da labarinsa mai ƙarfin hali.[3][4][5] == Makirci == Ahmed (mugun mahauci da Matthew Nabwiso ya taka matsayin a shirin) yana sha'awar ɗiyar abokin ciniki mai tsauri musulmi duk da haka tana son wani, ƙasƙantaccen kafinta (rawar da Joel Okuyo Atiku Prynce ya taka) wanda ba musulmi ba, wanda haramun ne ( Haram ) a addini. Ahmed ya yi yunƙurin yi mata fyade, da ta ki, sai ya kashe ta. Amma, masoyinta [[Avenges|ya rama]] mata. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Maureen Kulany a matsayin Amina * Joel Okuyo Atiku a matsayin kafinta * Matthew Nabwiso a matsayin Ahmed * Brenda Ibarah a matsayin Madina * Tibba Murungi a matsayin Abokin Amina * Sharon Amali a matsayin aminiyar Amina * Cathy Masajjage a matsayin Uwa * Herbert Kibirige a matsayin Uba == Tsokaci == Fim din mai cike da cece-kuce ana tambayar wasu akidu na Musulunci tare da nuna rigingimun addini. An saka fim ɗin a cikin jerin sunayen na ''Africa First: Volume Two'', na tarihin gajerun fina-finai biyar daga sababbin masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka. Nabwiso ya sami kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun tallafi - lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabwiso Upsets Nigerians (''The Observer'') |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044549/http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bikin ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) a Lagos, Nigeria a cikin Maris 2013 ya doke abokan hamayya huɗu: ƴan Najeriya uku Osita Iheme, Fabian Adeoye Lojede da Kalu Ikeagwu tare da dan Afirka ta Kudu Thomas Gumede. Shi ne kaɗai ɗan kasar Uganda da aka zaba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na 26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 87qoxap4zfwmt2gwlg9e1ru35zl4g3a 880037 880036 2026-07-10T09:19:45Z Nnamadee 31123 880037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kyakkyawar Yarinyar Katolika''''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na shekarar alif 2010 na ƙasar Uganda game da sha'awar yarinya Musulma ga wani daga wani addini daban. Matt Bish ne ya rubuta, samar da shi gami da bada Umarni. Matthew Nabwiso ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa goyon baya a gasar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2013 saboda ya taka rawa a matsayi "Ahmed" a cikin shirin fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ | title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> An saka fim ɗin a cikin littafin Africa First: Juzu'i na Biyu, wani kundin gajerun fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka masu tasowa, kuma ya sami karɓuwa saboda ba da labarinsa mai ƙarfin hali.<ref>Abbott, Stephen; Bishanga, Matthew; Coulibaly, Daouda (15 August 2012), Africa First: Volume Two (Drama), Bocar Ba, Tehibou Bagayoko, Brenda Ibarah, Focus Features, retrieved 7 July 2025</ref> == Makirci == Ahmed (mugun mahauci da Matthew Nabwiso ya taka matsayin a shirin) yana sha'awar ɗiyar abokin ciniki mai tsauri musulmi duk da haka tana son wani, ƙasƙantaccen kafinta (rawar da Joel Okuyo Atiku Prynce ya taka) wanda ba musulmi ba, wanda haramun ne ( Haram ) a addini. Ahmed ya yi yunƙurin yi mata fyade, da ta ki, sai ya kashe ta. Amma, masoyinta [[Avenges|ya rama]] mata. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Maureen Kulany a matsayin Amina * Joel Okuyo Atiku a matsayin kafinta * Matthew Nabwiso a matsayin Ahmed * Brenda Ibarah a matsayin Madina * Tibba Murungi a matsayin Abokin Amina * Sharon Amali a matsayin aminiyar Amina * Cathy Masajjage a matsayin Uwa * Herbert Kibirige a matsayin Uba == Tsokaci == Fim din mai cike da cece-kuce ana tambayar wasu akidu na Musulunci tare da nuna rigingimun addini. An saka fim ɗin a cikin jerin sunayen na ''Africa First: Volume Two'', na tarihin gajerun fina-finai biyar daga sababbin masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka. Nabwiso ya sami kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun tallafi - lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabwiso Upsets Nigerians (''The Observer'') |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044549/http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bikin ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) a Lagos, Nigeria a cikin Maris 2013 ya doke abokan hamayya huɗu: ƴan Najeriya uku Osita Iheme, Fabian Adeoye Lojede da Kalu Ikeagwu tare da dan Afirka ta Kudu Thomas Gumede. Shi ne kaɗai ɗan kasar Uganda da aka zaba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na 26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 6rog6bvgjmrpscystiv9sr0l7e4zonn 880038 880037 2026-07-10T09:20:14Z Nnamadee 31123 880038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kyakkyawar Yarinyar Katolika''''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na shekarar alif 2010 na ƙasar Uganda game da sha'awar yarinya Musulma ga wani daga wani addini daban. Matt Bish ne ya rubuta, samar da shi gami da bada Umarni. Matthew Nabwiso ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa goyon baya a gasar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2013 saboda ya taka rawa a matsayi "Ahmed" a cikin shirin fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ | title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> An saka fim ɗin a cikin littafin Africa First: Juzu'i na Biyu, wani kundin gajerun fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka masu tasowa, kuma ya sami karɓuwa saboda ba da labarinsa mai ƙarfin hali.<ref>Abbott, Stephen; Bishanga, Matthew; Coulibaly, Daouda (15 August 2012), Africa First: Volume Two (Drama), Bocar Ba, Tehibou Bagayoko, Brenda Ibarah, Focus Features, retrieved 7 July 2025</ref><ref>"Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2013 Winners". Africa Magic. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2025.</ref> == Makirci == Ahmed (mugun mahauci da Matthew Nabwiso ya taka matsayin a shirin) yana sha'awar ɗiyar abokin ciniki mai tsauri musulmi duk da haka tana son wani, ƙasƙantaccen kafinta (rawar da Joel Okuyo Atiku Prynce ya taka) wanda ba musulmi ba, wanda haramun ne ( Haram ) a addini. Ahmed ya yi yunƙurin yi mata fyade, da ta ki, sai ya kashe ta. Amma, masoyinta [[Avenges|ya rama]] mata. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Maureen Kulany a matsayin Amina * Joel Okuyo Atiku a matsayin kafinta * Matthew Nabwiso a matsayin Ahmed * Brenda Ibarah a matsayin Madina * Tibba Murungi a matsayin Abokin Amina * Sharon Amali a matsayin aminiyar Amina * Cathy Masajjage a matsayin Uwa * Herbert Kibirige a matsayin Uba == Tsokaci == Fim din mai cike da cece-kuce ana tambayar wasu akidu na Musulunci tare da nuna rigingimun addini. An saka fim ɗin a cikin jerin sunayen na ''Africa First: Volume Two'', na tarihin gajerun fina-finai biyar daga sababbin masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka. Nabwiso ya sami kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun tallafi - lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabwiso Upsets Nigerians (''The Observer'') |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044549/http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bikin ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) a Lagos, Nigeria a cikin Maris 2013 ya doke abokan hamayya huɗu: ƴan Najeriya uku Osita Iheme, Fabian Adeoye Lojede da Kalu Ikeagwu tare da dan Afirka ta Kudu Thomas Gumede. Shi ne kaɗai ɗan kasar Uganda da aka zaba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na 26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 0eef4i8k1dmw0tzxeeprkx4q1qz0uam 880040 880038 2026-07-10T09:20:45Z Nnamadee 31123 880040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kyakkyawar Yarinyar Katolika''''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na shekarar alif 2010 na ƙasar Uganda game da sha'awar yarinya Musulma ga wani daga wani addini daban. Matt Bish ne ya rubuta, samar da shi gami da bada Umarni. Matthew Nabwiso ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa goyon baya a gasar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2013 saboda ya taka rawa a matsayi "Ahmed" a cikin shirin fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ | title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> An saka fim ɗin a cikin littafin Africa First: Juzu'i na Biyu, wani kundin gajerun fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka masu tasowa, kuma ya sami karɓuwa saboda ba da labarinsa mai ƙarfin hali.<ref>Abbott, Stephen; Bishanga, Matthew; Coulibaly, Daouda (15 August 2012), Africa First: Volume Two (Drama), Bocar Ba, Tehibou Bagayoko, Brenda Ibarah, Focus Features, retrieved 7 July 2025</ref><ref>"Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2013 Winners". Africa Magic. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2025.</ref><ref>Gabara, Rachel (1 December 2014). "Africa First: Volume Two. Focus World. 2012". African Studies Review. 57 (3). cambridge.org: 254–258. doi:10.1017/asr.2014.127. ISSN 0002-0206.</ref> == Makirci == Ahmed (mugun mahauci da Matthew Nabwiso ya taka matsayin a shirin) yana sha'awar ɗiyar abokin ciniki mai tsauri musulmi duk da haka tana son wani, ƙasƙantaccen kafinta (rawar da Joel Okuyo Atiku Prynce ya taka) wanda ba musulmi ba, wanda haramun ne ( Haram ) a addini. Ahmed ya yi yunƙurin yi mata fyade, da ta ki, sai ya kashe ta. Amma, masoyinta [[Avenges|ya rama]] mata. == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Maureen Kulany a matsayin Amina * Joel Okuyo Atiku a matsayin kafinta * Matthew Nabwiso a matsayin Ahmed * Brenda Ibarah a matsayin Madina * Tibba Murungi a matsayin Abokin Amina * Sharon Amali a matsayin aminiyar Amina * Cathy Masajjage a matsayin Uwa * Herbert Kibirige a matsayin Uba == Tsokaci == Fim din mai cike da cece-kuce ana tambayar wasu akidu na Musulunci tare da nuna rigingimun addini. An saka fim ɗin a cikin jerin sunayen na ''Africa First: Volume Two'', na tarihin gajerun fina-finai biyar daga sababbin masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka. Nabwiso ya sami kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun tallafi - lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabwiso Upsets Nigerians (''The Observer'') |url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044549/http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24188:nabwiso-upsets-nigerians&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bikin ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) a Lagos, Nigeria a cikin Maris 2013 ya doke abokan hamayya huɗu: ƴan Najeriya uku Osita Iheme, Fabian Adeoye Lojede da Kalu Ikeagwu tare da dan Afirka ta Kudu Thomas Gumede. Shi ne kaɗai ɗan kasar Uganda da aka zaba a gasar rukuni-rukuni na 26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 25jyycbe43o4nru2f8kk1ecdrb0fcij 0 70091 879871 496282 2026-07-09T22:46:06Z Merjoor 14653 879871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:On the edge - free world version.jpg|thumb|onbthe edge]] '''On the Edge''' ({{Lang-fr|Sur la planche}}) fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na shekarar 2011 na Jamus-Maroko-Faransa wanda Leila Kilani ta jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cannes.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/05/20/marocaines-enervees-sur-la-planche/ |title=Marocaines énervées sur la planche - Cannes - The bubble - Blog LeMonde.fr |website=cannes.blog.lemonde.fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051900/http://cannes.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/05/20/marocaines-enervees-sur-la-planche/ |archive-date=2011-05-22}}</ref> An ba wa fim din lambar yabo ta SIGNIS a lokacin bikin fina-finai na Afirka na Cordoba na 2012.   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|1922733}} szu0qyawjfrrp9meug6xn0dbm3excvz 0 70904 879634 879397 2026-07-09T15:24:10Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yakamul''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kap''' ko '''[[Tsibirin Ali|Ali]]''', yare ne na Austronesian da ake magana a East Aitape Rural LLG, [[Sandaun Province|Lardin Sandaun]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] . Ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Yakamul ( 142°40′36′′E / 3.271334°S 142.676556°E / -3.271334; 142.67 6556 (Yakamul 1)) a arewacin gaɓar teku da tsibirin Ali, Angel, da [[Tsibirin Seleo|Seleo]].<ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG2">{{Cite web|website=Gary F.|format=Fennig}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == * [Hasiya] Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin acikin dandalin www.jw.org/ha. {{North New Guinea languages}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cuwwt9b7jn5atco8aq1dolr1mvwt4vh 0 71746 879591 404118 2026-07-09T13:55:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nkanya Nkwai''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Kamaru]] mai magana da Ingilishi, darekta da kuma furodusa.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/05/nkanya-nkwai.html| title=Nkanya Nkwai| publisher=whoiswhoincameroon.com| access-date=24 July 2017| archive-date=14 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114053448/http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/05/nkanya-nkwai.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Ecrans Noirs suka amince da shi a shekarar 2014 a [[Yaounde]], [[Kamaru]] a fim din ''Viri'' a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗan Kamaru na farko da ya cancanci irin wannan lambar yabo. Shi furodusa na fim din Nightfall (Tombee De La Nuit) wanda ke nuna dan wasan [[Nollywood]] [[Clem Ohameze]] da tauraron [[Sinima a Kamaru|Kamaru]] Epule Jeffrey . <ref>{{cite web| url=http://chillenmuzictv.com/en/blogs/article/225/clem_ohameze_infront_of_cameroonian_film_cameras| title=CLEM OHAMEZE {{sic|IN|FRONT|hide=y}} OF CAMEROONIAN FILM CAMERAS| date=22 October 2014| access-date=24 July 2017| archive-date=21 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821084143/http://chillenmuzictv.com/en/blogs/article/225/clem_ohameze_infront_of_cameroonian_film_cameras| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Nkanya, an haife ta ne a Dumbo-Berabe, Donga Mantung Division a [[Kamaru]] a cikin iyali mai [[auren mata da yawa]]. Ya tafi makarantar firamare ta Presbyterian (PS) Dumbo-Berabe da makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati (GHS) Ako, inda ya kammala a makarantar sakandare na gwamnati a Nkambe tare da takardar shaidar G.C.E Advanced Level sannan daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Yaoundé I, shirin hadari a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ya koma Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta LCC a [[Lithuania]] . Yayinda yake saurayi, ya zauna kuma ya girma a Idenau wani yanki na garin Limbe, a [[Kamaru]] . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa farko ya zo ne a shekara ta 2008, a fim din ''Becky Diana'' .<ref name="whoiswhoincameroon.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/05/nkanya-nkwai.html|title=Nkanya Nkwai|website=www.whoiswhoincameroon.com|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114053448/http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/05/nkanya-nkwai.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://kinnakasblog.com/2016/09/meet-dapper-cameroonian-actorproducer/|title=Meet the dapper Cameroonian actor/producer Nkanya Nkwai|first=Bandy|last=Kiki|date=28 September 2016|website=kinnakasblog.com|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811012821/http://kinnakasblog.com/2016/09/meet-dapper-cameroonian-actorproducer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya bar Kamaru don ci gaba da karatu a kasashen waje. <ref name="auto" /> shekara ta 2010, ya taka rawa a cikin The Crucible ta Jami'ar LCC ta Duniya a [[Lithuania]]. <ref name="whoiswhoincameroon.com" /><ref name="auto" /> ya dawo Kamaru, ya fito a fina-finai da yawa wadanda suka hada da ''Viri'', The African Guest, Nightfall da Life Point. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|5209801}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] p80eu9xniz0qx0p3lnh2faaz5xudjyj 0 72002 880110 872097 2026-07-10T11:10:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Papierosa 1 ubt 0069.jpeg|thumb|sigari]] '''Kashe shan taba''', yawanci ana kiransa '''daina shan taba''' ko '''daina shan taba''', shine tsarin daina [[shan taba]] . Shan taba yana dauke da nicotine, wanda ke [[Addiction|da haɗari]] kuma yana iya haifar da dogaro .<ref>https://lccn.loc.gov/00244999</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220525083936/https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024422/https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/quit-smoking/</ref> A sakamakon haka, cirewar nicotine sau da yawa yana sa tsarin barin ke da wahala. [[Fayil:L&M Finely Cut cigarettes 02.jpg|thumb|sigari Wanda aka kashe]] A cewar CDC, Kimanin mutane miliyan 8 ne ke kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da sigari a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da wani nauyi na tattalin arziki na dala tiriliyan 1.4 a ma'aunin duniya a kowace shekara<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/index.htm</ref>. Shan taba shine babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa da ake iya hanawa da kuma damuwar lafiyar jama'a a duniya.<ref>https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207276270</ref>Yin amfani da taba yana haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka da ke shafar zuciya da huhu, tare da shan taba yana zama babban haɗari ga [[ciwon zuciya]],[[bugun jini]], [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|cututtuka na huhu na huhu]] (COPD), Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), emphysema, da nau'i daban-daban da nau'in [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (musamman [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|ciwon huhu na huhu]], ciwon daji na oropharynx, larynx, da [[Ciwon Daji Na Baka|baki]], ciwon daji na esophageal da [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|pancreatic cancer]] ). Rashin shan taba yana da matukar muhimmanci yana rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shan taba. Hadarin bugun zuciya a cikin mai shan taba yana raguwa da 50% bayan shekara 1 na dainawa. Hakazalaka hadrine galftn cutar kansar huhu yana raguwa da kashi 50 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru 10 na dainawa Daga 2001 zuwa 2010, kusan kashi 70% na masu shan taba a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] sun nuna sha'awar daina shan taba, kuma 50% sun ruwaito cewa sun yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana iya amfani da dabaru da yawa don dakatar da shan taba, gami da dainawa ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da taimako ba (" Turkey mai sanyi "), yankewa sannan barin, shawarwarin ɗabi'a, da magunguna kamar bupropion, cytisine, maye gurbin nicotine, ko varenicline. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a [[Kanada]] da [[Birtaniya]], yawancin masu shan taba sun canza zuwa amfani da sigari na lantarki don daina shan taba. Koyaya, binciken 2022 ya gano cewa kashi 20% na masu shan sigari waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sigari e-cigare don daina shan taba sun yi nasara amma 66% daga cikinsu sun ƙare a matsayin masu amfani da sigari da samfuran vape guda ɗaya shekara guda. Yawancin masu shan taba da suke ƙoƙarin dainawa suna yin hakan ba tare da taimako ba. Koyaya, kawai 3-6% na yunƙurin barin ƙoƙarin ba tare da taimako ba suna samun nasara na dogon lokaci. Shawarwari na dabi'a da magunguna kowanne yana ƙara yawan nasarar barin shan taba, da kuma haɗuwa da shawarwarin hali tare da magani irin su bupropion ya fi tasiri fiye da ko dai shi kadai. A meta-bincike daga 2018, gudanar a kan 61 bazuwar gwajin gwaji, ya nuna cewa a cikin mutanen da suka daina shan taba tare da wani daina magani (da kuma wani hali taimako), kamar 20% har yanzu wadanda ba shan taba a shekara daga baya, idan aka kwatanta da 12% wanda ba su daina shan taba. shan magani.[23] ==Hanyoyin daina shan taba== ===Yi da kai=== Yakan ɗauki yunƙuri da yawa, da yuwuwar yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kowane lokaci, kafin cimma dogon lokaci. Fiye da kashi 74.7% na masu shan sigari suna ƙoƙarin dainawa ba tare da wani taimako ba,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA | title=Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014-2016 | journal=Preventing Chronic Disease | volume=14 | pages=E32 | date=April 2017 | pmid=28409740 | pmc=5392446 | doi=10.5888/pcd14.160600 }}</ref> in ba haka ba da aka sani da "turkey mai sanyi", ko tare da magungunan gida. Masu shan taba a baya sun yi tsakanin kiyasin ƙoƙari 6 zuwa 30 kafin su yi nasarar dainawa. Gano wace hanya ko dabara a ƙarshe mafi nasara yana da wahala; an yi kiyasin, alal misali, kusan kashi 4 zuwa 7% na mutane ne kawai ke iya daina shan taba a kowane yunƙuri ba tare da magunguna ko wasu taimako ba. Yawancin yunƙurin barin har yanzu ba a taimaka musu ba, ko da yake yanayin yana canzawa. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, adadin barin ba tare da taimako ya faɗi daga 91.8% a 1986 zuwa 52.1% a lokacin 2006 zuwa 2009. Mafi yawan hanyoyin da ba a taimaka ba sune "Turki mai sanyi", kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don nufin ko dai ba tare da taimako ba ko daina ba da gangan da kuma "raguwar adadin" sigari a hankali, ko "raguwar sigari".<ref name="nicotine dependence">{{cite journal | vauthors=Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK | title=Cigarette smoking reduction and changes in nicotine dependence | journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research | volume=13 | issue=6 | pages=426–430 | date=June 2011 | pmid=21367813 | pmc=3103717 | doi=10.1093/ntr/ntr019 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco]] | lccn=00244999 | s2cid=29891495 | editor-link=Marcus Munafo | veditors=Munafò M }}</ref> ===Cold turkey=== "Cold turkey" kalma ce ta magana da ke nuna janyewar ba zato ba tsammani daga magungunan jaraba. A cikin wannan mahallin, yana nuna ba zato ba tsammani da cikakken daina amfani da nicotine. A cikin binciken uku, ita ce hanyar dakatar da 76%, [27] 85%, [28] ko 88% <ref name="Chapman-MacKenzie">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chapman S, MacKenzie R |title=The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e1000216 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20161722 |pmc=2817714 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216 |doi-access=free }}</ref> na dogon lokaci masu nasara sun daina. da wuya" tsayawa, 27% sun ce "yana da matukar wahala", sauran kashi 20% kuma sun ga yana da matukar wahala.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hung WT, Dunlop SM, Perez D, Cotter T |title=Use and perceived helpfulness of smoking cessation methods: results from a population survey of recent quitters |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=11 |page=592 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21791111 |pmc=3160379 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-11-592 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Yanke kasa don barin=== Ragewar hankali ya kunshi sannu a hankali rage yawan shan nicotine a kullum. Ana iya cimma wannan hanyar bisa ka'ida ta hanyar maimaita canje-canje ga sigari tare da kananan matakan nicotine, ta hanyar rage yawan sigari da ake sha kullum, ko kuma ta hanyar shan sigari kadan a kowane lokaci. Wani bita na tsari na 2009 da masu bincike a Jami'ar [[Birmingham]] suka yi sun gano cewa maye gurbin nicotine a hankali zai iya yin tasiri wajen daina shan taba. Babu wani gagarumin bambanci a farashin daina shan sigari da suka daina ta hanyar ragewa a hankali ko dainawa ba zato ba tsammani kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar kauracewa shan taba na akalla watanni shida daga ranar dainawa. Wannan bita ya kuma duba taimakon magunguna guda biyar don ragewa. Lokacin rage yawan shan taba sigari, ya sami w a s shaidun cewa karin varenicline ko saurin maye gurbin nicotine na iya tasiri ga barin barin tsawon watanni shida ko fiye.<ref name="LindsonKlemperer2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindson N, Klemperer E, Hong B, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Aveyard P |date=September 2019 |title=Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=9 |pages=CD013183 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013183.pub2 |pmc=6953262 |pmid=31565800}}</ref> ===Magunguna=== [[File:Nicoderm.JPG|thumb|A 21mg dose [[nicotine patch]] applied to the left arm]] Cibiyar Cancer ta Amurka ta lura cewa "Nazari a cikin mujallolin likita sun ruwaito cewa kimanin kashi 25% a masu shan taba da ke amfani da magunguna na iya zama marasa shan taba fiye da watanni 6."<ref name=ACS-guide>{{cite web |title= Guide to quitting smoking. What do I need to know about quitting |url= http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/002971-pdf.pdf |publisher= American Cancer Society |year= 2014 |access-date= 2017-01-08 |archive-date= 2016-06-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160609085602/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/002971-pdf.pdf }}</ref> Magunguna guda daya sun hada da: . Maganin maye gurbin nicotine (NRT): Magunguna biyar ne Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da su don isar da nicotine a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba ya hada da hadarin shan taba: facin nicotine transdermal, danko nicotine, lozenges nicotine, masu shakar nicotine, nicotine feshin baki, da nicotine na hanci. Shaidu masu inganci sun nuna cewa wadannan nau'ikan NRT suna habaka kimar nasarar mutanen da suke kokarin daina shan taba. Ana nufin amfani da NRTs a dan gajeren lokaci kuma yakamata a sanya su kasa zuwa karamin adadin kafin tsayawa. NRTs suna kara damar daina shan taba da kashi 50 zuwa 60% idan aka kwatanta da placebo ko kuma babu magani.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T | title=Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation | journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=CD000146 | date=May 2018 | pmid=29852054 | pmc=6353172 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5 }}</ref> Wasu illolin da aka ruwaito sun hada da dan haushi na gida (masu shakar shaka da feshi) da ciwon kirji marasa ischemic (rare).<ref name="www.canada.ca-2022">{{cite journal | vauthors=Zhou HX | title=The debut of PMC Biophysics | journal=PMC Biophysics | volume=1 | issue=1 | page=1 | date=November 2008 | pmid=19351423 | pmc=2605105 | doi=10.1186/1757-5036-1-1 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Stitzer ML | title=Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence | journal=CA | volume=55 | issue=5 | pages=281–99; quiz 322–3, 325 | date=2005 | pmid=16166074 | doi=10.3322/canjclin.55.5.281 | s2cid=25668093 | doi-access=free }}</ref> . Antidepressants: An yi la'akari da bupropion antidepressant a matsayin magani na farko don dakatar da shan taba kuma an nuna h i a yawancin binciken don kara yawan nasara na dogon lokaci. Ko da yake bupropion yana karuwa da hadarin samun abubuwan da ba su da kyau, babu wata huia bayyananne cewa miyagun kwayoyi yana da tasiri ko Zasa idan aka kwatanta da placebo. . Varenicline yana rage sha'awar shan taba kuma yana rage alamun cirewa don haka ana daukarsa magani na farko don daina shan taba.[41] Yawan mutanen da ke daina shan taba tare da varenicline ya fi na bupropion ko NRT. [42] Varenicline fiye da ninki biyu damar barin barin idan aka kwatanta da placebo, kuma yana da tasiri kamar hada nau'ikan NRT guda biyu. 2 MG / rana na varenicline an samo shi don hafar da mafi girman yawan abstinence (33.2%) na kowane magani guda daya, yayin da 1MG / rana yana haifar da kimar abstinence na 25.4%. Wani bita na tsarin 2016 da meta-bincike a gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar ya kare babu wata shaida da ke goyan bayan alaka tsakanin varenicline da habaka abubuwan cututtukan zuciya. . Clonidine na iya rage alamun janyewar kuma "kusan ninki biyu na abstinence rates idan aka kwatanta da placebo," amma illarsa sun hada da bushe baki da kwantar da hankali, kuma dakatar da maganin ba zato ba tsammani zai iya haifar da hawan jini da sauran illoli. [45] 46]. . Babu wata shaida mai kyau cewa anxiolytics suna taimakawa. 47] . Abaya can, rimonabant, wanda shine nav'in antagonist na cannabinoid mai karba, an yi amfani dashi don taimakawa wajen barinwa da kuma daidaita nauyin da ake sa ran. [48]. Amma yana da mahimmanci a san cewa masana'antun rimonabant da taranabant sun daina samarwa a cikin 2008 saboda mummunan tasirin CNS. ===Shirye-shiryen al'umma=== Harkokin al'umma ta amfani da "tashoshi da yawa don samar da karfafawa, tallafi da ka'idoii don rashin shan taba" na iya yin tasiri akan sakamakon dakatar da shan taba a tsakanin manya. [49] Hanyoyi na musamman da ake amfani da su a cikin al'umma don karfafa daina shan taba a tsakanin manya sun hada da: . Manufofin yin wuraren aiki [27] da wuraren jama'a marasa shan taba. An kiyasta cewa "cikakkiyar dokokin cikin gida mai tsabta" na iva kara yawan adadin daina shan taba da kashi 12%-38%[50] A cikin 2008, Jihar New York a Alcoholism da Ayyukan Abuse Abuse sun haramta shan taba ta marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da masu sa kai a cibiyoyin jiyya na 1,300.[51] . Dokokin son rai na sa gidaje su zama marasa shan taba, wadanda ake tunanin suna habaka daina shan taba. [27][52] .Kaddamarwa don ilimantar da jama'a game da illolin kiwon lafiya na shan taba, [53] ciki har da manyan hatsarori na kutsawa cikin hayaki na hannu ga mazauna gidaje masu yawan jama'a. [54] .Kara farashin kayayyakin taba, misali ta hanyar haraji. HUKUNCIN CIGABA DA AlKATAWA "Huija mai mahimmanci" cewa wannan yana da tasiri a cikin karuwar sigari [55]: 28-30 an kiyasta cewa karuwa ta CIGABA DAGA 3-5 %.[50] .Kamfen watsa labarai. Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa idan aka hada su tare da wasu nau''in shiga tsakani, kamfen din watsa labarai na iya zama da fa'ida.[55]: 30-32[56.'' .Shaidu masu rauni sun nuna cewa sanya dokar hana shan taba a asibitoci da gidajen yari na iya rage yawan shan taba da shan taba.[57] ===Magungunan masana=== Shirye-shiryen da masana magunguna ke jagoranta sun tabbatar da yin tasiri wajen taimakawa yunkurin daina shan taba. Yawancin sake dubawa na tsari sun kalli mahimmancin shigar da magunguna. A kasar Malesiya, bincikensu ya yi nazari kan yadda masu yin harhada magunguna a cikin kula da lafiyar marasa lafiya gaba daya ya nuna ci gaba wajen tantance farkon cutar. [58] Wannan ya ba da izinin magani na farko yana farawa a cikin COPD mai haifar da shan taba. Bugu da kari, masu harhada magunguna a Malaysia na iya rubuta samfuran NRT, kuma lokacin da suka jagoranci sabis na daina shan taba, ya fi nasara fiye da sauran gwaje-gwajen daina shan taba a Malaysia. [58] An kuma nuna cewa masu ba da magunguna da samfuran NRT sun fi tasiri wajen daina shan taba fiye da amfani da NRT kadai. Acikin ayyukan dakatar da shan sigari da masu siyar da magunguna ke jagoranta a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], binciken ya gano fa'idodin kididdiga da fa'idodi na asibiti suna fifita sa hannun masu harhada magunguna. [59] Sun gano cewa tsarin kulawa, da ziyarar yau da kullun, samun saukin isa ga masu harhada magunguna sun taimaka wa mutane da yawa wadanda ke kokarin barin aiki fize da ba tare da. Duk da haka, binciken ya kammala cewa ya kamata a yi karin bincike a yankin yayin da suka gano wani hadarin da ba a sani ba a cikin binciken da aka hada[59]. ===Hanyoyi na zamantakewa=== The Great American Smokeout taron ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke gayyatar masu shan sigari su daina na kwana daya, da fatan za su iya tsawaita wannan har abada. . Ranar 31 ga watan Mayun kowace shekara ce hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta ware ranar yaki da shan taba sigari. . Sau da yawa ana ba da tallafin dakatar da shan taba ta hanyar dakatar da wayar tarho|72][73] (misali, lambar kyauta ta Amurka 1-800-QUIT-NOW), ko kuma cikin mutum. Nazari guda uku na meta-bincike sun kammala cewa tallafin dakatar da tarho yana da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da karamin ko babu shawarwari ko taimakon kai da kuma cewa dakatarwar tarho tare da magani ya fi inganci fiye da magani kadai, [45]: 91-92[55]:40-42 kuma wannan nasiha mai zurfi na mutum ya fi tasiri fiye da takaitaccen shawarwari na sirri. 7 4 ] . Kungiyar 'Yanci Daga Shan Sigari ta kunshi zama takwas kuma tana fasalta tsarin mataki-mataki don barin shan taba. An tsara kowane zama don taimakawa masu shan taba su sami iko akan halayensu. Tsarin asibitin yana karfafa mahalarta suyi aiki a kan tsari da matsalolin barin duka biyu da kuma a matsayin bangare na kungiya.84] . Yawancin nau'd'in t s o m a baki na psychosocial suna habaka kimar barin aiki: 10.8% ba tare da soma baki ba, 15.1% don tsari daya, 18.5% don tsari 2, da 23.2% don tsari uku ko hudu.45: 91 .An yi amfani da tsarin juzu'i, gami da "matakan canji", wajen daidaita hanyoyin dakatar da shan taba ga daidaikun mutane, [85][86](87][88] duk da haka, akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa "taimakon kai na tushen mataki. shisshigi (tsarin kwararru da/ko kayan da aka kebance) da nasha na daidaikun ba su da karfi ko kasa da tasiri fiye da wadanda ba su da tushe."[89]. ===Yadda ake saita ranar bari=== Yawancin albarkatun daina shan taba irin su Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) [90] da kuma Mayo Clinic 9 1 suna karfafa masu shan taba don kirkirar shirin barin, ciki har da saita ranar dainawa, wanda ke taimaka musu tsammani da tsara kalubalen shan taba. Tsarin dainawa zai iya inganta damar mai shan taba na samun nasarar barinsa9 2 [93][94] kamar yadda zai iya saita Litinin, a matsayin ranar dainawa, g a i n cewa bincike ya nuna cewa Litinin fiye da kowace rana ita ce lokacin da masu shan taba ke neman bayanai akan layi. daina shan taba9 5 da kuma kiran da a daina shan taba96]. A [[Nepal]], masu shan taba ba sa son kai, an fara kamfen na lafiya na makonni biyu a ranar Valentine da Vasant panchami don zaburar da mutane su daina shan taba a matsayin sadaukarwa ga kaunatattunsu da yanke shawara mai ma'ana ta rayuwa. Wanna yakin yana daukar hankalin jama'a. [97] ===Taimakon kai=== Kayayyakin taimakon kai na iya haifar da karamar habakar kima musamman lokacin da babu wani nau'i na tallafi na tallafi.[98] "Sakamakon taimakon kai ya kasance mai rauni", kuma adadin nau'ikan taimakon kai bai haifar da kimar kamewa ba. 45]:89-91 Duk da haka, hanyoyin taimakon kai don daina shan taba sun hada da: . Kungiyoyin taimakon kai-da-kai irin su Nicotine Anonymous, [99][100] ko albarkatun dakatarwa na gizo kamar Smokefree.gov, wanda ke ba da taimako iri-iri ciki har da kayan taimakon kai.[101] .WebMD: hanya ce ta samar da bayanan tushen yanar lafiya, kayan aikin sarrafa lafiya, da tallafi. 102 ===Ra'ayin biochemical=== Hanyoyi daban-daban suna ba masu shan sigari damar g a i n tasirin amfani da taba da kuma tasirin barinsa nan take. Yin amfani da hanyoyin mayar da martani na biochemical na iya ba da damar gano masu amfani da taba da tantancewa, kuma saka idanu a duk kokarin barin a iya kara kuzari don barin. [107][108] Shaida- hikima, an san kadan game da illolin yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen halittu don tantance hadarin mutum dangane da daina shan taba.[109] . Sa ido kan numfashin carbon monoxide (CO): carbon monoxide wani muhimmin sashi ne na hayakin sigari, kuma ana iya amfani da na'urar duba carbon monoxide don gano amfani da sigari na yanzu. Matsalolin carbon monoxide a cikin numfashi yana da alaka kai tsaye tare da hadin gwiwar CO a cikin jini, wanda aka sani da kashi carboxyhemoglobin. Kimar nuna hadin jini CO ga mai shan taba ta hanyar samfurin numfashi mara lalacewa shine yana danganta al'adar shan taba tare da cutarwar jiki da ke hade da shan taba. [110] . Cotinine: Cotinine, metabolite na nicotine, yana cikin masu shan taba. Kamar carbon monoxide, gwajin cotinine na iya zama abin dogara ga yanayin shan taba. [111] Ana iya gwada matakan Cotinine ta [[fitsari]], yau, jini, ko samfuran gashi. Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun gwajin cotinine shine cin zarafi na hanyoyin yin samfur. Duk da yake duka matakan suna ba da babban hankali da kayyadaddun kayyadaddun bayanai, sun bambanta ta hanyar amfani da farashi. Misali, sa ido kan numfashin CO ba mai cutarwa bane, yayin da gwajin cotinine ya dogara da ruwan jiki. Misali, wadannan hanyoyin guda biyu ana iya amfani da su kadai ko tare yayin da tabbatar da kauracewa yana bukatar karin tabbaci 112. ===Gasa da abubuwan kara kuzari=== Kimar kudi ko kayan aiki don jawo hankalin mutane su daina shan taba yana inganta daina shan taba yayin da dalili ke nan.[113] Gasar da ke bukatar mahalarta su saka kudin kansu, "yin yin fare" cewa za su vi nasara wajen daina shan taba, ya zama abin karfafawa. [113] Duk da haka, yana da wuya a dauki mahalarta don irin wannan gasa a cikin kwatancen kai-da-kai tare da wasu samfura masu karfafawa, kamar ba wa mahalarta NRT ko sanya su cikin tsarin lada na yau da kullun.[114] Shaidu sun nuna cewa shirye-shiryen karfafawa na iya yin tasiri ga iyaye mata masu juna biyu masu shan taba.[113] Tun daga shekarar 2019, akwai karancin adadin karatu kan "sake da nasara" da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi gasa da sakamakon binciken da ake da su ba su cika ba. [115] ==Yawan jama'a na musamman== ===Yara da matasa=== Hanyoyin amfani da yara da matasa sun hada da: .Habaka habakawa[151] . Taimakon ilimin halin dan adam [151] . Ayyukan hana shan taba sigari na matasa, kamar sa hannu a wasanni . Manhajojin makaranta, kamar horar da dabarun rayuwa . Zaman shawarwarin ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta|152 . Rage isa ga taba . Kafofin watsa labarai na anti-taba, Sadarwar iyali. ===Mata masu ciki=== Shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da illa ga lafiyar mace da tayin. Jagoran Amurka na 2008 ya kaddara cewa "matsalolin zamantakewar mutum-da- mutum" (yawanci ciki har da "shawara mai zurfi") ya karu yawan kaurace wa mata masu juna biyu masu shan taba zuwa 13.3%, idan aka kwatanta da 7.6% a cikin kulawa na yau da kullum. [45]: 165-167 Uwayen da ke shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki suna da halin haihu da wuri. Yawancin jariran su ba su da habaka, suna da kananan sassan jiki, kuma suna da nauyi fiye da matsakaicin nauyin jariri. Bugu da kari, wadannan jariran suna da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki, wanda ke sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa kamar kumburin kunne na tsakiya da mashako mai asthmatic, da kuma yanayin rayuwa kamar ciwon sukari da [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], duk suna iya haifar da cututtuka masu yawa. [156]. Bugu da kari, wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amirka ta buga ya nuna cewa shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki yana kara yiwuwar mutuwar jarirai ba zato ba tsammani ((SUID) ko (SIDS)). [157]. Hakanan akwai karin damar cewa yaron zai kasance mai shan taba a lokacin girma. Wani bita da aka yi na tsari ya nuna cewa ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewa suna taimaka wa mata su daina shan taba a karshen ciki kuma yana iya rage hadarin jarirai marasa nauyi. Tatsuniya ce cewa mace mai shan taba na iya cutar da tayin ta hanyar daina gaggawa da gano tana da ciki. Wannan ra'ayin ba ya dogara ne akan wani binciken likita ko gaskiya ba. [159] ===Masu shan taba a asibiti=== Masu shan taba da aka kwantar da su a asibiti na iya zama dalili na musamman don barin. Binciken Cochrane na 2012 ya gano cewa ayyukan da suka fara a lokacin zaman asibiti da ci gaba da wata daya ko fiye bayan fitarwa suna da tasiri wajen haifar da kauracewa. 165. Marasa lafiya da ke yin zaben tiyata na iya samun fa'idodin hanyoyin hana shan sigari kafin a fara aiki, lokacin farawa 4-8 makonni kafin tiyata tare da sa baki na mako-mako don tallafin dabi'a da amfani da maganin maye gurbin nicotine. [166] An samo shi don rage rikice-rikice da yawan cututtuka bayan tiyata. [166]. ===Rashin hankali=== Mutanen da ke da matsalar vanayi ko rashin kulawa da rashin hankali suna da damar da za su fara shan taba da kuma karancin damar daina shan taba. [167] An kuma ga alaka mafi girma da shan taba a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da babbar cuta ta damuwa a kowane lokaci a tsawon rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba tare da shi ba. Adadin nasarar da aka samu wajen barin shan taba ya yi kasa sosai ga wadanda ke da babbar matsalar rashin damuwa da mutanen da ba tare da an gano cutar ba. [168] Fitar da hayakin sigari tun farkon rayuwa, lokacin daukar ciki, kuruciya, ko samartaka, na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban daidaikun yara kuma yana kara hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan damuwa a nan gaba.[167] ===Rikicin amfani da abubuwa na lokaci guda=== Sama da kashi uku bisa hudu na mutanen da ake jinyar amfani da kayan maye suna shan taba a halin yanzu.173] Bayar da shawarwari da magunguna (maganin maye gurbin nicotine kamar faci ko danko, varenicline, da/ko bupropion) yana kara kauracewa taba ba tare da kara hadarin komawa ga sauran abubuwan amfani ba. 174 ==Kwatanta kimar nasara== Kwatankwacin adadin nasara a cikin tsangwama na iya zama da wahala saboda ma'anoni daban-daban na "nasara" a cikin nazarin. [165] Robert West da Saul Shiffman, hukumomi a wanna fanni da ma'aikatun kiwon lafiya na gwamnati suka amince da su a cikin kasashe da yawa, [164]:73, 76, 80 sun kammala cewa, amfani da su tare, "tallafin halayya" da "maganin magani" na iya rubanya damar da za a samu. yunkurin barin aiki zai yi nasara. Wani bita na tsari na 2008 a cikin Jarida ta Turai na Rigakafin Ciwon daji ya gano cewa tsarin halayyar rukuni shine mafi kyawun dabarun shiga tsakani don dakatar da shan taba, sannan bupropion, shawarar likita mai zurfi, maganin maye gurbin nicotine, shawarwarin mutum, shawarwarin tarho, toma baki, da kuma dacewa da kai. -matsalolin taimako; binciken bai tattauna batun varenicline ba. ==Abubuwan da ke shafar nasara== Kashewa na iya zama da wahala ga mutanen da ke da fata mai launin duhu fiye da masu launin fata tun da nicotine yana da alaka ga kyallen da ke dauke da melanin. Bincike ya nuna hakan na iya haifar da al'amarin karuwar dogaro da nicotine da rage yawan daina shan taba a cikin mutane masu launin duhu.(177 Akwai muhimmin bangaren zamantakewa ga shan taba. Yaduwar daina shan taba daga mutum zuwa mutumyana taimakawa wajen raguwar shan taba a wadannan shekaru[178]. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 a cibiyar sadarwar da ke da alaka da mutane sama da 12,000 ya gano cewa daina shan taba ta kowane mutum da aka ba shi ya rage damar w a s da ke kewaye da su haskaka ta da adadin masu zuwa: mata da kashi 67%, dan'uwa ta kashi 25%, aboki da 36. %, da abokin aiki da 34%. [178] Duk da haka, wani bita na Cochrane ya kaddara cewa soma baki don kara goyon bayan zamantakewa don yunkurin daina shan taba bai inganta kimar daina dogon lokaci ba. [179] Masu shan taba da ke kokarin daina shan taba suna fuskantar tasirin zamantakewa wanda zai iya riniayar su su bi su ci gaba da shan taba. Sha'awa yana da saukin tsarewa lokacin da yanayin mutum bai haifar da al'ada ba. Ace mutumin da ya daina shan taba yana da kusanci da masu shan taba. Awannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana saka su cikin yanayin da ke sa sha'awar bin ka'idodin da ke da ban sha'awa. Koyaya, a cikin karamin rukuni tare da akalla daya ba shan taba ba, yuwuwar daidaituwa ta ragu. Zagayewar kai yana faruwa lokacin da mutum ya ji dadin shan taba duk da haka yana shan taba don rage jin dadi. Wargaza wannan zagayowar na iya zama mabudin wajen canza dabi'ar zagon kasa181]. Masu shan tabar da ke da babbar matsalar damuwa na iya zama kasa da nasara wajen daina shan sigari fiye da masu shan sigari wadanda ba su da damuwa. (45]:81 [182] Komawa (ci gaba da shan taba bayan dainawa) yana da alaka da lamuran tunani kamar karancin karfin kai, [183] [184] ko mafi kyawun amsawa; [186 = Illoli= ===Alamun janyewa=== CDC ta gane alamun janyewar nicotine guda bakwai da mutane sukan fuskanta lokacin da suke daina shan taba: "sha'awar shan taba, jin haushi, jin haushi, ko bacin rai, jin tsalle da rashin natsuwa, samun wahalar mai da hankali, samun matsala barci, jin yunwa ko samun nauyi, ko jin damuwa, bakin ciki ko damuwa."[189] Bincike ya nuna cewa yin amfani da magunguna, irin su varenicline [190] [191] na iva zama da amfani wajen rage alamun janyewar yayin aikin dainawa. ===Girman nauyi=== Yin watsi da shan taba yana da alaka da matsakaicin nauyin kilo 4-5 (8.8-11.0 lb) bayan watanni 12, yawancin abin da ke faruwa a cikin watanni uku na farko na barin. [192]. ===Lafiyar tunani=== Kamar sauran magunguna na jiki, jarabar nicotine yana hafar da kayyadaddun ka'idodin samar da dopamine da sauran masu habaka neurotransmitters yayin da kwakwalwa ke kokarin rama abin habakar dan adam da shan taba ke haifarwa. Wasu bincike daga 1990s sun gano cewa lokacin da mutane suka daina shan taba, alamun damuwa irin su halin kashe kansa ko ainihin bacin rai na iya haifar da, [182] [200] ko da yake wani binciken da aka yi a duniya kwanan nan yana kwatanta masu shan taba da suka daina tsawon watanni 3 tare da masu ci gaba da shan taba sun gano cewa dakatar da shan taba. bai bayyana yana kara damuwa ko damuwa ba. [201] Wani bita na 2021 ya gano cewa barin shan taba yana rage damuwa da damuwa. ==Manazarta== fg3j8ut3nne6m8dvx0bzyfv5hw8t6ox 0 73438 879926 406783 2026-07-10T03:44:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Princess Shyngle''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma furodusa ce ta Gambian. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gimbiya Shyngle a Gambiya . Mahaifinta, Winston Shyngle, mataimakin magajin gari ne a Gambiya kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar kasuwa ce. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Gambiya]], ƙaramar ƙasa a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-27 |title=Who is Princess Shyngle? All you need to know about her |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/all-you-need-to-know-about-princess-shyngle/2lelfbd |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == Bayan fitowa a matsayin na uku mafi kyau a gasar Next Movie Star Africa, Princess Shyngle ta fito a fina-finai da yawa tun daga lokacin, musamman a [[Ghana]]. An zabi Gimbiya Shyngle don "bincike na shekara" a 2015 Ghana Movie Awards . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai biyu tare da wasu taurarin fina-falla na Ghana kamar [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Martha Ankomah|Marta Ankomah]], da D-Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gatwiri |first=Juster |date=2019-12-10 |title=All you ever wanted to know about Princess Shyngle |url=https://yen.com.gh/139915-princess-shyngle-biography-photos-age-boyfriend.html |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> Babban ayyukanta sun haɗa da Me ya sa maza ke yin aure, jerin Dormitory 8, jerin ''Brides 5'', da The Hidden Fantasy . A cikin 2020, ta ƙaddamar da shirin talabijin na gaskiya mai suna Discovering Princess Shyngle . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-03-25 |title=Princess Shyngle is Set to Launch a Reality TV Show & You Can Watch the Trailer Here |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/03/discovering-princess-shyngle/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Shyngle ta zama sananniya sosai saboda karamin wuyanta da maganganun da ake jayayya a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-02 |title=Outrage as Princess Shyngle claims to have removed 5 ribs to have tiny waist |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/outrage-as-princess-shyngle-claims-to-have-removed-5-ribs-to-have-tiny-waist/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwafunmilayo |first=Akinpelu |date=2019-04-17 |title=All actresses are recycling and dating same boyfriends - Princess Shyngle |url=https://www.legit.ng/1234091-all-actresses-recycling-dating-boyfriends-princess-shyngle.html |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152013/https://www.legit.ng/1234091-all-actresses-recycling-dating-boyfriends-princess-shyngle.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi jita-jita cewa Princess tana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na afrobeat na Najeriya, [[Burna Boy|Burnaboy]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-26 |title=Burna Boy Reportedly Dating Princess Shyngle, Dumps Stefflon Don |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/08/26/burna-boy-reportedly-dating-princess-shyngle-dumps-stefflon-don/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Within Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A wani lamari, ta tafi shafinta na kafofin sada zumunta don sanar da alkawarinta ga saurayinta na Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolawi |first=Taiwo |date=2019-09-21 |title=I said yes! - Curvy actress Princess Shyngle set to get married to boyfriend |url=https://www.legit.ng/1260704-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-accepts-boyfriends-marriage-proposal-video.html |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152012/https://www.legit.ng/1260704-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-accepts-boyfriends-marriage-proposal-video.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>An yi wa auren rikice-rikice da yawa kamar yadda ta taɓa kiran saurayinta don yaudarar dangantakar kuma daga baya ta nemi gafara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I gave you my heart and you cheated - Gambian actress Princess Shyngle blasts her Senegalese ex-boyfriend |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/lifestyle/celebs/i-gave-you-my-heart-and-you-cheated-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-blasts-her-senegalese-ex-boyfriend/ar-BBWZCgu |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Michael |date=2019-12-01 |title=Princess Shyngle Apologizes For Publicly Disgracing Her Ex-Boyfriend |url=https://www.informationng.com/2019/12/princess-shyngle-apologizes-for-publicly-disgracing-her-ex-boyfriend.html |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Information Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Gimbiya ta bayyana cewa tana da ciki kuma tana fama da biyan bashin ta tun lokacin da hukumomin 'yan sanda suka kama abokin aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pregnant Princess Shyngle cries out over jailed fiance - P.M. News |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/04/03/pregnant-princess-shyngle-cries-out-over-jailed-fiance/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |title=Princess Shyngle: My man is in jail, I'm struggling... nobody is supporting me |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/princess-shyngle-my-man-is-in-jail-im-struggling-nobody-is-supporting-me/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] 89whfmho8cvzg53c7c1hru2weahewi8 0 74293 879932 395746 2026-07-10T04:48:17Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 879932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mzwandile Ngubeni''' ( an haife shi 1982)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0628965 Mzwandile Ngubeni] in [[Internet Movie Database]]</ref> - Fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi da wasa a cikin fim din "A cikin Desert and Wilderness" (2001) na darekta Gavin Hood. A cikin fim din ya fito tare da wata 'yar wasan Afirka ta Kudu, Lungile Shongwe. A shirye-shiryen rawar Kali - kamar Lungile Shongwe - dole ne ya koyi maganganun [[Poland]], kodayake bai san yaren Poland ba a da.<ref>[http://film.onet.pl/wiadomosci/wywiad-z-odtworcami-rol-kalego-i-mei,1,3800683,wiadomosc.html Interview with Mzwandile Ngubeni and Lungile Shongwe]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Polish language|(PL)]]</ref> == Fina-finai == * 2001 [[Witness to a Kill]] - as Bellhop * 2001 In Desert and Wilderness - as Kali * 2001 [[In Desert and Wilderness (2001 TV series)|In Desert and Wilderness (TV mini-series)]] - as Kali * 2008 Jerusalema - as Young Bull * 2009 [[Qudhmun Adeerkii]] - as a police officer Nageeye War * 2010 [[MsX Bodyguards]] - as a friendly shopkeeper * 2011 [[Waalane Weeji]] - as a foreigner == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin Waje == * [http://www.filmweb.pl/person/Mzwandile+Ngubeni-31468 Mzwandile Ngubeni] in Filmweb (PL) [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] iywfpeugmbuq6vpq1lbet1cmy94jhdp 0 75814 879637 403037 2026-07-09T15:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Noxolo Cesane''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar ta dubu biyu 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hollywoodbet's Super League]] club na Western Cape Ladies FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=‘We Are Blazing A Trail’ |url=https://www.snl24.com/soccerladuma/local/iconic-interviews/banyana-star-noxolo-cesane-on-her-career-the-trip-to-turkey-her-move-to-mexico-20230418 |publisher=Soccer Laduma}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cesane tana da 'yar'uwar tagwaye, Sinoxolo Cesane . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cesane a cikin 2000 a [[Cape Town]], Afirka ta Kudu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=¿Quién es Noxolo Cesane, flamante refuerzo de Tigres Femenil? |url=https://soyreferee.com/futbolmx/2023/2/2/quien-es-noxolo-cesane-flamante-refuerzo-de-tigres-femenil-18006.html |publisher=soyreferee.com}}</ref> kuma ya girma a Gugulethu . Cesane ta girma tana buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da yara maza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rising star Noxolo Cesane: From 'balling with boys, to ushering in new successful Banyana era |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/bafanabafana/rising-star-noxolo-cesane-from-balling-with-boys-to-ushering-in-new-successful-banyana-era-20220727 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> kafin ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan mata [[Cape Town Roses FC]] tare da 'yar uwarta tagwaye Sinoxolo, dukansu sun tashi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar ta 12. <ref name="bg-profile-2022" /> == Aikin koleji == Cesane ta yi shekaru hudu a Jami'ar Western Cape, inda ta taka leda a [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|kungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] . == Aikin kulob == Bayan shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata na 2022, Cesane ta jawo sha'awa daga kulob din Stade de Reims na Faransa . A cikin Satumba 2022, ta rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda tare da kulob din don yin wasa a babban jirgin saman Faransa Division 1 Féminine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Llego al mejor club - Noxolo Cesane |url=http://laprensa.mx/notas.asp?id=711940 |publisher=laprensa.mx}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2023, tana neman ƙarin lokacin wasa, ta sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar Tigres na Mexico. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Banyana star welcomes Cesane to Mexico’s top-flight league |url=https://sundayworld.co.za/news/sport/soccer/banyana-star-welcomes-cesane-to-mexicos-top-flight-league/ |publisher=sundayworld.co.za}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin 2019, Cesane ta buga wasanta na farko ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Banyana Banyana star Noxolo Cesane finds new home abroad |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/noxolo-cesane-signs-stade-de-reims-feminines-banyana-banyana-breaking-10-september-2022/ |publisher=thesouthafrican.com |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2023-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506130120/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/noxolo-cesane-signs-stade-de-reims-feminines-banyana-banyana-breaking-10-september-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cesane na cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noxolo Cesane, une championne d’Afrique |url=https://www.lunion.fr/id406283/article/2022-09-09/football-d1-feminine-noxolo-cezane-une-championne-dafrique-au-stade-de-reims |publisher=lunion.fr}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Cesane galibi tana aiki ne a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma an san ta da fasaha. <ref name="cp-profile-2023">{{Cite web |title=Noxolo Cesane adds Mexican flavour to Banyana Banyana |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/sport/noxolo-cesane-adds-mexican-flavour-to-banyana-banyana-20230326 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar sana'a == '''Manufar kasa da kasa''' {| class="wikitable" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | Fabrairu 18, 2023 | Miracle Sport Complex, Alanya, [[Turkiyya]] |{{Fbw|UZB}}</img>{{Fbw|UZB}} | align="center" | '''3-0''' | align="center" | 3–0 | Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Turkiyya 2023 |- |} == Girmamawa == '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] sdrvgqnpurorsks37jfc235jgpxdlz4 0 75923 879550 606071 2026-07-09T12:48:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nicole Lauren Michael''' (an Haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 2001) kwararriyar yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka rawar gaba a kungiyar [[kungiyar kwallon kafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|kwallon kafa ta SAFA ta Mata ta]] TS Galaxy Queens da kuma kungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vardien |first=Tashreeq |title=Ellis full of praise for her Banyana troops as next phase of Wafcon title defence takes flight |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/bafanabafana/ellis-full-of-praise-for-her-banyana-troops-as-next-phase-of-wafcon-title-defence-takes-flight-20231205 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin 2017, an zabi ta a cikin ƙungiyar Bantwana don FIFA U/17 Women's Cup Qualifiers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Mark |date=2018-02-10 |title=Coach Dludlu names Bantwana World Cup qualifier squad |url=https://www.teamsa.co.za/coach-dludlu-names-bantwana-world-cup-qualifier-squad/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=TeamSA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=thembavukeya |date=2018-08-23 |title=Michael strikes for her goals |url=https://westside-eldos.co.za/46971/michael-strikes-goals/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Soweto Urban |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin tawagar Basetsana da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta kasar Sin ta U-19 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-08 |title=South Africa lose to Vietnam in Chinese U19 women tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/south-africa-lose-to-vietnam-in-chinese-u19-womens-tournament/1rg48ie6u7a1m1u5rcynl1naw8 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Goal.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2023, ta zura babbar kwallo ta farko a ragar Burkina Faso a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata na 2024 . == Aikin kulob == Michael a baya ya buga wa [[Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.|Bloemfontein Celtics Ladies]] da Royal AM . A cikin 2023, ta shiga kulob na tushen Mpumalanga TS Galaxy Queens . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=2023 to be a great year for women's Football – SAFA COO Monyepao |url=https://centralnews.co.za/2023-to-be-a-great-year-for-womens-football-safa-coo-monyepao/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Central News South Africa |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Setena |first=Teboho |title=Celtic still chasing top 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/express-news/celtic-still-chasing-top-5-20211109 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hare |first=Rudene |date=2023-02-04 |title=TS Galaxy Queens Squad Announced for Hollywoodbets Super League Season |url=https://gsport.co.za/ts-galaxy-queens-squad-announced-for-hollywoodbets-super-league-season/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2025-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515094052/https://gsport.co.za/ts-galaxy-queens-squad-announced-for-hollywoodbets-super-league-season/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2001]] lyo8t6j6gc937hstiy68vrweyzl3hho 0 76726 879951 479761 2026-07-10T05:29:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Radwa Sherif''' (An haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan [[Fabrairu]] shekara ta 1998 a [[Kairo|garin Alkahira]] ) ƴar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ce ta kasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Masar da kuma Sporting Club a kasar Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Radwa Salem Ahmed Sherif - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/206179/Radwa-Salem-Ahmed-Sherif |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> == Mahimman bayanai na sana'a == === Babban Babban Tawagar Kasa === * A cikin shekarar 2023 FIBA Women's AfroBasket, ta buga wasanni 3, matsakaicin maki 2.7, sake dawowa 5.3, taimakon 0.3, da ƙimar inganci na 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Radwa Sherif (Sherif R.) - Player Profile - Basketball24.com |url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/sherif-radwa/zeQNUAJ5/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.basketball24.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329213906/https://www.basketball24.com/player/sherif-radwa/zeQNUAJ5/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * A lokacin wasannin cancantar cancantar AfroBasket na mata na FIBA na shekarar 2023, ta shiga cikin wasanni 5, matsakaicin maki 8.6, sake dawowa 3.6, taimakawa 0.4, da ƙimar inganci na 8.2. * A shekarar 2021 FIBA Women's Afrobasket - Qualifiers - Zone 5, ta buga wasanni 4, matsakaicin maki 2, sake dawowa 2.5, taimakawa 0.3, da ƙimar inganci na 1.8. * A cikin shekarar 2017 FIBA Women's Afrobasket, ta buga wasanni 12, matsakaicin maki 3.9, sake dawowa 2.8, taimakon 0.3, da ƙimar inganci na 4. * Gabaɗaya, jimillar ma'auni na babban matakin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa shine maki 4.3, 3.6 rebounds, 0.3 taimako, da ƙimar inganci na 4.8. === Matasan Tawagar Kasa === * A cikin gasar cin kofin ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta FIBA U19 ta shekarar 2017, ta buga wasanni 7, matsakaicin maki 9.9, sake dawowa 8.4, taimakawa 0.7, da ƙimar inganci na 9.3. * A lokacin shekarar 2016 Afrobasket Mata U18, ta buga wasanni 6, matsakaicin maki 10, sake dawowa 8.5, taimako 1.3, da ƙimar inganci na 12.8. * A gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIBA U19 ta shekarar 2015, ta buga wasanni 2, matsakaicin maki 1, 1.5 rebounds, 0 help, da ingantaccen rating na -1.5. * A shekarar 2014 FIBA U17 World Championship for Women, ta buga wasanni 4, matsakaicin maki 0, sake dawowa 0, taimako 0, da ƙimar inganci na -0.5. * A lokacin gasar FIBA ta Afrika ta shekarar 2013 na mata na 'yan kasa da shekara 16, ta buga wasanni 6, inda ta samu maki 7.3, ta sake dawowa da maki 5.5, ta taimaka 0.8, sannan ta samu maki 11.2. * Gabaɗaya, jimillar ma'auni na matakin matasa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa maki 6.4, 5.4 rebounds, 0.7 helps, and a rating rating of 7.3. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Category:Articles without Wikidata item]] m58q8xj0nd87jvy9j3hebroepi9fb2z 0 79980 879927 797326 2026-07-10T03:45:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Priscilla Baker farfesa ce a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Western Cape . Ita ce jagorar SensorLab, dandalin bincike a cikin electrochemistry wanda ke hulɗa da electrodynamics na kayan aiki da na'urori masu auna sigina. Ita memba ce mai aiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Turai don Muscles na Artificial (ESNAM) da kuma tsarin musayar ma'aikatan Marie Curie International (IRSES). == Ayyuka == Baker ta sami BSc a Jami'ar Cape Town kuma ta fi girma a cikin Ocean da Atmospheric Science a matsayin mace baƙar fata kawai a cikin aji. Daga nan sai ta kammala digirin digirin ta na kasa a fannin ilmin sunadarai, a [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula]] . Bayan ta sami sha'awar ilimin electrochemistry, ta yi BSc Honours (Chemistry) kuma ta samu nasarar kammala karatun ta na MSc (Chemory) kan kimantawa na ƙarfe a cikin yanayi a Jami'ar Western Cape. A shekara ta 2004, ta sami digirinta na PhD (Chemistry) a fannin sabbin sinadarai na ƙarfe a matsayin anodes don lalacewar phenol, a [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UWC's Prof Priscilla Baker wins Women in Science Award |url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/News/Pages/-Priscilla-Baker.aspx |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=www.uwc.ac.za |language=en-us |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143842/https://www.uwc.ac.za/News/Pages/-Priscilla-Baker.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Baker ta sami lambar yabo ta Masanin Kimiyya ta Mata a cikin rukunin Kimiyya da Injiniya daga Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta shekara-shekara ta Mata a Kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in Science Awards winners making their mark |url=https://www.gov.za/women-science-awards-winners-making-their-mark |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Government of South Africa]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Baker ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu (SAC) a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Priscilla Baker takes over reins at SASAC |url=http://sasac.ac.za/news/priscilla-baker-takes-over-reins-at-sasac/ |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=www.sasac.ac.za |language=en-us |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212021/http://sasac.ac.za/news/priscilla-baker-takes-over-reins-at-sasac/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baker ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirin SASAC kuma memba na ƙungiyar zartarwa ta shirin, daga 2017-2019. Ta taimaka wajen inganta fahimtar bincike na horo da kuma inganta shiga cikin nazarin tsarin a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka, ta hanyar dabarun daukar ma'aikata masu dacewa, bita da aka yi niyya da haɗin gwiwa ko haɗin gwiwa daga IIASA a Austria, wurin zama na nazarin tsarin. Ta hanyar shirin SASAC kimanin 'yan takarar PhD 60 daga Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka an tattara su cikin bincike na interdisciplinary da na iyaka da ya dace da bukatun ƙasa, yanki, da na duniya. A cikin 2018 Farfesa Baker an ba shi lambar yabo ta DSI / NRF Cibiyar Bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu (SARChI) a cikin Tsarin Bincike da Hanyoyi don Muhimmanci da Masu Fitarwa (ASPPEC). Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha (DST) da Gidauniyar Bincike ta Kasa (NRF) ne suka kafa Cibiyar Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu (SARChI) tare da manufar jan hankali da riƙe ƙwarewa a cikin bincike da kirkire-kirkire a jami'o'in jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar kafa Cibiyoyin Bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NRF SARChI Chairs |url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/study/research-and-innovation/nrf-sarchi-chairs |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531140546/https://www.uwc.ac.za/study/research-and-innovation/nrf-sarchi-chairs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce co-direkta na ƙungiyar bincike ta SensorLab kuma bincikenta yana mai da hankali kan ka'idojin nazari don magance matsalolin kula da muhalli, kiwon lafiya da aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priscilla Baker-Nanostructured semi-conductive interfaces for real time analytical solutions |url=https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/ |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115025343/https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020 an nada Baker a matsayin Fellow in Residence a Jami'ar CY Cergy Paris a kan shirin Paris-Seine na Excellence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heever |first=Aidan van den |date=22 July 2019 |title=Internationally-acclaimed Senior Professor Priscilla Baker becomes research fellow at the University of Cergy-Pontoise |url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/about/alumni/news-events/internationally-acclaimed-senior-professor-priscilla-baker-becomes-research-fellow-at-the-university-of-cergy-pontoise-311 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[University of the Western Cape]] |language=en-us |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531140546/https://www.uwc.ac.za/about/alumni/news-events/internationally-acclaimed-senior-professor-priscilla-baker-becomes-research-fellow-at-the-university-of-cergy-pontoise-311 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin nadinta ta kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa da kasa na Senergylab tsakanin ƙungiyar bincike ta SensorLab (Jami'ar Yammacin Cape) da dakin gwaje'a na polymer LPPI a Jami'ar CY Cergy Paris, Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Welcome on SENERGYLAB |url=https://labo.u-cergy.fr/~senergylab}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar horo na digiri na 4 ya dogara ne akan raba albarkatu da ƙwarewa, don isar da shirye-shiryen PhD na haɗin gwiwa (co-tutelle) ban da shirye-aikacen haɓaka haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar koyarwa da ziyarar musayar bincike, don 'yan takarar Masters da PhD da aka ɗauka cikin haɗin gwiwa. Baker ya yi aiki a cikin al'ummar electrochemistry ta duniya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Sashen Electroanalytical Chemistry na International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE, Switzerland) daga 2013 zuwa 2016 a matsayin Wakilin Yankin ISE na Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka, daga 2016-2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Society of Electrochemistry |url=https://www.ise-online.org/ise-committees/reg-rep.php |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[International Society of Electrochemistry]] |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803153623/https://ise-online.org/ise-committees/reg-rep.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baker Fellow ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, tun daga 2018 kuma Fellow na Royal Society of Chemistry (UK, 2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baker Priscilla |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[African Academy of Sciences]] |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526092815/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lo3cwwzbnd3agt66iqmv1klx8yttgip 0 80322 880104 485131 2026-07-10T11:06:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marius Llewellyn Fransman''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1969) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma malami. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Yammacin Cape daga 2014 zuwa 2016, kuma a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Yammacin Kapa daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai a cikin majalisar ministocin [[Jacob Zuma]] . Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. Fransman ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Yammacin Cape daga 1999 zuwa 2009, kuma daga 2014 zuwa 2016. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Fransman a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1969 a Blackheath a kan Cape Flats . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Bishop Lavis kuma ya shiga makarantar a shekarar 1987. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a yayin da yake aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar wakilan dalibai na makarantar (SRC). Ya kuma sami digiri na farko na Arts daga [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]] . Daga baya, ya sami Digiri mafi girma a Ilimi daga wannan jami'a. Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a garin Vredendal . A wannan lokacin, ya shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka. == Ayyukan siyasa == [[Fayil:Marius_Fransman.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Fransman yana yakin neman takarar zabe a 2007]] Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar ma'aikata na yanki ga ANC kuma daga baya ya ɗauki matsayin Manajan Shirin Ma'aikata a Shirin Jama'a. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Lardin na reshen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Cape daga shekarar 1997 har zuwa 2004, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin shugaban teburin kamun kifi. Ya kasance mai kula da zaben karkara na jam'iyyar daga 1995 har zuwa lokacin da ya zama mai kula da zaɓen lardin jam'iyyar a 1999. Duk da rike mukamai da yawa na cikin gida, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Magajin gari da Magajin gari na Vredendal. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin lardin Yammacin Cape a 1999 kuma ya rike mukamai da yawa a gwamnatin lardin Yankin Cape. An nada shi Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Rage Talauci na Lardin a shekara ta 2001 amma daga bisani aka tura shi matsayin Ministan Karamar Hukumar da Gidaje na Lardin. A shekara ta 2005, Rasool ya sake fasalin shugabansa kuma ya sanya Fransman a matsayin Ministan Sufuri da Ayyukan Jama'a na Lardin. Ya yi aiki har zuwa 2008 lokacin da Firayim Minista Lynne Brown ya sanar da cewa Fransman zai zama Ministan Lafiya na Lardin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki na Kwamitin Ilimi da Horarwa. Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya sake tsara majalisar ministocin kasa a watan Oktoba na 2010 kuma ya nada Fransman a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, wanda ya gaji Sue van der Merwe . == Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Cape == . <ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2011-02-12-marius-fransman-crowned-cape-anc-chairperson Marius Fransman crowned Cape ANC Chairperson]</ref>Fransman ya kasance dan takara a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Cape . Wanda ke mulki, Mcebisi Skwatsha, ya yanke shawarar tsayawa. An zabi Fransman a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2011 a taron jam'iyyar a Cape Town [[Fayil:Visita del Vicecanciller de Sudáfrica (9682283362).jpg|thumb|Marius Fransman]] A matsayinsa na Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a cikin Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance-led Western Cape, Fransman ya fuskanci wuta a lokuta da yawa kafin Babban zaben 2014 saboda hanyoyin da yake da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2014 |title=Western Cape food for votes case in court |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-30-western-cape-food-for-votes-case-in-court |access-date=1 February 2015 |website= |publisher=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Hanyoyin sun haɗa da rarraba kayan abinci ga masu jefa kuri'a da kuma yin alkawarin kuɗi mai yawa ga masu jefa ƙuri'a kafin zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=ANC leader in 'votes for cash' scandal |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/01/anc-leader-in-votes-for-cash-scandal1 |access-date=1 February 2015 |website= |publisher=Times Live}}</ref> Fransman shine dan takarar firaministan jam'iyyar. Jam'iyyar ta riƙe dukkan kujerun ta a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Yammacin Cape kuma ya koma Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Kapa a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa, wanda ya gaji Lynne Brown. Ya kalubalanci Helen Zille mai mulki na Democratic Alliance don matsayin Firayim Minista a zaman farko na Majalisar Dokoki ta Lardin ta biyar. Daga baya ya sha kashi a hannun Zille yayin da Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ta sami rinjaye a majalisar dokokin lardin. Fransman ya samu kuri'u 14 idan aka kwatanta da kuri'u 27 na Zille.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zille re-elected Western Cape premier |url=https://www.news24.com/Elections/News/Zille-re-elected-Western-Cape-premier-20140521 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205124510/https://www.news24.com/Elections/News/Zille-re-elected-Western-Cape-premier-20140521 |archive-date=2018-12-05 |access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> Fransman ya kuma kalubalanci kuma ya soki Gwamnatin Yammacin Cape da Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance a kan matsayinta na manufofi. Fransman ya sake lashe zaben ba tare da hamayya ba zuwa karo na biyu a taron jam'iyyar a shekarar 2015. <ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Fransman-re-elected-as-WCape-ANC-chair-20150628 Fransman re-elected as Western Cape ANC Chair]</ref> === Zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima'i === Mataimakinsa, Louisa Wynand ya zargi Fransman da cin zarafin jima'i. An zargi Fransman da cin zarafin Wynand yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa bikin ranar haihuwar shekara ta 104 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a Rustenburg a watan Janairun 2016. Fransman ya musanta wadannan da'awar. Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance, da kuma jami'an jam'iyya daga Majalisar Dattijai ta Afirka, sun yi kira ga ya sauka. Jam'iyyar nan da nan ta dakatar da Fransman a matsayin shugaban har sai an gudanar da bincike kan zargin da ake yi na kai hari. Mataimakin Shugaban, Khaya Magaxa, an sanya shi a matsayin mai maye gurbin Fransman. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Magaxa za ta gaji Fransman a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Yammacin Cape. ANC ta ce Magaxa za ta maye gurbin Fransman har sai an kammala dukkan matakai na ciki.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/khaya-magaxa-replaces-fransman-in-western-cape-legislature-20160216 Khaya Magaxa replaces Fransman in the Western Cape legislature]</ref> Fransman ya sami goyon baya mai yawa a wannan lokacin. A watan Fabrairun 2016, an kirkiro shafin Facebook tare da sunan, ''Abokan Marius Fransman'' . A shafin, an shirya hidimar addu'a ga iyalin Fransman. Daga baya aka gudanar da hidimar a Vredendal. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, sakataren kungiyar matasa ta ANC ta lardin ya yi kira da a sake dawo da Fransman.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-ancyl-distances-itself-from-calls-for-fransmans-return-20160415 Western Cape ANCYL distances itself from calls for Fransman's return]</ref><ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/thousands-join-friends-of-fransman-facebook-page-20160206 Thousands join 'Friends of Fransman' Facebook page]</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016, Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sauke tuhumar da aka yi wa Fransman saboda rashin shaidar. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta ci gaba da bincikenta na jam'iyya.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/sexual-harrassment-charges-dropped-against-fransman-npa-20160523 Sexual harassment charges dropped against Fransman - NPA]</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Kungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta bayyana cewa kungiyar ba za ta goyi bayan Fransman ba, da kuma wanda ya zarge shi.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ancwl-wont-support-comrade-fransman-20160623 ANCWL won't support 'comrade' Fransman]</ref> A watan Yulin 2016, wani jami'in ANC ya yi iƙirarin cewa Fransman ya koma matsayinsa. Sakatare Janar na ANC, Gwede Mantashe, ya soki jami'in jam'iyyar da ya yi sanarwar ƙarya. Fransman ya gabatar da aikace-aikacen kotu don a dawo da shi a matsayin shugaban.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/Elections/News/mantashe-hits-out-at-zuma-mokonyane-for-endorsing-fransman-20160725 Fransman is not back - Mantashe]</ref> [[Fayil:Canciller Patiño se reunió con el Viceministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Sudáfrica, Marius Fransman (9680679802).jpg|thumb|Marius Fransman]] A watan Agustan 2016, goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a Yammacin Cape ya ragu sosai. Jam'iyyar ta rasa unguwanni da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da yawa ga Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance . === Murabus da dakatarwar === A watan Satumbar 2016, Fransman ya yi murabus a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Yammacin Cape, duk da haka bai sauka daga matsayin shugaban lardin ba.<ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/fransman-quits-western-cape-legislature-2069302 Fransman quits Western Cape leader]</ref> .A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016, Kwamitin Kula da Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ya sami Fransman da laifi a kan laifuka biyu na rashin adalci kuma ya dakatar da zama memba na jam'iyyarsa na tsawon shekaru biyar, saboda haka ya cire shi a matsayin shugaban reshen lardin == Bayan dakatarwar == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Fransman ya ba da goyon bayansa a bayan shugaban reshen [[Nelson Mandela]] Bay African National Congress, Andile Lunigsa, yayin da manyan jami'an jam'iyyar ANC suka yi kira ga Lungisa ya yi murabus.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/marius-fransmans-ode-to-andile-lungisa-20170323 Marius Fransman's ode to Andile Lungisa]</ref> .Fransman, wanda yake mai goyon bayan Jacob Zuma, ya kuma sanar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, cewa yana farin ciki da cewa Zuma ya sake fasalin majalisar ministocinsa kuma ya yaba da nadin sabbin ministocin. Ya kalubalanci ministoci da 'yan majalisa da ba su gamsu ba su yi murabus daga mukaman su A watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, Kwamitin Wakilai na Yahudawa na Afirka ta Kudu ya yi sanarwa a fili, inda suka bayyana cewa Fransman bai riga ya nemi gafara ba saboda maganganun da ya yi a shekarar 2013.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/marius-fransman-has-not-yet-apologised-for-2013-remarks-sa-jewish-board-20180928 Marius Fransman has not yet apologised for 2013 remarks - SA Jewish Board]</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a bincika ikirarin cin zarafin da mai tuhumar Fransman, Louisa Wynand, ya yi.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/npa-to-prosecute-marius-fransman-20181208 NPA to prosecute Marius Fransman]</ref> [[Fayil:Visita del Vicecanciller de Sudáfrica (9682789494).jpg|thumb|Marius Fransman]] An kuma yi watsi da tuhumar cin zarafin Fransman a hukumance a watan Satumbar 2019, bayan bangarorin biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya don daidaitawa daga kotu.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/npa-withdraws-sexual-assault-charges-against-marius-fransman-20190918 NPA withdraws sexual assault charges against Marius Fransman]. Retrieved on 19 September 2019.</ref> ANC ta mayar da martani tare da ɗaga dakatarwar Fransman a matsayin memba na jam'iyya. Shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na Yammacin Cape, Lerumo Kalako, ya ce ana maraba da Fransman ya sake zama memba na jam'iyyar.<ref>[https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/19/anc-says-fransman-can-return-to-party-after-sex-harassment-charges-withdrawn ANC says Fransman can return to party after sex harassment charges withdrawn]. Retrieved on 19 September 2019.</ref> == Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Canji == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, Fransman ya kaddamar da sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, People's Movement for Change . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinxo |first=Zolani |title=Fransman launches new political party |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/fransman-launches-new-political-party-4e50e593-7485-4303-b9db-ed6b343ac28e |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IOL |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2020, Fransman ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya kamu da cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.dirco.gov.za/department/profile_fransman.html Bayanan martaba: Mista Marius Llewellyn Fransman - DIRCO] * [https://www.pa.org.za/person/marius-llewellyn-fransman/ Mista Marius Llewellyn Fransman - Majalisar Jama'a] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401130952/http://www.wcpp.gov.za/node/859 Mai Girma Marius Fransman - wcpp] {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Western Cape Provincial Parliament|Leader of the Opposition in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[Department of International Relations and Cooperation|Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[Government of the Western Cape|Western Cape Provincial Minister of Health]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[Government of the Western Cape|Western Cape Provincial Minister of Transport and Public Works]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[Government of the Western Cape|Western Cape Provincial Minister of Local Government and Housing]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[Government of the Western Cape|Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Services and Poverty Alleviation]]}} |- {{S-ppo}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Provincial Chairperson of the [[African National Congress|Western Cape African National Congress]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p90iteyugigs66813vksqdpcnai10ri 0 81084 879611 669899 2026-07-09T14:37:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:LiveEarthWembleyStadium1.jpg|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Live Earth na 2007 a Filin wasa na Wembley]] Muhalli ya kasance jigon da al'adun al'adu a cikin shahararrun kiɗa. Masana ilimin kiɗa (masana ilimin kifi da masanan ilimin kabilanci da ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan kiɗa da muhalli) da kuma malamai na kiɗa suna ƙara jaddada haɗuwa da kiɗa da yanayi, da kuma rawar da kiɗa ke takawa a cikin gwagwarmayar muhalli. jigogi na muhalli a cikin kiɗa sun fito ne daga godiya ga yanayi da [[Daji|jeji]] da kuma ba da shawara don kariya, zuwa lalacewar muhalli, [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da Canjin [[yanayi]]. Za'a iya gano waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara da ke bincika batutuwan muhalli zuwa karni na 19 da kuma mutane farko, bishara da kiɗa na blues. Al'adun gargajiya na shekarun 1960 sun sauƙaƙa karuwar kiɗa na muhalli wanda ya cigaba a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Nau'ikan da suka magance batun sun haɗa da hip hop, punk rock, heavy metal da na zamani. Wasu masu fasahar kiɗa sun yi amfani da dandalin su don ingantawa da tara kuɗi don dalilai na muhalli. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don inganta dorewa Masana'antar kiɗa da kiɗa na rayuwa. == Tarihi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa == === Misalan farko === Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin farko don rufe batutuwan muhalli sun samo asali ne daga karni na 19, tare da misali ɗaya shine "Woodman! Ka ajiye wannan Itacen!" na George Pope Morris da Henry Russell.<ref name="Environmental Activism in Music">{{cite book |last1=Kahn |first1=Richard |chapter=Environmental activism in music |pages=412–417 |editor1-last=Edmondson |editor1-first=Jacqueline |title=Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-39348-8 }}</ref> Waƙoƙin gargajiya sun bincika batutuwan muhalli a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940.<ref name="Environmental Activism in Music" /> Waƙoƙin Icelandic suna da dogon al'ada na nuna yanayi tun lokacin da ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai a 1944. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dibben |first=Nicola |date=June 2009 |title=Nature and Nation: National Identity and Environmentalism in Icelandic Popular Music Video and Music Documentary |journal=Ethnomusicology Forum |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1080/17411910902816542 |s2cid=144481532}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|edition=Antti-Ville}}</ref> === Shekaru na 1960 zuwa 1970 === Bayan an gano isotope mai amfani da rediyo (Strontium-90) a cikin madarar shanu a shekarar 1959, damuwa game da tasirin muhalli na tseren [[makaman nukiliya]] ya karu. Wannan ya haifar da waƙoƙi game da rashin ganuwa na tasirin muhalli kamar isotopes na rediyo. A cikin waƙarsa "Mack the Bomb", Pete Seeger ya rubuta kwatanci tsakanin shark da Strontium-90, yana bayanin cewa barazanar shark aƙalla bayyane take, ba kamar isotopes na rediyo ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ingram |first=David |date=February 2008 |title='My Dirty Stream': Pete Seeger, American Folk Music, and Environmental Protest |url=http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3880 |journal=Popular Music and Society |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |doi=10.1080/03007760601061456 |s2cid=191660670}}</ref> A cikin 1962, Malvina Reynolds ta kuma rubuta waƙar da ake kira "Me suka yi wa ruwan sama?", wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar gwajin nukiliya na sama, da kuma yadda yake sanya Strontium-90 cikin iska, sannan a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan sama, wanda shine yadda ya shiga cikin shanu da madararsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Song lyrics to What Have They Done to the Rain?, by Malvina Reynolds |url=http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/MALVINA/mr183.htm |access-date=2016-10-06 |website=people.wku.edu}}</ref> Mawallafin waƙa Peter La Farge ya fitar da As Long as the Grass Shall Grow a cikin 1963, tarin waƙoƙin 'yan asalin Amurka da ke tattauna lalacewar muhalli. [[Fayil:Pete_Seeger_NYWTS.jpg|thumb|An bayyana Pete Seeger's God Bless the Grass (1966) a matsayin kundi na farko na muhalli.]] Pete Seeger ya fitar da abin da ake la'akari da kundi na farko na muhalli, mai taken "Allah ya albarkaci ciyawa" a shekarar 1966. Shekaru na 1960 sun samar da yawancin waƙoƙin da suka shafi muhalli, da farko saboda yaduwar kiɗa na gargajiya da mawaƙa waɗanda suka rubuta waƙoƙun zanga-zangar muhalli da yawa, a cikin wannan nau'in. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, shahararren kiɗa ya rinjayi motsi na adawa da al'adu, motsi na yaki da [[Vietnam]] da motsi na kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-29 |title=The making of the Beach Boys' "Don't Go Near The Water" |url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/interviews/the-making-of-the-beach-boys-dont-go-near-the-water-135571/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=UNCUT |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ranar Duniya ta farko da kafa [[Greenpeace]], zubar da man fetur na Santa Barbara na 1969 da wucewar Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa sun kasance da tasiri a kan kiɗa a farkon shekarun 1970s. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Milano |first=Brett |date=2021-04-22 |title=Don't Drink The Water: How The Environmental Movement Shaped Music |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/environmental-movement-in-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=uDiscover Music |language=en-US}}</ref> "Big Yellow Taxi" na Joni Mitchell ya yi nuni da DDT bayan littafin Rachel Carson na 1962 Silent Spring, wanda ya kawo haɗarin DDT ga jama'a.<ref name="Morris2019" /> John Denver, mawaƙi na ƙasa da na gargajiya sau da yawa ya raira waƙa game da jejin [[Colorado]] tare da shahararrun waƙoƙi kamar "Rocky Mountain High" da "Take Me Home, Country Roads". The Beach Boys kuma sun binciki damuwar muhalli, musamman [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], a cikin waƙoƙin Surf's Up (1971) "Kada ku je kusa da Ruwa" <ref name=":4" /> da "Rana A Rayuwar Itace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beach Boys - Surf's Up Album Reviews, Songs & More |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/surfs-up-mw0000316801 |website=AllMusic}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> A cikin 1970, adawa da muhalli ga gwajin nukiliya a Amchitka ya haifar da kide-kide mai fa'ida a Vancounver wanda sanannun mawaƙa James Taylor, Joni Mitchell da Phil Ochs suka shirya don tara kuɗi don tafiya na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka Don't Make a Wave Committee on the Phyllis Cormack don adawa da gwajin. Wannan kide-kide da tafiyar da ta biyo baya sun haifar da tushe na ƙungiyar muhalli mai tasiri ta [[Greenpeace]] . <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Milano |first=Brett |date=2021-04-22 |title=Don't Drink The Water: How The Environmental Movement Shaped Music |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/environmental-movement-in-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=uDiscover Music |language=en-US}}</ref> Ra'ayi na farko da aka ci gaba da shi ta hanyar manyan nau'ikan kiɗa na muhalli daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba sun gabatar da haɗin kai na wurare masu kyau da bil'adama.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Taƙaitaccen shine yanayin makiyaya. Koyaya an yi amfani da yanayin makiyaya don ci gaba da imani game da jeji daban-daban da ba a taɓa su ba, da kuma adawa da birni. Wadannan imani ba su nuna mahimman ayyukan [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] ba, wanda ke jaddada nau'o'i da haɗuwa a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar ɗan adam da lalacewar muhalli. Yanayin makiyaya kuma ya cire abubuwan da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru suka samu wadanda suka kasance wani bangare ne na wuraren kiwo, da kuma fuskantar tasirin abinci da hamada mai zafi, karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, ruwa mai tsabta, da ƙari a cikin birane. === 1980s-1990s === Shahararrun mawaƙa a cikin shekarun 1980, ciki har da [[R.E.M.]]="./U2" id="mwnw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="U2">U2, REM, Grateful Dead da George Harrison za su ci gaba da tallafawa [[Greenpeace]] ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙi ga kundin tarawa da bayyana a kide-kide masu fa'ida, <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Milano |first=Brett |date=2021-04-22 |title=Don't Drink The Water: How The Environmental Movement Shaped Music |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/environmental-movement-in-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=uDiscover Music |language=en-US}}</ref> gami da Greenpeace - The Album. [[R.E.M.]]="./Prince_(musician)" id="mwqw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Prince (musician)">Yarima, REM da Sting suma sun sami nasarar matsawa lakabin rikodin don fitar da ƙarin kunshin CD don rage gudummawarsu ga sharar gida da gurɓata.<ref name=":8" /> A cikin 1995 mawaƙi [[Michael Jackson]] ya fito da waƙar "Earth Song" wanda ya shafi muhalli da jin daɗin dabbobi. Samar da bidiyon kiɗa yana da taken muhalli, yana nuna hotuna na zalunci na dabba, sare daji, gurɓata, talauci, da yaƙi. Jackson da mutanen duniya sun haɗu a cikin waƙar ruhaniya - "Waƙar Duniya" - wanda ke kiran ƙarfin da ke warkar da duniya. Yin amfani da sakamako na musamman, lokaci yana juyawa don rayuwa ta dawo, yaƙi ya ƙare, kuma gandun daji ya sake girma. Bidiyon ya rufe tare da buƙatar gudummawa ga Jackson's Heal the World Foundation . <ref name="''HIStory'' on Film volume II">Michael Jackson ''HIStory'' on Film volume II VHS/DVD</ref> An nuna shirin ne sau da yawa a Amurka. === Shekaru na 2000 === A shekara ta 2007, an gudanar da babban kide-kide mai suna Live Earth a wurare da yawa a duniya a lokaci guda don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tayar da mataki game da canjin yanayi. A cikin 2009 Disney ya kirkiro wani kamfen da ake kira Disney's Friends for Change wanda ya taimaka wajen inganta saƙon muhalli. An samar da waƙar da ake kira Send it On da mawaƙa na Disney Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Jonas Brothers da Selena Gomez suka rubuta, kuma an ba da ribar ga kungiyoyin agaji na muhalli.   === Shekaru na 2010-2020 === [[Fayil:San_Francisco_Youth_Climate_Strike_-_March_15,_2019_-_22.jpg|thumb|motsi na yanayi ya rinjayi karuwar kiɗa da ke da alaƙa da [[Canjin yanayi]] a cikin shekarun 2010.]] Kundin Gorillaz Plastic Beach (2010) ya mayar da hankali kan gurɓata filastik kuma Björk's ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da sha'awar yanayi da damuwa da muhalli. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|edition=Antti-Ville}}</ref> [[Canjin yanayi]] ya zama batun da ya fi dacewa a cikin kiɗa a cikin shekarun 2010, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=What Can Music Do During Climate Collapse? |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/overtones/climate-change-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> saboda canje-canje a cikin ra'ayin jama'a da tasirin motsi na yanayi, yajin aikin matasa da [[Greta Thunberg]]. Yawancin mutane da kungiyoyi daga Masana'antar kiɗa a Ƙasar Ingila sun kafa Music Declares Emergency a cikin 2019 kuma sun ayyana gaggawa na yanayi. Grimes ta fitar da kundin jigon yanayi na ''Miss Anthropocene'' a cikin 2020, kuma 2019 Lil Dicky sadaka guda "Duniya" ta ƙunshi shahararrun mutane da yawa kuma ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarun.<ref name=":10" /> An bayyana Sheng-Xiang Band (生祥樂隊 ) na Taiwan a matsayin majagaba da ke bincika batutuwan muhalli a cikin kiɗa na ƙasarsu. An bayyana kundin su na 2016 Village Besieged a matsayin yabo ga wadanda ke fama da gurɓataccen man fetur na Taiwan. === Shekaru na 2020 zuwa yanzu === Kundin Billie Eilish na baya-bayan nan ya ƙunshi waƙar "All Good Girls Go to Hell," <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=The Best Songs About Climate Change: Climate Songs 2022 {{!}} EcoLogicc |url=https://ecologicc.net/the-best-climate-songs-2022/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=ecologicc.net |language=en-GB}}</ref> wanda aka yi niyyar jawo hankali ga rashin iyawar mutane don dakatar da canjin yanayi. Ya fito ne bayan jerin gobarar daji wanda shine abin da aka fi niyya da waƙar. Waƙar 1975 "The 1975" an sadaukar da ita gaba ɗaya ga mai fafutukar canjin yanayi [[Greta Thunberg]]. Wannan waƙar ta ƙunshi kalmomin kamar "Muna yanzu a farkon yanayin yanayi da rikice-rikicen muhalli" kuma "yanzu ba lokacin yin magana da ladabi ba ne ko kuma mayar da hankali ga abin da za mu iya ko ba za mu iya faɗi ba. " Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kalmomin an ɗauke su kai tsaye daga jawabin Thunberg ko fitar da manema labarai. == Ta hanyar jinsi == === Blues da bishara === A zamanin Cinikin bayi na Afirka zuwa Amurka, rawar da muhalli ke takawa tana da alaƙa da ruhaniya da aikin gona. Al'ummomin bayi da aka haifa a Afirka sun ba da imani da allahntaka, camfi, da haɗin ɗan adam ga duniyar halitta. "Mutanen Afirka sun yi imani da haɗin kai na mutum, ruhaniya, da mahalli kuma sun ji cewa lahani ga ko kula da wani ya shafi wasu. " Wadannan tasirin an bayyana su ne ta hanyar ruhaniya ko kiɗa na Bishara kuma galibi ana yin su a ko dai "gidajen yabo" ko kuma a cikin tarayya ta waje da ake kira "taron bishiyoyi" ko "taron daji" <ref>{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> Wannan salon kiɗa hanya ce ta bayyana ainihin kwarewar baƙar fata a Amurka, wanda a hanyoyi da yawa yana nufin yin tunani game da wahala. A mayar da martani ga wannan, nassoshi ga sama a cikin bishara suna nufin shi a matsayin yanayin halitta ko makiyaya. Blues wanda ya fito daga kudu a farkon shekarun 1900 ya yi magana game da salon rayuwa na noma da talauci na al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka. Da yake da tushe a cikin gaskiyar bautar da nuna bambanci na tsarin da ya biyo baya, Blues wanda masu zane-zane kamar Roosevelt Charles suka nuna alama ce ta aikin karkara da alaƙa da ƙasar. Daga baya sassan Blues sun sauya zuwa saurin sauri da jigogi na rayuwar birane yayin da al'ummomin launi suka yi ƙaura zuwa birane kamar [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], da New York. Wasu masana tarihi suna nuna dukes a matsayin nuna dogaro a fuskar ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da zalunci na fararen fata. Ta haka ne Blues suka samo al'umma daga cikin 'yan tsiraru a cikin kwarewar da aka raba. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Clyde Woods ya yi iƙirarin cewa ambaton masu zane-zane kamar Robert Johnson cewa Blues da Hip-Hop suna wakiltar ɗabi'ar ɗorewa ta hanyar inganta 'nau'ikan yankunan karkara da birane masu haɗin gwiwa' ta hanyar al'ummomi kamar masu tsarki a waje da darajar su.<ref name="Ingram 2010 Blues and country music" /> === Waƙoƙin gargajiya na zamani === Duk da yake mawaƙa galibi suna amfani da yanayi a matsayin wahayi, zamani na zamani daga lokacin tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya ga yawan kiɗa da ke ƙaruwa a wannan batun.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=Musical activism: Greenpeace is not the first |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/aug/04/musical-activism-greenpeace-is-not-the-first |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Mawallafa irin su John Cage da Olivier Messiaen sun fara amfani da alamu a cikin yanayi a matsayin kayan su a cikin Waƙoƙin kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ingram |first=David |date=2006 |title='The clutter of the unkempt forest': John Cage, Music and American Environmental Thought |journal=Amerikastudien |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=567–579 |jstor=41158263}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na amfani da sauti na muhalli shine "Yara na Itace". Wannan aikin ya haɗa da fadada cactus da masu girgiza wake ban da sauran kayan aikin da mai wasan ya zaɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Samuel Z. |date=2014-11-12 |title=John Cage, Child of Tree (1975) |url=http://szsolomon.com/john-cage-child-tree-1975/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=samuel z solomon |language=en-US}}</ref> John Luther Adams ya rubuta kiɗa kai tsaye daga kewayenta a [[Alaska]]. Shi masanin muhalli ne wanda ya rubuta kuma ya tattauna rawar da masu zane-zane zasu iya takawa wajen yaki da dumamar duniya.<ref>Adams,. John Luther Adams, "Global Warming and Art." Last modified 2000. Accessed November 23, 2012.</ref> Misali na kiɗansa shine yanki The Place Where You Go to Listen . Wannan aikin ya haɗa da shigarwar sauti da haske wanda "ana sarrafa shi ta abubuwan da suka faru a ainihin lokacin". === Waƙoƙin gargajiya === [[Fayil:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg|thumb|Gasar Dust Bowl ta Arewacin Amurka ta kasance batun wasu kiɗa na gargajiya na shekarun 1930 da 1940.]] Waƙoƙin gargajiya sun yi tasiri sosai a kan yunkurin muhalli. Richard Kahn ya rubuta cewa "ruhun jama'a, al'adar zanga-zangar zanga-zanga, da kuma dogaro da kayan kida - har ma da gidaje - mutane da yawa suna ganin kiɗa na gargajiya a matsayin salon da ya fi dacewa kuma yana wakiltar motsi na muhalli". Waƙar gargajiya ta muhalli ta farko ta Amurka ana zaton ita ce "Boll Weevil", wanda ya tattauna tasirin Boll weevils a masana'antar [[auduga]] ta Amurka. A lokacin farkon Farfadowar kiɗa na gargajiya na Amurka, tasirin aikin gona mai zurfi akan ƙirƙirar Dust Bowl a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] ya kasance batun waƙoƙin gargajiya da yawa, kamar Woody Guthrie's ''Dust Bowl Ballads'' da sanannen waƙarsa "So Long It's Been Good to Know Yuh". Guthrie da abokin aikinsa Pete Seeger za su ci gaba da sakin waƙoƙi masu yawa game da muhalli kuma suna da hannu a cikin shawarwari don rage gurɓata a cikin koguna. Malvina Reynolds ta saki kiɗa a kan batutuwa kamar kiyaye ruwa, tasirin Tsarin titin California da [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]].<ref name="Environmental Activism in Music" /> Joni Mitchell, [[Bob Dylan]], John Denver da John Prine duk sun kasance fitattun masu ba da shawara game da abubuwan muhalli a cikin kiɗan su da gwagwarmaya a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref name="Environmental Activism in Music" /> === Hip-Hop da R&B === A cikin shekarun 1970s, tare da korafe-korafe game da Yaƙin Vietnam da gwagwarmayar 'Yancin Bil'adama, kare muhalli ya kasance a idon jama'a a matsayin batun siyasa na tashin hankali. A cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka sauyawa zuwa R & B ya jaddada muhimmancin waɗannan batutuwan. Mai zane Marvin Gaye ya fitar da wani kundi a cikin 1971 mai taken What's Going On inda ya soki rawar da Amurka ta taka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam, da kuma lalacewar zamantakewa da muhalli na mazaunan cikin gari, musamman a cikin "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology) ". Haihuwar hip-hop a cikin shekarun 1970s daga cikin baƙar fata, ƙananan al'ummomin a Kudancin Bronx kuma ya kasance tunani game da batutuwan da suka shafi launin fata, talauci, tashin hankali, da rashin adalci. Hip-hop na muhalli shine fadada batutuwan da al'ummomin launi ke fuskanta. Masu zane-zane kamar Mos Def a cikin waƙarsa "New World Water", wanda aka saki a 1999, suna amfani da matsakaici don rushe gwagwarmaya a cikin birane don wasu unguwanni su sami damar samun ruwa mai tsabta. Kungiyoyi kamar Hip-Hop Caucus da Grind for the Green suna ci gaba da inganta karuwar shawarwari don batutuwan muhalli a cikin al'ummomin launi ta hanyar matsakaiciyar Hip-Hup.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-15 |title=Hip-hop takes on climate change: artists drive the beat for environmental justice |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/sep/15/peoples-climate-music-tour-pollution-coal-yearwood-hiphop |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan kungiyoyi sun gano cewa ta amfani da dandamali kamar Hip Hop don shiga matasa. Cire [[Adalcin Muhalli|Rashin adalci na muhalli]] daga ilimi da kuma cikin aikin baki a tarihi ya inganta abubuwan da aka raba da kuma sha'awar da aka raba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}Malik Yusef da Lennox Yearwood sun shiga cikin Yunkurin Yanayi na Jama'a, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su wayar da kan jama'a game da Guguwar Katrina da gurɓata iska su ne batutuwan muhalli da ke shafar baƙi.<ref name=":2" /> === Karfe mai nauyi === [[Fayil:Wolves_In_The_Throne_Room_With_Full_Force_2018_27.jpg|thumb|Wolves in the Throne Room, ƙungiyar baƙar fata ce wacce sau da yawa ta bincika jigogi na muhalli]] Waƙoƙin ƙarfe mai nauyi sun ƙunshi jigogi na muhalli, waɗanda ake zaton suna da alaƙa da matsayin jinsi a matsayin salon al'adu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Skylar |first=Blake |date=2012-10-12 |title=Environ-Metal: Where green is the new black |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/environ-metal-where-green-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=People's World |language=en-US}}</ref> Thrash metal ya magance batutuwan muhalli tun lokacin da ya samo asali a cikin shekarun 1980, yawanci yana magance su ta hanyar jigogi na dystopian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckland |first=Peter Dawson |date=October 2016 |title=When all is lost: thrash metal, dystopia, and ecopedagogy |journal=International Journal of Ethics Education |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1007/s40889-016-0013-z |s2cid=147137236 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuclear Assault da Alkawari sun kasance masu karɓar farko, kuma Metallica ta bincika taken a karo na farko a kan waƙar 1988 "Blackened". <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=What Can Music Do During Climate Collapse? |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/overtones/climate-change-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar mawaƙa ta Australiya King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard ta fitar da kundin canjin yanayi mai taken thrash metal Infest the Rats' Nest a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newstead |first=Al |date=2019-06-21 |title=Less than half of King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard recorded their new metal album |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/king-gizzard-lizard-wizard-metal-album-infest-rats-nest-trio/11235206 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=triple j |language=en}}</ref> Black metal, gami da subgenre "eco-metal", yana da dogon al'ada na mayar da hankali kan yanayi da kuma muhalli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami na kungiyoyin Wolves a cikin Gidan Sarauta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Erik |date=2007-11-13 |title=Heavy metal environmentalists. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2007/11/heavy-metal-environmentalists.html |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Botanist, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Olivia R. |date=October 2019 |title='Shrieking soldiers … wiping clean the earth': hearing apocalyptic environmentalism in the music of Botanist |journal=Popular Music |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=481–497 |doi=10.1017/S0261143019000308 |s2cid=211654173}}</ref> Agalloch, Panopticon da Immortal <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Skylar |first=Blake |date=2012-10-12 |title=Environ-Metal: Where green is the new black |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/environ-metal-where-green-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=People's World |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ƙarfe ta Faransa Gojira da ƙungiyar deathgrind ta Amurka Cattle Decapitation sun kuma sanya batutuwan muhalli cikin kiɗa da hoton su, bi da bi suna bincika [[Canjin yanayi]] da halaka na zamani a kan kundin su ''Daga Mars zuwa Sirius'' (2005) da The Anthropocene Extinction (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-30 |title='Nature is hurting': Gojira, the metal band confronting the climate crisis |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/apr/30/nature-is-hurting-gojira-the-metal-band-confronting-the-climate-crisis |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=What Can Music Do During Climate Collapse? |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/overtones/climate-change-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin ƙarfe masu nauyi a Indonesia sun magance batutuwan muhalli na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=How Indonesia's Underground Music Scene Helps Bring Down a Dictator |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/lifestyle/indonesias-underground-music-scene-helps-bring-dictator |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Jakarta Globe}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Karfe na [[Brazil]] Sepultura ta fitar da waƙoƙi da ke tattauna Batutuwan muhalli a Brazil Kabari su sare daji da Canjin yanayi, kuma waƙar su "Ambush" kyauta ce ga mai fafutukar kare muhalli Chico Mendes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-19 |title=Sepultura Address Climate Change in Dramatic New Video for "Guardians Of Earth" - |url=https://music.mxdwn.com/2020/09/19/news/sepultura-address-climate-change-in-dramatic-new-video-for-guardians-of-earth/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=mxdwn Music |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holthouse |first=David |title=Boys From Brazil |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/boys-from-brazil-6423419 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> === Punk rock === [[Fayil:Earth_Crisis_at_The_Point_in_Little_Five_Points,_Atlanta,_GA_in_1998_(4848080908).jpg|thumb|Kungiyar hardcore punk ta kai tsaye Earth Crisis da ke yin a cikin 1998]] Punk rock wani nau'i ne tare da akidar siyasa da yawa, gami da muhalli. Poly Styrene da X-Ray Spex sun binciki gurɓata a kan "Ranar da Duniya ta Juya Rana-Glo", kamar yadda The Clash ya yi a kan "London Calling" da Dead Kennedys a kan "Cesspools in Eden".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=What Can Music Do During Climate Collapse? |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/overtones/climate-change-music/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, motsi na madaidaiciyar gefen hardcore punk yana da alaƙa da tsattsauran ra'ayi da veganism, musamman kungiyoyi kamar Earth Crisis da Vegan Reich.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=What Does It Mean To Be Straight Edge In 2020? |url=https://www.kerrang.com/what-does-it-mean-to-be-straight-edge-in-2019 |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Kerrang! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Crisis Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/earth-crisis-mn0000160870/biography |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> Al'adun da ke da karfi wanda ke inganta Biocentrism ya samo asali ne daga madaidaiciyar gefen hardcore punk, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar zurfin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-09 |title=Statement: Anarcho-Punk & The Birth of Vegan Straight Edge |url=https://diyconspiracy.net/statement-tracing-the-roots-of-vegan-straight-edge/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57ovv61w6j832ba5tomrnojxtvquozf 0 81153 879623 816415 2026-07-09T14:46:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam''' (Pashto: '''ډاکټر محمد شفیق همدم''') sanannen marubuci ne, jagora a fasahar sadarwa da tsaro ta yanar gizo, kuma manazarcin siyasa daga Afghanistan. <ref name="atlantic-community1">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-26 |title=12 Ways NATO Helped Build a Better Afghanistan |url=http://www.atlantic-community.tv/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/12_Ways_NATO_Helped_Build_a_Better_Afghanistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185816/http://www.atlantic-community.tv/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/12_Ways_NATO_Helped_Build_a_Better_Afghanistan |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=Atlantic Community: Open Think Tank Foreign Policy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming home, moving forward |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120516_120516-NATO-Review-Chicago-Summit.pdf |publisher=NATO}}</ref> Ya rike muƙamai kamar mataimakin babban mai bai wa shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan shawara, babban manazarci/mai ba da shawara ga NATO <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Standing by Afghanistan: the strategic choice |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2016/05/04/standing-by-afghanistan-the-strategic-choice/index.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=NATO Review |language=en}}</ref> da kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Afghanistan (AACN). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hamdam a watan Janairun 1981 a ƙauyen Alishing da ke lardin Laghman a ƙasar Afganistan. A shekarar 1986 ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Lam-e-Shahid a Kabul. A shekarar 1999 ya sauke karatu a Shahid Muhammad Arif High School a [[Jalalabad]]. A wannan shekarar, ya shiga Kwalejin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Jami'ar Nangarhar amma Taliban ta tilasta masa barin. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Lafiya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Nangarhar. A cikin shekarar 2003, ya sami Difloma mai zurfi a fannin Gudanarwa da Tattalin Arziki daga Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Tattalin Arziki na Swiss. A cikin shekarar 2010, ya sauke karatu daga Cibiyar George C Marshall, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards Self Sufficiency |url=http://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827141920/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rxHDWMPS-f0J:https://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=af |archive-date=2013-08-27 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=George C Marshall Center}}</ref> <ref>[https://members.marshallcenter.org/system/files/pcv3n3eng.pdf] {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta Turai a Jamus, inda ya karanta ci gaban tsaro da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kammala Babban Shirin a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy a Jami'ar Harvard. Ya kuma sami Digiri na biyu na Tsaron Ƙasa daga Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Yana da Master of Engineering a Cybersecurity daga Makarantar Injiniya da Aiwatar da Kimiyya a Jami'ar George Washington. Hamdam ya kware a cikin yaruka da yawa, gami da Dari, Pashto, [[Urdu]], da Ingilishi. == Tarihin sana'a/Aiki == [[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_and_General_David_Petraeus_US_Commander_in_Afghanistan.JPG|left|thumb|363x363px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam da Janar David Petraeus, tsohon Daraktan Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka kuma tsohon kwamandan ISAF 2011.]] Hamdam a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara a Deloitte, yana ba da jagoranci da tallafi ga kamfanoni na Fortune 100 da yawa a cikin yanayin tsaro na intanet da fasahar bayanai. Kafin wannan matsayi, ya riƙe muƙamin Babban Manajan Shirye-shirye a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya da ke Washington, DC A Afghanistan, Hamdam ya kasance mataimakin babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Alumnus Spotlight: Mohammad Shafiq, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee and Deputy Senior Advisor to the President of Afghanistan |url=https://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/alumnus-spotlight-mohammad-shafiq-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-and-deputy-senior-advisor-to-the-president-of-afghanistan |access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref> kan harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa a babban ba da shawara. Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Harkokin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (SAOP UN-Affairs). Al'amuran Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na SAOP sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya guda daya ga Afghanistan, tsarin dabarun da ya maye gurbin Tsarin Taimakon Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDAF) ga Afghanistan. Wannan ya haɗa da yin nasarar tsara tsarin tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin gwamnatin Afghanistan da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Aiwatar da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Ɗaya ko Isarwa A Matsayin Ɗaya (DAO) ya gabatar da manyan ƙalubale ga dangin MDD da gwamnatin Afghanistan, amma SAOP ta samu nasara a wannan kokarin. A karkashin sabon tsarin, an wajabta wa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta daidaita shirye-shiryenta da ayyukanta tare da dabarun ƙasa da abubuwan da suka sa gaba a Afghanistan. [[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_in_Morocco.jpg|thumb|286x286px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam tare da 'yan kasuwan Afghanistan da jami'an gwamnati a Morocco don taron yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na kasa da kasa]] A matsayinsa na Babban Mashawarci kuma Babban Manazarci, Hamdam ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga manyan NATO, Amurka, da masu tsara manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2014 |title=American Conference Institute |url=http://www.americanconference.com/2014/626/anti-corruption-london/speaker-list |publisher=C4 USA}}</ref> kan harkokin siyasa da ci gaba na Afghanistan, Kudancin Asiya, da Asiya ta Tsakiya. A sa'i ɗaya kuma, yana riƙe da muƙamin shugaban na kungiyar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Afganistan (AACN), wata fitacciyar haɗakar kungiyoyin farar hula da ta himmatu wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Nov 2013 |title=MP, Traffic Cop Win "Honest Man" Award |url=http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13045-mp-traffic-cop-win-honest-man-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026064201/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13045-mp-traffic-cop-win-honest-man-award |archive-date=2014-10-26 |website=Tolo News TV}}</ref> Hamdam ya raba gwanintarsa a matsayinsa na kwararre kan batutuwa na Jami'ar Maryland kuma a matsayin babban jami'in bincike a Civil Vision International. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Civil Vision International |url=http://www.civilvision.org/ |publisher=Civil Vision International |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025044405/http://www.civilvision.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwarewarsa daban-daban sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai, siyasa, da diflomasiyyar jama'a ga babban wakilin farar hula na NATO a Afghanistan daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2014. Bayan shawarwarinsa da ayyukan nazari, Hamdam yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Ya zauna a Hukumar Kula da Cigaban Ilimi ta Zamani (MODE) kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar zartarwa na Kungiyar Kallon Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa. Har ila yau, shi ne ƙwalwar da ke bayan yunƙuri irin su Youth For Peace, Afganistan Youth Against Corruption, Anti-Corruption Watch Organization, da Kabul Tribune—jarida ta yanar gizo. Bugu da ƙari, Hamdam ya kafa kungiyar Haɗin kan matan Afganistan da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Alamominsa sun haɗa da kasancewa memba na Shugabannin Matasan Afganistan Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Mataimakin Shirye-shiryen a Cibiyar Gina Zaman Lafiya ta Hiroshima, da kuma ɗan takara a Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNCAC ). Hamdam kuma memba ne na Muryar Against Corruption da kungiyar farar hula ta Afganistan don bayar da shawarwari. A lokacin zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da na lardin Afganistan na shekarar 2009, Hamdam ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai gabatar da jawabai kan tattaunawar siyasa a Moby Media, [[Tolo T.V.|Tolo TV]] Daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2008, ya riƙe muƙamin mai kula da harkokin yaɗa labarai kuma mai magana da yawun Operation Dore Freedom and Department of Defense. A cikin shekarun 2002 da 2003, Hamdam ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Ayyuka na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 'Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration project a Kabul. Tafiyarsa zuwa hidimar jama'a ta fara ne a cikin shekarar 2001 a matsayin mai fassara mai zaman kansa, kuma daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2001, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ayyuka tare da Health Net International TPO da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a birnin [[Jalalabad]] a gabashin Afghanistan. Ƙungiyar Asiya ta amince da Hamdam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Matasan Asiya na 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Society |url=http://sites.asiasociety.org/asia21summit/828-2/local-chapters/afghanistan-young-leaders-initiative/2013-ayli-forum/ |publisher=Asia Society}}</ref> yana mai da hankali ga gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga jagoranci a yankin. == Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa == [[Fayil:Afghan_Anti-Corruption_Network_5_Km_Race_Against_Corruption.jpg|left|thumb|239x239px| 2013 Race Against Afganistan a fadin kasar wanda kungiyar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Afghanistan ta shirya, inda dubban matasan Afganistan suka shiga matsin lamba ga gwamnati don kawo gyara.]] [[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_Nominee_for_the_2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize.JPG|thumb|296x296px| Capitan Farzana Marie, mawaƙiya kuma PhD, tsohon Shugaban, Ƙungiyar Jama'a Wayar da Kan Jama'a, Haɗaɗɗiyar Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Inter-Agency Task Force (CJIATF) Shafafiyat ta ba da takaddun shaida na lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam.]] Hamdam ya ce matsalar cin hanci da rashawa ita ce babbar matsalar da ke haifar da rashin tsaro a Afganistan da kuma tashe tashen hankula, <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Karzai and President Obama |url=http://www.uncaccoalition.org/learn-more/articles/199-an-open-letter-to-president-karzai-and-president-obama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130828134802/http://www.uncaccoalition.org/learn-more/articles/199-an-open-letter-to-president-karzai-and-president-obama |archive-date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2013-10-26 |publisher=UNCAC Coalition}}</ref> noman poppy, sarrafa muggan kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ya kafa mafi girman rukuni na masu fafutuka na zamantakewar al'umma daga ko'ina cikin Afghanistan don yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, aiki mafi haɗari da kuma tsauri a ɗaya daga cikin mafi cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali a duniya. Ta hanyar zanga-zangar lumana da zanga-zangar irin wannan 5&nbsp;Km a faɗin ƙasar na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, ya tara dubban 'yan ƙasar don matsawa gwamnati lamba ta kawo sauyi, ta hanyar 5&nbsp;km tseren cin hanci da rashawa. Ya kuma haɗa kan matasa da ɗalibai da mata domin su taka rawa wajen yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Shi mai fafutuka ne mai fafutuka, wanda ya bayyana kararrakin manyan jami'an cin hanci da rashawa kuma ya bayar da shawarar bin sawu da zalunci na mambobin majalisar ministoci da manyan 'yan siyasa. Hamdam ya tona asirin satar filaye, da almundahana da manyan jami'an gwamnati da na majalisar ministoci. Ya bayar da shawarar tabbatar da gaskiya a zaɓe da kuma gyara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Election Fraud–Who is Responsible? |url=http://www.sismec.org/2014/05/15/afghan-election-fraud-who-is-responsible/ |website=SISMEC |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025054320/http://www.sismec.org/2014/05/15/afghan-election-fraud-who-is-responsible/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bankaɗo almundahana a bankin Kabul, inda aka wawure kusan dalar Amurka biliyan daya ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma haddasa rugujewar bankin. Hamdam ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Karzai saboda rashin ɗaukar kwararan matakai na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. A wata hira da ya yi da gidan talabijin na CBS ya ce cin hanci da rashawa yana farawa ne daga kan titi zuwa fada kuma ya kira gwamnatin Karzai a matsayin gwamnati mafi cin hanci da rashawa. Ya sha yin kira da matsin lamba ga gwamnatin Afganistan kan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kallon cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin babbar matsala ga ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=Dec 2016 |title=Rule of Law Index 2016 |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/RoLI_Final-Digital_0.pdf |journal=World Justice Project |volume=3 |pages=177 |via=ISBN (online version): 978-0-9882846-1-6}}</ref> Don gudummawar da ya bayar ga gaskiya, adalci, zaman lafiya da tsaro na Afganistan, an zaɓe shi don bada lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 AYLI Forum |url=https://asiasociety.org/asia21-young-leaders/2013-ayli-forum |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Asia Society |language=en}}</ref> ta Combined Joint Interagency Task Force-Shafafiyat (Rundunar Tsaro ta NATO). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-15 |title=Afghanistan snapshot: how the experts see it |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2012/06/15/afghanistan-snapshot-how-the-experts-see-it/index.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=NATO Review |language=en}}</ref> == Al'amuran Afghanistan == [[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_During_a_Conference_on_Afghanistan_in_Brussels.jpg|thumb|296x296px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a taron Tsaro &amp;amp; Tsaro a Brussels 2013]] Hamdam na bin diddigin abubuwan da ke faruwa a Afganistan da na ƙasashen yankin. Bayan al'amuran Afghanistan a matsayin mai sa ido, ya halarci taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Afghanistan, Hague 2009 a [[Holand|Netherlands]], taron NATO 60 a Strasburg da Kehl, Faransa a shekarar 2009, taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Kabul a shekarar 2010, taron NATO a Lisbon [[Portugal]] a shekarar 2010, 2nd International Bonn Conference game da Afghanistan, taron kolin Chicago na NATO a shekarar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |date=September 2011 |title=How important is the fight against corruption? |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2012/06/15/afghanistan-snapshot-how-the-experts-see-it/index.html |access-date=1 Jan 2019 |website=NATO Review Magazine}}</ref> da dubun-dubatar sauran tarukan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa kan Afghanistan. A matsayinsa na ɗan kallo, ya lura da zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa na Afghanistan a shekarar 2004 da 2009, da zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Afghanistan da na larduna a shekarar 2005 da Loya Jirga na Gargajiya kan Afghanistan da yarjejeniyar kawancen Amurka. Da yake ba da shawara don kusanci da ƙawayen yamma, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=May 4, 2016 |title=Standing by Afghanistan: the strategic choice |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2016/05/04/standing-by-afghanistan-the-strategic-choice/index.html |access-date=May 4, 2016 |website=NATO Review Magazine}}</ref> Hamdam ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Biyu (BSA) tsakanin Afghanistan da Amurka. Daga cikin shugabannin da masu fafutuka na Afghanistan, ya kuma sanya hannu kan wasikar zuwa ga shugaba Obama na bayar da shawarwari ga BSA kuma wasikar ta ce: Mun yi kakkausar suka kan amincewa da yarjejeniyar tsaro da ƙasashen biyu suka cimma a watan jiya a ''Loya Jirga'' tare da jaddada cewa ya kamata a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Muryarmu tana nuna ƙwazo mai girma daga kowane ɓangarorin al'ummar Afganistan, gami da shugabannin addinanmu da na 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda suka damu game da makomar ƙasarmu kuma suna fatan ganin ƙarshen ƙarshe na BSA cikin gaggawa. [[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_Help_IDPs.jpg|thumb|298x298px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a lokacin rabon tallafin jin kai ga iyalan mabukata na 'yan gudun hijira a Afghanistan.]] Wakilin Afganistan a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, yana ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=August 23, 2019 |title=The prospect of life after peace agreement in Afghanistan- Interview |url=http://www.diplomaticaspects.eu/international-news/3067-the-prospect-of-life-after-peace-agreement-in-afghanistan |access-date=August 23, 2019 |website=Diplomatic Aspects Diplomatic, European and International News |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043239/https://www.diplomaticaspects.eu/international-news/3067-the-prospect-of-life-after-peace-agreement-in-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref> amintacce, nuna gaskiya da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya buƙaci shugabannin Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai su tallafa wa Afganistan a yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya rubuta a ɗaya daga cikin muƙalarsa ga shugabannin EU cewa: Afghanistan ita kaɗai ba za ta iya cimma burinta na rage cin hanci da rashawa ba; tana buƙatar goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya. Ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yakamata a ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci don kawar da matsalar. Waɗannan ayyuka yakamata su haɗa da baiwa kungiyoyin farar hula da kafafen yaɗa labarai damar taka rawa wajen yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Idan ana son Afganistan ta cancanci samun taimako a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, za a buƙaci da gaske, da himma mai karfi, da azamar siyasa, da kuma yanke shawara a aikace domin aiwatar da dokoki da dabarun da ake bukata don shawo kan matsalar cin hanci da rashawa a Afghanistan. Hamdam dai ya sha suka kan ra'ayinsa na goyon bayan ƙasashen yamma daga wasu 'yan siyasar Afganistan da wasu masu adawa da ƙasashen yamma. Ana yi masa kallon mai goyon bayan Yamma. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya na NATO, sau da yawa yakan kare manufofin NATO da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ana ganinsa a matsayin mai goyon bayan NATO. Hamdam ya sha kare matsayin NATO a lokuta da dama kuma ya sha ba da shawarar cewa Afganistan ta zama mamba ta NATO. Ya sha suka daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na musulmi da masu fafutuka a yankin saboda labarinsa, inda ya bayyana karara cewa ya kamata Afghanistan ta kasance mamba ta NATO. Bayan kammala aikin ISAF, ya ba da shawarar a ɗaya daga cikin kasidarsa cewa, "Ya kamata gwamnatin Afghanistan da NATO su sami damar shiga sabuwar dangantaka, cikakke, kusanci, karfi da dangantaka. mutunta Afghanistan Dangantakar da ka iya sanya Afganistan ta zama ƙasa memba ta NATO a nan gaba." Yayin da wasu manazarta ke kiran aikin na ISAF a matsayin gazawa, amma Hamdam ya kira hakan a matsayin nasara mai cike da tarihi kuma babba. == A matsayin marubuci == [[Fayil:Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_with_Asia_21_Yong_leaders.jpg|thumb|297x297px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam a cikin shugabannin Asiya 21 na Yong]] [[Fayil:Dr._Mohammad_Shafiq_Hamdam_and_Senior_U.S_Senator_Lindsey_Graham.JPG|thumb|299x299px| Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam tare da Sanata Lindsey Graham na Amurka]] Ya rubuta wa ''The Huffington Post'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad Shafiq |first=Hamdam |date=2016-02-22 |title=Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam's Biography |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/mohammad-shafiq-hamdam |access-date=2016-02-22 |website=Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam Blog |publisher=The Huffington Post}}</ref> da kuma manyan jaridu da mujallu na Afghanistan kan siyasa, tsaro da harkokin waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Jul 2018 |title=Afghanistan: Gunmen attack Jalalabad education building |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/afghanistan-clashes-ongoing-jalalabad-education-building-180711053151719.html |website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> Da yake magana game da batutuwan da suka shafi cin hanci da rashawa da kuma al'amuran Afganistan ya kasance yana fitowa a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru na ƙasa da na duniya, irin su Tolo News TV, Khaama Press News Agency, RFE/RL, BBC, CBS, AFP, ARD, VOA. TRT TV, Aljazeera TV, ''The Washington Post'' da sauran manyan kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da na duniya. Yana da kyakkyawan fata game da Afghanistan. Bayan kammala aikin ISAF na shekaru goma a Afghanistan, ya rubuta a kan Khaama Press cewa Afghanistan ta 2001 ba ta kamanta da Afghanistan na 2015. Tare da dakaru 352,000 masu karfi na Tsaron Afghanistan, da Amurka da NATO ke marawa baya, ɓangaren kungiyoyin farar hula da ke dada karfi, da kuma yawan matasa, 'yan Afghanistan na fatan cewa ƙasarsu ba za ta taba komawa cikin duhu ba. Domin wannan ya ci gaba da yin tasiri, dole ne Afghanistan da abokan hulɗarta su ci gaba da faɗaɗa waɗannan nasarori cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, tare da samar da wani sabon zamani na canji. Hamdam na kallon dimokuraɗiyya a matsayin wani sabon al'amari a Afghanistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasarlay |first=Shamshad |date=March 2018 |title=Restraining Judicial Power: The Fragmented System |url=https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1237&=&context=ilr&=&sei-redir=1&referer=https%253A%252F%252Fcse.google.com%252Fcse%253Fcx%253Dpartner-pub-9634067433254658%25253A9653363797%2526cof%253DFORID%25253A10%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526q%253Dfiletype%25253Apdf%252Bshafiq%252Bhamdam%2526qfront%253Dshafiq%252Bhamdam%2526algorithm%253Dfiletype%25253Apdf%252B%2526ad%253Dn9%2526num%253D10%2526rurl%253Dhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.pdfsearchengine.net%25252Fsearchresult.html%25253Fcx%25253Dpartner-pub-9634067433254658%2525253A9653363797%252526cof%25253DFORID%2525253A10%252526ie%25253DUTF-8%252526q%25253Dfiletype%2525253Apdf%25252Bshafiq%25252Bhamdam%252526qfront%25253Dshafiq%25252Bhamdam%252526algorithm%25253Dfiletype%2525253Apdf%25252B%2526siteurl%253Dhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.pdfsearchengine.net%25252F#search=%22filetype%3Apdf%20shafiq%20hamdam%22 |journal=Michigan State International Law Review |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=283}}</ref> kuma ya jaddada a kan kawo sauyi da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Cindy |date=Jan 1, 2014 |title=Strategic Implications of the Afghan Mother Lode and China's Emerging Role |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/JFQ/Joint-Force-Quarterly-72/Article/577485/strategic-implications-of-the-afghan-mother-lode-and-chinas-emerging-role/ |journal=Joint Force Quarterly NDU Press |volume=72 |via=Joint Force Quarterly 72 (1st Quarter, January 2014) }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya rubuta a cikin Unipath <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=January 30, 2015 |title=A FRESH START |url=https://unipath-magazine.com/a-fresh-start/ |journal=Unipath |volume=V9N3}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mujallar soja ce ta kwamandan Rundunar Tsakiyar Amurka ta buga kwata kwata a matsayin taron ƙasa da ƙasa na jami'an soji a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Tsakiyar Asiya]]: Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi suna aiki daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin dimokuraɗiyya. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ba wai yaki da ta'addanci da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne kawai, a'a, shugabanci nagari ne ke da muhimmanci ga Afganistan. Yana ganin raunin shari'a da kasancewar "kullun rashin adalci" da kuma mafaka ga masu cin hanci da rashawa a Afganistan da ƙasashen waje a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen take hakkin bil'adama da rashin adalci. Ya yi imanin cewa fiye da shekaru goma gwamnatin Afghanistan da Amurka ba su iya bayyana alakar da ke tsakaninsu ba. Hamdam ya rubuta a cikin editan ra'ayinsa, ''A Decade of Relations Without Definition'', cewa Afghan-U. Dangantakar S. bai kamata ta kasance a kan mutuwa da kashe juna kawai ba, a'a, ta kasance a kan muradun zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Dama da dama <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=August 23, 2018 |title=Q&A with Mohd. Shafiq Hamdam, President of Afghanistan's Dy. Sr. Advisor, about opportunities for Indo-Afghan collaborations |url=https://southasiafasttrack.com/2018/08/23/mohd-shafiq-hamdam-president-of-afghanistan-dysr-advisor-talks-opportunities-economic-collaborations-education-youth-more/ |access-date=Jan 14, 2020 |website=South Asia Fast Track}}</ref> sun riga sun wanzu don gina wannan dogon lokaci da kwanciyar hankali. A halin yanzu dai wasu 'yan ƙasar na kallon kasancewar Amurka a ƙasar ta Afganistan a matsayin 'yan sandan duniya da kuma rundunar yaki da [[Al-Qaeda]] da Taliban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamdam |first=Mohammad Shafiq |date=May 27, 2016 |title=The Legacy of Mullah Mansour |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/the-legacy-of-mullah-mansour/ |access-date=May 27, 2016 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> Hamdam yana ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya a Afghanistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAURA |first=VINAY KAURA |date=March 2018 |title=Understanding the Complexities of the Afghan Peace Process |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ORF_Occasional_Paper_151_Afghanistan.pdf |journal=Observer Research Foundation {{!}} ORF |via=ISBN : 978-81-937032-9-8}}</ref> kuma ya yi imanin cewa soja kawai yana nufin yakin Afghanistan ba zai iya kawo karshen ba. Sai dai kungiyar Taliban ta sha neman a janye sojojin Amurka gaba ɗaya, amma Hamdam na son kasancewar Amurka da NATO cikin dogon lokaci a Afghanistan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6by0kmc50u5waton8baym0qssynqfcn 0 81291 879800 821852 2026-07-09T19:52:40Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Excel(entisi)mo Señor. La Provincia de España està sita de treinta y seis grados, a quarenta y quatro de Polo (IA A11202118).pdf|thumb]] '''Mary Mam Yassin Sey''', An kuma haifi [[Maris]] 21, 1952 kuma ya mutu [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 20, 2024 wanda aka fi sani da Mary Mam Yassen Sey da Mary Mamyassin Sey, alkaliya ce ta Gambian<ref>The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for the western part, which is bordered by the Atlantic Oc</ref> wacce a halin yanzu ke aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli ta [[Gambiya|Gambiyaa]]<ref>The Supreme Court of the Gambia is a superior court of record and the highest court in The Gambia. Established in 1851, it has appellate and original jurisdiction over any law exceeding the powers conferred by the Constitution or any law upon the National Assembly or any other person or authority.</ref> kuma [[Alkali]] ne na Kotun Kolai ta Vanuatu<ref>Supreme Court of Vanuatu is the superior court of Vanuatu and is based in Port Vila. The Court consists of the Chief Justice and three puisne judges.</ref> . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] hlyn80m6w7307bfgthmdz71mn2u56m8 0 81465 879656 728226 2026-07-09T16:31:33Z Abdulsalam Musa Soba 46747 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Farmers_and_Artisans_Market_at_Farmington_-_Michigan.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar manoma ta kaka a Farmington, Michigan]] [[File:Layyah_fruit_vegetable_market.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar manoma a yamma a Layyah, Pakistan]] [[Fayil:Blueberries_in_montreal.jpg|alt=4 liters of blueberries in wooden baskets|thumb|Blueberries a ƙarshen Yuli 2023 a Kasuwar Jean Talon a Montreal]] ''''''[[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]] [[manoma]]''''''(ko kasuwar manoma bisa ga littafin salon AP, da kuma kasuwar manoma a cikin Kamus na Cambridge) kasuwa ce ta zahiri da aka yi niyya don siyar da abinci kai tsaye ta manoma ga masu siye. Kasuwannin manoma na iya kasancewa a cikin gida ko a waje kuma galibi sun ƙunshi rumfuna, tebura ko tsayayyun wuraren da manoma ke sayar da amfanin gonakinsu, dabbobi masu rai da tsire-tsire, wani lokacin kuma ana shirya abinci da abubuwan sha. Kasuwannin manoma sun wanzu a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya kuma suna nuna al'adun gida da tattalin arzikinsu. Girman kasuwa yana iya zama 'yan rumfuna kaɗan ko kuma yana iya girma kamar ɓangarorin birni da yawa. Saboda yanayin su, sun kasance ba su da ka'ida sosai fiye da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki. An bambanta su da kasuwannin jama'a, waɗanda gabaɗaya ke zama a cikin gine-gine na dindindin, buɗe duk shekara, kuma suna ba da nau'ikan dillalai da ba manoma/masu samarwa ba, kayan abinci da kayan abinci da ba na abinci ba.<ref name="Michigan State University">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Randy |date=29 August 2013 |title=Public markets differ from farmers markets |url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/public_markets_differ_from_farmers_markets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226200703/http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/public_markets_differ_from_farmers_markets |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=MSU Extension |publisher=Michigan State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Difference Between Public Markets and Farmers Markets |url=http://www.7thstreetpublicmarket.com/2012/the-difference-between-public-markets-and-farmers-markets/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084411/http://www.7thstreetpublicmarket.com/2012/the-difference-between-public-markets-and-farmers-markets/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date= |website= |publisher=7th Street Public Market}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Wildmarkt.jpg|thumb|''Auf dem Vogelmarkt'' (mata da ke ba da hare da tsuntsayen daji), karni na 18-19<br />]] [[Fayil:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_Soulard_Market,_St._Louis,_in_1912.jpg|thumb|Zane na Marguerite Martyn na Kasuwar Manoma ta Soulard, St. Louis, Missouri, a cikin 1912]] Manufar kasuwar manoma ta yanzu tana kama da abubuwan da suka gabata, amma daban-daban dangane da wasu nau'ikan - a matsayin nau'ikan siyar da mabukaci, gabaɗaya, suna ci gaba da canzawa cikin lokaci. Irin wannan nau'i ya kasance kafin zamanin masana'antu, amma sau da yawa ya zama wani yanki na manyan kasuwanni, inda masu ba da abinci da sauran kayayyaki suka taru don siyar da hajojinsu. Kasuwancin tallace-tallace ya fara a cikin 1930s, canji zuwa ga dillalai waɗanda suka sayar da samfuran wasu fiye da nasu. Manyan kantuna da shagunan kayan miya sun ci gaba da wannan yanayin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu siyarwa, suna haɓaka ƙwarewar mabukaci, tare da nisantar da shi gabaɗaya daga samarwa da haɓakar abubuwan ƙira. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [[Fayil:Vegetables Farmers Market Cubao.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar manoma Na ganyaryaki]] Fa'idodin samar da abinci na masana'antu na zamani sama da hanyoyin da suka gabata sun dogara da zamani, arha, jigilar kayayyaki mai sauri da iyakancewar samfur. Amma ba za a iya kawar da farashin sufuri da jinkiri ba. Don haka inda tazarar ta haifar da isar masu samar da masana'antu, inda masu sayayya ke da fifiko ga iri-iri na gida, kasuwannin manoma sun kasance masu gogayya da sauran nau'ikan dillalancin abinci. Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, buƙatun mabukaci na abinci waɗanda suka fi sabo (ɓata lokaci kaɗan a zirga-zirga) da kuma abinci mai yawan iri-ya haifar da haɓakar kasuwannin manoma azaman hanyar siyar da abinci. == Fa'idodi == === Ga manoma === Kasuwannin manoma na iya baiwa manoma ƙarin riba akan siyar da su ga dillalai, masu sarrafa abinci, ko manyan kantunan abinci. Ta hanyar siyar da kai tsaye ga mabukaci, samar da sau da yawa yana buƙatar ƙarancin sufuri, ƙarancin sarrafawa, ƙarancin firiji da ƙarancin lokacin ajiya. Ta hanyar siyarwa a kasuwar waje, ana rage ko kuma kawar da farashin filaye, gine-gine, hasken wuta da na'urorin sanyaya iska. Manoma na iya riƙe ribar kayan amfanin gona da ba a siyar da su ga mabukaci, ta hanyar siyar da rarar da aka samu ga kamfanonin gwangwani da sauran kamfanonin sarrafa abinci. A kasuwa, manoma za su iya riƙe cikakken kuɗin da ake samu na wani ɓangare na amfanin gonakinsu, maimakon farashin kayan sarrafa kayan masarufi na gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, wasu masana tattalin arziki sun ce "akwai 'yan fa'ida kaɗan dangane da ingancin makamashi, inganci ko farashi ... fun ko da yake suna da, ba kyakkyawan tsarin tattalin arziki ba ne." Wasu manoma sun fi son sauƙi, gaggawa, bayyana gaskiya da 'yancin kai na siyar da masu amfani kai tsaye. Wata hanyar da ƙungiyar sha'awa ta musamman ta lura da Ayyukan Ƙarfafa Abinci tana haɓaka shirye-shiryen noma masu tallafawa al'umma (CSAs). A cikin wannan tsarin, masu siye suna biyan gonaki kowane wata ko kowane wata don karɓar akwatunan amfanin mako-mako ko na mako-mako. A madadin haka, ana iya buƙatar su biya kuɗin amfanin gona gaba ɗaya gaba ɗaya kafin lokacin girma. A kowane hali, masu amfani suna fuskantar haɗarin rasa kuɗinsu idan aka sami gazawar amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Program: Farmers markets, mobile markets, and CSAs |url=https://foodcommunitybenefit.noharm.org/resources/implementation-strategy/program-farmers-markets-mobile-markets-and-csas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814205603/https://foodcommunitybenefit.noharm.org/resources/implementation-strategy/program-farmers-markets-mobile-markets-and-csas |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Healthy food playbook |publisher=Health Care Without Harm}}</ref> === Ga al'ummomi === A Daga cikin fa'idodin da ake yawan faɗakar da al'ummomin da ke da kasuwannin manoma: * Kasuwannin manoma na taimakawa wajen kiyaye muhimman alakar zamantakewa, da danganta mazauna karkara da birane har ma da makusantansu wajen musayar ra'ayi mai gamsarwa. * zirga-zirgar kasuwa yana haifar da zirga-zirga don kasuwancin da ke kusa saya a kasuwanni yana ƙarfafa hankali ga yankunan da ke kewaye * da kuma ayyukan da ke gudana ta hanyar samar da wuraren sayar da kayayyakin 'na gida', kasuwannin manoma suna taimakawa wajen haifar da bambanci da kuma bambanta, wanda zai iya ƙara girman kai da ƙarfafa baƙi su dawo. RaRRage sufuri, ajiya, da sanyaya yanayi na iya amfana da al'ummomi: * ƙananan sufuri & farashin makamashi na firiji * ƙananan * ƙananan farashin kayan aikin sufuri (hanyoyi, gadoji, da sauransu) * kasa kasa sadaukar da abinci ajiya Kasuwannin manoma kuma na iya ba da gudummawa ga sabbin hanyoyin rarrabawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a ta hanyar rage tazara tsakanin al'ummomin birane da karkara. Tare da ƙarancin masu shiga tsakani, goyon bayan masu sana'a masu zaman kansu daga membobin al'umma na iya haɓaka damar tattalin arziki na gida da lafiya & lafiya a cikin al'ummomin matalauta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romanienko |first=Lisiunia A. |date=July 2001 |title=Dual Labor Market Theory and the Institutionalization of Farmers' Markets: Marginalized Workers Adapting to Inhospitable Conditions in Louisiana |url=http://home.netcom.com/~lroman/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/interdisciplinary.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=359–373 |doi=10.1177/02601079X00001200403 |issn=0260-1079 |s2cid=152683313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233253/http://home.netcom.com/~lroman/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/interdisciplinary.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref> === Ga masu amfani === Wasu masu amfani na iya son kasuwannin manoma don abin da aka fahimta: * rage sama: tuki, parking, da dai sauransu. * abinci mai sabo * abinci na yanayi * abinci mai koshin lafiya mafi kyawun abinci iri-iri, misali: abinci mai gina jiki, nama mai kiwo, ƙwai da kaji kyauta, ƙwai da kaji, cukuwan gonaki na hannun hannu, gadon gado yana samar da nau'ikan nama na gado da yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan nama da yawa waɗanda ba sa son manyan masu sayar da abinci. * wurin haduwa da makwabta, hira, da sauransu. * wurin jin daɗin tafiya a waje yayin samun kayan abinci da ake buƙata Shaidu sun nuna cewa gabaɗaya farashin a kasuwar manoma ya yi ƙasa da farashin babban kanti saboda tsarin samar da kayayyaki ya fi ƙanƙanta; akwai ƙarancin tazara don tafiya, kuma kaɗan masu tsaka-tsaki. == Ƙaddamar da yanki == === Birnin Sin === Kasuwannin jama'a na gargajiya a cikin biranen kasar Sin ana kiransu da "kasuwannin rigar" (菜市场) inda mafi yawan masu siyar da kaya ke siyarwa. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin sauya wadannan kasuwannin gargajiya zuwa manyan kantuna a ayyukan gyaran birane. Hakan ya haifar da koma bayan wadannan kasuwanni a wasu garuruwa kamar [[Shanghai]]. Amma duk da haka, a wasu garuruwa, kasuwannin rigar sun dawwama kuma suna mamaye kasuwancin sabo da nama. Saboda muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci a birane, kasuwannin jika na samun tallafi daban-daban daga karamar hukumar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Si |first=Zhenzhong |last2=Scott |first2=Steffanie |last3=McCordic |first3=Cameron |date=2 January 2019 |title=Wet markets, supermarkets and alternative food sources: consumers' food access in Nanjing, China |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02255189.2018.1442322 |url-status=live |journal=Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=78–96 |doi=10.1080/02255189.2018.1442322 |issn=0225-5189 |s2cid=169904712 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404005249/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02255189.2018.1442322 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=12 January 2021 |via=}}</ref> Bayan shekara ta 2010, an sake haifuwar kasuwannin manoma a kasar Sin a wasu manyan biranen kasar kamar su Beijing, da Shanghai, da Guangzhou da Chengdu a cikin matsalar tsaron abinci. Waɗannan kasuwannin manoma (农夫市集) suna ba da wuraren zama ga ƙananan manoman muhalli na gida don sayar da amfanin gonakinsu a cikin birni, yana ba da buƙatun masu matsakaicin birni na girma na abinci mai inganci. Yawancin waɗannan masu siyar da kasuwa suna aiki community supported agriculture. === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Farmers_market_sign.jpg|thumb|Alamar tallace-tallace na kasuwar manoma a Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland.]] EU ta tsara yunƙurin faɗaɗa kasuwannin manoma don rage haɗarin abinci da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka sani da "Farm to Fork".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2004 |title=From farm to fork: safe food for Europe's consumers |url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/information_sources/docs/from_farm_to_fork_2004_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517172534/http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/information_sources/docs/from_farm_to_fork_2004_en.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=17 September 2012 |website=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> An haɓaka gonar zuwa fork tare da manyan manufofi uku a cikin EU: * Don haɓaka ingantaccen nau'ikan aiwatarwa da kimanta ƙimar amincin abinci * Don yin aiki na duniya tare da ƙasashen duniya na uku da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke kula da matsalolin amincin abinci * Don bin ka'idodin Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) na bincike da gudanar da bincike na tushen kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 April 2011 |title=Food Safety: Overview |url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016001758/http://ec.europa.eu/food/index_en.htm |archive-date=16 October 2016 |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> === Ƙasar Ingila === Tun lokacin da aka kafa kasuwar manoma ta farko a Burtaniya a cikin 1997, adadin ya karu zuwa sama da 550 a duk fadin kasar. Dalilai da dama ne suka haifar da hauhawar kasuwannin manoma a Burtaniya a karshen shekarun 1990, wadanda suka hada da karuwar ilimin masu amfani da su, gwagwarmayar manoman Burtaniya, kyamar Faransanci, da damuwa kan amincin abinci da ingancin abinci. Masu cin abinci sun damu game da ayyukan noma da ake samar da abinci da sarrafa su da lafiya da aminci na wasu abinci. Fitowar littattafai, labaran mujallu, da dafa abinci da shirye-shiryen aikin lambu suna rinjayar damuwar mabukaci game da shirya abinci da cin abinci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Holloway |first=Lewis |last2=Kneafsey |first2=Moya |date=July 2000 |title=Reading the Space of the Framers 'Market: A Case Study from the United Kingdom |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9523.00149 |url-status=live |journal=Sociologia Ruralis |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=285–299 |doi=10.1111/1467-9523.00149 |issn=0038-0199 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817072518/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9523.00149 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-01-12 |via=}}</ref> === Amurka === [[Fayil:Grand_Prairie_May_2019_29_(Grand_Prairie_Farmers_Market).jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Manoma ta Grand Prairie a Grand Prairie, Texas]] Saboda wani ɓangare na ƙara yawan sha'awar abinci mai koshin lafiya, babban sha'awar adana ciyayi ko dabbobi na gida (wasu daga cikinsu ƙila ba za su kai ga jigilar kayayyaki ba ko ƙa'idodin samar da amfanin gona) da ƙarin fahimtar mahimmancin kiyaye ƙanana, gonaki masu dorewa akan A gefen yankunan birane, kasuwannin manoma a Amurka sun karu daga 1,755 a 1994 zuwa 4,385 a 2006, zuwa 5,274 a 2009, zuwa 8,144 a 2013. A [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], akwai kasuwannin manoma 107 da ke aiki. A cikin yankin Los Angeles, akwai kasuwannin manoma 88, da yawa daga cikinsu suna tallafawa kuɗin Hispanic da Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Farmers Markets in Los Angeles, California |url=http://farmers-market-place.com/state/California/city/Los-Angeles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329220031/http://farmers-market-place.com/state/California/city/Los-Angeles |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date= |website=Farmers Market Place}}</ref> [[Fayil:Farmers_Market_Vancouver,_WA.png|thumb|Kasuwar Manoma ta Lahadi a Vancouver, Washington]] A Amurka, dukkanin matakan gwamnati sun ba da kudade ga kasuwannin manoma, alal misali, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tarayya da suka hada da Shirin Taimakon Abinci na Abinci, Shirin Ƙarin Abinci na Musamman ga Mata, Jarirai, da Yara, Shirin Gina Jiki na Kasuwar Manoma. da Shirin Gina Jiki na Kasuwar Manyan Manoma. Shirye-shiryen da farko suna tallafawa sayayya a kasuwannin manoma ta mazauna masu karamin karfi. Misalai sun haɗa da Shirin Ƙarfafa Dola Biyu na Austin, Bunty Bucks na Boston, LINK Up na Chicago, Columbia Heights Festibucks a Washington, D.C., Fresh Checks a Gabashin Palo Alto, Match Match a Los Angeles, Michigan's Double Up Food Bucks, New York City's Health Bucks, Portland Fresh Exchange da Seattle Fresh Bucks. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna dogara da wani ɓangare kan tallafin sa-kai.<ref name="FMIP">{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Jeanie |last2=Madore |first2=Amy |last3=Randall |first3=Megan |last4=Vickery |first4=Kate |date=30 June 2016 |title=Best Practices & Challenges for Farmers Market Incentive Programs: A Guide for Policymakers & Practitioners |url=https://gradfoodstudies.org/2016/06/30/best-practices-challenges-for-farmers-market-incentive-programs-a-guide-for-policymakers-practitioners/ |url-status=live |journal=The Graduate Journal of Food Studies |volume=1 |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019043618/https://gradfoodstudies.org/2016/06/30/best-practices-challenges-for-farmers-market-incentive-programs-a-guide-for-policymakers-practitioners/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=13 July 2017 |via=}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Kungiyoyi da dama ne ke farawa, tsarawa, da sarrafa kasuwannin manoma, gami da kungiyoyin manoma, kungiyoyin al’umma, kananan hukumomi, da sauransu. Wasu kasuwanni ana sarrafa su sosai, tare da dokoki don farashi, inganci da zaɓin mai siyarwa. Wasu kuma sun fi annashuwa a cikin ayyukansu da ka'idojin dillalai. Yayin da aka saba ba da fifiko ga kayan abinci da ake nomawa a cikin gida, wasu kasuwannin manoma suna ba da izinin haɗin gwiwa da masu sayayya, ko baiwa manoma damar siyan wasu kayayyaki don sake siyarwa. An sami rahotannin kwanan nan na zamba da samfuran da aka yi musu kuskure a matsayin kwayoyin halitta ko na cikin gida lokacin da ba su. A wasu lokuta, kasuwannin manoma masu damfara suna sayar da kayan marmari na yau da kullun, suna ba da su azaman kayan marmari ko na cikin gida, waɗanda galibi ana sayar da su ga masu yawon bude ido da ba su ji ba. Wasu kasuwannin manoma suna gudanar da ayyukan jumloli, wani lokaci suna iyakance ga takamaiman kwanaki ko sa'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan kasuwar manoma ita ce kasuwar Manoma ta Jihar Carolina ta Kudu, wadda ita ce babbar mai samar da kankana, cantaloupes, da peach don masu saye a arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Kasuwannin manoma kuma na iya ba masu siyayya daga wuraren sayar da kayayyaki, gidajen cin abinci, da shagunan lambu tare da sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, tsirrai, tsiro da gandun gandun daji, zuma, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona. Ko da yake wannan yana kan raguwa, a wani ɓangare saboda haɓakar shagunan sarƙoƙi waɗanda ke sha'awar hanyoyin rarraba ƙasa da farashi mai arha—farashin da ƙarancin farashin kayan amfanin da ake shigowa da su ya ragu. == Nau'ikan kayayyaki == === naman alade da naman sa === [[Fayil:026_Farmers'_markets_in_israel.jpg|left|thumb|Nama a kasuwar manoma a Isra'ila]] Ana sayar da naman sa da naman alade iri-iri a kasuwannin manoma a Amurka. Kayayyakin naman sa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da nama, naman sa na ƙasa, jaki, da nau'ikan tsiran alade na naman sa. Abubuwan naman alade na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tsiran alade da naman alade. Naman sa da naman alade da ake sayar da su a kasuwar manoma a Amurka, kamar na kowane irin naman sa/naman alade da ake siyar wa jama'a, dole ne ya samo asali daga dabbobin da aka yanka a cikin mayankar da gwamnati (tarayya ko jiha) ta duba mahauta. Tun lokacin da gwamnati ta duba mayankar da ke sayen dabbobin da za a yanka, da yawa galibi suna da kayan aiki, kayan aiki, da ma'aikata don ba da kayan nama ga masu rarrabawa/masu sayarwa. Kamar gidajen cin abinci, irin waɗannan tsare-tsare sun shahara da masu sayar da kasuwannin manoma domin suna ba su damar guje wa kuɗin da ake kashewa (kayan aiki, kayan aiki, ilimi, kulawa, duba lafiyar abinci, da sauransu) waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da nama waɗanda za a iya siyar da su ga jama'a bisa doka. . Masu sayar da nama sun fi yawa a kasuwannin manoma yayin da dillalan da ke yin nama da naman nasu ke wakiltar kaso kadan. Sake siyarwa yana bawa dillalai damar rage yawan saka hannun jari da sama da kima ta hanyar siyan samfuran su daga gidan yankan kasuwanci da/ko masana'antar sarrafa kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The North Central Initiative for Small Farm Profitability |date=May 2004 |title=Meat Processor Survey Results: Developing Producer & Small Processor Owned Meat Marketing Enterprises |url=http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/Meat_Survey_May_2004_3991AB138B682.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724212244/http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/Meat_Survey_May_2004_3991AB138B682.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date= |website=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center |publisher=Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 2005 |title=Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/larc/Policies/Labeling_Policy_Book_082005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205112343/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/larc/Policies/Labeling_Policy_Book_082005.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |website=USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]}}</ref> Kayayyakin nama a kasuwannin manoma da masu sake siyar da su ke siyar za su haɗa da "rarrabuwa ta/cushe don", ko makamancin haka, sanarwa akan alamun kayan naman su. Akasin haka, kayayyakin naman da ake siyar da su a kasuwannin manoma waɗanda mai siyar da aka shirya da kuma tattara su ba za su haɗa da “rarrabuwa ta/cushe don” ba, ko makamancin haka, sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 April 2020 |title=Title 21 |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180211/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=101 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=[[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> ==== Nama da ba a sarrafa shi ba ====   Kayayyakin naman da ba a sarrafa su ba (yanke sayar da kayayyaki) da ake samu a kasuwannin manoma na iya haɗawa da labarin binciken gwamnati tare da lakabin "rabawa ta/cushe don/shirya don". Sauran bayanai akan lakabin zasu haɗa da nauyi, farashi, da umarnin kulawa amintattu. Labarin binciken hukuma ya haɗa da lambar kafawa (EST) wanda ke bayyana kamfani na ƙarshe wanda ya yi sarrafa/nawa, marufi, da lakabin samfurin. Tun da lakabin ya ƙunshi bayanin "rabawa ta/cushe don", naman na iya fitowa daga dabbobin wasu manoma/makiyayi ko gidan abinci na kamfani. Kasancewar wani labari na bincike na gwamnati yana gano kayan naman da ba a sarrafa shi ba kuma mai siyarwar ya cika. Kayayyakin naman da mai siyar ko mahauta ya shirya da cushe ba za su haɗa da hatimin gwamnati ba, kuma ba za su haɗa da kowace irin sanarwa da ke rarraba mai siyarwa a matsayin mai siyarwa/mai rarrabawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Code of Federal Regulations Title 9, part 303, section 1 |url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2003/pdf/9CFR303.1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509103107/http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2003/pdf/9CFR303.1.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2009 |access-date= |website=Federal Digital System |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office}}</ref> Alamun kan naman sa da naman alade da suka samo asali na dabbobin mai siyarwa ba za su haɗa da bayanin "rabawa ta/cushe don/shirya don" sanarwa. Lura cewa lakabin zai kasance yana da tarihin Binciken hukuma/gwamnati wanda ke bayyana kafa wanda ya yi yanka, yanka, marufi, da lakabi saboda duk wani samfurin da ya bar mayankar da za a siyar da ɗan adam dole ne ya kasance yana da tarihin binciken gwamnati. Misali, alamar da ba ta da “rarrabuwar ta/kunshe don”, da dai sauransu sanarwa tana tabbatar da mai siye cewa, yayin da mai siyar bai yi naman yankan/kwali/da sauransu ba, naman ya samo asali ne daga dabbobin mai siyarwa. Alamar samfurin naman da aka sarrafa kuma mai siyarwar ba zai haɗa da labarin binciken gwamnati ba kuma ba zai haɗa da bayanin "rabawa/cushe don" ba. Yanke kayan nama da dillali ya siyar da shi wanda ke yin nasa yankan, marufi, da lakabi ba zai haɗa da labarin binciken gwamnati ba ko bayanin "rabawa ta/cushe don" a kan lakabin. A irin waɗannan lokuta, mai sayar da nama yana samun gawa ko wasu manyan yankan nama daga mahauta da gwamnati ta bincika kuma yana yin yankan na biyu ("ƙirar"), marufi, da lakabi a cikin wurinta. Ba a buƙatar tarihin binciken jami'in gwamnati a kan kunshin naman da irin wannan mai siyar ya yanka da kuma tattara shi saboda ana sayar da shi ga mabukaci kai tsaye. ==== Naman da aka sarrafa ====   Yawancin kayan naman da aka sarrafa ( tsiran alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, frankfurters, sandunan ciye-ciye) ana sayar da su a kasuwannin manoma suna da alamun da suka haɗa da "rabawa ta/cushe don / sauransu." sanarwa da kuma wani labari na binciken gwamnati. Labarin binciken gwamnati ya haɗa da lambar kafa (EST #) wanda ke gano masana'antar sarrafa kasuwancin da ta yi da tattara samfuran; kama da kunshin tsiran alade ko naman alade da aka sayar a manyan kantunan. A madadin, samfurin nama da aka sarrafa wanda ake sayar da shi a kasuwar manoma wanda bai haɗa da "rabawa ta/cushe don/da sauransu." sanarwa da kuma almara na binciken gwamnati samfuri ne wanda mai siyar ya yi kuma ya tattara shi. Har ila yau, akwai dillalai waɗanda ke siyar da kayan naman da aka sarrafa waɗanda suka haɗa da labarin binciken gwamnati ba tare da "rarraba ta/cushe don / da sauransu." sanarwa; irin waɗannan dillalai suna siyar da samfuran haɗin gwiwa wanda mai yin / furodusa ya shirya kuma ya tattara samfurin bisa ga girke-girke na masu siyarwa. ===== Mai siyarwa ===== Kayayyakin naman da aka sarrafa da ake sayar da su a kasuwannin manoma ana kiransu da samfuran “private label”. Irin waɗannan samfuran za su haɗa da "rabawa ta/cushe don/da sauransu." sanarwa tare da labari na binciken gwamnati wanda ke ba da lamba wanda ke tantance wanda ya kera samfurin. Adadin masu sukar samfuran tambarin masu zaman kansu suna karuwa yayin da masu amfani suka fahimci rashin kyawun ayyukan da masu kera samfuran ke yi..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westervelt |first=Amy |author-link=Amy Westervelt |date=5 May 2010 |title=Do You Know What's In Your Organic Beef? The TFT Reader Investigation Continues... |url=http://thefastertimes.com/genericfoodsinvestigation/2010/05/05/do-you-know-whats-in-your-organic-beef-the-tft-reader-investigation-continues/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524061323/http://thefastertimes.com/genericfoodsinvestigation/2010/05/05/do-you-know-whats-in-your-organic-beef-the-tft-reader-investigation-continues/ |archive-date=24 May 2010 |access-date= |website=The Faster Times}}</ref> Ba sabon abu ba ne a sami masu rarrabawa / masu siyar da kayan naman da aka sarrafa a kasuwannin manoma saboda kayan sayar da kayayyaki suna ba masu siyarwa damar rage jarin su ta hanyar rashin biyan kuɗin da ake kashewa (ilimi, ƙwarewa, kayan aiki, kayayyaki, kulawa, duba lafiyar abinci, marufi. , lakabi, da sauransu) da ake buƙata don samar da nasu samfuran. Kunshin naman da aka sarrafa zai kasance yana ɗauke da lakabin da ke da tarihin binciken gwamnati. Labarin binciken yawanci zai sami Lambar Ƙirar (EST #) wanda ke gano masana'antar sarrafa kayan da ta yi da tattara samfuran. Bugu da ƙari, kunshin zai ƙunshi jumla mai kama da "rabawa ta: Kamfanin Steve's Family Meat" ko "cushe/shirya don Kamfanin nama na Iyali na Steve" wani wuri a kan lakabin. Dukansu masu samarwa (wanda EST ta bayyana. # a cikin labarin dubawa) da mai rarrabawa / mai siyarwa (misali Kamfanin nama na Steve na Iyali) za a gano su akan lakabin. ===== Mai sarrafa kansa ===== Tambarin samfurin mai siyar da kasuwar manoma wanda ke yin kuma ya tattara nasa samfurin ba zai haɗa da "rarrabuwar ta/cushe don/da sauransu." sanarwa, kuma ba za ta sami labarin binciken gwamnati ba saboda ana siyar da samfuran ta kai tsaye ga mabukaci. Bayani kan alamar mai samarwa zai ƙunshi bayanin da ke gaba: * Sunan kamfanin * Adireshin da aka yi * Sunan samfurin * Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su * Lambobin kwanan wata * Umurnin sarrafawa mai aminci Ba zai haɗa da labarin binciken gwamnati ko hatimi ba. === Samfurin da 'ya'yan itace === [[Fayil:Farmer's_Market_II.jpg|thumb|Nectarines a kasuwar manoma ta yankin]] [[Fayil:Farmer's_Market_Peppers.jpg|alt=Buckets of red, green, orange, and yellow peppers in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.|thumb|Tattasai da tarugu a kasuwar manoma a Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka.]] Mahimmanci, amfanin kasuwar manoma da 'ya'yan itace galibi ana shuka su ne a cikin yanki na yanki wanda masu kula da kasuwar ke ɗauka na gida. Kasuwar manoma ce ta bayyana kalmar "ƙaranniya" kuma yawanci tana wakiltar samfuran da aka noma a cikin radius ɗin da aka auna cikin mil ko kilomita. Kasuwannin manoma da yawa sun bayyana cewa kasuwannin “masu samarwa ne kawai”, kuma masu sayar da su suna noma duk kayayyakin da ake sayarwa. Wasu kasuwannin manoma ba sa amfani da kalmar "mai samarwa kawai" kuma suna iya ba da damar masu siyar da kayan amfanin gona, 'ya'yan itace, da sauran kayayyakin abinci. Wasu kasuwannin manoma suna ba masu siyarwa damar sake sayar da kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa idan ba a samu a gida ba saboda lokacin shekara. Kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, nama, da sauran kayayyakin da ake sake siyarwa a kasuwannin manoma suna samuwa ga masu siyarwa ta hanyar rarraba abinci. Wannan al'ada ce ta gama gari kuma tana ba masu amfani da amfanin gona da 'ya'yan itace waɗanda ba sa samuwa a wasu lokuta na shekara. A cikin kasuwanni da yawa sake sayar da kayayyaki wani yanki ne na dindindin na kayan mai siyar. Akwai batutuwa guda huɗu waɗanda masu amfani sukan yi la'akari da su yayin siyan abinci kai tsaye daga mai samarwa: * Sunan iri-iri * Ko samfurin yana cikin kakar wasa * Tabbatar da asalin abinci * Ko kowane samfur yana da PLU (lambar farashi) takarda <ref name="plufaq">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FAQs |url=http://www.plucodes.com/faqs.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420214116/http://www.plucodes.com/faqs.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2009 |access-date=10 August 2009 |website=International Federation for Produce Standards |publisher=[[Produce Marketing Association]]}}</ref> Duk kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da sunaye na musamman waɗanda ke bambanta su da kowane, ko na kasuwanci ne, na aikin lambu na gida, ko na gado. Lamba ko kirtani haruffa yawanci ke gano sabbin nau'ikan kasuwanci. Ma'aikatan dillalai bazai san ko yaushe sunaye iri-iri na kayan da suke siyarwa ba amma zasu sami damar samun jeri daga ma'aikacin su (producer). Akwai dillalai da suka karya dokoki ta hanyar sake siyar da kayayyaki a kasuwannin Producer Only..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ettinger |first=Jill |date=22 October 2018 |title=Deceptive Vendors Discovered in California Farmers Markets |url=http://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/deceptive-vendors-discoverd-in-california-farmers-markets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720061429/http://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/deceptive-vendors-discoverd-in-california-farmers-markets.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date= |website=Organic Authority |publisher=Maven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Irizarry |first=Lauren |date=1 December 2008 |title=Farmers market sees out–of–state food influx |url=http://www.alligator.org/news/features/article_28df3d72-e805-5af4-8718-ccddb795149a.html?mode=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503113918/http://www.alligator.org/news/features/article_28df3d72-e805-5af4-8718-ccddb795149a.html?mode=print |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date= |website=The Independent Florida Alligator}}</ref> === Madara, kaji, da sauran kayayyaki === Dangane da kasuwannin manoma, ana samun kayayyaki iri-iri. Kaji, rago, akuya, qwai, madara, kirim, ice cream, man shanu, cuku, zuma, syrup, jams, jellies, sauces, namomin kaza, furanni, ulu, ruwan inabi, giya, burodi, da irin kek wasu misalai ne na masu sayar da kayayyaki. ana sayar da su a kasuwannin manoma. Kasuwannin manoma da yawa suna ba masu siyarwa damar shirya da siyarwa a shirye su ci abinci da abin sha.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Value-Added Resources for Farmers and Entrepreneurs: Farmers Markets |url=http://valueaddedag.tennessee.edu/resources/farmersmarkets.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317015112/http://valueaddedag.tennessee.edu/resources/farmersmarkets.htm |archive-date=17 March 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |website=Tennessee Value-Added Agriculture Priority Program |publisher=Institute of Agriculture, [[University of Tennessee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Marketing Strategies for Farmers and Ranchers |url=https://www.sare.org/publications/marketing-strategies-for-farmers-and-ranchers/farmers-markets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144519/https://www.sare.org/publications/marketing-strategies-for-farmers-and-ranchers/farmers-markets/ |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education}}</ref> == Cin hanci == Wasu bincike da aka gudanar a Amurka da Kanada sun gano shaguna a kasuwannin manoma suna sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ba a samo su daga gonakinsu ba. A cikin watan Satumba na 2017, wani binciken da aka ɓoye na kyamarar da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya gano cewa wasu rumfunan da ke cikin kasuwa ɗaya sun sayi kayan amfanin gona a kasuwar hada-hadar kuɗi tare da cire lambobi na asali, wanda ya haɓaka farashin zuwa kashi 50% sama da farashin dillali. Wata mai sukar abinci ta Tampa Bay Times kuma mai ba da rahoto mai bincike Laura Reiley ta sami wasu dillalai a kasuwannin manoma na gida suna sayar da amfanin gona da aka ƙi daga kasuwannin jumhuriyar cikin gida, ko kuma suna siyar da kayan amfanin da aka saya daga wuraren da ba na gida ba. A wasu lokuta sun yi iƙirarin sayar da kayayyaki daga gonarsu da farko, amma lokacin da aka danna su sun yarda cewa ba su noma ko ɗaya daga cikin kayayyakin da ake sayarwa ba. Aƙalla yanayi ɗaya, duk da ikirari da dillalai suka yi akasin haka, gonar da ake magana ba ta noman abinci ba, kuma amfanin gonakin duk an saya daga wasu kamfanoni. Za'a iya zama a bayyane a wasu lokuta saboda nau'in abincin da ake siyarwa ba ya girma a cikin gida ko kuma ya ƙare. Dokokin tarayya a Amurka suna buƙatar alamar ƙasar asalin don samfur a manyan kantuna amma ba ga ƙananan dillalai masu zaman kansu ba. [citati Jaridar Tampa Bay Times ta kuma gano cewa kayan abinci, irin su miya, zuma, jam, da naman sa na iya bayyana daga dillalai na gida saboda alamar kamfani na cikin gida akan marufi, amma a zahiri ana samar da su a shuke-shuke tare da wadanda ba abubuwan gida. A {asar Amirka, FDA na buƙatar a jera sunan masana'anta da adireshinsa a kan alamar abinci, wanda zai iya bayyana wannan rashin daidaituwa. == Haɗarin lafiya == Dokokin kiyaye abinci galibi suna fitar da keɓantacce ga kasuwannin manoma. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, idan samfurin bai ketare layin jihohi ba an keɓe shi daga Dokar Zamantake Abinci ta FDA. Kasuwannin manoma suna ƙara yawan barkewar annoba da kuma cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci, norovirus, da campylobacter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellemare |first=Marc F. |last2=Nguyen |first2=Ngoc (Jenny) |date=April 2018 |title=Farmers Markets and Food-Borne Illness |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65680/1/MPRA_paper_65680.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=676–690 |doi=10.1093/ajae/aay011 |s2cid=54639115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603013444/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65680/1/MPRA_paper_65680.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-03 |access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> == Kasuwanni na wajaje daban-daban == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Taipei_Expo_Farmers'_Market_20150509.jpg|alt=Farmers' market in Taipei, Taiwan|Kasuwar manoma a[[Taipei]],[[Taiwan]] Fayil:Farmers_and_Artisans_Market_at_Farmington_-_Michigan.jpg|alt=Produce for sale at a farmers' market in Farmington, Michigan, United States|Kayan sayarwa a kasuwar manoma aFarmington, MichiganAmurka Fayil:Mrs_Kirkham's_Cheeses_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1076114.jpg|alt=Cheese for sale at a farmers' market in London, United Kingdom|[[Cuku|Cheese]] wani kasuwar manoma a London, United Kingdom Fayil:Marché_public_Lafontaine.JPG|alt=Farmers' market in Rivière-du-Loup, Québec, Canada|Kasuwar manoma aRivière-du-Loup,[[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada Fayil:Cabbages_in_philippine_market.jpg|alt=Farmers' market in Cubao, Philippines|Kasuwar manomaa Cubao, Philippines Fayil:Farmers'_Market_(Apni_Mandi)_in_Chandigarh.jpg|alt=Farmers' Market (Apni Mandi) in Chandigarh|Kasuwar Manoma (Apni Mandi) a Chandigarh Fayil:Farmers'_Market_in_Chandigarh.jpg|alt=Farmers' Market in Chandigarh|Kasuwar Manoma a Chandigarh Fayil:Fruit_and_vegetable_vendor_at_St._Jacobs_Farmers_Market,_2011_July_7.jpg|alt=St. Jacobs Farmers' Market in Ontario, Canada|Kasuwar Manoma ta St. Jacobsa Ontario, Kanada </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hv099vb5ip0c2bqq17f15pqdqmnjlpc 0 82958 879921 735781 2026-07-10T02:21:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Pierre Kanstrup''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Denmark]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya. Kanstrup yana jin daɗi yana wasa kusan dukkanin matsayi na tsaro. Ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban, na Denmark, gami da Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Denmark. == Ayyukan kulob == === Brøndby === Kanstrup ya buga wa Brøndby wasa tun yana saurayi. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2008, ya fara aikinsa na farko lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Mike Jensen a minti na 82 a cikin nasarar 3-1 a kan AC Horsens . A cikin kakar shekarar 2007-2008, ya buga wasanni uku. A cikin kakar shekarar 2008-2009, an inganta shi har abada zuwa tawagar farko kuma ya buga wasa sau ɗaya a cikin Danish Superliga kuma a zagaye na biyu na cancanta don Kofin UEFA, kuma ya kuma buga sau uku a Kofin Danish.<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, Kanstrup ya zira kwallaye na farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a nasarar 6-1 a kan HB Køge . Kanstrup ya buga wa Lyngby Boldklub aro na watanni shida daga Brøndby a lokacin rabi na biyu na kakar shekarar 2010-11. Bayan jimlar wasanni huɗu, ya koma Brøndby. === Brønshøj da Fredericia === Bayan watanni shida a Brøndby kuma ba tare da bayyanar ba, an sake ba da rancen Kanstrup, a wannan lokacin ga ƙungiyar Brønshøj Boldklub ta biyu ta 1st Division. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ya fara bugawa ''Hvepsene'' wasa a wasan 1-1 da ya yi da FC Fyn . A ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Brønshøj a nasarar 2-0 a kan Hobro IK . An yi amfani da Kanstrup a duk wasannin kulob ɗin. Don sabon kakar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da kulob ɗin kuma ya buga wasanni 24 a kakar shekarar 2011-2012, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu. A cikin kakar shekarar 2012-2013 ya sake buga wa Brønshøj wasa sau uku kuma an kira shi Kyaftin din tawagar, kafin ya koma abokan hamayyar Fredericia. Ya zo wasanni 28 a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya buga wasanni 17 a gasar.<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}</ref> === SønderjyskE === A rabi na biyu na kakar shekarar 2013-14, ƙungiyar Superliga SønderjyskE ta ba da rancen Kanstrup kuma nan da nan ya zama mai farawa na yau da kullun a cikin tsaro, inda ya fara bugawa a cikin nasarar 0-4 a kan Vestsjælland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superligakamp FC Vestsjælland-SønderjyskE, 21.02.2014 - SuperStats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4411 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}</ref> An sanya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, an naɗa shi sabon kyaftin ɗin bayan Henrik Hansen da mataimakin kyaftin din Niels Lodberg sun bar kulob ɗin. A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob ɗin a wasan da aka yi da Copenhagen 3-1. Kanstrup ya bayyana a duk wasannin Superliga a kakar shekarar 2015-2016, yayin da SønderjyskE ta kammala matsayi na biyu a gasar kuma ta cancanci shiga zagaye na biyu na UEFA Europa League. <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}</ref> A can, kulob din ya ci gaba bayan ya kori kulob din [[Norway|Norwegian]] Strømsgodset da kungiyar [[Poland]] Zagłębie Lubin, kafin a kawar da su a zagaye na play-off bayan da Sparta Prague ta ci kwallo. An yi amfani da Kanstrup a duk wasannin; a zagaye na farko na Superliga kuma a zagaye ya zo jimlar wasanni 36.<ref name="SW" /> === AGF === A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, Kanstrup ya koma AGF kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2017 |title=Stærk forsvarsspiller til AGF |url=https://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2017/juni/staerk-forsvarsspiller-til-agf/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=agf.dk |publisher=[[Aarhus Gymnastikforening]] |language=Danish |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204510/http://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2017/juni/staerk-forsvarsspiller-til-agf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar da ke [[Aarhus]] da sauri ya yi yaƙi don farawa na yau da kullun kuma an yi amfani da shi a wasanni 25 a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun.<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan da aka yi a gida 1-4 ga Nordsjælland a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGF 1-4 FC Nordsjælland |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/5238 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}</ref> Bayan watanni shida kawai a kulob din, an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar bayan tashiwar Morten "Duncan" Rasmussen, wanda shine "zaɓin halitta" a cewar kocin David Nielsen. A cikin zagaye na sakewa da kuma a cikin wasannin da suka biyo baya ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni goma.<ref name="SW" /> === BB Erzurumspor da Vålerenga === A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ya bar Denmark kuma ya shiga kungiyar Super Lig ta Turkiyya Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor. Bayan rabin shekara a kulob din, ya koma Scandinavia don sanya hannu tare da kulob din Norwegian Vålerenga kan kwangilar watanni shida. === Komawa zuwa SønderjyskE === A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2019, an sanar da cewa Kanstrup ya koma SønderjyskE Fodbold kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>[https://www.soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/tidligere-soenderjyske-anfoerer-vender-retur/ Tidligere SønderjyskE-anfører vender retur], soenderjyske.dk, 27 December 2019</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ya dawo kulob din, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta lashe kofin Danish. === Fremad Amager === A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2021, an ba da rancen Kanstrup ga kungiyar Danish 1st Division ta Fremad Amager don sauran kakar.<ref>[https://soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/soenderjyske-udlejer-pierre-kanstrup/ SØNDERJYSKE UDLEJER PIERRE KANSTRUP]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, soenderjyske.dk, 27 August 2021</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a wannan rana a kan FC Fredericia . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa, an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022 Fremad Amager ya tabbatar, cewa sun sanya hannu kan Kanstrup har abada har zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://fremadamagerelite.dk/nyheder/anfoereren-skifter-lejeaftalen-ud-med-en-permanent-aftale-i-fremad/ ANFØREREN SKIFTER LEJEAFTALEN UD MED EN PERMANENT AFTALE I FREMAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080350/https://fremadamagerelite.dk/nyheder/anfoereren-skifter-lejeaftalen-ud-med-en-permanent-aftale-i-fremad/ |date=2024-08-15 }}, fremadamagerelite.dk, 26 May 2022</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2023, bayan da aka sake tura Fremad Amager zuwa kungiyar ta biyu ta Danish ta shekarar 2023-2024, kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa Kanstrup ya bar kulob din, yayin da aka dakatar da kwangilarsa ta hanyar yardar juna.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/fremadamagerelite/posts/850905683209856 PIERRE KANSTRUP FORLADER FREMAD AMAGER...]</ref> === Brønshøj === Bayan barin Fremad Amager, Kanstrup ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Denmark Series Brønshøj Boldklub a watan Yulin shekarar 2023: kulob din da ya riga ya buga a baya, a cikin shekarar 2011-2012.<ref>[https://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/nyheder/hveps-vender-tilbage/ Hveps vender tilbage], bronshojboldklub.dk, 24 July 2023</ref> Bayan shekara guda a kulob din, Kanstrup ya yi ritaya a watan Agustan shekarar 2024.<ref>[https://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/nyheder/divisionsholdet/hurtig-spiller-ind/ Hurtig spiller ind], bronshojboldklub.dk, 9 August 2024</ref> == Daraja == '''SønderjyskE''' * Kofin Danish: shekarar 2019-2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pierre KanstrupBayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa aKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Denmark (a cikin Danish) * Pierre Kanstrupa FootballDatabase.eu [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8dhhzo0ep4nsh9j1qoru04cx1h9obw 0 84253 879569 877241 2026-07-09T12:54:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 879569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marc Bernal Casas''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu ,shekarar 2007) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Sipaniya, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar La Liga [[FC Barcelona|ta Barcelona]] ,d a kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Sipaniya.. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, [[Katalunya|Catalonia]], Bernal ɗan shekara 19 ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta CE Berga da Gimnàstic Manresa, kuma ya koma [[La Masia]] yana ɗan shekara 6 inda ya yi aiki tukuru a rukunin matasansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça |url=https://www.aquibergueda.cat/2023/08/13/marc-bernal-la-promesa-de-berga-que-despunta-al-barca/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20231023/1002092014/marc-bernal-perla-masia-berbecho.html |website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da Barcelona har zuwa shekarar 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro |url=https://portaldostimes.com.br/saiba-quem-e-a-joia-que-esta-enchendo-o-barcelona-de-esperanca-para-o-futuro/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Logroñés da ci 1-0 a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pérez |first=Daniel Íñiguez |date=28 August 2023 |title=Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos |url=https://muydefutbol.com/futbol-espanol/rfef/primera-rfef/logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-gol-en-las-gaunas-y-primeros-3-puntos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103061236/https://muydefutbol.com/futbol-espanol/rfef/primera-rfef/logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-gol-en-las-gaunas-y-primeros-3-puntos/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Muy de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya zura kwallayensa na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da suka doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team? |url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/is-marc-bernal-the-next-la-masia-player-ready-to-break-into-barcas-first-team-93717095 |website=sport}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2024, ya fara buga [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]] da [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], inda ya fara da nasara a kan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Young player debuts |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4088072/the-three-young-players-who-made-their-debuts/amp |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu a wasan da suka doke [[Rayo Vallecano]] da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=Marc Bernal injury news |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4098928/marc-bernal-injury-news |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, Barcelona ta sanar da gyara kwantiragin Bernal ta hanyar hada da yarjejeniyar sayen €500 miliyan, wanda hakan zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2026 tare da zabin karin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adjustment to Marc Bernal's contract |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4130963/adjustment-to-marc-bernals-contract |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Bernal ya dawo daga hutun kwanaki 383 a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2025, a wasan da suka doke [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] da ci 6-0, inda ya samu taimako. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=Marc Bernal returns with an assist after 383 days |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4362711/marc-bernal-returns-with-an-assist-after-383-days |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2029. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2025 |title=Marc Bernal extends contract to 2029 |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4372163/marc-bernal-extends-contract-to-2029 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2026, Bernal ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Blaugranas a wasan da suka doke Mallorca da ci 3-0 a [[Camp Nou]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=FC Barcelona 3-0 Mallorca: Rock solid |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4446234/fc-barcelona-3-0-mallorca-rock-solid |website=www.fcbarcelona.com}}</ref> Wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a wasan da suka doke [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ci 7-2 a zagaye na 16 na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Barça overpower Newcastle but leaky defense could be their undoing |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48242823/barcelona-attack-overpowers-newcastle-united-champions-league-keep-covering-leaky-defense |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horar da 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain a watan Oktoban shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OFICIAL &#124; Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-lista-de-convocados-para-jornadas-de-entrenamiento-en-la-ciudad-del-futbol |website=Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, an sanya shi a sansanin horar da 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=OFICIAL &#124; Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-convocatoria-sub-18-para-los-entrenamientos-de-alfaz-del-pi-alicante |website=Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin tawagar ƙarshe ta ' yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na shekara ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Mundial Sub-17 2023 &#124; Marc Bernal: el 'elegido' quiere dar el golpe en Indonesia |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/marc-bernal-elegido-quiere-dar-golpe-mundial-sub-17-94075881 |website=sport}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa ta Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=OFICIAL {{!}} La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-la-lista-definitiva-de-la-seleccion-sub-17-para-el-europeo |access-date= |website=RFEF.ES}}</ref> Bernal ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar Catalonia a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Palestine da ci 2-1 a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2025 |title=Catalonia-Palestine: Highlights, goals and result of the friendly match - Today |url=https://espanol.eurosport.com/futbol/cataluna-palestina-resumen-goles-y-resultado-del-partido-amistoso-hoy_sto23242313/story.shtml |access-date=18 November 2025 |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Bernal [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ne mai ƙafa 6 da inci 4 <nowiki>, kuma</nowiki> mai iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta hagu, wanda yawanci yana buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa ta tsakiya mai tsaron baya]], amma kuma yana iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar kai hari idan ya zama dole. Yana da ƙarfin jiki mai ƙarfi, kuma yana da ƙwarewar wucewa mai kyau. Yana da daidaito kuma yana iya wucewa sosai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plaza |first=Guillermo Gutierrez |date=5 October 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, el arte de recibir perfilado |url=https://juvenildivisiondehonor.com/marc-bernal-el-arte-de-recibir-perfilado/}}</ref> Ya kuma yi kwatancen [[Sergio Busquets]] . Kocin Barcelona [[Hansi Flick]] ya nuna ƙarfin gwiwa game da yuwuwarsa, yana bayyana wa ɗan wasan cewa shi ne ɗan wasan tsakiya na biyu da aka zaɓa a matsayin mai tsaron baya, kuma yana ci gaba da nuna kwarin gwiwa game da rawar da zai taka a cikin ƙungiyar farko. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" | [[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo |- | Barcelona Atlétic | 2023–24 | Primera Federation | 27 | 2 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 {{Efn|Appearances in Primera Federación play-offs}} | 0 | 31 | 2 |- | rowspan="3" | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | 2024–25 | [[La Liga|Gasar La Liga]] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | Gasar La Liga | 22 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} | 1 | 1 {{Efn|Appearance in [[Supercopa de España]]}} | 0 | 33 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 25 ! 2 ! 4 ! 2 ! 6 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 36 ! 5 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 52 ! 4 ! 4 ! 2 ! 6 ! 1 ! 5 ! 0 ! 67 ! 7 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Sipaniya | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta <references /> f89m2u4p3rl92o8aai828ujfm8ee3zv 879570 879569 2026-07-09T12:54:35Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 879570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marc Bernal Casas''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu ,shekarar 2007) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Sipaniya, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar La Liga [[FC Barcelona|ta Barcelona]] , da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Sipaniya.. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, [[Katalunya|Catalonia]], Bernal ɗan shekara 19 ne daga ƙungiyar matasa ta CE Berga da Gimnàstic Manresa, kuma ya koma [[La Masia]] yana ɗan shekara 6 inda ya yi aiki tukuru a rukunin matasansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça |url=https://www.aquibergueda.cat/2023/08/13/marc-bernal-la-promesa-de-berga-que-despunta-al-barca/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20231023/1002092014/marc-bernal-perla-masia-berbecho.html |website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da Barcelona har zuwa shekarar 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro |url=https://portaldostimes.com.br/saiba-quem-e-a-joia-que-esta-enchendo-o-barcelona-de-esperanca-para-o-futuro/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Logroñés da ci 1-0 a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pérez |first=Daniel Íñiguez |date=28 August 2023 |title=Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos |url=https://muydefutbol.com/futbol-espanol/rfef/primera-rfef/logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-gol-en-las-gaunas-y-primeros-3-puntos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103061236/https://muydefutbol.com/futbol-espanol/rfef/primera-rfef/logrones-1-0-barca-atletic-gol-en-las-gaunas-y-primeros-3-puntos/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Muy de Fútbol}}</ref> Ya zura kwallayensa na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da suka doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team? |url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/is-marc-bernal-the-next-la-masia-player-ready-to-break-into-barcas-first-team-93717095 |website=sport}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2024, ya fara buga [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]] da [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], inda ya fara da nasara a kan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Young player debuts |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4088072/the-three-young-players-who-made-their-debuts/amp |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu a wasan da suka doke [[Rayo Vallecano]] da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=Marc Bernal injury news |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4098928/marc-bernal-injury-news |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, Barcelona ta sanar da gyara kwantiragin Bernal ta hanyar hada da yarjejeniyar sayen €500 miliyan, wanda hakan zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2026 tare da zabin karin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adjustment to Marc Bernal's contract |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4130963/adjustment-to-marc-bernals-contract |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Bernal ya dawo daga hutun kwanaki 383 a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2025, a wasan da suka doke [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] da ci 6-0, inda ya samu taimako. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=Marc Bernal returns with an assist after 383 days |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4362711/marc-bernal-returns-with-an-assist-after-383-days |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2029. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2025 |title=Marc Bernal extends contract to 2029 |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4372163/marc-bernal-extends-contract-to-2029 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2026, Bernal ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Blaugranas a wasan da suka doke Mallorca da ci 3-0 a [[Camp Nou]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=FC Barcelona 3-0 Mallorca: Rock solid |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/4446234/fc-barcelona-3-0-mallorca-rock-solid |website=www.fcbarcelona.com}}</ref> Wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a wasan da suka doke [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ci 7-2 a zagaye na 16 na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Barça overpower Newcastle but leaky defense could be their undoing |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48242823/barcelona-attack-overpowers-newcastle-united-champions-league-keep-covering-leaky-defense |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horar da 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain a watan Oktoban shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OFICIAL &#124; Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-lista-de-convocados-para-jornadas-de-entrenamiento-en-la-ciudad-del-futbol |website=Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, an sanya shi a sansanin horar da 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=OFICIAL &#124; Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) &#124; www.rfef.es |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-convocatoria-sub-18-para-los-entrenamientos-de-alfaz-del-pi-alicante |website=Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin tawagar ƙarshe ta ' yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Spain a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na shekara ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Mundial Sub-17 2023 &#124; Marc Bernal: el 'elegido' quiere dar el golpe en Indonesia |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/marc-bernal-elegido-quiere-dar-golpe-mundial-sub-17-94075881 |website=sport}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa ta Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=OFICIAL {{!}} La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/oficial-la-lista-definitiva-de-la-seleccion-sub-17-para-el-europeo |access-date= |website=RFEF.ES}}</ref> Bernal ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar Catalonia a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Palestine da ci 2-1 a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2025 |title=Catalonia-Palestine: Highlights, goals and result of the friendly match - Today |url=https://espanol.eurosport.com/futbol/cataluna-palestina-resumen-goles-y-resultado-del-partido-amistoso-hoy_sto23242313/story.shtml |access-date=18 November 2025 |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Bernal [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ne mai ƙafa 6 da inci 4 <nowiki>, kuma</nowiki> mai iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta hagu, wanda yawanci yana buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa ta tsakiya mai tsaron baya]], amma kuma yana iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar kai hari idan ya zama dole. Yana da ƙarfin jiki mai ƙarfi, kuma yana da ƙwarewar wucewa mai kyau. Yana da daidaito kuma yana iya wucewa sosai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plaza |first=Guillermo Gutierrez |date=5 October 2023 |title=Marc Bernal, el arte de recibir perfilado |url=https://juvenildivisiondehonor.com/marc-bernal-el-arte-de-recibir-perfilado/}}</ref> Ya kuma yi kwatancen [[Sergio Busquets]] . Kocin Barcelona [[Hansi Flick]] ya nuna ƙarfin gwiwa game da yuwuwarsa, yana bayyana wa ɗan wasan cewa shi ne ɗan wasan tsakiya na biyu da aka zaɓa a matsayin mai tsaron baya, kuma yana ci gaba da nuna kwarin gwiwa game da rawar da zai taka a cikin ƙungiyar farko. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" | [[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo |- | Barcelona Atlétic | 2023–24 | Primera Federation | 27 | 2 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 {{Efn|Appearances in Primera Federación play-offs}} | 0 | 31 | 2 |- | rowspan="3" | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | 2024–25 | [[La Liga|Gasar La Liga]] | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | Gasar La Liga | 22 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} | 1 | 1 {{Efn|Appearance in [[Supercopa de España]]}} | 0 | 33 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 25 ! 2 ! 4 ! 2 ! 6 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 36 ! 5 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 52 ! 4 ! 4 ! 2 ! 6 ! 1 ! 5 ! 0 ! 67 ! 7 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Sipaniya | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta <references /> gjkiwhal7xwjb0z59egdi0ho33ks62s 0 84481 880105 736250 2026-07-10T11:07:45Z Aliyu53 46824 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 880105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abincin Senegal abinci ne na yammacin Afirka wanda ya samo asali daga yawancin kabilun ƙasar, mafi girma shine Wolof kuma Faransanci ne ke tasiri. Musulunci, wanda ya fara karɓar yankin a ƙarni na 11, shi ma yana taka rawa a cikin abinci. Senegal ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa har zuwa 1960. Tun lokacin da ta yi mulkin mallaka, 'yan gudun hijira suna kawo abincin Senegal zuwa wasu yankuna da yawa.Domin kasar Senegal tana iyaka da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], kifi yana da matukar muhimmanci a dafa abinci na kasar Senegal. Kaza, rago, wake, kwai, da naman sa kuma ana amfani da su, amma naman alade yawanci ba saboda yawan al'ummar musulmi ba ne. Gyada, kayan amfanin gona na farko na Senegal, da gero, farar shinkafa, dankali mai dadi, rogo, wake bakar fata da kayan lambu iri-iri, ana kuma hada su cikin girke-girke da yawa. Ana daka nama da kayan marmari ko kuma a daka su da [[ganye]] da kayan kamshi, sannan a zuba kan shinkafa ko gero couscous ko kuma a ci da burodi. Ana yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace sabo ne daga bissap, ginger, bouye (lafazin 'buoy', wanda shine 'ya'yan itacen baobab, wanda kuma aka sani da "'ya'yan itacen biri"), mango, ko wasu 'ya'yan itace ko bishiyoyin daji (mafi shaharar soursop, wanda ya fi shahara. ana kiransa corossol a Faransanci). Desserts suna da wadata sosai kuma suna da daɗi, suna haɗa kayan abinci na asali tare da almubazzaranci da salon salon tasirin Faransanci kan hanyoyin dafa abinci na Senegal. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da su tare da sabbin 'ya'yan itace kuma a al'adance ana bi da su kofi ko shayi. Tea, wanda aka fi sani da attaya, ana ba da shi ta hanyar al'adaal'ada ==manazarta== 1:<https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/food--cooking/taste-senegal/uUCIQPmevih9j25Id3AaIK/ > 2<https://www.pinterest.com/pin/383650462005918176/ > 3:<https://www.tasteatlas.com/bassi-salte > 4:<https://www.tasteatlas.com/capitaine-a-la-saint-louisienne > 5:<https://www.tasteatlas.com/capitaine-a-la-saint-louisienne > shy17gictlyvt7hpuom9y7bfn663l6n 0 87691 879933 829470 2026-07-10T04:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Ghribia_algérienne.jpg|right|thumb|Gishiri na Ghribia, [[Aljeriya]]]] [[Fayil:Kurabiyes_in_the_form_of_medialuna.jpg|thumb|''Qurabiya'' mai siffar karami]] ''''''Gurbiya'''''' (Arabic) kuma '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', '''ghoriba''', '''ghribia''', '''ghraïba''', gurabija, '''Griyyaba,''',, '''kurabiye''', ko ko '''kourabiedes''' (Greek) da sauran maganganu da furci da yawa, irin kek ne na gajeren burodi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds na ƙasa. Ana samun nau'ikan a yawancin abinci na Larabawa, Balkan da Ottoman, tare da nau'ikan daban-daban da girke-girke. Suna kama da polvorones daga [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stephanie |date=5 August 2012 |title=Lost and loving it in Morocco |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/world/lost-and-loving-it-in-morocco/story-e6frfhdo-1226442356260 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[Herald Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kragen |first=Pam |date=19 March 2013 |title=Cookbook a love letter to Morocco |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/19/moroccan-cookbook-infused-with-memories/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[U-T San Diego]]}}</ref> A cikin Maghreb da Masar, galibi ana ba da su tare da shayi na Libya, Kofi na Larabci ko shayi na mint na Maghrebi. == Tarihi == An ba da girke-girke don gajeren burodi mai kama da ghorayebah amma ba tare da almond ba, wanda ake kira a cikin Larabci khushkanānaj gharīb (kookie mai ban sha'awa), a cikin littafin dafa abinci na Larabci na farko da aka sani, Kitab al-Ṭabīīīī . [1] Kurabiye ya bayyana a cikin Abincin Ottoman a karni na 15. Akwai muhawara game da asalin kalmomin. Wasu ba su ba da wata asali ga kalmar ''kurabiye'' ta Turkawa ba sai Turkawa, wasu kuma sun ba da Larabci ko Farisa. Daga cikin wasu, masanin ilimin harsuna Sevan Nişanyan ya ba da asalin Larabci, a cikin littafinsa na 2009 na ƙamus na Turkiyya, daga ''{{Transl|ar|ġurayb}}'' ko ''{{Transl|ar|ğarîb}}'' (exotic). Koyaya, ya zuwa 2019, ƙamus na kan layi na Nişanyan yanzu yana ba da farkon sanannun yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Turkanci kamar ƙarshen karni na 17, wanda ya samo asali daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulābiya}}'' [[Farisawa|na Farisa]], kuki da aka yi da ruwan fure, daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulāb}}'', mai alaƙa da furanni. Ya lura cewa kalmomin Larabci na Siriya ''{{Transl|ar|ġurābiye}} / {{Transl|ar|ġuraybiye}}'' wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga Turkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Kurabiye |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye |access-date=2019-01-04 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == === Crimea === Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye, qurabye, къурабье, къурабие Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi a cikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. An gama "khurabye" gaba ɗaya tare da sukari mai foda a kowane bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Кхураб'є |url=https://yizhakultura.com/material/20230105_1852 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=yizhakultura.com}}</ref> === Albania === [https://www.myalbanianfood.com/recipe/albanian-kurabie/]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Gurabija'' === Aljeriya === ''Ghribia'' (Algerian Arabic) * ''Ghribia'' tare da almond * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanutsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * ''Ghribia'' tare da walnuts * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios === Armenia === ashi kamar burodi, kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. An fi cinye shi a lokacin Easter, Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya, an kara karin sinadaran, kamar ƙwai, cinnamon, da walnuts. === Bulgaria === Kurabii, sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki da yawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu, kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "maslenki". === Girka da Cyprus === [[Fayil:Kourabiedes_platter_2008_01_08.jpg|thumb|''Kourabiedes'', Girka]] Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin ana yin su da brandy, yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka, ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Clove|ƙusa]]Kirsimeti tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi guda ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls, sannan a dafa su har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi, suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com |archive-date=2012-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084326/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' sananne ne ga lokatai na musamman, kamar Kirsimeti ko baftisma. Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya, dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana ba da su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. === Iran === [[Fayil:Təbriz_qurabiyəsi_2.jpg|thumb|Iran Azerbaijani ''Yurabiya'' daga [[Tabriz]]]] A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari, farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana ba da shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Box_of_Qurabiya_by_Nobari_Confectionary_(Tehran,_Iran).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Akwatin qurabiya na Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran) ]] Bambance-bambance ciki har da: <ref>{{Cite journal |title=حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية |journal=مجلس النشر العلمي، جامعة الكويت |volume=Issues 317-321 |pages=118}}</ref> * Ghoriba tare da Cardamom * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da saffron === Gabatarwa === * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da ruwan RoseRuwa mai ruwan hoda === Libya === Ghraïba Fassarar Larabci na Libya * Ghoriba tare da peanuts * Ghoriba tare da almond * Ghoriba tare da walnuts === Maroko === Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb, shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari, suna ba da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba an yi shi ne daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, an yi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * Ghoriba bahla * Ghoriba dyal zite * Ghoriba mramla === Saudi Arabia === Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic), bambance-bambance sun hada da: * Ghurēba tare da pistachio * Ghurēba tare da almond * Ghurēba tare da cardamom === Turkiyya === [[Fayil:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi, Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya, ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. == Duba sauran bayani ==   * [[Almond Biscuit|Kaki na almond]] * Wani kurabiyesi * Hallongrotta * Kukis na Kavala Almond * Murabbalı mecidiye * Nankhatai * Osmania Biscuit * Alamun * Ruwan wuta * İzmir Bomb Kurabiye * Bethmännchen * Şekerpare * Jerin abincin almond * Jerin gajeren burodi da kukis == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Regional variations == Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye,qurabye, къурабье, къурабие). Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi acikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. === Albania === ''Gurabija'' ''Ghribia'' ({{langx|arq|غريبية}}) * * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanuts ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios ''Khourabia'' {{Langx|hy|Ղուրաբիա}} (Armenian) itace fassarar Armeniya wani lokacin ana kiranta a Turanci a matsayin kuki na man shanu na Armeniya ko kuki na gajeren burodi na Armeniya. ''Khourabia'' anyi shine da kayan aiki guda uku: man shanu, sukari,da gari kuma yawanci ana siffanta shi kamar burodi,kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. Anfi cinye shi a lokacin Easter,Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya,an kara karin sinadaran,kamar ƙwai,cinnamon,da walnuts. ''Kurabii'', sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki dayawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu,kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "''maslenki''".  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2018}} === Girka da Cyprus === Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: κουρα__ckb____ckb________ckb__; jam'i na ''kourabies'' κουρα__que____ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi,yawanci ana yin shida almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin anayin su da brandy,yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka,ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Kirsimeti]] tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi ƙusa ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls,sannan a dafasu har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi,suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com |archive-date=2012-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084326/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya,dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana bada su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari,farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana bada shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727085641/https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727134230/https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb,shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari,suna bada ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba anyi shine daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, anyi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * * * Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic),bambance-bambance sun hada da: [[File:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi,Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya,ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. * * * Ghraïba homs,wanda akayi da garin chickpeaGurasar chickpea qs1ztvsyj2508vzbupdlv17m80rst6r 0 87764 879893 741244 2026-07-09T23:52:52Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''James Earl Jones''' (Janairu 17, 1931 - Satumba 9, 2024) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Majagaba ga bakaken ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a masana'antar nishaɗi, an san shi da manyan ayyuka da yabo a kan mataki da allo. Jones yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don cimma EGOT (Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, da Tony). An shigar da shi cikin Babban Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka a cikin 1985, kuma an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta National Medal of Arts a 1992, Kennedy Center Honor a 2002, Kyautar Kyautar Rayuwa ta Actors Guild Life a 2009. da lambar yabo ta Academy a 2011. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] James Earl Jones (17 ga Janairu, 1931 – 9 ga Satumba, 2024) fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka, kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman wasan kwaikwayo da suka taɓa rayuwa. Ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa a wasan kwaikwayo na mataki, fina-finai da talabijin, tare da murya mai zurfi da ƙarfi wadda ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ba da murya a duniya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen buɗe ƙofofi ga baƙaƙen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a masana'antar nishaɗin Amurka. Rayuwar farko An haifi James Earl Jones a garin Arkabutla, jihar Mississippi, Amurka. Mahaifinsa, Robert Earl Jones, shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, amma ya rabu da iyalinsu tun James yana ƙarami. Kakanninsa ne suka raine shi a jihar Michigan. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya yi fama da matsalar tangardar magana (stuttering), wadda ta sa ya daina yin magana na tsawon shekaru. Daga baya wani malamin makaranta ya ƙarfafa shi ya riƙa karanta waƙoƙi da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ne ya taimaka masa ya shawo kan matsalar, kuma daga nan ne ya fara sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo. Karatu da aikin soja James Earl Jones ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Michigan inda ya fara nazarin aikin likita kafin daga baya ya koma fannin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan kammala karatu ya shiga rundunar sojojin Amurka, inda ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci kafin ya koma harkar wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya. Farkon aikinsa Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a gidajen wasan Broadway a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ƙwarewarsa ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare a Amurka. Daga baya ya shiga fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin, inda ya samu karɓuwa sosai. Shahararrun fina-finai James Earl Jones ya fito a fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da: Dr. Strangelove (1964) The Great White Hope (1970), wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma takarar Oscar. Claudine (1974) Conan the Barbarian (1982) The Hunt for Red October (1990) Field of Dreams (1989) Patriot Games (1992) The Sandlot (1993) Coming to America (1988) da kuma Coming 2 America (2021). Ayyukan ba da murya James Earl Jones ya shahara sosai wajen ba da murya ga fitattun halayen fina-finai: Darth Vader a jerin fina-finan Star Wars. Muryarsa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahara a tarihin fina-finai. Mufasa a fim ɗin The Lion King (1994), sannan ya sake ba da muryar a sabon sigar fim ɗin na shekarar 2019. Ayyukan talabijin Ya fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da: Roots: The Next Generations Gabriel's Fire Under One Roof Everwood The Simpsons (a matsayin baƙon murya). Lambobin yabo James Earl Jones ya samu lambobin yabo masu yawa, ciki har da: Tony Awards guda biyu. Emmy Awards guda biyu. Grammy Award guda ɗaya. Golden Globe Award. Honorary Academy Award (Oscar na girmamawa) a shekarar 2011. Kennedy Center Honors. National Medal of Arts. Ya kasance cikin kaɗan daga cikin jaruman da suka samu manyan lambobin yabo a fannonin wasan kwaikwayo, talabijin da kuma magana. Rayuwar iyali James Earl Jones ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Cecilia Hart a shekarar 1982. Sun haifi ɗa guda mai suna Flynn Earl Jones. Matarsa ta rasu a shekarar 2016. Rasuwarsa James Earl Jones ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2024, yana da shekaru 93. Rasuwarsa ta girgiza masana'antar nishaɗi a duniya, inda fitattun jarumai, daraktoci da miliyoyin masoya suka yi masa alhinin rasuwa tare da yabawa irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da aikin ba da murya. Gadonsa James Earl Jones ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a masana'antar nishaɗi. Ana tunawa da shi saboda muryarsa ta musamman, ƙwarewarsa a wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma rawar da ya taka wajen bunƙasa damar baƙaƙen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hollywood da Broadway. Har yanzu ayyukansa suna ci gaba da jan hankalin masu kallo a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman kwaikwayo na kowane zamani. gy45xbwfr9hqhzzmkt0p4cx4fc3lhmp 0 87771 879762 571414 2026-07-09T19:08:06Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 879762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ziti''' ({{IPA|it|ˈdziːti|lang}}{{IPA|it|ˈdziːti|lang}} []&#x5D;]) ko '''''zite''''' (Italiyanci:[ˈdziːte]) wani nau'i ne na [[Pasta]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankunan Italiyanci na Campania da [[Sisiliya|Sicily]]. {{IPA|it|ˈdziːti|lang}}{{IPA|it|ˈdziːte|lang}}An tsara su cikin dogon, manyan bututu, kimanin {{Convert|25|cm|in}} tsawo, wanda ke buƙatar a karya shi da hannu zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kafin dafa abinci. Ziti suna da kamanceceniya da bucatini, amma sun fi kauri. == Magana == <span data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" parts:template:target:wt:langhref:.="" rel="mw:WikiLink" sicilian_language="" template:langparams:1:wt:scn2:wt:zitui:0="" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''zitu''</span><nowiki>"},"3":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwHQ" title="Sicilian-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></nowiki>''Ziti'' shine nau'in jam'i na {{Lang|scn|zita}} da kitu, wanda ke nufin 'amarka' da 'mace' a cikin Sicilian. Saboda wannan dalili, za'a iya fassara ziti a matsayin {{Lang|it|zite}} a cikin [[Italiyanci]] (tare da nau'i na yau da kullun don sunayen mata a cikin ''-a''). A cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka The Sopranos, ana amfani da akwatin magana na ziti a matsayin ma'anar dala dubu. Wannan kalmar ta bazu don zama sananne a New York. [1] [2][3] Andrew Cuomo ya yi amfani da kalmar a Albany yayin da aka yanke hukuncin Percoco v. Amurka a watan Fabrairun 2018. == Halitta da amfani == Ziti igiyoyi an yi su ne da dogon kuma mai faɗi, kowannensu yana kusa da {{Convert|25|cm|in}} . Ziti yana da kamanceceniya da bucatini, rigatoni da penne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bretagnolle |first=Anne |date=2002-05-22 |title=Le Bras H., 2000, Essai de géométrie sociale, Paris, Editions Odile Jacob. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/869 |journal=Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography |language=fr |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.869 |issn=1278-3366 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Ziti and Zitoni Pasta |url=https://www.the-pasta-project.com/ziti-and-zitoni-pasta/}}</ref> Ziti an halicce su ne daga garin alkama da ruwa. Ana kuma amfani da su don yin {{Lang|it|[[pasta alla Norma]]}}. [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], ana ba da su ne a bikin aure. Har ila yau akwai ''zitoni'', ko ''zitone'', waɗanda suke da kauri fiye da ziti, suna tsakanin ziti da rigatoni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FoodData Central |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/472295/nutrients |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=fdc.nal.usda.gov |archive-date=2019-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/472295/nutrients |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="140" heights="140" perrow="5"> Fayil:Ziti_top_(cropped).jpg|Ziti uncut Fayil:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Kylling_og_pasta.jpg|Uncut ziti being set into a pot Fayil:RecipeoftheMonthNov_SJ_(10807432016).jpg|Cut ziti sitting in a strainer </gallery> == Gurasar da aka yi == [[Fayil:Baked_Ziti_(cropped).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Gurasar ziti tare da sauce da cuku]] Baked ziti casserole ne tare da pasta ziti da kuma sauce na tumatir na Neapolitan. Yana da halayyar abinci na Italiyanci-Amurka.[1][2] Wani nau'i ne na pasta al forno. Yawanci, ana fara dafa pasta daban har sai an kusan, amma ba gaba ɗaya ba. Ana ƙara kusan dafa abinci a cikin sauce na tumatir. Ana haɗa pasta mai rufi da tumatir tare da cuku, yawanci cakuda ricotta, mozzarella, da Parmesan. Ana iya ƙara wasu sinadaran tare da cuku, kamar nama, sausage, ƙwai, [[Barkono|albasa]], da [[albasa]]. Ana sanya sinadaran da aka haɗu a cikin abincin yin burodi, an rufe shi da cuku na mozzarella, an dafa shi a cikin tanda kuma an ba da shi da zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baked Ziti Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018954-baked-ziti |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=NYT Cooking |language=en-US}}</ref> Idan ba a samu ba, za'a iya maye gurbin ziti da wasu tubali kamar penne ko rigatoni. == Dubi kuma == {{Commons category-inline}} * Jerin pasta * Jerin jita-jita == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gv2qanp7pxfvpgisoq2k7ty122qq6xm 0 89847 879549 572382 2026-07-09T12:48:01Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 879549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar 2022-23, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] pmxjmn8c7otbsl8iu9r2u0sid9qh6w7 879551 879549 2026-07-09T12:48:27Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 879551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar 2022-23, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] tb5rubmsekwi9ccldybqutesic9okc6 879552 879551 2026-07-09T12:48:48Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar 2022-23, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] rv5a2kp6bff4ar8ej6b8e0d9xucrp94 879553 879552 2026-07-09T12:49:15Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022-23, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] lse9gaxsf2va2mvkyuzcqrhrara45tj 879554 879553 2026-07-09T12:49:30Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] exxb9qscbyhbwjdsd2fa3osjsdg29d3 879555 879554 2026-07-09T12:49:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] g0nq7diy5g5z9ibu8evufat0fnnun29 879556 879555 2026-07-09T12:50:16Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] f4ycvkgs8qukrft75wvl1lz9g2dyf8s 879557 879556 2026-07-09T12:50:31Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na shekarar 2023–24 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] s430sibjdjcvpqjpzsf0gmuyzcwdhmj 879558 879557 2026-07-09T12:50:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Aikin Kulob */ 879558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pau Prim Coma''' (an Haife shi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2006) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya a tawagar Barcelona Atlètic. == Aikin Kulob == An haife shi a Castellbisbal, Barcelona, ​​​​Kataloniya, Prim ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 4 tare da ƙungiyar garinsu kafin ya shiga Barcelona a shekarar 2012.<ref>"El compromiso de capitán de Pau Prim". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 9 March 2022</ref>. An nada shi kyaftin a cikin matasan matasa na Barça kuma ya tashi zuwa kungiyar Juvenil A bayan ya fara wasansa na farko da Viktoria Plzeň a gasar matasa ta UEFA.<ref>"Pau Prim, nouveau talent issu de La Masia ? - FC Barcelone". Blaugranas.fr (in French). 2 February 2023</ref> <ref>"The new 'jewel' of the Masia that has trained with Xavi". FCBN. 22 April 2023</ref> <ref>"¿Quién es Pau Prim?". Sport (in Spanish). 22 April 2023</ref> Duk da kasancewar an inganta shi kwanan nan zuwa ƙungiyar U19 a kakar shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, an saka sunan Prim a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barça ta sha kashi a hannun Celta da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, <ref>"Celta - Barça: El último de la temporada". FC Barcelona (in Spanish). 4 June 2023.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa shida da suka zama ƙungiyar su ta farko. halarta a karon a wasan sada zumunci da Vissel Kobe bayan kwana biyu kacal.<ref>"The debutants against Vissel Kobe - one by one". FC Barcelona. 6 June 2023.</ref> Baya ga halarta na farko, Prim ya fara halartan sa na Barcelona B a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun SD Logroñés a wasan farko na shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024 Primera Federación.<ref>"SD Logroñés – Barça Atlètic: ¡Comienza la Liga!". ''FC Barcelona'' (in Spanish). 27 August 2023.</ref><ref>"Summary: Pau Prim"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2006]] 02se3kt5xsgde8gcfrtilb25uk1lm48 0 90740 879828 608170 2026-07-09T20:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ottah Francis Agbo''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya, mai wakiltar mazabar Ado/[[Ogbadibo]]/ [[Okpokwu]] na [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]] a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa ta 9. <ref>{{Cite web |last=tvcnewsng |date=2023-01-12 |title=Court declares Francis Agbo as Benue PDP Rep candidate - Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2023/01/court-declares-francis-agbo-as-benue-pdp-rep-candidate/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108175057/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2023/01/court-declares-francis-agbo-as-benue-pdp-rep-candidate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opejobi |first=Seun |date=2023-06-14 |title=Key agenda before 10th NASS - Ex-lawmaker, Ottah Agbo |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/06/14/key-agenda-before-10th-nass-ex-lawmaker-ottah-agbo/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=My restoration to ballot, a victory for rule of law - Rep Ottah Agbo |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/01/14/my-restoration-to-ballot-a-victory-for-rule-of-law-rep-ottah-agbo/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/politics/benue-rep-begs-pdp-to-reverse-suspension-of-elumelu-others-2024081315083651461 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.pulse.ng |title=Kwafin ajiya |archive-date=2025-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103144035/https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/politics/benue-rep-begs-pdp-to-reverse-suspension-of-elumelu-others-2024081315083651461 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r2dxfqzwq8q67bltd74cunh65itemn1 0 91161 880027 577056 2026-07-10T09:05:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358884766|Uganda Airlines]]" 880027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref>Minister Azuba off to Canada to flag-off Uganda Airlines". ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Kampala. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</ref>shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. Kamfanin farfaɗo ne<ref>Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". ''Atwonline.com''. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref> na tsohon Uganda Airlines wanda ke aiki daga 1977 har zuwa 2001. Jirgin na yanzu ya fara tashi a watan Agustan 2019. == Wuri == Hedkwatar kamfanin tana a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe, a gundumar Wakiso, kimanin kilomita 34 (21 mi) kudu da tsakiyar kasuwancin Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girma a Uganda.<ref>"Distance Between Amber House, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Entebbe International Airport, Entebbe, Uganda" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nazari da tuntubar juna, majalisar ministocin Uganda ta zabi sake kaddamar da jirgin saman Uganda,<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> tare da sabbin jiragen sama guda shida, biyu daga cikinsu faffadan jiki ne, dogon zangon A330-800 da sauran hudun jirgin CRJ900 ne. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na gaskiya na gwamnati na kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 70 da lamuni da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 330, da aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba, don kammala siyan.<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Uganda]] ixtokbrbjb1bs01bkfy0fgd0l2dg1os 880028 880027 2026-07-10T09:05:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358884766|Uganda Airlines]]" 880028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref>Minister Azuba off to Canada to flag-off Uganda Airlines". ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Kampala. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</ref>shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. Kamfanin farfaɗo ne<ref>Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". ''Atwonline.com''. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref> na tsohon Uganda Airlines wanda ke aiki daga 1977 har zuwa 2001. Jirgin na yanzu ya fara tashi a watan Agustan 2019. == Wuri == Hedkwatar kamfanin tana a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe, a gundumar Wakiso, kimanin kilomita 34 (21 mi) kudu da tsakiyar kasuwancin Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girma a Uganda.<ref>"Distance Between Amber House, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Entebbe International Airport, Entebbe, Uganda" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nazari da tuntubar juna, majalisar ministocin Uganda ta zabi sake kaddamar da jirgin saman Uganda,<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> tare da sabbin jiragen sama guda shida, biyu daga cikinsu faffadan jiki ne, dogon zangon A330-800 da sauran hudun jirgin CRJ900 ne. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na gaskiya na gwamnati na kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 70 da lamuni da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 330, da aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba, don kammala siyan.<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Uganda]] 5d8062dkcotp5l4am7dvfkwbudcejxu 880029 880028 2026-07-10T09:06:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358884766|Uganda Airlines]]" 880029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref>Minister Azuba off to Canada to flag-off Uganda Airlines". ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Kampala. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</ref>shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. Kamfanin farfaɗo ne<ref>Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". ''Atwonline.com''. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref> na tsohon Uganda Airlines wanda ke aiki daga 1977 har zuwa 2001. Jirgin na yanzu ya fara tashi a watan Agustan 2019. == Wuri == Hedkwatar kamfanin tana a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe, a gundumar Wakiso, kimanin kilomita 34 (21 mi) kudu da tsakiyar kasuwancin Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girma a Uganda.<ref>"Distance Between Amber House, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Entebbe International Airport, Entebbe, Uganda" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nazari da tuntubar juna, majalisar ministocin Uganda ta zabi sake kaddamar da jirgin saman Uganda,<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> tare da sabbin jiragen sama guda shida, biyu daga cikinsu faffadan jiki ne, dogon zangon A330-800 da sauran hudun jirgin CRJ900 ne. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na gaskiya na gwamnati na kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 70 da lamuni da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 330, da aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba, don kammala siyan.<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Uganda]] ps45cz5jn4yyzp3go7isaw3ux575dxc 880030 880029 2026-07-10T09:07:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358884766|Uganda Airlines]]" 880030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref>Minister Azuba off to Canada to flag-off Uganda Airlines". ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Kampala. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</ref>shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. Kamfanin farfaɗo ne<ref>Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". ''Atwonline.com''. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref> na tsohon Uganda Airlines wanda ke aiki daga 1977 har zuwa 2001. Jirgin na yanzu ya fara tashi a watan Agustan 2019. == Wuri == Hedkwatar kamfanin tana a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe, a gundumar Wakiso, kimanin kilomita 34 (21 mi) kudu da tsakiyar kasuwancin Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girma a Uganda.<ref>"Distance Between Amber House, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Entebbe International Airport, Entebbe, Uganda" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nazari da tuntubar juna, majalisar ministocin Uganda ta zabi sake kaddamar da jirgin saman Uganda,<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> tare da sabbin jiragen sama guda shida, biyu daga cikinsu faffadan jiki ne, dogon zangon A330-800 da sauran hudun jirgin CRJ900 ne. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na gaskiya na gwamnati na kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 70 da lamuni da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 330, da aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba, don kammala siyan.<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A safiyar ranar 28 ga Agusta 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya yi tashinsa na farko na kasuwanci daga Entebbe zuwa filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) tare da fasinjoji takwas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines First Commercial Flight Had Eight Passengers On |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-airlines-first-commercial-flight-had-eight-passengers/688334-5251606-5dvb4j/index.html |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |place=Kampala}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya ƙaddamar da jirgin farko zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Kilimanjaro; ta haka ne ya kammala matakin farko na ayyukan hanyoyi bakwai waɗanda aka fara da jiragen sama zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Jomo Kenyatta kusan watanni uku da suka gabata.<ref name="JROR">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Uganda airlines makes maiden flight to Kilimanjaro |url=https://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123214534/http://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=The Edge Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Uganda]] mwd37pbicb3ejk42vvn6vaaxz82ke80 880031 880030 2026-07-10T09:08:07Z Nnamadee 31123 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358884766|Uganda Airlines]]" 880031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref>Minister Azuba off to Canada to flag-off Uganda Airlines". ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Kampala. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</ref>shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. Kamfanin farfaɗo ne<ref>Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". ''Atwonline.com''. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref> na tsohon Uganda Airlines wanda ke aiki daga 1977 har zuwa 2001. Jirgin na yanzu ya fara tashi a watan Agustan 2019. == Wuri == Hedkwatar kamfanin tana a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe, a gundumar Wakiso, kimanin kilomita 34 (21 mi) kudu da tsakiyar kasuwancin Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girma a Uganda.<ref>"Distance Between Amber House, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda and Entebbe International Airport, Entebbe, Uganda" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan nazari da tuntubar juna, majalisar ministocin Uganda ta zabi sake kaddamar da jirgin saman Uganda,<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> tare da sabbin jiragen sama guda shida, biyu daga cikinsu faffadan jiki ne, dogon zangon A330-800 da sauran hudun jirgin CRJ900 ne. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na gaskiya na gwamnati na kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 70 da lamuni da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 330, da aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci gaba, don kammala siyan.<ref>Yasiin Mugerwa (24 June 2016). "Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni". ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A safiyar ranar 28 ga Agusta 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya yi tashinsa na farko na kasuwanci daga Entebbe zuwa filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) tare da fasinjoji takwas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines First Commercial Flight Had Eight Passengers On |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-airlines-first-commercial-flight-had-eight-passengers/688334-5251606-5dvb4j/index.html |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |place=Kampala}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya ƙaddamar da jirgin farko zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Kilimanjaro; ta haka ne ya kammala matakin farko na ayyukan hanyoyi bakwai waɗanda aka fara da jiragen sama zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Jomo Kenyatta kusan watanni uku da suka gabata.<ref name="JROR">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Uganda airlines makes maiden flight to Kilimanjaro |url=https://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123214534/http://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=The Edge Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> Bayan nazari da shawarwari masu zurfi, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda ta zaɓi sake ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, <ref name="FlyR">{{Cite web |last=Yasiin Mugerwa |date=24 June 2016 |title=Uganda Airlines to fly again, says Museveni |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172635/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-Airlines-to-fly-again-says-Museveni/-/688334/3264346/-/item/0/-/och4ew/-/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> da sabbin jiragen sama shida, biyu daga cikinsu su ne jiragen A330-800 masu faɗi, masu dogon zango, sauran huɗu kuma su ne jiragen CRJ900.<ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda National Planning Authority |date=31 March 2018 |title=Feasibility Study of Revival of Uganda National Carrier |url=http://npa.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Feasibility-Study-of-the-National-Carrier-Final.pdf |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=Uganda National Planning Authority}}</ref> Binciken ya ba da shawarar saka hannun jari na hannun jari na kimanin dala miliyan 70 da kuma rancen da ya kai dala miliyan 330, wanda aka aro daga masu ba da lamuni na yanki, kamar [[Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa|Bankin Kasuwanci da Ci Gaba]], don kammala siyan.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Kampala considers buying A330s, CRJs for Uganda Airlines 2.0 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=Ch-aviation}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, ''jaridar EastAfrican'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Uganda ta yi ƙaramin ajiyar kuɗi ga kowanne daga cikin jiragen shida, yayin da ta kammala shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi na ƙarshe. An sa ran fara jigilar jiragen CRJ900 a watan Nuwamban 2018, yayin da ake sa ran isar da jiragen A330-800 a watan Disamba na 2020.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Musisi |date=17 May 2018 |title=Government Buys Six Jets to Revive Uganda Airlines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga Maris 2019, a cewar [[Ephraim Bagenda]], babban jami'in kamfanin a lokacin, matukan jirgi 12 da matukan jirgi 12 masu taimakawa matukan jirgi (jimillar ma'aikatan jirgin 24), dukkansu 'yan Uganda ne, sun kammala horo da takardar shaidar jirgin CRJ900-ER. Ana sa ran jiragen farko guda biyu na yanki za su isa Uganda a watan Afrilun 2019. An shirya jigilar jirgin na uku a watan Yulin 2019 kuma ana sa ran jigilar CRJ900 ta huɗu za ta isa Satumbar 2019. Tsakanin Afrilu da Yunin 2019, kamfanin jirgin ya yi shirin samun takardar shaidar ma'aikacin jirgin sama (AOC) daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda kuma ya fara aiki nan da 30 ga Yunin 2019. A ranar 8 ga Afrilun 2019, an ruwaito cewa za a kawo jiragen farko guda biyu (5X-EQU da 5X-KOB) a ranar Talata 23 ga Afrilun 2019.<ref name="DelR">{{Cite web |last=Kikonyogo Douglas Albert |date=8 April 2019 |title=The first of Uganda Airlines' CRJ900 is set to arrive on 23 April 2019 |url=https://www.techjaja.com/uganda-airlines-crj-900-bombardier/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Techjaja.com}}</ref><ref name="ArrvR">{{Cite web |last=Job Bwire |date=8 April 2019 |title=First Uganda Airlines Bombardier jetliner arrive two weeks from now |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/First-Uganda-Airlines-Bombardier-jetliner-arrive-two-weeks/688334-5062252-60ous7/index.html |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an tabbatar da isar da jirgin farko na Bombardier CRJ900 a ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2019, kuma jirgin farko na Airbus A330-800 a rabin farko na 2021. <ref name="DelvR">{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=9 April 2019 |title=Uganda Has Firmed Up Its Order For Two Airbus A330neos |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-has-firmed-up-its-order-for-two-airbus-a330neos/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Uganda ta bai wa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda takardar shaidar aiki da jiragen sama, inda ta kammala wani tsari na bayar da takardar shaida na matakai biyar da watanni uku wanda ya ba wa kamfanin damar fara ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="ClearR">{{Cite web |last=Paul Ampurire |date=27 July 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Issued Air Operator Certificate By Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.softpower.ug/uganda-airlines-issued-air-operator-certificate-by-civil-aviation-authority/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2019, kamfanin ya sanar da ranar ƙaddamar da jirgin a matsayin ranar 28 ga wannan watan, tare da jiragen sama zuwa Nairobi, Mogadishu, Dar es Salaam, Juba, Kilimanjaro, Mombasa da Bujumbura.<ref name="DestR">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Kamoga |date=3 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes Off August 28 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-airlines-takes-off-august/2560-5221508-voojup/index.html |access-date=10 August 2019 |place=Nairobi}}</ref> A safiyar ranar 28 ga Agusta 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya yi tashinsa na farko na kasuwanci daga Entebbe zuwa filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) tare da fasinjoji takwas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines First Commercial Flight Had Eight Passengers On |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-airlines-first-commercial-flight-had-eight-passengers/688334-5251606-5dvb4j/index.html |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |place=Kampala}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya ƙaddamar da jirgin farko zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Kilimanjaro; ta haka ne ya kammala matakin farko na ayyukan hanyoyi bakwai waɗanda aka fara da jiragen sama zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Jomo Kenyatta kusan watanni uku da suka gabata.<ref name="JROR">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Uganda airlines makes maiden flight to Kilimanjaro |url=https://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123214534/http://edge.ug/2019/11/13/uganda-airlines-makes-maiden-flight-to-kilimanjaro/ |archive-date=23 November 2019 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=The Edge Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2019, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya fara jigilar fasinjoji na kasuwanci zuwa Zanzibar da ke Tanzania. Sabis ɗin da kamfanin ke yi sau uku a mako, ya kawo wuraren da kamfanin ke zuwa zuwa takwas a mataki na biyu na faɗaɗa hanyar.<ref name="EightR">{{Cite web |last=Lucas Okello |date=16 December 2019 |title=Uganda Airlines Launches Flights To Zanzibar, Kigali Next |url=https://smart24tv.co.ug/2019/12/16/uganda-airlines-zanzibar/ |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=Smart24 Television Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2020, bayan dakatar da ayyukan fasinja na tsawon watanni shida, saboda takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da aka sanya sakamakon annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya sake fara ayyukan fasinja a matakai. A wannan rana, cibiyar kamfanin jirgin saman, Filin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa na Entebbe wanda aka rufe shi ga fasinjoji tun Maris 2020, an bude shi don ci gaba da ayyukan fasinja.<ref name="ResR">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=COVID-19: Uganda resumes commercial flights |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/-covid-19-uganda-resumes-commercial-flights-/1992430 |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2020, kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda Airlines ya fara jigilar jiragen sama na kasuwanci zuwa [[Kinshasa]] a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Aikinsa sau uku a mako ya kara fadada hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanin zuwa wurare goma.<ref name="TenR">{{Cite web |last=Rebecca Kyobutungi |date=19 December 2020 |title=Uganda Airlines starts flight to Kinshasa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1535701/uganda-airlines-starts-flight-kinshasa |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2023, UR ta sanar da shirin fara jigilar fasinjoji da kaya zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya da [[Mumbai]], Indiya, a lokacin kwata na 4 na 2023. Idan kuma aka sayi sabbin kayan aiki kamar yadda aka zata, wuraren da za a ziyarta sun hada da [[Lusaka]], [[Harare]], [[Cape Town]], [[Abuja]], [[Jeddah]], [[Landan|London]] da [[Guangzhou]] . Wasu kuma sun hada da [[Addis Ababa]] da [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines should fly to the promised routes |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/editorial/uganda-airlines-should-fly-to-the-promised-routes-4351140 |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Haka kuma ana duba [[Goma (birni)|Goma, DRC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines poised to end year on a high |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-airlines-poised-to-end-year-on-a-high/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Uganda_Airlines,_5X-EQU,_Bombardier_CRJ-900_(48641140017).jpg|alt=Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900|thumb|Jirgin saman Uganda, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900]] A watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta sami amincewar doka don yin hidima a Lusaka, Harare, [[Filin Jirgi na Abdulaziz|Jeddah]] da [[Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Khalid|Riyadh]].<ref name="Wet1R">{{Cite web |last=Victor Shalton |date=9 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines to Boost Capacity to Johannesburg |url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2024/04/09/uganda-airlines-to-boost-capacity-to-johannesburg/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=AirlineGeeks.com}}</ref> Ana kuma la'akari da yin hidima zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Cape Town|Cape Town]] ta Harare.<ref name="CapR">{{Cite web |last=Freeman Makopa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Uganda Airlines takes interest in Zim |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/theindependent/local-news/article/200018321/uganda-airlines-takes-interest-in-zim |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Newsday Zimbabwe}}</ref> Haka kuma a watan Afrilun 2024, UR ta fara yin shirye-shirye na musamman don yin hidima [[Filin jirgin saman Abu Dhabi|a Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="AbuR">{{Cite web |last=Samson Waswa |date=25 April 2024 |title=Uganda Airlines To Commence Flights To Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.pulse.ug/business/uganda-airlines-to-commence-flights-to-abu-dhabi/wtcsbbk |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, kamfanin jirgin ya sanar da fara jigilar fasinjoji zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|London Gatwick]] a watan Mayu na 2025.<ref name="LGW1">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Wesaka |date=20 March 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines launches London Gatwick route |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-airlines-launches-london-gatwick-route-4972076 |access-date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu na 2025, UR ta fara jigilar fasinjoji kai tsaye tsakanin Entebbe da London Gatwick, sau huɗu a mako.<ref name="LGW2">{{Cite web |last=Joan Ainabyona |date=18 May 2025 |title=Uganda Airlines Takes to the Skies with Inaugural Direct Flight to London Gatwick |url=https://sunrise.ug/life-style/travel/202505/uganda-airlines-takes-to-the-skies-with-inaugural-direct-flight-to-london-gatwick.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Sunrise Uganda}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Uganda]] m241jrt8891vobprjvxru3le58au3sq 0 91875 880102 575676 2026-07-10T11:04:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Deng Thiak Adut''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) lauya ne kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yan gudun hijira a Yammacin Sydney, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], kuma tsohon [[Yara a cikin soja|sojan yara]] daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. An ba da labarinsa a cikin sanannen ɗan gajeren bidiyo ta Jami'ar Western Sydney, inda ya sami digirinsa na shari'a. An ba shi lambar yabo na dan kasar OStireliya dake zaune a New South Wales na Shekara ta 2017. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adut a cikin 1984 <ref name="Tufvesson 2018">{{Cite web |last=Tufvesson |first=Angela |date=4 December 2018 |title=From bullets to Blacktown: the rise of an African war boy |url=https://lsj.com.au/articles/from-bullets-to-blacktown-the-rise-of-an-african-war-boy/ |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Law Society Journal |quote=Deng Adut was introduced to readers in September 2014...[when] Journalist Jane Southward spent the day with Adut, then 31...}}</ref> kusa da Malek, wani ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi a Sudan ta Kudu kusa da White River. Dan kabilar Dinka ne.<ref>Adut, Deng (2016). ''Songs of a War Boy''. Sydney, N.S.W: Hachette Australia. ISBN <bdi>978-0-7336-3651-6</bdi>.</ref><ref>"Transcript: Deng Thiak Adut's Australia Day speech". ''Sydney Morning Herald''. 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas, ya rayu cikin farin ciki da ƙuruciya tare da iyalinsa a gonar ayaba.<ref>Hocking, Rachael (22 January 2016). "First day: The former child soldier practising law in Sydney's west". ''SBS News''. SBS. Retrieved 26 January 2017</ref><ref>Whitbourn, Michaela (7 November 2016). "Deng Adut named NSW Australian of the Year". ''Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</ref> A lokacin da yake dan shekara shida ko bakwai, {{Refn|6 according to various news sources<ref name=SMHT/><ref name=UWS/><ref name="Tufvesson 2018"/> or 7 according to Adut's autobiography<ref name=Songs/>{{rp|12}}}} an ɗauke Adut daga hannun mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi tafiya na kwanaki 33 zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]] tare da wasu yara 30. A yayin tattakin, wasu yara maza sun mutu saboda yunwa ko kishirwa, wasu kuma ‘yan bindiga sun harbe wasu, wasu kuma namun daji suka far musu. An tilasta wa yaran su yi gwagwarmayar yakin basasar Sudan ta biyu a yakin basasar Sudan. An [[Wanke Kwakwalwa|wanke musu kwakwalwa]] tare da ba su allurai na yau da kullun na Khat, maganin da ake amfani da shi na ganyen shayi wanda ya shahara a Gabashin Afirka. An koyawa Adut amfani da bindiga kirar [[AK-47]] da sauran makamai. Ya ga irin ta’asa da dama da suka hada da mutanen da ke mutuwa sakamakon rashin ruwa da fashewar gurneti da kuma kananan yara da suka kashe kansu. Yana da shekaru 12 an harbe shi a cikin ƙwaya da baya kuma ya kusa zubar da jini har ya mutu. A shekarar 1995, babban kanin Adut, John Mac, ya yi safarar Adut daga Sudan da daddare a cikin wata babbar mota a karkashin buhunan masara. Adut ya shafe watanni 18 a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a [[Kenya]]. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba wa 'yan'uwa biyu matsayin ' [[Ƴan gudun hijira|yan gudun hijira]], kuma a cikin 1998 lokacin Adut yana dan shakara 14, Ostiraliya ta ba wa yaran biyu ''visa''. == A Ostiraliya == Adut ya isa Ostiraliya a cikin 1998 yana ɗan shekara 14 saboda tallafin da ma'aikatan agaji na Kirista Bob da Christine Harrison suka yi. Yana cikin iyali na uku da suka zo Australia a matsayin 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan. Yana da ɗan ilimi kuma bai san Turanci ba, kuma da farko ya ji keɓe a matsayin memba na dangin baƙar fata kawai a Blacktown, [[Sydney]] . A 15 Adut ya koya wa kansa Turanci, a wani bangare ta yin amfani da shirin talabijin na yara na ''The Wiggles'' da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin misalai, kodayake Adut ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba. Ya yi ayyuka da yawa na ɗan lokaci da suka haɗa da yin siminti, kafet, tagogi da kofofi, kama kaji, aiki a masana'antar nama, aiki a gidan mai, da yankan lawn. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Australiya a 2001. A cikin 2001, Adut ya kammala karatun TAFE daidai da takardar shaidar sakandare. :74Daga bisani ya kammala Diploma a fannin Accounting a TAFE. Ya ki amincewa da tayin karatu a Jami'ar Macquarie sakamakon kalaman wariyar launin fata da farfesa a shari'ar Macquarie Drew Fraser ya yi, :82maimakon karɓar shiga Jami'ar Western Sydney akan tallafin karatu. Na farko a cikin iyalinsa don samun digiri na jami'a, Adut ya kammala karatun digiri tare da digiri na Dokoki, kuma ya yi aiki da Grace Legal sannan kuma LN Legal. :87,91Tare da lauya Joseph Correy, Adut ya kafa ƙungiyar AC Law Group kuma har yanzu abokin tarayya ne, yana tallafawa matasa na al'ummar Sudan ta yamma a matsayin lauya mai kariya . Yana yin yawancin aikinsa pro bono . :89 Adut ya kafa gidauniyar John Mac don girmama dan uwansa, John Mac Acuek, wanda ya taimaka wa Adut tserewa daga Sudan ta Kudu kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 2014 a lokacin da yake jagorantar kokarin ceto fararen hular Sudan ta Kudu daga rikicin da ake ci gaba da yi. Gidauniyar tana ba da tallafin karatu mafi girma ga ɗalibai daga asalin 'yan gudun hijira. Adut ya dauki nauyin "Savannah Pride", kungiyar kwando ta Blacktown. A cikin 2017 Adut ya yi Allah wadai da dokar hana shige da fice zuwa Amurka da shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] ya bayar. Ya ce, "Al'adar hukunta wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, da masu rauni, ya kamata su daina, ba wai hana yake-yake ba ne, shi ne ke haifar da su, yana haifar da tauye tattalin arziki ga al'ummar yankin, wadanda abin ya shafa su ne talakawa, wadanda ba su da kwarewa, 'yan kasa. 'yan gudun hijira." Adut ya kammala Master of Laws in Criminal Prosecution a Jami'ar Wollongong {{Rp|137}}kuma yana da tallafin karatu don komawa Jami'ar Western Sydney don Jagoran Dokoki na biyu a Mulkin Duniya. A karshe yana da niyyar komawa Sudan ta Kudu domin gurfanar da wadanda ke da hannu a shigar da kananan yara aikin soja. == Ganewa == A cikin 2015 Jami'ar Western Sydney ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren bidiyo game da rayuwar Adut har zuwa haduwar sa da mahaifiyarsa a 2012, wacce har yanzu tana zaune a gidan yara Adut a Sudan ta Kudu. An duba sama da sau miliyan biyu akan YouTube, {{Rp|140}}Adut ya ce "ya taimaka wa wasu su fahimci abubuwan ban tsoro da suka ga mutane suna neman mafaka a kasashe masu aminci", tare da taimaka masa wajen inganta mahimmancin ilimi. {{Rp|140}} A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2016 Adut an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta 2016 na New South Wales . Shugaban kungiyar Gary Ulman ya ce lambar yabon "tabbaci ne ga nasarorin da [Adut] ya samu na sirri da na sana'a a cikin shekaru da dama, da kuma ga fitacciyar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al'ummar Western Sydney." Hakanan a cikin 2016 Adut an nada shi New South Wales Ostiraliya na shekarar 2017. Firayim Ministan jihar Mike Baird ne ya sanar da hakan, wanda ya ce Adut "ya ba da gudummawar nasarar da ya samu wajen taimaka wa daruruwan mutane a cikin al'ummar Sudan ta jihar su bi hanyarsu ta tsarin shari'a na Australia." An acrylic da mai akan hoton lilin na Adut mai suna ''Deng'' ta mawaki Nick Stathopoulos ya lashe lambar yabo ta zabin Jama'a a cikin 2016 Archibald Prize a Art Gallery na New South Wales . == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] svtz89v73khbfb09m936g34bt9quwef 0 92719 880112 584132 2026-07-10T11:20:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Apotropaic sihiri''' ( from Girkanci αποτρέπω, apotrépo 'don kau da kai' ) ko '''sihirin kariya''' wani nau'in [[Tsafi|sihiri]] ne da aka yi niyya don kawar da cutarwa ko mummuna, kamar karkatar da musiba ko kawar da mugun ido . Hakanan ana iya yin bukukuwan arziƙi saboda camfi ko kuma ba bisa al'ada ba, kamar yadda a cikin sa'a na laya (watakila wasu alamu a kan abin wuyan hannu ), layu, ko motsin motsi irin su ƙetare yatsunsu ko buga itace . An yi amfani da abubuwa daban-daban da laya don kariya a tsawon tarihi. == Alamomi da abubuwa == === Tsohon Misira === An yi al'adun sihiri na Apotropaic a ko'ina cikin tsohuwar Gabas Kusa da [[tsohuwar Masar]] . Ana kiran alloli masu ban tsoro ta hanyar al'ada don kare mutane ta hanyar kawar da mugayen ruhohi. A cikin d ¯ a Masar, waɗannan al'adun gida (wanda ake yi a gida, ba a cikin haikali na gwamnati ba ) Allah ne wanda ya kwatanta sihiri da kansa, Heka . Abubuwan alloli guda biyu da aka fi yawan kiraye su a cikin waɗannan al'ada sune allahn haihuwa na hippopotamus, [[Taweret]], da zaki-allahntaka, Bes (wanda ya haɓaka daga allahn dwarf na farkon apotropaic, [[Aha (deity)|Aha]], a zahiri "mayaƙi"). An yi amfani da abubuwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗannan al'ada don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tare da alloli. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan sihiri da aka fi samu, giwaye apotropaic wand ( haihuwar haihu ), ya sami karbuwa sosai a cikin Masarautar Tsakiya (c. 2040 - 1782 KZ). An yi amfani da waɗannan wands don kare uwaye masu ciki da yara daga masu aikata mugunta, kuma an ƙawata su da jerin gwanon gumaka na hasken rana . An kuma yi amfani da amulet na cowroid (mai kwaikwayon harsashi na cowrie ) don kare iyaye mata da yara masu juna biyu, kuma yawanci ana shigar da shi a cikin ɗaurin mace. Hakazalika, ana amfani da layukan kariya masu ɗauke da kamannin alloli da alloli kamar [[Taweret]] . Ana amfani da ruwa akai-akai a cikin al'ada kuma, inda aka yi amfani da tasoshin libation kamar Taweret don zuba ruwan warkarwa ga mutum. A cikin lokuttan baya da yawa (lokacin da Masar ta kasance ƙarƙashin Ptolemies na Girka ), an yi amfani da stele mai ɗauke da allahn Horus a irin wannan al'ada; za a zuba ruwa a kan tarkacen kuma—bayan an sami ikon warkarwa a al’ada—ana tattara a cikin kwano don mai wahala ya sha. === Tsohon Girka === Helenawa na da suna da alamomin kariya iri-iri da abubuwa, masu sunaye iri-iri, kamar su apotropia, probaskania, periammata, periapta da profylaktika.[1] ba da aminci da kawar da mummuna[6] kuma don kare jarirai sun sanya a kansu kayan layu masu iko na apotropaic kuma suka sadaukar da yaron ga kulawar gumaka kourotrophic (yara-girma). Girikawa sun sanya ƙwallo a cikin gidajensu kuma suna sanya layu don kare su daga mugun ido[7]. Peisistratus ya rataye siffa irin ta ciyawa a gaban Acropolis na [[Athens]] don kariya.[8] Wata hanyar kariya daga tsafi da Helenawa na dā suka yi amfani da su ita ce ta tofa a cikin ɗigon tufafi. Har ila yau, Girkawa na da sun kasance da tsohuwar al'ada ta sanya yara maza a matsayin 'yan mata don kawar da mummunan ido. === Ketare === A Ireland, al'ada ce a ranar St Brigid don saka gicciye Brigid daga gaggãwa, wanda aka rataye a kan kofofi da tagogi don kare gida daga wuta, walƙiya, rashin lafiya da aljanu. {{Sfn|Danaher|1972}} A kudancin Ireland, a da, al'ada ce a Samhain don saƙa giciye na sanduna da bambaro da ake kira 'parshell' ko 'parshall', wanda aka kafa a kan ƙofar don kawar da sa'a, rashin lafiya, da maita . {{Sfn|Danaher|1972}} === Idanu === Ana yawan fentin idanu don kawar da mugun ido . An zana wani ƙaramin ido na apotropaic ko idanu biyu akan tasoshin shan ruwan Girka da ake kira ( kofunan ido ) tun daga ƙarni na 6 KZ har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin gargajiya . Ƙila idanuwan da aka wuce gona da iri an yi niyya ne don hana mugayen ruhohi shiga baki yayin sha. Jiragen kamun kifi a wasu sassa na yankin tekun Bahar Rum har yanzu suna da ingantattun idanu da aka zana a kan bakuna. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Turkiyya Fly Air wanda ya lalace ya dauki alamar ''nazar boncuğu'' ( ''nazar bonjuk'' ) akan na'urar kwantar da tarzoma (fin) na jiragensa. (a cikin [[Ibrananci]] na zamani, בלי עין הרע ), ya ɗan yi daidai da kalmar, " ƙwanƙwasa itace ." === Fuskoki === Daga cikin tsoffin Helenawa, hoton da aka fi amfani da shi don kawar da mugunta shine na Gorgon, wanda a yanzu ana iya kiran kansa ''Gorgoneion'', wanda ke da idanu na daji, ƙwanƙwasa, da harshe masu tasowa. Cikakken siffar Gorgon yana riƙe da kololuwar tsohuwar haikalin Girka inda wasu zakuna biyu ke gefenta. An ɗora kan Gorgon akan aegis da garkuwar Athena . {{Sfn|Harrison|1908}} [[Fayil:Gorgon_at_the_Corfu_Archaelogical_Museum.jpg|center|thumb|500x500px| Gorgon, kusa da [[Zaki|zakuna]] yana nuna bel ɗin macizai; pediment na 580 KZ haikalin Artemis a Corfu . Archaeological Museum of Corfu .]] Mutane sun yi imanin cewa ƙofofin ƙofofi da tagogin gine-gine suna da rauni musamman ga shigarwa ko wucewar mugunta . A tsohuwar Girka, an sassaƙa fuskoki masu banƙyama, satyr -kamar gemu, wani lokaci tare da hular ma'aikacin, a kan kofofin tanda da kilns, don kare aikin daga wuta da ɓarna. {{Sfn|Harrison|1908}} Daga baya, a kan majami'u da manyan gine-gine, gargoyles ko wasu manyan fuskoki da adadi kamar ''shela na gigs'' da hunky punks an sassaƙa su don tsoratar da mayu da sauran tasirin mummunan tasiri. Maiyuwa kuma an zana hotuna a wuraren murhu ko bututun hayaƙi; A wasu lokuta, an yi amfani da sassaƙaƙƙun geometric ko sassaƙaƙƙun haruffa don waɗannan. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da madaidaicin katako don tallafawa buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen hayaƙi, wannan sau da yawa abu ne mai sauƙi don sassaƙa mai son. Don hana maita, ƙila an zaɓi itacen rowan don matsayi ko mantel. Hakazalika fuskokin grotesque da aka sassaƙa a cikin fitilun kabewa (da takwarorinsu na farko, waɗanda aka yi daga turnips, swedes ko beets ) a Halloween ana nufin kawar da mugunta: wannan kakar shine Samhain, sabuwar shekara ta Celtic . A matsayin "lokaci tsakanin lokuta", an yi imani cewa lokaci ne da rayukan matattu da sauran ruhohi masu haɗari suka yi tafiya a duniya. Yawancin mutanen Turai suna da irin wannan ƙungiyoyi tare da lokacin girbi a cikin fall (misali kalandar Celtic ). ]</sup> === Halittu === A cikin tsohuwar Girka, an yi imanin ''phalloi'' yana da halayen apotropaic. Sau da yawa za a sanya kayan agajin dutse a saman ƙofofin ƙofa, kuma an gina nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan uku a cikin duniyar Girka. Mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan su ne abubuwan tarihi na birane da aka samu a tsibirin Delos . phallus kuma alama ce ta apotropaic ga tsohuwar Romawa. Wadannan ana kiran su da ''fascinum'' . Irin wannan amfani da wakilcin phallic don kawar da mugun ido ya kasance sananne a cikin [[Bhutan]] na zamani. Yana da alaƙa da al'adar [[Buddha|Buddhist]] mai shekaru 500 na Drukpa Kunley . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-25 |title=Bhutan's phalluses ward off evil |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4381893.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213181647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4381893.stm |archive-date=13 December 2009 |access-date=2010-01-01 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Abubuwan tunani === [[Fayil:Jüdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg|thumb| Yahudawa apotropaic bandband ɗin da aka dinka da tsabar kudi don karkatar da mugun ido. 1944, Basel, a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Yahudawa na Switzerland .]] An yi imanin madubi da sauran abubuwa masu haske suna karkatar da mugun ido. Gargajiya na Turanci "Plough Jags" (masu yin wasan bambance-bambancen yanki na wasan mummers ) wani lokaci suna ƙawata kayansu (musamman hulunansu) da abubuwa masu sheki, har [[takai]] ga aron farantin azurfa don manufar. "Kwallan mayu" kayan ado ne masu kyalli masu kyalli, irin su baulolin [[Kirsimeti]], waɗanda aka rataye a tagogi. Hakazalika, ana shigar da madubin Bagua na kasar Sin don kawar da rashin kuzari da kuma kare hanyoyin shiga gidaje. Ana iya samun misalin amfani da abubuwa masu kyalli a cikin [[Yahudanci|addinin Yahudanci]] a cikin abin da ake kira "Halsgezeige" ko kayan wuyan yadi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'adun haihuwa na yankin iyakar Franco da Jamus. Za a dinka sulalla masu kyalli ko duwatsu masu launi a dinka a wuyan wuyan wuya ko kuma a kan layya ta tsakiya domin a karkatar da mugun ido . Matan na haihuwa da kuma samari ne suka sanya wa ɗ annan igiyoyin wuya a lokacin bikinsu na Brit Milah . Wannan al'ada ta ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. === Takalmin dawakai === A cikin al'adun Yamma, ana sau da yawa akan ƙusa takalmin doki a kan, ko kusa da ƙofofin ƙofofi (duba takalmi na Oakham ). Ana ba da takalman dawakai (na kati ko filastik) azaman alamun sa'a, musamman a lokacin bukukuwan aure, da ƙananan takalman dawakai na takarda a cikin confetti . === Abubuwan da aka binne a bango === A farkon Turai na zamani, an binne wasu abubuwa a bangon gidaje don kare gida daga maita . Waɗannan sun haɗa da kwalabe na mayya da aka shirya musamman, kwanyar dawakai da gawar busassun kuliyoyi, da kuma takalma (duba takalmi da aka ɓoye ). === Alamomi akan gine-gine === [[Fayil:Hexafoil.png|thumb| A hexafoil]] Alamun Apotropaic, wanda kuma ake kira 'maganin mayya' ko 'maganin mayya' a Turai, alamu ne ko alamu da aka toka a bango, katako da kofofin gine-gine don kare su daga maita ko mugayen ruhohi. Suna da siffofi da yawa; a Biritaniya sau da yawa alamu ne kamar furanni na zagaye da'ira . {{Sfn|Kennedy|2016}} kamar hexafoils . Alamun ƙonawa a bakin kofofin gine-ginen zamani na farko ana kuma tunanin alamun apotropaic ne. Sauran nau'ikan alamar sun haɗa da haruffan V da M ko biyu V (na mai karewa, [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]], wanda aka fi sani da ''Virgo Virginum'' ), da kuma layi na layi don rikitar da duk wani ruhohin da zai iya ƙoƙarin bin su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=antlassco |date=2013-10-29 |title=Here be Witchcraft - LASSCO - England's prime resource for Architectural Antiques, Salvage Curiosities |url=https://www.lassco.co.uk/lassco-news/2013/10/29/here-be-witchcraft/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=LASSCO |language=en-GB}}</ref> A Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn, wani nau'i mai kama da furanni na da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da ta gabata ta kasance a cikin wani dutse a bango. {{Sfn|Kennedy|2016}} An sami makamantan alamomin da'irori masu cike da ruɗani a jikin taga mai kwanan wata kusan 1616 a Owlpen Manor a cikin Gloucestershire, da kuma alamun ƙonawa a kan madaidaicin firam ɗin kofa na zamani. Alamun sun fi yawa a kusa da wuraren da ake tunanin mayu za su iya shiga, ko kofofi, tagogi ko kuma bututun hayaƙi. {{Sfn|Kennedy|2016}} Alal misali, a lokacin ayyuka a Knole, kusa da Sevenoaks a Kent, a cikin 1609, bishiyoyin itacen oak a ƙarƙashin benaye, musamman kusa da murhu, an ƙone su kuma an sassaka su da alamun mayya don hana mayu da aljanu su sauko cikin bututun hayaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=James |date=19 October 2015 |title=Ritual Protection Marks and Witchcraft at Knole, Kent |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/ritual-protection-marks-and-witchcraft-at-knole-kent |publisher=[[Gresham College]]}}</ref> An samo alamun a cikin gine-gine ciki har da Knole House, wurin Haihuwar Shakespeare a Stratford-kan-Avon, Hasumiyar London, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=Tower of London staff 'used magic to repel the forces of the Devil' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/tower-of-london-staff-used-magic-to-repel-the-forces-of-the-devil-a6697476.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220508/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/tower-of-london-staff-used-magic-to-repel-the-forces-of-the-devil-a6697476.html |archive-date=2022-05-08 |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> da majami'u da yawa. {{Sfn|Kennedy|2016}} Tarin sama da alamomi 100 - wanda a baya tunanin rubutu ne - an gano shi a cikin 2019 akan bangon hanyar sadarwar kogo a Creswell Crags a Nottinghamshire. Gainsborough Old Hall yana da 20, mafi yawan duk wani kayan tarihi na Ingilishi, wanda aka mayar da hankali a cikin wuraren bawa tare da la'ana game da mai shi [[William Hickman (merchant)|William Hickman]] . === Dreamcatchers === A cikin wasu al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, mai mafarkin da aka yi da zare kamar yanar gizo ana sanya shi a saman gado ko wurin barci don kare yara masu barci daga mafarki mai ban tsoro. === Wasu === [[Fayil:Egyptian_-_Magic_Wand_Depicting_a_Procession_of_Deities_-_Walters_71510.jpg|thumb| Tsohuwar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho na Masar yana nuna jerin gwanon alloli masu kariya. An yi amfani da shi wajen bikin haihuwa, wataƙila don zana da'irar sihiri a kusa da uwa da yaro.]] Abubuwa da alamomi kamar giciye, gicciye, harsashi na azurfa, wardi na daji da [[tafarnuwa]] an yi imanin suna korar ko lalata vampires . Peisistratus ya rataye siffar wani nau'in ciyawa a gaban Acropolis na Athens a matsayin sihirin apotropaic. A cikin fasahar Roman, ana tunanin hassada zai kawo sa'a ga wanda ake hassada. Don su guje wa hassada, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] sun nemi su sa baƙinsu dariya ta yin amfani da hotuna masu ban dariya. Hotuna irin su manyan phalluses (duba ''fascinus'' ), nakasa irin su hunchbacks, ko Pygmies da sauran batutuwan da ba na Romawa sun kasance na kowa ba. Romawa suna ganin nakasa a matsayin abin ban dariya kuma sun yi imanin cewa za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan hotuna don karkatar da mugun ido. A cikin Turai, an yi la'akari da ginshiƙai na apotropaic da aka zana a kan tasirin jiragen ruwa a matsayin maye gurbin sadaukarwar da aka yi a lokacin [[Lokacin Hijira|Age of Invasions]] da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Saxon da Viking suka yi, don guje wa rashin sa'a a kan tafiya. Dreding Thames a ƙarƙashin gadar London ya haifar da gano ɗimbin yawa na lankwasa da fashe wuƙaƙe, wuƙaƙe, takuba da tsabar kudi, tun daga zamanin yau kuma tun daga zamanin Celtic. Wannan al'ada da alama ta kasance don guje wa sa'a, musamman lokacin da za a tashi tafiya. Hakazalika, an binne tsohuwar takalmi ko takalmi a ledar kofar bayan gida kamar an yi irin wannan niyya. A cikin Ireland da Biritaniya, ana tunanin magpies a al'adance su kawo sa'a. Mutane da yawa sun yi ta maimaita waƙoƙi ko gaisuwa daban-daban don sanya su. Alamun Apotropaic irin su baƙaƙen [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] an goge su a kusa da buɗewar gine-gine a Ingila don korar mayu. {{Sfn|Kennedy|2016}} == Rituals da ayyuka == [[Fayil:Eye-cup_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_589.jpg|thumb| Kofin ido baƙar fata na Chalcidian, kusan 530 KZ. Staatliche Antikensammlungen .]] === Hannun hannu === === Tofa a kan tufafi === Girkawa da Romawa na dā sun kasance suna tofa albarkacin bakinsu a cikin ɗigon tufafi a matsayin hanyar kariya daga sihiri. === Tufafin yara maza kamar 'yan mata === Har ila yau, Girkawa na dā suna da tsohuwar al'ada ta sanya yara maza a matsayin 'yan mata don kawar da ido mara kyau. An ce Achilles ya yi ado a lokacin kuruciyarsa a matsayin yarinya a kotun Lycomedes, Sarkin Scyros don kawar da mummunan ido. === Ayyukan wuta === [[Fayil:Kilpeck_Sheelagh_na_Gig.jpg|thumb| ''Sheela na ƙarni na 12 na gig'' akan coci a Kilpeck, Herefordshire]] An yi amfani da wuta wajen ibadar kariya a sassa da dama na Turai har zuwa farkon zamani. Bukatar wuta ko karfin wuta wata gobara ce ta musamman da aka kunna don kawar da annoba da gumi (cututtukan da ke shafar dabbobi) a sassan yamma, arewaci da gabashin Turai. Za a iya kunna ta ne kawai ta hanyar rikici tsakanin itace, da gungun wasu mutane, bayan da aka kone duk wasu gobarar da ke yankin. Za a kora dabbobin a kewaye da wutar da ake buƙata ko kuma a kan gobarar ta, kuma za a sake kunna duk sauran gobara daga gare ta. {{Sfn|Frazer|1922}} Rubuce-rubucen Irish guda biyu na farko sun ce druids sun kasance suna korar shanu a tsakanin wuta biyu "tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru", don kare su daga cututtuka. Kusan shekaru 1,000 bayan haka, a cikin karni na 19, har yanzu ana yin al'adar tukin shanu tsakanin gobara biyu a yawancin Ireland da sassan Scotland. {{Sfn|Hutton|1996}} Har ila yau a cikin Ireland da Scotland, an kunna wuta don bukukuwan Beltane da Samhain, kuma lissafin karni na 18-19 ya nuna gobara, hayaki da toka ana zaton suna da ikon kariya. A wasu wurare, ana ɗaukar fitulun fir ko ciyawar da ke ƙonewa da hasken rana kewaye da gidaje da filayen don kare su. {{Sfn|Hutton|1996}} A tsakiyar Turai da arewacin Turai, gobarar da aka kunna a daren Walpurgis da kuma a tsakiyar rani kuma an yi imani da cewa tana kawar da mugunta. === Da'irar sihiri === Da'irar sihiri wani da'irar sararin samaniya ne da masu aikata wasu rassan sihiri na al'ada suka yi alama, wanda gabaɗaya suka yi imani zai ƙunshi kuzari kuma ya samar da sarari mai tsarki, ko kuma zai ba su wani nau'i na kariya ta sihiri, ko duka biyun. Yana iya zama alama a zahiri, zana shi a cikin wani abu kamar gishiri, gari, ko alli, ko kuma a gani kawai. == Sunayen apotropaic == [[Fayil:Itsukushima_charms.jpg|thumb| Amulet don takamaiman dalilai akan siyarwa a wurin bautar [[Shinto]] a Japan]] Sunayen yahudawa na Ashkenazi ba sau da yawa ba a lokacin haihuwa ba amma lokacin rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Dangane da dangin da suka rigaya sun yi rashin ɗa, iyaye za su iya ba wa yaron suna Alter da Alte (dukansu ma'anar "tsohuwa" a cikin Yiddish) a ƙoƙarin rikitar da Mala'ikan Mutuwa. Wani misali shine Nekras ( Некрас, "ba kyau" a cikin Rashanci) wanda aka ba shi tare da bege yaron zai zama kyakkyawa. Daga cikin sunayen Serbian akwai sunayen apotropaic da yawa ( ''zaštitna imena'', "sunayen kariya"), irin su Vuk ("wolf") (da yawancin abubuwan da suka samo asali) da Staniša ("dutse"). Sunaye na tarihi na kasar Sin a wasu lokuta suna da ma'anoni na apotropaic, kamar a cikin yanayin Huo Qubing (霍 去病, "Qubing" ma'ana "ba tare da rashin lafiya"), ko Xin Qiji (辛 棄疾, "Qiji" ma'ana "watsar da cuta"). Wasu sunayen gargajiya na Taiwan suna magana game da dabbobin gida kamar "buffalo" (水牛) da "kare" (狗, 犬), ko abubuwa masu tawali'u na wuri mai faɗi kamar "ƙasa" da "ruwa" (土, 水). Sun ba da gamsuwa tare da kwanciyar hankali da rayuwa mara kyau. == Duba kuma ==   == Bayanin bayani == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4lawz1m81p70d5u25i3thfm4zp7q62 0 94572 880117 874768 2026-07-10T11:30:42Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 880117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarsha ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya. Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsanani lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin beraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwa. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adin barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kadan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun 1980 ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kna6zoiluvl6zotpf2ftt5le0cu7xw 880118 880117 2026-07-10T11:30:59Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 880118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarshi ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya. Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsanani lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin beraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwa. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adin barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kadan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun 1980 ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qc11ikll5xnfs6wl8rp86axdxxo6lg8 880119 880118 2026-07-10T11:32:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 880119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarshi ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya. Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu 2 su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsanani lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin beraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwa. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adin barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kadan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun 1980 ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 21bw4nz6jdq0paucw2nqisvrjbru4vt 0 94691 879870 791541 2026-07-09T22:46:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Patricia Rosarie Casey''' likitan kwakwalwa ce ta Irish, masanin kimiyya, 'yar jarida kuma mai sharhi [[Conservatism|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya]] kan batutuwan zamantakewa. Ita Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin kuma mai ba da shawara a Asibitin Jami'ar Mater Misericordiae, Dublin . <ref> name="ucd">{{Cite web |title=UCD Research: Professor Patricia R Casey |url=http://www.ucd.ie/research/people/medicinemedicalscience/professorpatriciacasey/ |access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> An san ta da shafi na yau da kullun tare da jaridar Irish Independent, da ra'ayinta na ra'ayin mazan jiya game da batutuwan zamantakewa daban-daban. An haife ta ne a Ballynoe a County Cork, mahaifin Casey ma'aikacin majalisa ne kuma manomi, yayin da mahaifiyarta ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya. Tana da 'yar'uwa daya; ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta, Terry . Ta yi fice a makaranta, ta ci gaba da karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Cork, ta kammala a 1976 tare da Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Error - Medical Council |url=http://www.medicalcouncil.ie/Registration/Search-for-a-doctor/Search-Results/?regno=009599&doctorid=30001993 |website=medicalcouncil.ie}}</ref> Ta auri lauya John McGuiggan . Casey ta lura cewa ita da mijinta suna da bambancin bangarorin siyasa. Casey mai bin Roman Katolika ne. == Ayyukan likita == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar likita, Casey ta sami kwararren likitan kwakwalwa da horo a Burtaniya. Tsakanin 1977 da 1985 ta rike mukamin babban jami'in gida, mai rajista, babban mai rajista mai daraja, da kuma abokin bincike a Asibitin Mapperley, [[Nottingham]], da Asibitin Royal Edinburgh. Daga 1985 zuwa 1991, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban malami da kuma mai ba da shawara a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Asibitin Jami'ar Cork. Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma darakta a wani Acute Unit a asibitin Jami'ar Mater Misericordiae, Dublin tun 1991. Casey ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada hannu da littattafai da yawa kuma ya gyara The Psychiatrist, wani littafi na Royal College of Psychiatrists . Abubuwan da take so na asibiti da bincike sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, rikicewar mutum da rigakafin kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCD |url=https://rms.ucd.ie/ufrs/w_rms_cv_show.show_public?user=apsych@mater.ie |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Rms.ucd.ie |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306102800/https://rms.ucd.ie/ufrs/w_rms_cv_show.show_public?user=apsych@mater.ie |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dominic Fannon |date=1 February 2005 |title=Patricia Casey |url=http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/29/2/81 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Pb.rcpsych.org}}</ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1999, ta shugabanci Kwamitin Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Irish.<ref name="ucd">{{Cite web |title=UCD Research: Professor Patricia R Casey |url=http://www.ucd.ie/research/people/medicinemedicalscience/professorpatriciacasey/ |access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> == Membobin da Fellowships == Casey tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patricia Casey, FRCPI, FRCPsych, MD |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/authors/patricia-casey-frcpi-frcpsych-md |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=Psychiatrictimes.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion among young women and subsequent life outcomes |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/5799/1/Abortion_and_young_women_new.pdf |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Researchrepository.ucd.ie |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427084112/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/5799/1/Abortion_and_young_women_new.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Fellow na Royal College of PsychiatristsKwalejin Royal na Likitocin Zuciya * Fellow na Royal College of Physicians of IrelandKwalejin Likitoci ta Royal na Ireland * Fellow na Royal Society of Medicine * Fellow na Royal Academy of Medicine a Ireland * memba na Kungiyar Likitoci ta Ireland == Matsayi a kan batutuwan zamantakewa == Casey mai kula ne kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Iona, wani tanki mai tunani, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin ƙungiyar matsa lamba, wanda ke inganta ra'ayi na Katolika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iona – Personnel And Patrons |url=http://www.ionainstitute.ie/personnel_patrons.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225450/http://www.ionainstitute.ie/personnel_patrons.php |archive-date=9 February 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Ionainstitute.ie}}</ref> Casey an san ta da adawa da kisan aure, tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Ireland game da gudanar da raba gardama don halatta kisan aure a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Election " Your Tax Euros at work |url=http://www.irishelection.com/10/your-tax-euros-at-work/ |website=Irishelection.com |access-date=2025-03-01 |archive-date=2009-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108121515/http://www.irishelection.com/10/your-tax-euros-at-work/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma ci gaba da cewa "ma'anar asarar yara lokacin da iyaye suka rabu ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da iyaye ke mutuwa". Ba ta yarda, duk da haka, da kisan aure a cikin yanayin matar da ta yi mugunta ko kuma mai cin zarafi. Casey kuma tana adawa da zubar da ciki, mai maye gurbin ciki, mai ba da gudummawa ba tare da izini ba, wadanda ba na gargajiya ba, tallafi daga iyaye masu luwadi, da auren jinsi guda. [6]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |url=http://www.studiesirishreview.ie/j/page393 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Studiesirishreview.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family & Life |url=http://www.familyandlife.org/newsletter_popup.php?id=40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003060200/http://www.familyandlife.org/newsletter_popup.php?id=40 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Familyandlife.org}}</ref><ref name="gov" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parish of Middle Killeavy Home |url=http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2630&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714090842/http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2630&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Middlekilleavy.com}}</ref> Ita ce mai goyon bayan tallafi jima'i.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=Joint Committee the Constitution – default 000523 |url=http://www.irlgov.ie/committees-00/c-constitution/000523/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124122116/http://www.irlgov.ie/committees-00/c-constitution/000523/default.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Irlgov.ie}}</ref> Casey ya ba da shaida a gaban Gwamnatin Irish, a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, da kuma a cikin shari'o'in shari'ar Irish a kan wasu batutuwa, musamman kashe kansa da gangan.<ref name="gov" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=6 November 2007 |title=House of Commons – Science and Technology – Twelfth Report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmsctech/1045/104511.htm |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title=Progress on Implementing the Recommendations of Reach Out 2005-2014: Discussion |url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/HEH/2008/12/10/00003.asp |access-date=10 July 2012 |website=Debates.oireachtas.ie}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta wani shafi na ra'ayi na yau da kullun ga jaridar Irish Independent kuma a baya ta ba da gudummawa ga Sunday Business Post da kuma shafin wasiƙu na Irish Times, tare da bayyana a talabijin da rediyo na kasa.<ref name="dunphy" /> === Tattaunawar Newstalk === A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 a shirin Newstalk na The Wide Angle, Casey ya soki hanyar da [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] ke hulɗa da Cin zarafin yara. Ta yi kira ga sake fasalin matsayi na Ikilisiya a Ireland da kuma murabus na bishops da aka ambata a cikin Rahoton Murphy . Hukumar watsa shirye-shirye ta Ireland daga baya ta gano cewa an gudanar da hira a cikin "ba daidai ba kuma ba daidai ba" kuma ta bayyana tambayar Karen Coleman game da Casey a matsayin "maras kyau" da "maras ma'ana". Newstalk ya watsa shirye-shiryen neman gafara bayan hira. === Archbishop Diarmuid Martin jere === A watan Yulin 2012, Casey ya zargi Babban Bishop na Katolika na Dublin Diarmuid Martin da lalata amincewar matasa firistoci ta hanyar sukar su saboda kasancewa "na gargajiya" da kuma ambaton su a matsayin "marasa ƙarfi". Bugu da kari ta soki shi saboda rashin iya magana game da Cocin Katolika a hanyar "mai kyau", ba da "babu mafita" kuma kawai nazarin matsalolin maimakon warware su. Da yake amsawa a madadin Archbishop a watan Agustan 2012, Darakta na Sadarwa ya zargi Casey da "kuskuren gabatar da" maganganunsa, yana mai cewa ta " manta da maganganun farin ciki na Archbishop din a taron Eucharistic na 2012. Ta kuma ce Casey "ya yi kuskuren" maganganun Archbishop game da matasa firistoci suna da "raunin", suna cewa "ainihin maganganunsa [...] sun nuna akasin haka". == Rashin nuna bincike == === Nazarin Jami'ar Uppsala === Masana kimiyya na [[Sweden]] sun zargi Casey da gabatar da bayanan binciken su don tallafawa matsayinta game da auren jinsi guda da tallafin ma'aurata na jinsi guda. Casey ya yi maimaita ambaton binciken iyaye daga Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden, yana mai da'awar cewa ya nuna cewa "yara... suna yin mafi kyau lokacin da iyayensu suka yi aure suka girma". Jami'ar da marubutan rahoton sun ki amincewa da fassarar Casey game da sakamakon su. Sun bayyana cewa da'awarta cewa yara suna yin kyau lokacin da ma'aurata suka haifa ba ta da inganci bisa ga bincikenmu... ba a yi kwatanci da ƙididdigar iyali na gay ko lesbian a cikin binciken da aka haɗa a cikin bita. Saboda haka, babu wani abu a cikin bita ɗinmu wanda zai tabbatar da ƙaddamarwar cewa iyayen jinsi ɗaya ba za su iya haifar da yara masu lafiya waɗanda suka yi kyau ba. "An ce tana da ban sha'awa cewa, tun lokacin da aka buga rahoton, mun tuntube mu da yawa masu goyon baya suna tunanin cewa Casey suna da yawa suna da hankali ne ga waɗannan marubucin su".<ref>[http://www.tribune.ie/article/2008/mar/23/irish-psychiatrist-in-same-sex-row-with-top-colleg/?q=sarkadi] {{Dead link|date=June 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> === Rahoton UNICEF === Casey ta yi iƙirarin cewa rahoton [[UNICEF|Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF)]] ya goyi bayan matsayinta game da iyaye na jinsi ɗaya. Babban Darakta na UNICEF Ireland, Melanie Verwoerd ya yi jayayya da wannan. Verwoerd ya bayyana cewa "Unicef ba ta yanke hukunci game da lafiyar yara da ke girma tare da iyaye masu jinsi ɗaya" kuma cewa da'awar Casey game da tallafin UNICEF "ba daidai ba ne kuma ba a yarda da shi ba". === Ra'ayoyi game da shawarwari === A cikin jaridar Irish Examiner ta 13 ga Mayu 1999, an nakalto Casey yana cewa ba da shawara ɓata lokaci ne don magance baƙin ciki. Jaridar Caroline O'Doherty ta rubuta cewa Casey, mai ba da shawara game da Prozac da magungunan SSRI masu alaƙa, yana magana bayan bugawa na binciken a cikin British Medical Journal wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba da shawara ba ta da fa'ida ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki. Casey yana magana ne game da binciken da aka buga a cikin ''Jaridar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya'' a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1999 da Ulrik Fredrik Malt, farfesa a fannin ilimin hauka a Jami'ar [[Oslo]] wanda ya ba da shaidar ƙwararru a gwajin Anders Behring Breivik. Shawarwarin da ke cikin binciken shine buƙatar cewa GPs su goyi bayan yayin shawarwarin. Takardar Malt ta bayyana a sarari cewa an cire takamaiman nau'ikan shawarwari daga binciken. A mayar da martani ga irin wannan da'awar da Casey ya yi a cikin Sunday Business Post na 4 ga Yuli 1999 ('Counsellor, Heal Thyself'), Ivor Browne, wanda ya riga Casey a matsayin Farfesa na Psychiatry a Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin, ya rubuta a cikin Sunday Trade Post a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1999 cewa ambaton ba da shawara a cikin takarda ya kasance kawai ba da gangan ba kuma cewa damuwar takarda ita ce kwatantawa da wani mai fama da baƙin ciki, ci gaba da hakan; {{Blockquote|This study did not involve any significant psychotherapy of counselling input. I can only assume that Professor Casey was pressed for time when she read this}} Browne ya ci gaba da lura da cewa akwai ingantaccen bincike wanda ke nuna tasirin shawarwari da maganin kwakwalwa kuma ya nuna mamakinsa cewa Casey bai san waɗannan binciken ba. === Littattafai === *   * 'Yin amfani da kwamfutoci a cikin bincike' a cikin 'Hanyoyin Bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam'. London: Gaskell Publications. (2007) * 'Rashin lafiya na bipolar' a cikin 'Tunanin: jagorar masu amfani'. London: Transworld Publications. (2007) * Kifi na Clinical Psychopathology. London: Gaskell Publications. (2007) * 'Rashin lafiyar mutum' a cikin 'Psychiatry in primary care'. London: Gaskell Publications. (2007) *   * Magani da zamantakewar mutum game da cutar kai da gangan. London, Burtaniya: Royal College of Psychiatrists CPD a kan layi. (2006) *   *   *   *   *   == Dubi kuma == * Anthony Clare * Breda O'Brien * David Quinn (mai rubutun labarai) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gmy7oyscc5anbdk5dlagzeiw9ydg1mh 0 95685 879897 608181 2026-07-10T00:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peggy Carr ''' (an haife ta a shekara ta ) 'yar jaridar Vincentian ce, mawaki, kuma diflomasiyya. Yanzu tana zaune a Taiwan, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Saint Vincent da Grenadines a kasar. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Carr a Saint Vincent a kusa da shekara ta 1955.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart Brown}}</ref> Ta girma a wani karamin ƙauye kuma, kodayake mahaifiyarta tana aiki a cikin birni, tana zaune a gona tare da kakanninta. Ta fara rubuta waka tun tana ƙarama.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines: Peggy Carr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0212vj6 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=BBC Radio Scotland}}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar jarida, Carr ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Hukumar Bayanan Jama'a, tsohon Hukumar Bayanan Gwamnati, a Saint Vincent da Grenadines . Bayan ta ziyarci Taiwan sau da yawa, ta koma can a shekara ta 2000. Ta yi aiki a kafofin watsa labarai a can, ciki har da a matsayin edita a Cibiyar Labaran Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-23 |title=[FEATURE] First Vincentians in Taiwan diplomatic scholarship programme graduate |url=https://www.iwnsvg.com/2009/06/23/feature-first-vincentians-in-taiwan-diplomatic-scholarship-programme-graduate/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=iWitness News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Coming soon |url=http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Emmanuel Publishing House |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009183406/http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Peggy |date=2005-02-18 |title=Why Taiwan |url=https://searchlight.vc/searchlight/features/2005/02/18/why-taiwan/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Searchlight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honey and Lime |url=https://virtualbookworm.com/products/honey-and-lime |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Virtualbookworm Publishing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siu |first=Zara |date=2011-04-26 |title=International Human Resource Management: An Interview With an Expatriate |url=https://prezi.com/nsdhxbij6hja/ihrm-an-interview-with-an-expatriate/}}</ref> Baya ga aikinta a matsayin 'yar jarida, Carr ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin da ba na hukuma ba daga Saint Vincent da Grenadines zuwa Taiwan na shekaru da yawa, kafin a bude ofishin jakadancin a hukumance a cikin 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |last=CNA |date=2019-08-09 |title=Saint Vincent Prime Minister officially opens embassy in Taiwan |url=https://www.ocacnews.net/overseascommunity/article/article_story.jsp?id=247941 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=OCA News |language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-12 |title=Woman to take up post as SVG’s first ambassador to Taiwan |url=http://testwp07.tecnavia.com/searchlight/news/news/2019/07/12/woman-to-take-up-post-as-svgs-first-ambassador-to-taiwan/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Searchlight |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009222408/http://testwp07.tecnavia.com/searchlight/news/news/2019/07/12/woman-to-take-up-post-as-svgs-first-ambassador-to-taiwan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Taiwan-based Vincy praised for remarkable selflessness |url=https://www.iwnsvg.com/2019/08/08/taiwan-based-vincy-praised-for-remarkable-selflessness/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=iWitness News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kokarinta ya haɗa da taimaka wa ɗaliban Vincentian a Taiwan su daidaita da al'adun yankin. Bayan bude ofishin jakadancin, an kira Carr jakadan al'adu na Saint Vincent da Grenadines a ƙarshen 2019. <ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Coming soon |url=http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Emmanuel Publishing House |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009183406/http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ "Coming soon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220194607/https://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon |date=2025-02-20 }}. ''Emmanuel Publishing House''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-28 |title=Higher welfare payout tops PM’s Independence announcements |url=https://www.iwnsvg.com/2019/10/27/higher-welfare-payout-tops-pms-independence-announcements/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=iWitness News |language=en-GB}}</ref> An buga waƙoƙin Carr a cikin litattafai da yawa ciki har da Creation Fire: A CAFRA Anthology of Caribbean Women's Poetry, Caribbean Poetry Now, da Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse a cikin 2005. An buga tarin sa na farko, Echoes from a Lonely Nightwatch, a shekarar 1989, sannan Fresh Tracks in an Ancient Land a 1996 da Honey and Lime a shekara ta 2006. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart Brown}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrownMark_A._McWatt2005">[[Stewart Brown|Brown, Stewart]]; [[Mark McWatt|Mark A. McWatt]], eds. (2005). [[oclc:62127184|''The Oxford book of Caribbean verse'']]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280332-0|<bdi>978-0-19-280332-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62127184 62127184].</cite></ref> <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines: Peggy Carr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0212vj6 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=BBC Radio Scotland}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0212vj6 "St Vincent and the Grenadines: Peggy Carr"]. ''BBC Radio Scotland''. 2014-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Andrea |date=2020-03-06 |title=Peggy Carr's Honey and Lime |url=https://searchlight.vc/searchlight/features/2020/03/06/peggy-carrs-honey-and-lime/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Searchlight |language=en-US}}</ref> Littafinta na farko, Shape of a Warrior, wani aiki na tarihin tarihin matasa, an buga shi a watan Oktoba 2020 ta gidan Emmanuel Publishing House na [[Dominika|Dominica]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Coming soon |url=http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Emmanuel Publishing House |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon/ "Coming soon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220194607/https://www.emmanuelpublishinghouse.com/coming-soon |date=2025-02-20 }}. ''Emmanuel Publishing House''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Vincentian writer Peggy Carr releases her first novel |url=https://searchlight.vc/searchlight/news/2020/10/23/vincentian-writer-peggy-carr-releases-her-first-novel/ |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=Searchlight |language=en-US}}</ref> Carr da farko tana rubutu a Turanci, amma littafinta Honey and Lime kuma ya ƙunshi wani sashi a cikin Vincentian Creole . <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Andrea |date=2020-03-06 |title=Peggy Carr's Honey and Lime |url=https://searchlight.vc/searchlight/features/2020/03/06/peggy-carrs-honey-and-lime/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Searchlight |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBowman2020">Bowman, Andrea (2020-03-06). [https://searchlight.vc/searchlight/features/2020/03/06/peggy-carrs-honey-and-lime/ "Peggy Carr's Honey and Lime"]. ''Searchlight''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2014, BBC Radio Scotland ta zaɓi waka mai suna "Flight of the Firstborn" don wakiltar Saint Vincent da Grenadines a cikin jerin "Poetry Postcards".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines: Peggy Carr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0212vj6 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=BBC Radio Scotland}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0212vj6 "St Vincent and the Grenadines: Peggy Carr"]. ''BBC Radio Scotland''. 2014-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Sakamakon daga Lonely Nightwatch (1989) * Sabbin Waƙoƙi a cikin Tsohon Ƙasa (1996) * ''Zuma da Lime'' (2006) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] adndhdakmvhr5bmbdxpi5864t1ne872 0 96825 879868 606031 2026-07-09T22:41:51Z Merjoor 14653 879868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Kulany''' (23 Nuwamba 1951 - 28 Janairu 2021) 'yar majalisar dokokin Uganda ce, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da kaciyar mata. Kulany ta yi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa a shekarar 1994, sannan ta wakilci gundumar Kapchorwa a matsayin 'yar majalisa a tsakanin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2006 a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta bakwai. == Tarihi da ilimi == Kulany an haife shi ga David da Joyce Arapta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=HON. GERTRUDE CHELANGAT KULANY |url=https://aplusfuneralmgt.com/obituary/hon-gertrude-chelangat-kulany/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Aplus Funeral Management |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Kwalejin Dutsen Saint Mary ta Namagunga|Makarantar Mount Saint Marys College Namagunga]] don karatun sakandare, sannan [[Jami'ar Makerere]] ta yi karatun sakandare. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kuma yi difloma a kan hanyoyin masana'antu da kuma takardar shaidar karatun mata. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === Siyasa === Kulany wata ɓangare ce ta Majalisar Resistance Council tsakanin shekarun 1989 da 1996. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Thursday, 28 January 2021 |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/fdd7d0ed-4162-416b-805b-d6d7a95a08a3%253B1.0 |website=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A lokacin zaɓen Majalisar Mazaɓu ta Uganda na 1994, Kulany an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakiliyar gundumar Kapchorwa kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa shekara ta 1995. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Hens begin to Crow – Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda (Fountain Publishers, 1999, 254 p.): Appendix 3: Women Legislators, 1950–1998 |url=http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL1.11&d=HASH01498f0cfd994ddfe10f20e4.15&x=1 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.nzdl.org}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Daga baya, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar mata na Kapchorwa a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta bakwai daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2006. <ref name=":1" /> === Gwagwarmaya === Kulany ta yi gangamin yaki da kaciyar mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-30 |title=Women petition court to outlaw FGM |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/236577 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=fr}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === Kulany ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban hukumar kasuwanci ta ƙasa (NEC) (2014-2015). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaaya |first=Sadab Kitatta |title=MPs probe 40 boards |url=https://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/33892--mps-probe-40-boards |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Observer – Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016165604/https://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/33892--mps-probe-40-boards |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> Baya ga kasancewar ta memba ta hukumar a Asusun Tsaron Jama'a na Ƙasa (NSSF), Kulany kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin Daraktar Bincike a Sakatariyar Resistance Movement (NRM) daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2006. <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kulany ta mutu a sakamakon [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Uganda: Former Kapchorwa Woman MP Gertrude Kulany Dies |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101280369.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * gundumar Kapchorwa * Majalisar Uganda * Rukiya Chekamondo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] ld9kz7nymbrna7owiljmjycfhuodrlr 0 96862 879609 852795 2026-07-09T14:36:06Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kathryn Bridge''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955) marubuciya ce ta Kanada, mai kula da tarihi, mai adana bayanai kuma masanin tarihi wanda ke zaune a Victoria, BC. A shekara ta 1978, ta fara aiki a British Columbia Archives (yanzu ana kiranta Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM)) inda daga 2012 zuwa 2015 ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta. A shekara ta 2017, ta yi ritaya kuma an girmama ta a matsayin Curator Emerita. <ref>name="RBCM">{{Cite web |title=Staff |url=https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca |publisher=Royal BC Museum |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004062614/https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bridge ya yi kuma har yanzu yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga rubuce-rubuce da shirya nune-nunen game da tarihin British Columbia da masu zane-zane, musamman game da sanannen mai zane Emily Carr. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Robert |title=Article |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/archive/robert-amos-the-renaissance-of-emily-carr-4617194 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=www.timescolonist.com |publisher=Times Colonist, 2014}}</ref> Rubutun da ta rubuta game da Carr da kuma gyaran Carr a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ta wallafa a kan Carr, takwarorinta sun kira shi "mai kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Colin |title=Article |url=https://thebcreview.ca/2022/07/18/1527-browne-bridge-carr/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=thebcreview.ca |publisher=BC Review}}</ref> Ta kuma ƙware a tarihin Kanada, tare da rubuce-rubuce game da mata masu gabatarwa, da Al'ummai na farko; da masu zane-zane na yamma ciki har da Sophie Pemberton . A matsayinta na mai kula da kansa kuma marubuci, ta mai da hankali kan tarihin mata da tarihin fasaha na Kanada, da yara da yara a karni na 19 a yammacin Kanada. == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Kathryn Morgan Ryan (weduwe van auteur Cornelius Ryan, Bestanddeelnr 927-8318 (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Kathryn Bridge''']] An haifi Bridge kuma ta girma a Victoria, BC. Ta sami BA a Tarihin Fasaha, MA a Tarihi (1984) da PhD (2012) daga Jami'ar Victoria (UVic). Daga 1978 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a matsayin Archivist a British Columbia Archives (BC Archives), a matsayin Manajan, BC Archives (yanzu Royal British Columbia Museum (RCBM)) (1997-2012), da Manajan, Access Initiatives, RCBM (2010-2012), da kuma Curator na Tarihi da Fasaha, RBCM (2015-2017) da Mataimakin Darakta da Shugaban Ilimi da Dangantakar Ilimi (2012-2015). Daga 2014 zuwa 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar zartarwa don aikin UVic's Landscapes of Injustice, kwamitin bincike na shekaru 7 na Kimiyya da Humanities wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga Gudanar da Gudanar da Hadin gwiwa wanda ke mai da hankali kan kawar da 'yan [[Japan]] a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. <ref>name="RBCM">{{Cite web |title=Staff |url=https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca |publisher=Royal BC Museum |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004062614/https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya ta memba na Faculty Adjunct, Sashen Tarihi, UVic. A cikin 2015. A cikin 2017, ta yi ritaya daga RBCM don aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa da kuma masanin tarihi kuma an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da labari. == Shirya da rubuce-rubuce == Bridge curated Emily Carr: Artist, Author, Eccentric, Genius (RBCM, 2000) wanda Globe da Mail suka ce ya ba Carr "magani na sarauta", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Katherine |title=Article |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/emily-gets-the-royal-treatment/article25443678/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.theglobeandmail.com |publisher=Globe and Mail, July 14, 2001}}</ref> Sauran Emily: Redefining Emily Carr wanda Bridge ya haɗa zane-zane da mai zane-zane na zamani Manon Elder tare da aikin Emily Carr (RBCm, 2011) (RBC M ya yi fim game da shi) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWlJUnq55Mk |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=RBCM}}</ref> da Unexpected: rayuwar da fasaha na Sophie Pemberton (1869-1959) (Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, (203) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film: Searching for Emily |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1913128/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=/www.imdb.com/ |publisher=RBCM}}</ref><blockquote>"Ba zato ba tsammani yana koyo game da wani muhimmin ɗan wasan Kanada a tsakiyarmu wanda ayyukansa yanzu muke gani a matsayin mai ban sha'awa, wanda tare da wasu 'yan kaɗan, ya jagoranci hanyar ga' yan wasan mata na Kanada a ƙasashen waje, yana kalubalantar shingen jinsi a cikin sana'ar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article |url=https://www.saanichnews.com/entertainment/at-the-galleries-coastal-colours-kick-off-fall-shows-in-greater-victoria-5559187 |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=www.saanichnews.com |publisher=Saanich News |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108184225/https://www.saanichnews.com/entertainment/at-the-galleries-coastal-colours-kick-off-fall-shows-in-greater-victoria-5559187 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> Ta hada da Emily Carr: Fresh Seeing . ''Emily Carr: Sabon gani. Modernism da Yamma'' (Audain Art Museum, 2018) da kuma tattara rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi don kayan Emily Carr a cikin RBCM / BC Archives . Littattafan Bridge da yawa (an kira ta "mai yawa") an rubuta su da hankali kuma sun ba da sabon haske a kan batutuwan su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca |publisher=RBCM |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024451/https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/author/rbcm_kbridge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta ce game da ɗayan littattafanta da yawa game da Carr, "Emily Carr a London, 1899-1904":<blockquote>"Maganar da na yi a rubuce-rubucen wannan littafin ita ce na fitar da waɗannan shekarun da kuma amfani da shafukan yanar gizo na yau da kuma bayanan ajiya na dijital-don koyon ainihin asalin mutanen da ta sanya ba a san su ba a cikin rubuce-bambanta ta hanyar amfani da sunayen almara.... Na sami damar yin haɗin kai da fassara ainihin asalin, don ƙirƙirar daidaitattun lokaci game da inda take da hulɗa, da kuma yin haɗin kai tsakanin Carr da takwararta. " <ref name="abc book world">{{Cite web |title=Review, 2015 |url=https://abcbookworld.com/writer/bridge-kathryn |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=abcbookworld.com}}</ref></blockquote>A RBCM, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora ko memba na ƙungiyar don wasu nune-nunen da yawa kamar El Dorado: Gold Rush a British Columbia (2015) tare da ba da jawabai da rubuce-rubuce a kan batutuwa daban-daban, gami da "Emily Carr a Ingila" da kuma taron buɗe nune-nun duniya na Emily Carr: Daga Forest zuwa Tekun, a Dulwich Picture Gallery, London UK (2014). A cikin 2023, ta rubuta Sophie Pemberton: Life & Work for the Art Institute of Canada, ana samun sa a kan layi.<ref name="book">{{Cite web |title=book |url=https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/sophie-pembertonart-books/sophie-pemberton |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=www.aci-iac.ca |publisher=Art Institute }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * ''Henry & Self, Rayuwar Sara Crease, 1826 - 1922'', Sono Nis Press, 1996. Buga na biyu da Royal BC Museum ya buga, 2019 . * ''Daga Snowshoe, Buckboard & Steamer: Mata na Yankin'', Sono Nis Press, 1998.<ref name="file" /> * The Lost Klee Wyck, gabatarwa ga ''Emily Carr, Klee Wyck'', Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver da [[Toronto]], 2004.<ref name="file" /> * Bayanai na Musamman na Rayuwar 'Yan asalin ƙasar a Yammacin Kogin; Kalmomi Daga Tsofaffin Huu-ay-aht, Altitude Publishing, Canmore, Alberta, 2004. <ref name="file" /> * A Passion for Mountains: the Lives of Don and Phyllis Munday, Rocky Mountain Books, Calgary, Alberta, 2006. <ref name="file" /> * Gabatarwa da bayan kalma don Wildflowers by Emily Carr, Royal BC Museum, Victoria, 2007. <ref name="file" /> * Gabatarwa da bayan kalma don ''Sister & I: Daga Victoria zuwa London ta Emily Carr'', Royal BC Museum, Victoria, 2011.<ref name="file" /> * Tare da Kevin Neary, ''Muryoyin dattawa: Tarihin Huu-ay-aht da Labarai'', Gidan Tarihi, Victoria, 2013.<ref name="file" /> * ''Emily Carr a Ingila, 1899-1904'', Royal BC Museum, Victoria, 2014.<ref name="file" /><ref name="abc book world"/> * 'Kowane ya ce [[Faris|Paris]] ita ce saman fasaha': Emily Carr ta Faransanci tafiyar zuwa zamani, a cikin Fresh Seeing . ''Sabon gani. ''Faransanci Modernism da West Coast, Figure.1 Publishing, Vancouver da Audain Art Museum, Whistler, 2019 . <ref name="file" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lederman |first=Marsha |title=Article |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/art-and-architecture/article-how-emily-carrs-own-french-revolution-impacted-her-art/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.theglobeandmail.com |publisher=Globe and Mail, Nov 5, 2019}}</ref> * Gabatarwa, Gabatarwa na Gabatarwa da bayanin martaba don Unvarnished . ''Ba a rufe shi ba. ''Hotuna na tarihin rayuwa ta Emily Carr, Gidan Tarihi na Royal BC, 2021.<ref name="file" /> * Sophie Pemberton: Rayuwa & Aiki don Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kanada, ana samun ta kan layi.<ref name="book"/> == Kyaututtuka == * BC lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Gwamna don Rubuce-rubucen Tarihi, 1998. * Wanda ya zo na biyu VanCity Book Prize, 1999.<ref name="file" /> * Finalist Banff Mountain Book Festival, 2002 a cikin rukuni biyu; Mountain Literature Award da Rocky Mountain Book Award . <ref name="file" /> * Magana mai daraja don Rubuce-rubucen Tarihi, BC Tarihin Tarayyar, 2002 . <ref name="file" /> * Wanda ya zo na biyu don kyautar littafin VanCity, 2003.<ref name="file" /> * Mai karɓa, SSHRC Canadian Graduate Student Doctoral Scholarship, 2006-2009. <ref name="file" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 7hpdqnakide9mlodqf22wgftesjwvub 0 99449 879852 745051 2026-07-09T21:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pablo Gabino Rey Sendón''' ( {{IPA|es|ˈpaβlo ɣaˈβino ˈrej senˈdon|}}, wanda aka sani a fagen fasaha da '''Pablo Rey''' ) ɗan wasan zanen Sipaniya ne wanda aka haifa a [[Barcelona]] a cikin shekara ta 1968. == Rayuwar farko == Ya girma a cikin yan'uwa masu fasaha, Rey ya fara koyon fasahar zane-zane daga hannun mahaifinsa, mai zane na ainihi na Mutanen Espanya Gabino Rey . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santos Torroella |first=Rafael |date=23 October 1992 |title=El pintor Gabino y Dau al Set |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/cultural/1992/10/23/037.html |journal=ABC · Madrid |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paso |first=Begoña |date=20 January 2008 |title=Un merecido homenaje al pintor Gabino Rey |url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/arousa/2008/01/20/0003_6494978.htm |journal=La Voz de Galicia}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1989, ya sami lambar yabo ta ''Talens'', a gasar matasa masu zane-zane a Sala Parés Gallery ( [[Barcelona]] ), kuma a cikin shekarata 1992, ya lashe kyautar ''Raimon Maragall i Noble'' a cikin wannan takara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cultura |first=El Periodico |title=El Periodico |url=http://archivo.elperiodico.com/ed/19920922/pag_032.html |access-date=12 February 2015 |website=elperiodico.com |publisher=El Periodico |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085035/http://archivo.elperiodico.com/ed/19920922/pag_032.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1994 Jami'ar Barcelona ta sami buɗaɗɗen kira ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa don tarin uba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrimoni |url=http://emuseumplus.ird.ub.es/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalSearch&fulltext=pablo+rey&lang=ca&module=collection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212062041/http://emuseumplus.ird.ub.es/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalSearch&fulltext=pablo+rey&lang=ca&module=collection |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1994 ya sauke karatu a Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Barcelona. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MACBA |title=Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, (Library) |url=http://pleiades.csuc.cat/search~S4*cat/a?rey+pablo |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=MACBA }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekara ta 1996, Rey ya ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] don zama da aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1997, ya shiga cikin The Grammercy International Art Fair a New York, tare da gallery Pierogi 2000 kuma an zaba shi tare da wasu masu fasaha daga New York don shiga cikin nunin "New Tide" a Williamsburg Art & Historical Center a Brooklyn, [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . A cikin 1998, an zaɓi shi tare da Juan Uslé, Francisco Leiro, Pello Irazu, Antonio Murado, Victoria Civera da sauran masu fasaha don shiga cikin shirin fim na ''98 IN NY'' wanda Canal + ya samar, game da masu fasaha na Spain a New York. <ref name="Pablo Rey 1996-2008 Pinturas" /> A cikin shekara ta 1999, Rey ya yi tafiya da mota daga New York zuwa [[Texas]], daga wannan tafiya ya yi jerin ayyuka mai suna NY-TX, don nunawa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Holand Tunnel Art Projects a birnin New York a watan Yuni na shekara ta 2000. A cikin shekara ta 2004, an gabatar da nunin "Masu zane-zane guda biyu akan zane guda," an gabatar da shi tare da mai zane Luis Trullenque a gidan Benedormiens a Santa Cristina d' Aro a [[Girona]] . A cikin shekarar 2005 a gabatar da nunin "Ƙarin Jihohi" a Carmen Tatché Gallery, masanin falsafa da ilimin zamantakewa na art [[Arnau Puig]] ya gabatar da kasida-rubutun "Painting kafa 'yanci da 'yanci a cikin zanen Pablo Rey", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Puig |first=Arnau |date=30 July 2008 |title=Painting set free and freedom in the painting of Pablo Rey |url=https://es.scribd.com/document/255762862/Pablo-Rey-PAINTING-SET-FREE-AND-FREEDOM-IN-THE-PAINTING-OF-PABLO-REY-Arnau-Puig-Philosopher-and-art-critic |access-date=6 November 2018 |publisher=scribd}}</ref> gabatarwar muqala ga zane-zane da zane-zane na zane-zane na zane-zanen da aka yi a kan zane-zane na zane-zane daga jerin abubuwan da suka fara daga Barcelona. A cikin wannan aikin mai sukar kuma masanin tarihi Pilar Giró ya bayyana cewa Pablo Rey murya ce guda ɗaya a cikin zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya kuma ya gudanar da sulhunta hankali da lyricism a cikin aikinsa. A cikin shekarar 2009, Rey ya gabatar a [[Sant Feliu de Guíxols]] nunin Conjuncions masu zane uku akan zane iri ɗaya, tare da masu zanen Alex Palli da Luis Trullenque. Nunin da aka kaddamar a lokacin rani a tsohon gidan sufi na Sant Feliu de Guíxol kuma a cikin shekara ta 2011 ya yi tafiya zuwa Gidan Al'adu na Gerona .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Punt |first=Avui |date=27 July 2009 |title=Pallí, Rey i Trullenque mostren "Conjuncions" |url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/5-cultura/19-cultura/64994-palli-rey-i-trullenque-mostren-lconjuncionsr.html?dema=1&cca=1 |journal=El Punt Avui |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2013 ya gudanar da nunin mutum ɗaya mai suna 'Aiki na Kwanan nan' a Fundació Casa Josep Irla, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ràdio Sant Feliu |date=27 July 2013 |title=Exposició de Pablo Rey a Casa Irla |url=https://www.rsf.cat/exposicio-de-pablo-rey-a-casa-irla/?dema=1&cca=1 |access-date=6 November 2018 |publisher=Ràdio Sant Feliu}}</ref> a Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Costa Brava, Gerona kuma a cikin shekara ta 2014 ya shiga cikin nunin 'Framed', a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon Holland Tunnel daga New York. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duch Culture USA |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ongoing exhibition 'Framed' at Holland Tunnel Gallery |url=http://www.dutchcultureusa.com/blog/2127/ongoing-exhibition-framed-at-holland-tunnel-gallery |access-date=6 November 2018 |publisher=Duch Culture USA |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103052309/http://www.dutchcultureusa.com/blog/2127/ongoing-exhibition-framed-at-holland-tunnel-gallery |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nunin nune-nune == Mai zanen Catalan ya sami wasu nune-nunen nune-nune da yawa, musamman na Williamsburg Art &amp;amp; Historical Center a Brooklyn, New York. 76Varick Gallery, [[New York (birni)|New York City]] Gallery na Bankin Nederlandche na [[Amsterdam]] . IX Biennial Art City na Oviedo . Ayyukan Fasaha na Tunnel na Holland a cikin [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . Lewisham Art House, [[Landan|London]] . Kuma MundoArt Gallery a Laren, [[Amsterdam]] . <ref name="MNCARS">{{Cite web |last=Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, MNCARS |title=Pablo Rey Paintings 1996-2008 |url=https://www.museoreinasofia.es/buscar?bundle=marc&keyword=Pablo+Rey&f%5B100%5D=&fecha=&items_per_page=15&pasados=1 |publisher=SAP, Madrid |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185123/https://www.museoreinasofia.es/buscar?bundle=marc&keyword=Pablo+Rey&f%5B100%5D=&fecha=&items_per_page=15&pasados=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="MACBA">{{Cite web |last=Museo d'art contemporani de Barcelona MACBA Library |title=Pablo Rey Pinturas 1996-2008 |url=http://pleiades.cbuc.cat/search~S4*cat?/tPablo+rey+1996-2008+pinturas/tpablo+rey+1996+2008+pinturas/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=tpablo+rey+pinturas+1996+2008+paintings+1996+2008&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=- |publisher=SAP, Madrid }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rumbun hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Fayil:Pablo_Rey,_Green_Stain,_Brooklyn,_NY_1996.jpg| Pablo Rey, Green Stain, Brooklyn, NY 1996 Fayil:Pablo_Rey,_Sueño_en_el_puente_de_Brooklyn,_NY_1997.jpg| Pablo Rey, Sueño en el puente de Brooklyn, Williamsburg, bklyn, NY 1997 Fayil:Pablo_Rey,_Correction_40,_NY,_1998.jpg|alt=Pablo Rey, Correction 40, NY, 1998| Pablo Rey, Gyara 40, NY, 1998 Fayil:Pablo_Rey,_Correction_32,_NY,_1999.jpg|alt=Pablo Rey, Correction 32, NY, 1999| Pablo Rey, Gyara 32, NY, 1999 Fayil:PabloRey,_Campo_policrónico_56,_Bcn_2000.jpg|alt=PabloRey, Campo policrónico 56, Bcn 2000| PabloRey, Campo policrónico 56, BC 2000 Fayil:Pablo_Rey,_Campo_policrónico_40,_Bcn_2000.jpg|alt=Pablo Rey, Campo policrónico 40, Bcn 2000| Pablo Rey, Campo policrónico 40, BC 2000 </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Annexes == === Littafi Mai Tsarki === * Pilar Giró, Arnau Puig, Carles Lapuente - ''Pablo Rey, Pinturas / Painting 1996-2008'' - Editan SAP, Madrid, 2008.{{ISBN|978-8-469-16889-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-8-469-16889-9|978-8-469-16889-9]] . [http://catalogo.museoreinasofia.es/ABSYSINTERNET/abnetcl.exe/O7033/ID24491eec?ACC=266&DOC=2 MNCARS library, Reina Sofia National Art Center Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808112505/http://catalogo.museoreinasofia.es/ABSYSINTERNET/abnetcl.exe/O7033/ID24491eec%3FACC%3D266%26DOC%3D2 |date=2019-08-08 }} | [http://pleiades.cbuc.cat:2082/search~S4*cat?/Xpablo+rey&searchscope=4&SORT=D/Xpablo+rey&searchscope=4&SORT=D&SUBKEY=pablo+rey/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=Xpablo+rey&searchscope=4&SORT=D&1%2C1%2C Library Museum of Modern Art of Barcelona]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | [https://catalogo-rbgalicia.xunta.gal/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1462742&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20pablo%20rey Laburaren Cibiyar Galician don Fasahar Zamani] | [https://ehu.on.worldcat.org/search?queryString=no%3A928943024#/oclc/928943024 Library na Jami'ar Basque Country] | [https://fama.us.es/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991009116849704987&context=L&vid=34CBUA_US:VU1&lang=es&search_scope=all_data_not_idus&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=all_data_not_idus&query=any,contains,Pablo%20Rey%20pinturas&offset=0 Library na Jami'ar Fine Arts na Seville] | [http://fjm.fmirobcn.org:8082/absys/abwebp.exe/X5102/ID17250/G0?ACC=CAUT&NAUT=20459 Library Jacques Dupin, Joan Miró Foundation]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | [https://cataleg.ub.edu/search~S1*cat?/XRey+Pablo&searchscope=1&SORT=AZ/XRey+Pablo&searchscope=1&SORT=AZ&extended=0&SUBKEY=Rey+Pablo/1%2C81%2C81%2CB/frameset&FF=XRey+Pablo&searchscope=1&SORT=AZ&2%2C2%2C Laburare CRAI Fine Arts, Jami'ar Barcelona]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | [https://ucm.on.worldcat.org/search?lang=es&clusterResults=off&stickyFacetsChecked=on&queryString=Pablo+Rey#/oclc/928943024 Library of Fine Arts, Jami'ar Complutense, Madrid] === Hanyoyin haɗi na waje === * Gidan yanar gizon hukuma: [https://www.pablorey-art.com Pablo Rey Painter Artist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220221614/https://www.pablorey-art.com/ |date=2022-02-20 }} 2019. * Biography: [https://www.pablorey-art.com/biography Pablo Rey]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . 2019. * Nunin: [https://www.pablorey-art.com/exhibitions Pablo Rey]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . 2019. * Maƙala; [https://www.academia.edu/42739325/Painting_set_free_and_freedom_in_the_painting_of_Pablo_Rey Zane-zane da aka ba da kyauta da 'yanci a cikin zanen Pablo Rey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130083408/https://www.academia.edu/42739325/Painting_set_free_and_freedom_in_the_painting_of_Pablo_Rey |date=2024-11-30 }}, na Arnau Puig (Masanin Falsafa, critic da art sociologist). Na academia.edu * Hira: [https://www.pablorey-art.com/interview tare da Pilar Giró]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Curator kuma mai sukar fasaha) * Maƙala; [https://www.academia.edu/37580428/THE_NATURE_OF_PAINTING_2008_Pilar_Gir%C3%B3_Historian_and_art_critic_ Pablo Rey: Yanayin Zane (2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090551/https://www.academia.edu/37580428/THE_NATURE_OF_PAINTING_2008_Pilar_Gir%C3%B3_Historian_and_art_critic_ |date=2024-11-30 }}, na Pilar Giró (Masanin Tarihi da mai sukar fasaha). Na academia.edu * Tattaunawa: [https://www.academia.edu/37604906/EXTRACTS_FROM_A_CONVERSATION_WITH_PABLO_REY Abubuwan da aka samo daga tattaunawa da Pablo Rey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130083539/https://www.academia.edu/37604906/EXTRACTS_FROM_A_CONVERSATION_WITH_PABLO_REY |date=2024-11-30 }}, na Carles Lapuente (Poet) 2008. Na academia.edu * Latsa labarin; [http://eudaldcamps.com/2012/09/15/pablo-rey-fidelitat-a-la-pintura/ Pablo Rey: Fidelitat a la pintura.] by Eudald Camps (Art critic) 2012. * Catalogue: [http://www.opacmeiga.rbgalicia.org/DetalleRexistro.aspx?CodigoBiblioteca=CMB001&Rexistro=18028&Formato=Etiquetas Pablo Rey, ''Jihohi masu dacewa''] Carmen Tatché Gallery (2005) - Laburare na Centro Galego de Arte Contemporaneo, Santiago de Compostela. * Monograph: [http://pleiades.cbuc.cat/search~S4*cat?/tPablo+rey+1996-2008+pinturas/tpablo+rey+1996+2008+pinturas/-3%2C0%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=tpablo+rey+pinturas+1996+2008+paintings+1996+2008&1%2C1%2C/indexsort=- Pablo Rey, Pinturas / Paintings 1996-2008]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} SAP Editan, Madrid (2008) - MACBA library, Museo d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, BCN. * Littafi Mai Tsarki: [https://www.pablorey-art.com/bibliography Pablo Rey]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . 2019. * Arteinformado: [https://www.arteinformado.com/guia/f/pablo-rey-46878 Pablo Rey Artist] . (Sarkin fasaha na Ibero-Amurka) * Wikiart: [https://www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-rey Pablo Rey] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] akepfyrip9lak0j6rp80gzsza7wty6q 0 100048 879763 672938 2026-07-09T19:12:08Z Nnamadee 31123 879763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwamina Egyir Asaam''' ɗan siyasar Ghana ne a jamhuriya ta farko. Ya kasance ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar Aowin daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1965 |title=West Africa Annual, Issue 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRBBAQAAIAAJ&q=Asaam+Kwamina+Egyir |journal=West Africa Annual |publisher=James Clarke |page=80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1965 |title=Parliamentary Debates; Official Report, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwpIAQAAIAAJ&q=Asaam+Kwamina+Egyir |journal=Parliamentary Debates; Official Report |publisher=Ghana National Assembly |page=iii and 8}}</ref> == Aiki == Kafin shiga majalisar, ya kasance Sakataren Ilimi na Yankin Yamma na Convention People's Party.<ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the Commission Appointed Under Act 250 to Enquire Into the Affairs of the Sekondi-Takoradi City Council |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyOAAAAMAAJ&q=Asaam+Kwamina+Egyir |publisher=Ghana Publishing Corporation (Print. Division) |page=51 |date=1970}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar da aka zaba a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana na 1965 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Ghana]] qeskkhzmunmmjb1tmbkzds2ia7o9z52 0 100949 879854 829290 2026-07-09T21:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Panashe Chigumadzi''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) ƴar jarida ƴar ƙasar Zimbabwe ce, marubuciya kuma marubuciya, wacce ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu. == Fage == An haife ta a [[Harare]], Zimbabwe, a cikin 1991, Chigumadzi ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="JRB conversation">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-06 |title=Novuyo Rosa Tshuma and Panashe Chigumadzi in conversation—Meditations on the traumas and triumphs of Zimbabwe's histories |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/08/06/novuyo-rosa-tshuma-and-panashe-chigumadzi-in-conversation-meditations-on-the-traumas-and-triumphs-of-zimbabwes-histories/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta buga rubutun nata a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban. Ta kasance mawallafin jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''Die Zeit'', ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''The Washington Post'', ''Binciken Littattafai na New York'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=2017-11-09 |title=Soap and South Africa's 'Fatal Intimacy' |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/11/09/soap-and-south-africas-fatal-intimacy/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panashe Chigumadzi |url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/panashe-chigumadzi/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Chimurenga'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panashe Chigumadzi |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/kwe/en/program/guests/21524367.html |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=@GI_weltweit |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa ''VANGUARD'', mujallar da aka tsara don ba da sarari ga matasa, baƙar fata matan Afirka ta Kudu masu sha'awar yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane, al'adun Afirka da Black Consciousness ke haɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=VANGUARD |url=http://vanguardmagazine.co.za/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925171414/http://vanguardmagazine.co.za/about/ |archive-date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=}}</ref> A farkon aikinta, Chigumadzi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga CNBC Africa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-18 |title=A new self-identity for Africans {{!}} Panashe Chigumadzi {{!}} TEDxJohannesburg |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hemD116ipcg |access-date=2019-12-02 |publisher=TEDx Talks |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> Chigumadzi ta zana tarihin Zimbabwe a cikin aikinta, ta hanyar binciken tarihin ƙasa da na kashin kai. Littafin littafinta na farko, ''Magungunan Magunguna'', an buga shi a cikin 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta adabi na K Sello Duiker Memorial . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=2016-11-08 |title=South African Literary Awards 2016 winners announced |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Writing Africa |archive-date=2025-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116192021/http://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maƙalarta ta ba da labari ta 2017 ''Waɗannan ƙasusuwan za su sake tashi'' ta zana ra'ayoyin Shona don bincika manufar "Uwar Al'umma" da kuma yin tambayoyi game da fahimtar Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana a Zimbabwe. <ref name="JRB conversation"/> Yayin da yake nazari da rubuce-rubuce kan abubuwan da aka gada daga gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Zimbabwe, Chigumadzi ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce game da halayen zamani ga 'yan kudancin Afirka. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce a kan rikitattun abubuwan da ke haifar da ruguza tunanin makafi, bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, ta hanyar sake fasalin kalmar "kwakwa". Ta yi furuci game da bukatar yanke mulkin mallaka a kasa da kuma matakan sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayorinde |first=Oladele |date=2019-05-01 |title='Unholy Trinity' and 'Transformation' in Post-1994 South Africa: Refocusing 'Transformation' in Higher Education for Social and Economic Empowerment |url=https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/unholy-trinity-and-transformation-in-post-1994-south-africa-refocusing-transformation-in-higher-education-for-social-and-economic-empowerment/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=lucas.leeds.ac.uk |publisher=Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)}}</ref> Mawallafinta na 2019 mai suna "Dalilin da ya sa na daina yin magana da 'yan Najeriya game da tsere" ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a bikin [[Ake Arts and Book Bikin Littattafai|Aké Arts da Book Festival]] a kan wani taron tattaunawa kan ko [[Black Lives Matter]] yana da mahimmanci a Afirka. Chigumadzi ya bayar da hujjar cewa, a, a cikin nahiyar da ke da irin wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi wariyar launin fata a karkashin mulkin mallaka, ta yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=April 2019 |title=Why I'm no longer talking to Nigerians about race. |url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/04/why-im-no-longer-talking-to-nigerians-about-race |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Chigumadzi shi ne Mai Kula da Shirye-shiryen Bikin Littafin Abantu na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennifer |date=2016-08-18 |title=Everything you need to know about the Abantu Book Festival |url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/08/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-abantu-book-festival/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Sunday Times Books LIVE |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen da ta yi kan adabi da sukar adabi, tana fitowa a kai a kai a gidan rediyon Sashen Duniya na BBC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-07 |title=BBC World Service - The Cultural Frontline, African writers now: Panashe Chigumadzi and Chigozie Obioma |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csyn9m |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka'', wanda [[Margaret Busby]] ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Magwood |first=Michele |date=5 July 2019 |title='New Daughters of Africa' Is a Powerful Collection of Writing by Women from the Continent |url=https://www.wantedonline.co.za/navigator/leisure/2019-07-05-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-powerful-collection-of-writing-by-women-from-the-continent/ |website=Wanted |access-date=2025-05-29 |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927030742/https://www.wantedonline.co.za/navigator/leisure/2019-07-05-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-powerful-collection-of-writing-by-women-from-the-continent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ‑ 2021, Chigumadzi ya rubuta game da manufar falsafar Ubuntu don ''[[The Guardian]]'' da kuma yadda maidowa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na sulhu a cikin al'ummomin ‑ mulkin mallaka kamar Afirka ta Kudu. Lallai: {{Blockquote|In other words, despite the flourishing of Ubuntu in post-apartheid discourse, lending its name to software, businesses, books and philanthropic organisations, South Africa is a country in which we have, as Dladla argues, Ubuntu without ''Abantu''.<ref>Abantu refers to people of the land and their underlying ethos, in contrast to colonists, settlers, and their descendants.</ref> Just as Black people have been dispossessed of their land, Ubuntu has been dispossessed of its deeply radical demands for ethical historical and social relations among people.<ref name="chigumadzi-2021" />}} == Rubuce-rubuce == === Littattafai === * ''Magani mai dadi'' ( Littattafan Blackbird, 2015) - wani labari da ke bincika rikicin tattalin arziki na 2008 a Zimbabwe  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangweni |first=Yolanda |date=2015-10-19 |title=Read An Excerpt from Panashe Chigumadzi’s Debut Novel |url=http://afripopmag.com/2015/10/19/excerpt-zimbabwean-writer-panashe-chigumadzis-debut-novel-sweet-medicine/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=AfriPop! - What's New and Whats Next in Global African Culture |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Wadannan Kasusuwa Za Su Sake Tashi'' (Littattafan Indigo, 2017) - cakuda abubuwan tunawa da kasida ta tarihi da ke neman gina kasa a Zimbabwe  * ''Kyawawan Gashi ga Mutane marasa Kasa'' (mai zuwa)  <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHIGUMADZI, Panashe {{!}} The International Writing Program |url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/panashe-chikumadzi |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=iwp.uiowa.edu}}</ref> == Godiya == === Kyauta === * K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award a cikin 2016 don ''Magungunan Dadi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |date=2019-04-19 |title=Remembering K Sello Duiker, Great Writer of South Africa's Post-Apartheid Generation, Who Would Have Been 45 This Month |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2019/04/remembering-k-sello-duiker-great-writer-of-south-africas-post-apartheid-generation-who-would-have-been-45-this-month/ |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}</ref> * [[Ruth First]] Journalism Fellowship, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dzonzi |first=Thembisile |date=2015-08-14 |title=A racy topic for Ruth First |url=https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/08/14/a-racy-topic-for-ruth-first/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=Wits Vuvuzela |language=en-US}}</ref> === liyafar === An yi nazarin aikin Chigumadzi sosai, musamman a cikin karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi kan amfani da laya a cikin ''Magungunan Dadi'' ya kai ga ci gaba da nazari kan harkokin kiwon lafiya da al'adun gargajiya a Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stobie |first=Cheryl |date=2018-07-03 |title=Charms, Blessings and Compromises: Black Women's Bodies and Decolonization in Panashe Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine |journal=English Academy Review |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1080/10131752.2018.1523983 |issn=1013-1752}}</ref> An bincika mayar da hankalinta ga ƙwararrun jarumai mata waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin yanayin tattalin arziki dangane da imaninsu na addini da kuma tunanin da za su iya bayarwa ga rayuwa ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Isaac |date=2016-07-02 |title=Politically induced economic precarity, syncretism and female representations in Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine |journal=Agenda |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=96–103 |doi=10.1080/10130950.2016.1251227 |issn=1013-0950}}</ref> == Ilimi == Chigumadzi ya girma a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi karatu [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|a Jami'ar Wiwaterrand]] ; yayin da ta kasance wani bangare na "Transform Wits Movement", wanda ya yi kira da a samar da gagarumin sauyi ga jami'o'in kudancin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilane |first=Pontsho |date=2015-04-13 |title=Transform Wits: lower tuition fees, change of curriculum and better treatment of workers |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=The Daily Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202222016/https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatun digirinta a Cibiyar Hutchins don Nazarin Afirka da Afirka a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Symposium: Writing Beyond 'Mugabe's Zimbabwe' |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/symposium-writing-beyond-mugabes-zimbabwe |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203092503/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/symposium-writing-beyond-mugabes-zimbabwe |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta rubuta game da zanga-zangar Rhodes Must Fall da ta shaida a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chigumadzi |first=Panashe |date=2016 |title=Small Deaths |journal=[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]] |issue=121 |pages=148–163 |doi=10.2979/transition.121.1.26 |jstor=10.2979/transition.121.1.26}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.panashechigumadzi.com/bio Panashe Chigumadzi website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126155214/http://www.panashechigumadzi.com/bio |date=2024-11-26 }} * Bwesigye Bwa Mwesigire, [https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/between-our-selves-an-interview-with-panashe-chigumadzi-2/ "Tsakanin Kanmu: Tattaunawa da Panashe Chigumadzi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529215817/https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/between-our-selves-an-interview-with-panashe-chigumadzi-2/ |date=2025-05-29 }}, ''Wannan Afirka ce'', 16 ga Yuni 2016. * Geoff Ryman, [http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/special-interview-panashe-chigumadzi/ "Tattaunawa ta Musamman: Panashe Chigumadzi"], ''Horizons mai ban mamaki'' . {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Jarida]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7hhfy1yi5el3vk5kopb84xxmogw4gz 0 101069 880054 876542 2026-07-10T09:37:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880054 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Anti-KKK_march_on_November_5,_1988_in_Philadelphia_PA_(48580829481).jpg|thumb|Yunkurin Anti-Ku Klux Klan a Philadelphia, 1988]] {{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}'''Rashin wariyar launin fata''' ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa da ayyukan siyasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don magance [[Wariyar launin fata|Nuna bambanci na launin fata]], wariyar launin fatar tsarin, da kuma zaluntar takamaiman Ƙungiyoyin launin fata. Ana tsara wariyar launin fata a kan kokarin sani da ayyukan da aka yi niyya don ƙirƙirar daidaito ga dukkan mutane a kan mutum da kuma tsarin tsarin. A matsayin falsafar, ana iya shiga ta hanyar amincewa da gata na mutum, fuskantar ayyuka da tsarin nuna bambancin launin fata da / ko aiki don canza son kai na launin fata. Manyan kokarin adawa da wariyar launin fata na zamani sun hada da Black Lives Matter movement da kuma adawa da launin fata a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Clayton |first=Dewey M. |date=July 2018 |title=Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934718764099 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=448–480 |doi=10.1177/0021934718764099 |issn=0021-9347 |s2cid=148805128 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bohonos |first=Jeremy W. |last2=Sisco |first2=Stephanie |date=June 2021 |title=Advocating for social justice, equity, and inclusion in the workplace: An agenda for anti-racist learning organizations |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.20428 |journal=New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education |volume=2021 |issue=170 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1002/ace.20428 |issn=1052-2891 |s2cid=240576110 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == {{Discrimination}} === Asalin Turai === Yammacin Turai ya yada wariyar launin fata zuwa [[Amurka]], amma an yi tambaya game da ra'ayoyin kafa lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ga 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Bayan gano Sabon Duniya, yawancin malamai da aka aika zuwa Sabon Duniya waɗanda aka ilimantar da su a cikin sabbin dabi'un bil'adama na [[Renaissance]], har yanzu sabo ne a Turai kuma ba Vatican ta tabbatar da su ba, sun fara sukar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da kuma Ikilisiyarsu da ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da bayi.  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1511, Antonio de Montesinos, wani ɗan Dominican, shi ne ɗan Turai na farko da ya tsawata wa hukumomin Spain da masu gudanarwa na [[Hispaniola]] a bayyane saboda "mugunta da zalunci" a cikin ma'amala da 'yan asalin Amurka da waɗanda aka tilasta su yi aiki a matsayin bayi. Sarki Ferdinand ya kafa ''Dokokin Burgos'' da ''Valladolid'' a matsayin martani. Tilasta aiki ba shi da kyau, kuma dole ne a yi Sabbin Dokoki na 1542 don ɗaukar layin da ya fi karfi. Saboda wasu mutane kamar Fray Bartolomé de las Casas sun yi tambaya ba kawai da kambin ba amma da Paparoma a cikin rikice-rikicen Valladolid ko 'yan asalin sun kasance maza da gaske waɗanda suka cancanci baftisma, Paparoma Paul III a cikin bijimin papal Veritas Ipsa ko Sublimis Deus (1537) ya tabbatar da cewa' yan asalin da sauran kabilu mutane ne masu cikakken hankali waɗanda ke da' yancin 'yanci da dukiyar sirri, koda kuwa suna da arna ne.<ref name="Koschorke290">{{Cite book|edition=Frieder|url-access=Spliesgart}}</ref> Bayan haka, yunkurin [[Protestant Reformation|Juyin Juya Halin]] Kirista ya sami ƙarfi tare da haƙƙin zamantakewa, yayin da yake barin wannan matsayi ba tare da amsawa ga 'yan Afirka na Black Race ba, kuma wariyar launin fata ta doka ta rinjayi ga Indiyawa ko Asiya. A wannan lokacin, rarrabuwar karshe ta sake fasalin ta faru a Turai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata tare da layin siyasa, kuma ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da darajar rayuwar ɗan adam na kabilu daban-daban ba a gyara su ba a ƙasashen Arewacin Turai, wanda zai shiga Tseren mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen karni da kuma na gaba, yayin da Daular Portugal da Spain suka ragu. Zai ɗauki wani ƙarni, tare da tasirin Daular Faransa a tsayinta, kuma hasken da ya biyo baya ya bunkasa a manyan bangarorin Kotun ta, don dawo da waɗannan batutuwan da ba a kammala su ba a gaban maganganun siyasa da mutane da yawa masu ilimi suka goyi bayan tun Rousseau. Wadannan batutuwan a hankali sun shiga cikin ƙananan matakan zamantakewa, inda su kasance gaskiyar da maza da mata na kabilu daban-daban suka rayu daga mafi yawan launin fata na Turai. === Shirye-shiryen Quaker === [[Fayil:1867_JohnBrowns_Blessing_byTNoble_NYHistoricalSociety.png|thumb|Albarkar John Brown]] A shekara ta 1688, baƙi Jamusawa zuwa lardin Pennsylvania sun ba da takardar koke na yaƙi da bautar da ke adawa da bauta a yankin. Bayan an ware shi kuma an manta da shi, an sake gano shi ta hanyar abolitionists na Amurka a 1844, a cikin 1940s ba daidai ba, kuma an sake gano shi a cikin Maris 2005. Kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, wani karamin rukuni na Quakers, ciki har da John Woolman da Anthony Benezet, sun rinjayi yawancin 'yan uwan Quakers don 'yantar da bayin Quaker, da yin watsi da manufofin Quaker. bauta. Wannan ya baiwa ƙungiyoyin addini ma'aunin ikon ɗabi'a don taimakawa fara yunkurin kawar da Amurkawa. Woolman ya mutu sakamakon cutar sankarau a Ingila a shekara ta 1775, jim kadan bayan ya tsallaka Tekun Atlantika don yada sakonsa na yaki da bauta ga Quakers na Birtaniyya. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need A lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma bayan juyin juya halin Amurka, ayyukan Quaker da wa'azi game da bauta sun fara yaduwa fiye da darikarsu. A shekara ta 1783, Quakers 300, musamman daga [[Landan]], sun gabatar da koke ga Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya kan shigar da Burtaniya ke yi a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. A shekara ta 1785, dan Ingila abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, yana karatu a Cambridge, kuma a cikin hanyar rubuta makala a cikin Latin (Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare (Shin ya halatta a bautar da marasa yarda?), karanta ayyukan Benezet, kuma ya fara ƙoƙari na rayuwa don kawar da cinikin bayi na Birtaniya. A cikin 1787, British abolition Committee Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce za ta iya shiga cikin nasara ta hanyar haɗa Anglicans, waɗanda, ba kamar Quakers ba, za su iya zama bisa doka a majalisar wakilai goma sha biyu sun haɗa da Quakers tara da Anglican na farko na farko: Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, da William Wilberforce - duk Kiristoci na bishara.  [ana hujja] === Abolitionism === Daga baya nasarorin da aka samu wajen adawa da wariyar launin fata sun samu nasara ne daga ƙungiyar abolitionist a Ingila da Amurka. Kodayake yawancin Abolitionists ba su ɗauki baƙi ko Mulatto daidai da fari ba, sun yi, gabaɗaya, sun yi imani da [[Ƴancin siyasa|'Yanci]] kuma sau da yawa ma da daidaito ga dukan mutane. Wasu, kamar John Brown, sun ci gaba. Brown ya yarda ya mutu a madadin, kamar yadda ya ce, "miliyoyin a cikin wannan ƙasar bawa waɗanda mugayen, mugunta, da rashin adalci suka yi watsi da hakkinsu ..." Yawancin baƙar fata Abolitionists, kamar Frederick Douglass, a bayyane sun yi jayayya game da bil'adama na baƙi da mulattoes, da daidaito na dukan mutane.&nbsp; Saboda juriya a Kudancin Amurka da kuma rushewar manufa a Arewa, sake ginawa ya ƙare, yana ba da hanyar lalacewar dangantakar launin fata ta Amurka. Lokacin daga kimanin 1890 zuwa 1920 ya ga sake kafa [[Dokokin Jim Crow]]. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, wanda ya dauki sake ginawa a matsayin bala'i, ya ware gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . Segregation in the U. S. Government |url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_segregation.html |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Ku Klux Klan ya girma zuwa mafi girman shahararsa da ƙarfi; nasarar D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan karuwar memba. A cikin 1911 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Farko ta haɗu a London, inda masu magana da suka fi dacewa daga kasashe da yawa na kwanaki huɗu suka tattauna matsalolin kabilanci da hanyoyin inganta dangantakar kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=I. C. |date=1 April 2005 |title=Introduction: New Historical Perspectives on the First Universal Races Congress of 1911 |journal=Radical History Review |volume=2005 |issue=92 |pages=99–102 |doi=10.1215/01636545-2005-92-99}}</ref> === Tsarin zamantakewa === [[Karl Marx]] ya goyi bayan Tarayyar a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka kuma ya ba da shawarar matakan abolitionist masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da ''Adireshin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya'' ga [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] a 1864. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lincoln and Marx |url=https://jacobin.com/2012/08/lincoln-and-marx |website=jacobin.com}}</ref> Lincoln zai mayar da martani ya yaba da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya don goyon bayansu kuma ya bayyana cewa cin nasarar Kudu za ta zama nasara ga dukan bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Robin |title=Marx and Lincoln: An Unfinished Revolution |url=https://files.libcom.org/files/robin-blackburn-an-unfinished-revolution-karl-marx-and-abraham-lincoln.pdf |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=[[Libcom.org]]}}</ref><ref name="Magness 2019">{{Cite web |last=Magness |first=Phillip W. |date=July 30, 2019 |title=Was Lincoln Really Into Marx? |url=https://www.aier.org/article/was-lincoln-really-into-marx/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[American Institute for Economic Research]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=John |title=Reading Karl Marx with Abraham Lincoln {{!}} International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/79/reading-karl-marx-abraham-lincoln/index.html |website=isreview.org |language=en}}</ref> An fahimci Juyin Juya Halin Rasha a matsayin rushewa tare da mulkin mallaka don gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama daban-daban da kuma samar da sarari ga kungiyoyin da aka zalunci a duk faɗin duniya. An ba da ƙarin amincewa tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da ke tallafawa ƙungiyoyin Duniya ta uku masu adawa da mulkin mallaka tare da kudade na kuɗi a kan ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai. A cikin aikinsa, The Socialist Revolution and the Rights of Nation to Self-Determinism, [[Vladimir Lenin]] ya rubuta cewa kwaminisanci zai tilasta cikakken daidaito na dukkan al'ummomi kuma "ya ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin al'ummomin da aka zalunta ga ƙaddamar da kansu". Lenin zai sanya adawa da mulkin mallaka a matsayin ka'idar Marxist kuma ya daidaita juyin juya hali ta hanyar Comintern. Masanin ilimin Marxist Leon Trotsky ya ba da shawarar cin gashin kai na kasa ga baƙar fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A mayar da martani ga takardar shirye-shiryen Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya rubuta a 1935: <blockquote>"Dole ne mu yarda da ƙuduri kuma ba tare da wani ajiya ba cikakkiyar haƙƙin baƙi ga 'yancin kai. " Sai kawai bisa ga gwagwarmayar juna da mamayar masu cin zarafin fari za a iya haɓaka hadin kan masu baƙar fata da fararen fata".</blockquote>A cikin shekarun 1930, Trotskyists ne suka kafa Kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata na farko a Transvaal, Afirka ta Kudu. Masu sharhi na hagu na zamani sun yi jayayya cewa jari-hujja tana inganta wariyar launin fata tare da yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu kan batutuwa kamar shige da fice da wakiltar kabilun kabilanci yayin da suke ƙin magance Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pabst |first=Adrian |date=5 September 2023 |title=Capitalism is driving the culture wars |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2023/09/capitalism-culture-wars |website=New Statesman}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin gurguzu sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kamar su Love Music Hate Racism, Stand Up to Racism, Anti-Nazi League <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Høgsbjerg |first=Christian |date=18 October 2018 |title=Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain |url=https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/ |journal=International Socialism |issue=160}}</ref> da Unite Against Fascism . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Edward |date=20 May 2014 |title=Comrades at war: the decline and fall of the Socialist Workers Party |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2014/05/comrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party |website=New Statesman}}</ref> Yawancin masu gwagwarmayar gurguzu da kungiyoyi sun haɗa biyan diyya don bautar da mulkin mallaka tare da manyan buƙatun adawa da jari-hujja don sake fasalin tattalin arzikin duniya. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin gurguzu na duniya zai gyara gyare-gyare da haɓaka ingancin [[Samun Ilimi|ilimi]], kiwon lafiya da yanayin rayuwa na al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Socialism |first=International |date=30 October 2024 |title=Transatlantic slavery, capitalism and the case for reparative justice • International Socialism |url=https://isj.org.uk/case-for-reparative-justice/ |website=International Socialism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Promises and Pitfalls of Reparations {{!}} Socialism & Democracy |url=https://sdonline.org/issue/31/promises-and-pitfalls-reparations |website=sdonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Eljeer |date=15 July 2019 |title=Reparations: A Socialist Perspective |url=https://www.socialistalternative.org/2019/07/15/reparations-a-socialist-perspective/ |website=Socialist Alternative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Best |first=Mark |date=24 October 2024 |title=Reparations or revolution? |url=https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/articles/131801/24-10-2024/reparations-or-revolution/ |website=Socialist Party}}</ref> === Kimiyya === Friedrich Tiedemann na ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka kalubalanci wariyar launin fata a kimiyya. A cikin 1836, ta amfani da ma'aunin kwakwalwa da kwakwalwa (wanda ya dauka daga Turawa da baƙar fata daga sassa daban-daban na duniya), ya karyata imanin yawancin masu ilimin halitta da masu ilimin jikin mutum na zamani cewa baƙar fata suna da ƙananan kwakwalwa kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarancin hankali ga fararen mutane, yana mai cewa ba shi da tushe a kimiyya kuma ya dogara ne kawai akan ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci na matafiya da masu bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiedemann |first=Frederick |date=1836 |title=On the Brain of the Negro, Compared with That of the European and the Orang-Outang |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=126 |pages=497–527 |bibcode=1836RSPT..126..497T |doi=10.1098/rstl.1836.0025 |jstor=108042 |pmc=5621305 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin ilimin juyin halitta [[Charles Darwin]] ya rubuta a cikin 1871 cewa '[i]t za a iya shakkar ko wani hali da za a iya ba da suna wanda ya bambanta da tseren kuma yana da mahimmanci' kuma cewa 'ko da yake tseren mutum da ke akwai sun bambanta a fannoni da yawa, kamar a launi, gashi, siffar kwanyar, daidaitattun jiki, da sauransu, duk da haka idan an yi la'akari da dukkan tsarin su suna kama da juna a cikin maki da yawa.[a] Masanin ilimin lissafi na Jamus Adolf Bastian ya inganta ra'ayin da aka sani da "haɗin kai na ɗan adam", imani da tsarin tunani na duniya da ke cikin dukkan mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba. Rudolf Virchow, masanin ilimin ɗan adam na farko ya soki rarrabawar ɗan adam ta Ernst Haeckel zuwa "mafi girma da ƙananan jinsi". Marubutan biyu sun rinjayi masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka Franz Boas wanda ya inganta ra'ayin cewa bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar tsakanin al'ummomin mutane na al'adu ne kawai maimakon bambance-mbance na halitta. Daga baya masana kimiyyar ɗan adam kamar Ashley Montague, Ruth Benedict, Marcel Mauss, Bronisław Malinowski, Pierre Clastres, da Claude Lévi-Strauss sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan al'adu da ƙin tsarin launin fata na bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar ɗan adam. Sanarwar Jena, wacce kungiyar Zoological Society ta Jamus ta buga a shekarar 2019, ta ki amincewa da ra'ayin "tseren" ɗan adam kuma ta nisanta kanta daga Ka'idodin launin fata na Ernst Haeckel da sauran masana kimiyya na karni na 20. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin Yawan mutane ya fi karami fiye da a cikinsu, yana nuna cewa ra'ayin halittu na "tseren" ba shi da inganci. Sanarwar ta nuna cewa babu takamaiman kwayoyin halitta ko alamun kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka dace da rarrabuwa launin fata na al'ada. Har ila yau, ya nuna cewa ra'ayin "ƙabilar" ya dogara ne akan [[wariyar launin fata]] maimakon kowane gaskiyar kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology |date=2019-09-10 |title=Jenaer Erklärung |url=https://www.shh.mpg.de/1464654/jenaer-erklaerung |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.shh.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachrichten Informationsdienst Wissenschaft |date=2019-09-10 |title='Human races' do not exist |url=https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2019/09/10/human-races-do-not-exist |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=nachrichten.idw-online.de |language=de-DE |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115211740/https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2019/09/10/human-races-do-not-exist |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lokacin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe: Shirin Daidaita Ra'ayi === {{Authority control}} Bayan ƙarshen ɓoyewa a cikin shekarun 1850, [[Japan]] ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba, abin da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ansei, amma nan da nan ya zo neman daidaito tare da ikon Yamma. Gyara wannan rashin daidaito ya zama batun kasa da kasa mafi gaggawa na gwamnatin Meiji. A cikin wannan mahallin, tawagar Japan zuwa Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris na 1919 sun ba da shawarar sashi a cikin Alkawari na Kungiyar Al'ummai . Makino Nobuaki ne ya gabatar da daftarin farko ga Hukumar Tarayyar Al'ummai a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu a matsayin gyare-gyare ga Mataki na 21: <blockquote>Daidaitawar kasashe shine ka'idar ka'idar League of Nations, Babban Jam'iyyun Yarjejeniya sun amince da ba da izini, da wuri-wuri, ga dukkan 'yan kasashen waje na Kasashen membobin League daidai da adalci a kowane bangare, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, ko dai a cikin doka ko a zahiri, saboda tseren su ko ƙasa.</blockquote>Bayan jawabin Makino, Ubangiji Cecil ya bayyana cewa shawarar Jafananci ta kasance mai rikitarwa sosai kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila batun ya kasance mai rikitawa sosai da bai kamata a tattauna shi ba. Firayim Ministan Girka Eleftherios Venizelos ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a cire wani sashi na hana nuna bambanci na addini tunda hakan kuma lamari ne mai rikitarwa. Wannan ya haifar da rashin amincewa daga wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Portugal, wanda ya bayyana cewa kasarsa ba ta taba sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ba kafin hakan bai ambaci Allah ba, wanda ya sa Cecil ya yi tsokaci watakila a wannan lokacin, dukansu za su sami damar kauce wa fushin Mai Iko Dukka ta hanyar kada su ambaci Shi. Firayim Ministan Australiya Billy Hughes ya fayyace adawarsa kuma ya sanar a wani taro cewa "Casain da biyar daga cikin ɗari ɗari na Australiya sun ƙi ainihin ra'ayin daidaito. Hughes ya shiga siyasa a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kuma, kamar sauran sauran masu aiki, ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da ƙaura na Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya. hujja] Wakilan kasar Sin, wadanda ba haka ba sun kasance a kan wuka da aka zana tare da Jafananci kan batun tsohon mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Qingdao da sauran izinin Jamus a Lardin Shandong, sun kuma ce za su goyi bayan sashi. Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar kasar Sin na zamani ya ce tambayar Shandong ta fi muhimmanci ga gwamnatinsa fiye da sashi. Firayim Ministan Burtaniya David Lloyd George ya sami kansa a cikin wani yanayi mara kyau tun lokacin da Burtaniya ta sanya hannu kan kawance da Japan a 1902, amma kuma yana so ya riƙe wakilan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] tare. Duk da cewa shawarar ta samu rinjaye (11 cikin 16) na kuri'u, har yanzu shawarar tana da matsala ga shugaban Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Woodrow Wilson, wanda ke bukatar kuri'un 'yan Democrat masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don samun nasarar samun kuri'un da ake bukata ga Majalisar Dattawan Amurka don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Ƙarfin adawa daga tawagar daular Burtaniya ta ba shi hujjar kin amincewa da shawarar. Hughes [1] da Joseph Cook sun yi adawa da shi sosai yayin da ya lalata manufofin White Ostiraliya. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] === Farfadowar Amurka a tsakiyar karni ===   An farfado da adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930. A wannan lokacin, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam kamar Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, da Ashley Montagu sun yi jayayya don daidaito na mutane a tsakanin kabilanci da al'adu. [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] ta kasance mai ba da shawara sosai ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru a wannan lokacin. Kungiyoyin Masu adawa da jari-hujja kamar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya, waɗanda suka sami shahara a lokacin 1905-1926, sun kasance a bayyane masu daidaito. A cikin shekarun 1940 Springfield, Massachusetts, ta kira Shirin Springfield don hada dukkan mutane a cikin al'umma. Farawa tare da Harlem Renaissance kuma ci gaba zuwa cikin shekarun 1960, yawancin marubutan Afirka-Amurka sun yi jayayya da karfi game da wariyar launin fata. === Yaduwar shekarun 1960 === {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial)_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg|thumb|Maris na 1963 a kan mahalarta Washington da shugabannin da ke tafiya daga Washington Monument zuwa Lincoln MemorialAbin tunawa da Lincoln]] Yunkurin da aka yi da wariyar launin fata a Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da [[Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville]] ya ga karuwar ra'ayoyin da ke adawa da wariyar jinsi na kowane irin. A lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, an soke [[Dokokin Jim Crow]] a Kudu kuma baƙi a ƙarshe sun sake samun damar jefa kuri'a a jihohin Kudancin. Dokta [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] ya kasance mai tasiri, kuma jawabinsa "Ina da Mafarki" ya taƙaita ra'ayinsa na daidaito. === Karni na 21 === [[Fayil:Minneapolis_05-28-20_(49947863357).jpg|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata a zanga-zambe na George Floyd na 2020 a Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka]] Tattara jama'a a kusa da motsi na Black Lives Matter sun haifar da sabunta sha'awar adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin Amurka. Shirye-shiryen motsi na jama'a sun kasance tare da kokarin ilimi don bincike game da adawa da launin fata a siyasa, sake fasalin shari'a na laifi, hadawa da ilimi mafi girma, da adawa le wariyar launin fatara a wurin aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Myrtle P. |last2=Berry |first2=Daphne |last3=Leopold |first3=Joy |last4=Nkomo |first4=Stella |date=January 2021 |title=Making Black Lives Matter in academia: A Black feminist call for collective action against anti-blackness in the academy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwao.12555 |journal=Gender, Work & Organization |language=en |volume=28 |issue=S1 |pages=39–57 |doi=10.1111/gwao.12555 |issn=0968-6673 |s2cid=224844343 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohonos |first=Jeremy W |date=2021-06-03 |title=Workplace hate speech and rendering Black and Native lives as if they do not matter: A nightmarish autoethnography |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13505084211015379 |journal=Organization |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=605–623 |doi=10.1177/13505084211015379 |issn=1350-5084 |s2cid=236294224 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones-Eversley |first=Sharon |last2=Adedoyin |first2=A. Christson |last3=Robinson |first3=Michael A. |last4=Moore |first4=Sharon E. |date=2017-10-02 |title=Protesting Black Inequality: A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10705422.2017.1367343 |journal=Journal of Community Practice |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |pages=309–324 |doi=10.1080/10705422.2017.1367343 |issn=1070-5422 |s2cid=148583031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == Rashin wariyar launin fata ya ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban kamar ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a da nufin ilimantar da mutane game da hanyoyin da za su iya ci gaba da wariyar launin fatar, inganta fahimtar al'adu tsakanin kungiyoyin launin fata, magance wariyar launin launin fata "kowace-kowace" a cikin saitunan hukumomi, da kuma yaki da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama Neo-Nazi da kungiyoyin Neo-Fascist.{{R|Ansell 2013}} === 'Yancin jama'a da dokar adawa da nuna bambanci === Masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da suka mayar da hankali kan wariyar launin fatar ma'aikata da tsarin sun yi yaƙi, gami da ta hanyar rashin biyayya ga farar hula da kuma kamfen na majalisa, don dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, 1964 da Dokokin Dangantaka ta Burtaniya daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin shekarun 1980 ya yi kamfen a duniya don kawo karshen nuna bambancin launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. === Kungiyar al'umma da gwagwarmayar al'adu === Kungiyoyin da aka yi niyya da wariyar launin fata sun gina ƙungiyoyin siyasa da al'adu don neman girmamawa da amincewa da sake darajar mutanen da aka zalunta. Misalan sun hada da Al'adun Zionism, Harlem Renaissance, negritude, Black Arts Movement, da Black pride / Black power da Chicano power movements. === Mai fafutukar adawa da fascism === Masu adawa da Fascists sun dauki masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a zahiri, ta amfani da dabarun babu wani dandamali don hana su muryar jama'a. === Shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani === Masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata suna da'awar cewa microaggressions na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako a cikin yanayin aiki, yanayin ilmantarwa, da kuma fahimtar kansu gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=D. Anthony |last2=Spanierman |first2=Lisa B. |last3=Reed |first3=Tamilia D. |last4=Soble |first4=Jason R. |last5=Cabana |first5=Sharon |date=2011 |title=Documenting Weblog expressions of racial microaggressions that target American Indians. |journal=Journal of Diversity in Higher Education |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1037/a0021762 |issn=1938-8934}}</ref> Ayyukan adawa da wariyar launin fata suna da niyyar yaki da microaggressions da taimakawa wajen karya wariyar launin fatar ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ayyukan adawa da [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da zalunci. Tsayawa da nuna bambanci na iya zama babban aiki ga mutanen launin fata waɗanda aka yi niyya a baya. Masu adawa da wariyar launin fata suna da'awar cewa microinterventions na iya zama kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi don yin aiki akan nuna bambancin launin fata.<ref name=":1"/> Shirye-shiryen Microintervention suna da niyyar samar da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don fuskantarwa da ilimantar da masu zaluntar launin fata. Takamaiman dabarun sun haɗa da: bayyana ɓoyayyen nuna bambanci ko ajanda a bayan ayyukan nuna bambanci, katsewa da ƙalubalanci harshe mai zalunci, ilimantar da masu laifi, da haɗi tare da wasu abokan tarayya da membobin al'umma don yin aiki game da nuna bambanci.<ref name=":1"/> Ka'idar ita ce waɗannan ƙananan abubuwan suna ba da damar mai zalunci ya ga tasirin kalmomin su, kuma ya samar da sarari don tattaunawa ta ilimi game da yadda ayyukansu zasu iya zaluntar mutane da aka ware.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paulo Freire}}</ref> Microaggressions na iya zama ayyukan sani inda mai aikata laifin ya san laifin da suke haifar, ko ɓoyewa da kuma sadarwa ba tare da sanin mai aikata laicin ba. Ba tare da la'akari da ko microaggressions suna da hankali ko kuma ba tare da sani ba, matakin farko na adawa da wariyar launin fata shine a ambaci hanyoyin da yake da lahani ga mutum mai launi. Kira da wani aiki na nuna bambanci na iya zama mai karfafawa saboda yana samar da harshe ga mutane masu launin fata don kawo wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana tabbatar da nuna bambanci a ciki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sue |first=Derald Wing |last2=Alsaidi |first2=Sarah |last3=Awad |first3=Michael N. |last4=Glaeser |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Calle |first5=Cassandra Z. |last6=Mendez |first6=Narolyn |date=January 2019 |title=Disarming racial microaggressions: Microintervention strategies for targets, White allies, and bystanders. |journal=[[American Psychologist]] |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=128–142 |doi=10.1037/amp0000296 |issn=1935-990X |pmid=30652905 |s2cid=58576434}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen adawa da wariyar launin fata sun haɗa da fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙarancin launin fata ta hanyar ƙalubalen waje da rashin yarda da ƙarancin ƙarancin da ke cutar da mutum mai launi. Microinterventions kamar magana ta baki na "Ba na so in ji wannan magana" da kuma motsi na jiki na rashin amincewa sune hanyoyin fuskantar microaggressions. Ba a amfani da microinterventions don kai farmaki ga wasu game da son kai, amma a maimakon haka ana amfani da su don ba da damar sarari don tattaunawa ta ilimi. Koyar da mai aikata laifin game da son kai na iya buɗe tattaunawa game da yadda niyyar tsokaci ko aiki zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri. Misali, jimloli kamar "Na san kana nufin wannan wasa ya zama mai ban dariya, amma wannan nau'in ya cutar da ni sosai" na iya ilimantar da mutum game da bambancin da ke tsakanin abin da aka nufa da kuma yadda yake da lahani ga mutum mai launi. Hanyoyin shiga tsakani na wariyar launin fata suna ba da kayan aiki ga mutane masu launi, fararen abokan tarayya, da masu kallo don yaƙi da microaggressions da ayyukan nuna bambanci.<ref name=":1"/> Wata dabarar ta haɗa da inganta yanayin da ya haɗa da inganta lafiyar al'adu, tawali'u na al'adu da tawali'un labari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Helena |last2=Riano |first2=Nicholas S. |last3=Meadows |first3=Travis |last4=Mangurian |first4=Christina |date=2018-10-01 |title=Alleviating the Mental Health Burden of Structural Discrimination and Hate Crimes: The Role of Psychiatrists |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17080891 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=175 |issue=10 |pages=929–933 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17080891 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=30269535}}</ref> Tsaron al'adu yana ƙarfafa mutane su bincika ainihin su da halayensu, suna ƙirƙirar sarari waɗanda ke da aminci ga kowane mutum yayin da suke tabbatar da ainihin asali da bukatun mutane daga al'adu daban-daban. Tawali'u na al'adu ya cika wannan ta hanyar jaddada tunani na kai, haɗin kai, da haɗin gwiwa tare da membobin al'umma, yana jaddada darajar ci gaban da aka raba. Tawali'u na labari ya kara inganta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ƙarfafa mutane su saurari labarun wasu, suyi tunani game da matsayinsu a cikin waɗannan labaran, kuma su kasance a buɗe ga ra'ayoyin da ke kalubalantar nasu. Tare, waɗannan hanyoyin suna aiki don rushe rashin daidaito na tsarin da haɓaka mahalli da aka kafa akan girmamawa, fahimta ta raba, da shiga cikin aiki. == Tasiri == [[Fayil:Ato-dia-da-consciencia-negra-florianopolis2.jpg|thumb|Tun daga shekarun 1960, an yi bikin ranar 20 ga Nuwamba a [[Brazil]] a matsayin Ranar Sanarwar Baƙi.]] Daidaitawa ya kasance mai haɓaka ga ƙungiyoyin mata, masu adawa da yaƙi, da masu adawa le mulkin mallaka. Henry David Thoreau na adawa da yaki Mexican-Amurka, alal misali, ya dogara ne a wani bangare akan tsoron da yake ji cewa Amurka tana amfani da yakin a matsayin uzuri don fadada [[Bauta a Amurka|Bautar]] zuwa sabbin yankuna. An rubuta amsar Thoreau a cikin sanannen rubutunsa "Civil Disobedience", wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen kunna nasarar jagorancin [[Mahatma Gandhi]] na ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya. Misali na Gandhi ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amurka. Kamar yadda James Loewen ya rubuta a cikin Lies My Teacher Told Me: "A duk faɗin duniya, daga Afirka zuwa [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], ƙungiyoyin mutanen da aka zalunta suna ci gaba da amfani da dabaru da kalmomin da aka aro daga ƙungiyoyinmu na abolitionist da na kare hakkin bil'adama. "<ref>{{Cite book|last3=James Loewen}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == Wasu daga cikin wadannan amfani sun kasance masu jayayya. Masu sukar a Burtaniya, kamar Peter Hain, sun bayyana cewa a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Robert Mugabe]] ya yi amfani da maganganun adawa da wariyar launin fata don inganta rarraba ƙasa, inda aka karɓi ƙasa mai zaman kanta daga fararen manoma kuma aka rarraba ga baƙar fata na Afirka (duba: Gyaran ƙasa a Zimbabwe). Bishops na Roman Katolika sun bayyana cewa Mugabe ya tsara rarraba ƙasa a matsayin hanyar 'yantar da Zimbabwe daga mulkin mallaka, amma cewa "fararen mazauna da suka taɓa amfani da abin da ke [[Rhodesia]] an maye gurbinsu da baƙar fata wanda yake daidai da zalunci". Mai sukar al'adu Fredrik deBoer ya zargi mutane da cibiyoyi masu "tsarin ra'ayi" saboda rashin nasarar da aka samu na BLM a matsayin motsi na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Dana |date=September 4, 2023 |title=The Black Lives Matter movement: Has its moment passed? {{!}} 5 Things Podcast |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8gyaXiQG4M |website=USA Today |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Daniel |last2=Meghna Chakrabarti |date=October 17, 2023 |title=How elites captured the social justice movement |url=https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2023/10/17/how-elites-captured-the-social-justice-movement |website=On Point |publisher=WBUR}}</ref> == Hamayya == === Ka'idar makircin kisan kare dangi na fari === Kalmomin "Anti-racist kalma ce ta lambar don adawa da fari", wanda fararen 'yan kasa Robert Whitaker ya kirkira, galibi ana danganta shi da batun kisan kare dangi, Ka'idar makirci fararen dan kasar wanda ya bayyana cewa ana inganta shige da fice, Haɗuwa, ƙarancin haihuwa da [[zubar da ciki]] a kasashe masu yawa don su zama fararen fata da gangan kuma sa fararen mutane su ƙaura ta hanyar tilasta daidaitawa <ref>{{Cite web |title='White Genocide' Billboard Removed |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/nbc-news-channel/white-genocide-billboard-removed-384737859715 |access-date=1 May 2015 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> An hango wannan magana a kan allon talla a kusa da Birmingham, Alabama a cikin 2014, kuma an hango shi a kan allunan talla a Harrison, Arkansas a cikin 2013. <ref name="Underwood2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Byng |first=Rhonesha |date=7 November 2013 |title=Arkansas Town Responds To Controversial 'Anti-Racist Is A Code Word For Anti-White' Sign |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/07/harrison-arkansas-antiracist-code-word-antiwhite_n_4227769.html |access-date=29 May 2016 |website=[[Huffington Post]]}}</ref> == Organizations and institutions == === Duniya === * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata * [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan nau'ikan [[Kyamar Baki|wariyar launin fata]] na zamani, nuna bambancin launin fata, xenophobia da nau'ikan rashin haƙuri <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Racism/SRRacism/Pages/IndexSRRacism.aspx |website=OHCHR}}</ref> * [[Taron Duniya game da wariyar launin fata]] === Turai === * Aktion Courage (Jamus) * Kungiyar Anti-Nazi (United Kingdom) * Aktion Kinder na Holocaust (Switzerland) * Ayyukan adawa da Fascist (United Kingdom) * Black Equity Organization (United Kingdom) * Yakin Yaki da wariyar launin fata da Fascism (United Kingdom) * Cibiyar Daidaita Daidaitawa da Hamayya da wariyar launin fata (Belgium) * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri * Félag Anti-Rasista (Iceland) * Dangi na Har abada (United Kingdom) * Hepimiz Zokorayız (Turkey) * Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci (United Kingdom) * [[In IUSTITIA|A cikin IUSTITIA]] (Jamhuriyar Czech) * Les Indivisibles (Faransa) * Ƙaunar Waƙoƙi Ƙin wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom) * Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma abota tsakanin mutane (Faransa) * Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom) * "Babu sakewa" Ƙungiyar (Poland) * Newham Monitoring Project (United Kingdom) * Cibiyar Kula da Halin wariyar launin fata da Xenophobic (Poland) * Mazauna Yaki da wariyar launin fata (Ireland) * Rock Against Racism (United Kingdom) * Nuna wariyar launin fata Red Card (United Kingdom) * SOS wariyar launin fata (Faransa) * Tsaya da wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom) * Haɗa Kan Fascism (United Kingdom) * [[Hadin Kai Don Ayyukan Al'adu Daban-Daban|UNITED don Ayyukan Al'adu]] (dukan Turai) === Arewacin Amurka === * Rashin wariyar launin fata da ƙiyayya (Amurka) * Ta Duk wata hanya da ake bukata (BAMN) (Amurka) * Ayyukan adawa da wariyar launin fata (Amurka ta Arewa) * Black Lives Matter (Amurka) * [[Catalyst Project|Shirin Catalyst]] (Amurka) * Abokai suna tsaye United (Amurka) * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (Amurka) * Shirin Mutum Daya (Amurka) * Tushen Resistance (Kanada) [ya mutu] * Red da Anarchist Skinheads (Amurka) * Redneck Revolt (Amurka) * Bayyanawa don Adalci na launin fata (Amurka) * Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (Amurka) * Dakatar da Ƙiyayya ta AAPI (Amurka) * Cibiyar Jama'a don Rayuwa da Bayan (Amurka) * Cibiyar Shari'a ta Vera ==== Ilimi ==== * Jami'ar Amurka - Cibiyar Bincike da Manufofin Anti-Ciracist[[Antiracist Research and Policy Center|Cibiyar Bincike da Manufofin Anti-Diracist]] * Jami'ar Boston - Cibiyar Nazarin Rashin Ƙabilar Ƙasa, wanda [[Ibram X. Kendi]] ke jagoranta * Jami'ar Georgetown - Cibiyar Shari'ar Ra'ayi[[Racial Justice Institute|Cibiyar Shari'ar launin fata]] * Jami'ar Haikali - Cibiyar Anti-Racism[[Center for Anti-Racism|Cibiyar Rashin Ciniki da wariyar launin fata]] * Jami'ar Rutgers - [[Institute for the Study of Global Racial Justice|Cibiyar Nazarin Adalci na Kasa ta Duniya]] * Jami'ar Jihar Ohio - Cibiyar Kirwan don Nazarin Kabilanci da Kabilanci * Jami'ar California, Berkeley - Sauran & Cibiyar === Pacific === * All Together Now (ƙungiyar ba da riba) (Australia) * Yaki Dem Back (Australia da New Zealand) * Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Anti-Candism (Japan) == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   * Michael, Ali (2014) ''Tallafa Tambayoyin Tsaro'', Malamai Kwalejin Press. *   * {{Cite journal |last=Gil-Riaño |first=Sebastián |date=7 May 2018 |title=Relocating anti-racist science: the 1950 UNESCO Statement on Race and economic development in the global South |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=281–303 |doi=10.1017/S0007087418000286 |pmid=29730996}} * {{Cite journal |last=Binhas |first=Adi |last2=Cohen |first2=Nissim |date=28 June 2019 |title=Policy entrepreneurs and anti-racism policies |journal=Policy Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=327–345 |doi=10.1080/01442872.2019.1634190 |s2cid=198739874}} *   *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Slocum |first=Rachel |date=March 2006 |title=Anti-racist Practice and the Work of Community Food Organizations |journal=Antipode |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=327–349 |bibcode=2006Antip..38..327S |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00582.x}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Gillborn |first=David |date=2006 |title=Critical Race Theory and Education: Racism and anti-racism in educational theory and praxis |journal=Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=11–32 |doi=10.1080/01596300500510229 |s2cid=6105266}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kobayashi |first=Audrey |last2=Peake |first2=Linda |date=June 2000 |title=Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=392–403 |doi=10.1111/0004-5608.00202 |s2cid=128707952}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carrim |first=Nazir |date=6 July 2006 |title=Anti-racism and the 'New' South African Educational Order |journal=Cambridge Journal of Education |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=301–320 |doi=10.1080/0305764980280304}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Jacqueline K. |last2=Dunn |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Paradies |first3=Yin |date=December 2011 |title=Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature |journal=Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=263–284 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01274.x}} * {{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Gabrielle |last2=Paradies |first2=Yin |date=February 2010 |title=Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1080/01419870802302272 |s2cid=38546112}} == Haɗin waje == {{Wiktionary-inline|Anti-racism}}{{Commons category-inline|Anti-racism}} * [https://sacred.omeka.net/ Anti-racism Digital Library da kuma Anti-racialism na kasa da kasa Thesaurus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605231531/https://sacred.omeka.net/ |date=2023-06-05 }} * [https://alltogethernow.org.au/ Dukkanin Tare Yanzu] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jybax6wi2gczores6jc3jr4hrfg5lsx 0 101197 879985 624369 2026-07-10T07:20:56Z BnHamid 12586 879985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Thalassophobia''' (daga tsohuwar Girkanci θάλασσα (thálassa) 'teku' da φόβος (phóbos) 'tsoro') [1] shine tsayin daka da tsananin tsoro na zurfin ruwa, kamar teku, teku, ko tafkuna. Kodayake yana da alaƙa, thalassophobia bai kamata a rikita shi da aquaphobia ba, wanda aka lasafta shi azaman tsoron ruwa da kansa. Thalassophobia na iya haɗawa da tsoron kasancewa cikin zurfin ruwa, girman teku, raƙuman ruwa, dabbobin ruwa, da nesa mai nisa daga ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da thalassophobia ba a bayyane suke ba kuma batun bincike ne na kwararrun likitoci saboda suna iya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane.[3] Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa tsoron manyan ruwaye wani bangare ne na martanin juyin halittar mutum, kuma yana iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da shahararrun tasirin al'adu waɗanda ke haifar da tsoro da damuwa.[4] An kuma yi la'akari da cewa tushen ilimin halin ɗan adam na phobia ya samo asali ne daga yanayin alamar ruwa. Musamman, girman teku galibi ana haɗa shi da zurfin sumewar mutum.Tsananin thalassophobia da alamun da alamun da ke tattare da shi suna da ruwa sosai kuma masu rikitarwa. Mutanen da ke fama da thalassophobia suna shiga cikin yanayi da yawa na bacin rai da damuwa ta jiki wanda ke haifar da abubuwa iri-iri.[6] Jiyya na iya haɗawa da haɗakar jiyya da anxiolytics, kuma yana da tasiri sosai idan ana gudanar da shi ga marasa lafiya a lokacin ƙuruciya lokacin da thalassophobia gabaɗaya a samansa. == Manazarta == 1.Snyder, Kari (2003). "Attack of the Water Monster". ''Boating''. '''76''' (4). New York: Hachette Filipacchi Media: 44. ISSN 0006-5374. <q>Thalassophobia is the fear of the sea and can be associated with the fear of water or waves, fear of the vast emptiness, or fear of distance from land.</q> mzbdtocaunt9vuqo8q2umlwfrugjda9 0 101555 880108 626810 2026-07-10T11:09:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:S._Williams_1905.png|right|thumb|320x320px| [[Henry Sylvester Williams]], daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Pan African Association]] '''Ƙungiyar Afirka,''' wadda aka fi sani da '''Ƙungiyar Pan-African''' bayan 1900, kungiya ce da shugabannin [[Bakar fata|Afirka]] suka kafa don "ingantawa da kare muradun dukkan batutuwan da ke da'awar zuriyar Afirka gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, a cikin yankunan Birtaniya da sauran wurare, musamman Afirka, ta hanyar yada cikakkun bayanai game da duk batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancinsu da gatansu a matsayin batutuwa na Masarautar Birtaniya, ta hanyar yin kira ga hukumomi da ƙananan hukumomi." [[Henry Sylvester Williams]] ya qaddamar da kafa }ungiyar Afrika, wadda aka kafa a ranar 14 ga Satumbar 1897, a hedkwatarta da ke [[Landan]], Ingila. Ƙungiyar ta fi shahara da shirya taron farko na Pan-African, wanda ya faru a London a watan Yuli 1900. {{Rp|244–245}} == Manufa == Da farko Ƙungiyar Afirka ta mayar da hankali kan samar da bayanai game da haƙƙoƙi da gata ga 'yan Afirka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Burtaniya. Ganin cewa akwai bukatar shigar da daidaikun mutanen Afirka a duniya, kungiyar ta sauya burinta a shekarar 1899, inda ta kafa kanta a matsayin wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa don inganta 'yancin 'yan Afirka a fadin duniya, maimakon daular Burtaniya kawai.<ref name="Schneer">{{Cite journal|author-link1=Jonathan Schneer|last=Schneer|first=Jonathan|date=2003|editor-last=Holbrook Gerzina|editor-first=Gretchen|title=Anti-Imperial London: The Pan-African Conference of 1900|journal=Black Victorians/Black Victoriana|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Jersey|pages=175–186|isbn=0-8135-3214-0}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Afirka ta lissafa manufofinta:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Carey|first1=Jane|title=Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange|last2=Lydon|first2=Jane|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-73042-6|location=New York|oclc=879033854}}</ref> # Haɓaka haɗin kai # Inganta dangantaka tsakanin 'yan Afirka # Inganta muradun 'yan Afirka # Bayar da bayanai don koya wa 'yan Afirka game da haƙƙoƙinsu da gatansu # Sanar da jama'ar Burtaniya game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a wasu sassan duniya # Sanar da mutane, da yuwuwar canza dokokin baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}</ref> {{Rp|39–41}} == Ci gaba == === Farkon samuwar === [[Fayil:S._Williams_1905.png|thumb| Henry Sylvester Williams, ca. 1905]] Shugabannin masu fafutuka da masu fafutuka sun amince da bukatar wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa don hada kan kokarin 'yantar da mulkin mallaka da bakar fata a fadin kasashe. <ref name="Schneer" /> {{Rp|180}}Don haka, Henry Sylvester Williams, lauyan [[Trinidad|Trinidadian]], ya fahimci bukatar mayar da hankali kan ilmantar da jama'ar Birtaniya. Ya yi imanin cewa al'ummar Birtaniyya ba su da masaniya game da rashin daidaituwar yanayin da mutane masu launin fata suke yi a cikin daular, kuma ya nemi gyara wannan ta hanyar kafa kungiyar. <ref name="Schneer">{{Cite journal |last=Schneer |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Schneer |date=2003 |editor-last=Holbrook Gerzina |editor-first=Gretchen |title=Anti-Imperial London: The Pan-African Conference of 1900 |journal=Black Victorians/Black Victoriana |location=New Jersey |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=175–186 |isbn=0-8135-3214-0}}</ref> {{Rp|190}}Williams ya nemi kafa ƙungiyar a London, saboda birnin ya zama wurin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmaya, da ƙungiya. {{Rp|244}}Duk da irin ci gaban da babban birnin Landan ke da shi, masu goyon bayan farar fata sun ba da shawara kan kafuwar kungiyar Afirka, suna masu ikirarin cewa bakar fata ba su da ikon kafa kungiyoyin siyasa masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Schneer" /> {{Rp|181}}Saboda wannan rikici, an iyakance kasancewa memba mai aiki ga baƙar fata amma "fararen fata" na iya zama memba na girmamawa.<ref name="Schneer">{{Cite journal|author-link1=Jonathan Schneer|last=Schneer|first=Jonathan|date=2003|editor-last=Holbrook Gerzina|editor-first=Gretchen|title=Anti-Imperial London: The Pan-African Conference of 1900|journal=Black Victorians/Black Victoriana|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Jersey|pages=175–186|isbn=0-8135-3214-0}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Carey|first1=Jane|title=Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange|last2=Lydon|first2=Jane|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-73042-6|location=New York|oclc=879033854}}</ref> Baya ga sha'awar ƙungiyar Afirka gabaɗaya, al'amuran siyasa na yau da kullun sun haifar da ƙirƙira ta. Wadanda suka kafa sun yi jayayya da cewa&nbsp;Gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suna ƙirƙirar "sabon nau'i na bauta" a [[Zanzibar]] da Gabashin Afirka . <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|38}}Wasiƙar daga A. Kinlock, wanda aka buga a cikin ''Aboki'', mujallar Ƙungiyar Abokai, a kan 22 Oktoba 1897, ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar na iya ɗaukar yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu kuma. <ref name="Sherwood" /> {{Rp|41}} === Ganawar farko === Ba a san komai ba game da taron jama'a na farko na kungiyar Afirka sai dai takaitaccen bayani kan kafuwarta a jaridu da rahotannin sauran kungiyoyin. An shirya taron wani lokaci tsakanin Satumba da Nuwamba 1897 a Exeter Hall, London. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|42}} Membobin sun fito ne daga yankin Caribbean da yammacin Afirka, kuma sun hada da shugabannin addini, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, da marubuta. Mata da yawa kuma sun kasance mambobi, kodayake an ba su lakabi a matsayin membobin girmamawa. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|43}} === Ajanda ta siyasa === An gudanar da taron jama'a karo na biyu na ƙungiyar a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1898, kuma a Exeter Hall. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|55}}Bayan wannan taron, kungiyar cikin gaggawa ta fara aiki kan manufofinsu na siyasa. A cikin Maris 1898, Williams da Reverend Mason Joseph sun nemi yin hira da Sakatariyar Harkokin Mulki na lokacin, Joseph Chamberlain a Ofishin mulkin mallaka a lokuta biyu daban-daban. <ref name="Sherwood" /> {{Rp|56}}Duk buƙatun sun ƙi. Wani Memorial, wanda aka rubuta bayan kin amincewa da farko, ya ba da shawarar canje-canje ga masana'antar sukari a cikin British West Indies, yana ba da shawara ga ƙananan kamfanoni don " girbi riba mai girma da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na Yammacin Indiya Colonies. ' <ref name="Sherwood" /> {{Rp|57}}Har ila yau, ta bukaci a dauki tsauraran matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da tallafa wa ilimi mai inganci, da kuma daukar matakan samar da kudaden tallafin sabbin manoma. Bugu da ƙari, yana da nufin rage farashin canja wurin fili wanda Williams da Joseph suka yi jayayya yana hana mutane samun filin Crown . <ref name="Sherwood" /> {{Rp|57}}‘Yan mintoci daga majalisar sun nuna cewa an yada wannan taron tunawa da ‘yan majalisar da dama, kamar yadda wasu suka yi wa Chamberlain tambayoyi kan wadannan batutuwa. Duk da haka, babu wani mataki da aka dauka. Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da babban taronta na shekara-shekara a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1898. A can, Ƙungiyar ta buga rahotonta na farko na shekara kuma ta ɗauki kudurori biyu. Daya ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Birtaniyya da ta “cika bukatu na halin da ake ciki na tsibiran,” da kuma kare ‘yancin ‘yan asalin Afirka da aka kawo karkashin mulkin Birtaniya da kuma kare muradunsu daga rugujewar Kamfanonin Chartered. ” <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|59}}Dayan kuma ya bukaci kafa rassan kungiyar a yankuna daban-daban na daular Burtaniya. A wani lokaci kuma kungiyar ta dauki nauyin baje kolin 'yan Afirka a wani bangare na nunin . Musamman ma, wata takardar koke ta kai ga Wilhem II, Sarkin Jamus, game da batutuwa iri ɗaya da faɗaɗa shawarar ƙungiyar fiye da Burtaniya. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|61}} A farkon 1900, ƙungiyar ta canza filin ofis daga Grey's Inn zuwa 139 Palace Chambers, 9 Bridge Street, London SW, kuma ta karɓi sabon suna The Pan African Conference Committee (PAC). <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|44}} === Jama'a === A cikin 1898, Williams ya yi balaguro da yawa yana karantarwa, kafa abokan hulɗa, da haɓaka tallafi. Ya sadu da membobin Aborigines Protection Society (APS), [[Anti-Slavery International|Anti-Slavery Society]], South Place Ethical Society, Liberal Party, Society of Friends da Unitarians . <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|45–48}}An fadada jerin sunayen membobin da aka karrama zuwa ga wani dan majalisa, karin shugabannin addini, da mata. Ƙungiyar ta kafa lambar sadarwar Amurka ta farko, D. Augustus Straker . <ref name="Sherwood" /> {{Rp|13}} Baya ga kungiyoyi da al'ummomi, Williams da ƙungiyar sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar shugabannin baƙar fata da yawa, ciki har da Booker T. Washington . Tare sun halarci ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurrukan shekara-shekara na APS, inda suka kalubalanci Albert Gray, memba na hukumar British South Africa Company, game da yanayin al'ummar Afirka na asali. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|50}}Tare da taimakon labaran Washington a jaridu daban-daban, ƙungiyar ta Afirka ta zama sananne sosai. == Babban taron kasashen Afrika na farko == [[Fayil:Invitation_to_Pan-African_Conference_at_Westminster_Town_Hall_July_1900.png|thumb| Gayyata zuwa babban taron Afirka na Farko, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 23-25 Yuli 1900]] Yawancin ayyukan Ƙungiyar da tafiye-tafiye na Williams an sadaukar da su don tallata da shirya taron Farko na Pan-African, wanda ya faru a London a cikin Yuli 1900. A cikin kasidun tallata taron, magoya bayan Ƙungiyar Afirka sun kai 87 a Ingila, 37 a Scotland, da 28 a Dublin. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|45}}Taron na kasashen Afirka ya nuna mafarin yunkurin siyasar duniya na "Pan-Afrika" da zai bullo. {{Rp|245}} Taron farko na kasashen Afirka ya fuskanci matsalolin kudi amma ya samu nasara tare da goyon bayan wasu 'yan kasashe masu hannu da shuni. :67Williams yana tsammanin Washington, ko aƙalla wakilinsa, zai halarci taron. Duk da haka, Washington ba za ta iya halarta ba, wanda Williams, a cikin wasiƙarsa, ya nuna nadama; Duk da haka Washington ta ci gaba da taimakawa Williams wajen tallata taron. Yayin da yake Landan, ya halarci tarurrukan shirye-shirye da dama kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara shirin taron, wanda ya shafi "sharuɗɗan da ake da su, bauta, ci gaba, tarihin Afirka, buƙatun 'kafarar zalunci' Turai' da kuma 'shirya ganima' na Turawa. === Ƙungiyar Pan-African Association === A ranar ƙarshe ta taron, 25 Yuli 1900, Ƙungiyar Afirka ta canza suna zuwa Ƙungiyar Pan-African Association (PAA). Hakanan ya canza manufarsa:<blockquote>[Tabbatar] yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa ga 'yan Afirka da zuriyarsu a duk faɗin duniya; don ƙarfafa dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin Caucasian da jinsin Afirka; don ƙarfafa mutanen Afirka a ko'ina cikin harkokin ilimi, masana'antu da kasuwanci; don kusanci Gwamnatoci da tasirin doka a cikin bukatun bakar fata; da kuma daidaita yanayin da ake zalunta a duk sassan duniya. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|91}}</blockquote>Ofishin dindindin ya canza zuwa Room 416, 61–2 Chancery Lane, a tsakiyar London. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|92}}Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wani ofishin tattara bayanai, bayanai, da ƙididdiga kan yanayin 'yan Afirka a duniya. <ref name="Adi">{{Cite book|last3=Hakim Adi}}</ref> {{Rp|23}}An kafa rassa a Afirka, Indiyawan Yamma, da Amurka, kuma za a shirya babban taro duk bayan shekaru biyu, na farko a Amurka, sannan Haiti. <ref name="Adi" /> {{Rp|22}} An zartar da wasu ƙuduri ban da canjin sunan. Ɗaya ya jaddada wani ɓangare na ayyukan Anti-Slavery Society tare da hangen nesa na PAA. Wani kuma ya gabatar da "godiya mai kyau [don ayyukan] ta Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee" a cikin hana zirga-zirgar giya tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka. An aika da abin tunawa ga [[Sarauniya Victoria]], tana neman matakan "mafi wayewa" game da yanayin zamantakewa ga 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="Adi">{{Cite book|last3=Hakim Adi}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAdi2018">[[Hakim Adi|Adi, Hakim]] (2018). ''Pan-Africanism: A History''. Bloomsbury Academic. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5427-4|<bdi>978-1-4742-5427-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078396537 1078396537].</cite></ref>{{Rp|22}} Wani karamin kwamiti karkashin jagorancin [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]] ne ya shirya "Adireshin ga Kasashen Duniya", wanda ya yi kira ga shugabannin kasashen Turai da su yi yaki da wariyar launin fata da kuma cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kare 'yancin cin gashin kai ga al'ummar Afirka. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|92}}Ya soki yanayin da 'yan Afirka suka fuskanta a cikin "Amurka, yankunan da Faransa da Jamus suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]], da kuma Abyssinia, [Haiti], da Laberiya, da kuma 'ƙabilan Afirka masu zaman kansu. ' <ref name="Geiss">{{Cite book|last3=Imanuel Geiss}}</ref> {{Rp|192}}Daftarin ya ƙunshi sanannen layi:<blockquote>Matsalar karni na 20 ita ce matsalar layin launi - tambaya game da yadda bambancin launin fata da ke nuna kansu a cikin launi na fata da nau'in gashi za a yi a nan gaba ginshiƙi na hana sama da rabin duniya haƙƙin raba ga iyakar iyawarsu da dama da gata na wayewar zamani. <ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last3=Marika Sherwood}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSherwood2011">[[Marika Sherwood|Sherwood, Marika]] (2011). ''Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87959-0|<bdi>978-0-415-87959-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466361113 466361113].</cite></ref> {{Rp|93}}</blockquote> === liyafa === Gaba daya taron ya samu karbuwa sosai. Bishop Walters ya karbi wasiku daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna yaba aikin kungiyar Pan-African Association.: 95.  An ambaci Ƙungiyar da taron kanta a cikin jaridu da dama. Duk da haka, jaridun yammacin Indiya galibi sun koka game da rashin amincewa da yanayin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu, ganin cewa "'yan mulkin mallaka ne suka yi shawarwari."  Jaridu da yawa sun ba da rahoton "Adireshin zuwa ga Ƙasashen Duniya". Koyaya, sanannen layin an bar shi da gangan da kuma sassan da ke kira ga mulkin kai na Afirka.: 93  == Bayan 1900 == === Jamaica === A shekarar 1901, Williams ya yanke shawarar kai ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar PAA kai tsaye ga al'ummar nahiyar Amirka. Ya isa Jamaica a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1901, inda ya sauka tare da H. R. Cargill, shi kaɗai ne memban ƙungiyar a Jamaica.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|105}} A cikin wata hira da ''The Gleaner'', Williams ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar PAA za ta wakilci muryar bayin Afirka, kuma PAA "ba ta da wata adawa da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Idan baƙar fata yana samun adalci da ilimi da walwala a ko’ina, zai zama ɗan ƙasa mafi aminci, nagari da kuma ƙima."<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|106}} Williams ya yi yawon shakatawa a faɗin Jamaica, inda ya kafa rassan ƙungiyar PAA daban-daban a tsibirin, kuma mutane da dama da suka shahara sun halarci tarukan. Duk da haka, rikice-rikice sun taso nan da nan, musamman tsakaninsa da Gwamna mai rikon ƙwarya a lokacin, [[Sydney]] Olivier, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa baƙar fata a Jamaica ba su cikin kunci:<blockquote>[Ƙabilar] baƙar fata a Afirka na baya matuƙa a fagen cigaba, kuma suna buƙatar taimako don su kai matakin ‘yan’uwansu masu sa’a da ke West Indies da Amurka waɗanda suka samu ci gaba sosai ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen fata.”<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|106}}</blockquote> Bayan watanni biyu a Jamaica, Williams ya tafi Trinidad. === Trinidad === Taron farko na ƙungiyar PAA a Trinidad an shirya shi ne a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1901, kuma an ruwaito cewa "mutane dubu" sun halarta.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|110}} Edgar Maresse-Smith ne ya jagoranci taron, wanda shi ma babban mai goyon bayan Williams ne, kuma wani lauya na cikin gida mai suna Emmanuel Lazare ne ya gabatar da Williams.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|110}} A cikin wannan taro, Williams ya bayyana alkawarin Sarauniya da Chamberlain, ya nemi ƙarin abubuwa daga jihohi a madadin PAA, kuma ya nemi a tabbatar da ‘yancin ‘yan Trinidad a matsayin cikakkun ‘yan ƙasa na Burtaniya. Hakanan taron ya soki wariyar launin fata da na aji da ke faruwa, ya kuma buƙaci ‘yan Trinidad su rika faɗar albarkacin bakinsu.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|111}} A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1901, reshen PAA na Trinidad ya kaddamar da aikinsa a hukumance. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, Williams ya tafi Amurka, inda duk da yawan baƙar fata, bai samu karɓuwa da ƙungiyarsa kamar yadda ya samu a West Indies ba. == Rushewa == A cewar ''The Pan-African'', mujallar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar PAA ta dakatar da aikinta ne saboda matsalolin kuɗi. Sai dai binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dalilan da suka haddasa rushewar ƙungiyar sun samo asali ne daga matsalolin cikin gida da sabani tsakanin shugabanni. Kamar yadda Gwilym Colenso da Christopher Saunders suka bayyana, Frank Colenso a cikin wata muhawararsa da Walters, ya soki Williams bisa "yin amfani da sunan ƙungiyar da tsarin shugabanci ba bisa ƙa’ida ba." <ref name="Colenso and Saunders">{{Cite journal| issue = 108| last1 = Colenso| first1 = Gwilym| last2 = Saunders| first2 = Christopher| title = New Light on the Pan-African Association: Part II| journal = African Research & Documentation| date = 2008}}</ref>{{rp|95}} Colenso bai amince da yadda Williams ke yanke muhimman matsaloli ko yin sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobin kwamiti ko jami’an ƙungiyar ba.<ref name="Colenso and Saunders" />{{rp|95}} Bugu da ƙari, duk da cewa ƙungiyar na ɗauke da sunan "Pan-African", PAA tana mai da hankali ne kawai kan yanayin rayuwar al’ummar Afirka a cikin yankunan mallakar Burtaniya da na kariya. Musamman, Frank Colenso ya ɗauki aikin Williams a matsayin wanda ke "cikin tsarin da ya fi karkata zuwa Anglo-African fiye da Afro-American", <ref name="Colenso and Saunders" />{{rp|97, 100}} lamarin da ya sa ya zargi Williams da "ƙin amincewa" da ainihin manufar Pan-Africanism. Wannan sabani tsakanin membobin Amurka da na Burtaniya cikin PAA shi ma ya taka rawa wajen haddasa rushewar ƙungiyar. Yayin da Williams yake can a nahiyar Amirka, Colenso ya samu damar aiwatar da ayyukansa da kansa, har ma ya karɓe ikon shugabanci daga hannun Williams. Duk da haka, shawarar da ya yanke na rusa PAA ba ita ce kaɗai ba, domin akwai wasu membobi da shugabanni, waɗanda Colenso ya kira "abokan aikina", da suka nuna rashin amincewa.<ref name="Colenso and Saunders" />{{rp|101, 102}} == Mutane == {| class="wikitable" |+Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Pan-African (1900–1901)<ref name="Sherwood">{{Cite book|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|author-link = Marika Sherwood|title=Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0-415-87959-0|location=New York|oclc=466361113}}</ref>{{rp|98,99}} |'''Matsayi''' |'''Suna''' |'''Bayanan Bayani''' |- |Shugaba |Bishop Alexander Walters | * Walters an haife shi cikin bauta a Kentucky a shekarar 1858. * Ya kasance shugaban National Afro-American Council, kuma memba ne na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. |- |Mataimakin Shugaba |Reverend Henry B. Brown | |- |Sakataren Gabaɗaya |Henry Sylvester Williams | |- |Ma'ajin Kuɗi |Frank Colenso | * An ambaci cewa ɗan’uwansa Robert Colenso ne Ma’aji, amma masana tarihi na ganin cewa Frank Colenso ne ya riƙe matsayin. (S. O. 150) * Frank Colenso ya fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, ɗan John Colenso da Sarah Frances Bunyon. Ya yi karatu a matsayin lauya a Jami’ar Cambridge kuma ya shiga harkokin ƙungiyar saboda gwagwarmayarsa don kare 'yan Zulu da sauran asalin mutanen Afirka ta Kudu. (Gwilym Colenso) |- |Jakadan Ƙasa don Afirka |Benito Sylvain | * Sylvain ɗan jarida ne, ɗan diflomasiyya kuma lauya daga ƙasar Haiti. |} Membobin Kwamitin Zartarwa:<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|98,99}} * John Richard Archer * Anna Julia Haywood Cooper * Samuel Coleridge-Taylor * Henry F. Downing * Frederick J. Loudin * Mrs. Jane Cobden Unwin == Gado == Ƙungiyar Pan-African ta gabatar da ra'ayin "Pan-Africanism" a matsayin wata sabuwar akida da ta bambanta da motsin kawar da bauta a Daular Birtaniya. Taron da ƙungiyar ta shirya da kuma ganawa da 'yan gwagwarmaya sun taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu fafutuka masu asalin Afirka daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Duk da rushewar PAA, reshenta a Jamaica ya ci gaba da fafutukar cimma irin waɗannan manufofi, kodayake da wani suna daban, har zuwa aƙalla shekarar 1903.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|119–120}} A Trinidad, reshen PAA ya ci gaba da samun goyon baya sosai har jaridun cikin gida suka ci gaba da bada rahoto kan tarurrukanta.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|122, 123}} Reshen ya ci gaba da aikawa da ƙorafi ga gwamnatin Birtaniya da fatan Sarkin Edward zai faɗaɗa haƙƙin siyasa ga bayin mulkin da ke ƙasashen waje. A wuraren taro da aka shirya domin tara kuɗi, reshen ya nemi ƙarin goyon baya daga sauran ƙasashen yankin Caribbean na Birtaniya. Duk da kusanci tsakanin Williams da wakilin ƙungiyar, Lazare, babu isasshen sha'awa da zai ba da damar ci gaba da ayyukan PAA. Ƙungiyar ta daina aiki a ƙarshen shekarar 1901, lokacin da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan farko suka juya wajen kafa wata sabuwar ƙungiya mai hangen nesa na cikin gida.<ref name="Sherwood" />{{rp|122–123}} "Pan-Africanism" ta maye gurbin "Pan-Negroism" da Du Bois ya gabatar, kuma ta bayyana gwagwarmaya mafi fadi don kare haƙƙin asalin mutanen Afirka da ke cikin mulkin mallaka da 'yan asalin Afirka a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ƙungiyar ta gabatar na gudanar da taron shekara-shekara da haɗuwa ya zama tushe wajen kafa Pan-African Congress.<ref name="Geiss">{{Cite book|last=Geiss|first=Imanuel|author-link=Imanuel Geiss|title=The Pan African Movement: A History Of Pan Africanism In America, Europe, And Africa|publisher=Africana Pub. Co|year=1974|isbn=0-8419-0161-9|location=New York|oclc=868031}}</ref>{{rp|199}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Bibiyar Tarihi== *{{Cite book|last=Adi|first=Hakim|author-link = Hakim Adi|title=Pan-Africanism: A History|date=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4742-5427-4|location=London; New York}} *{{Cite book|last1=Carey|first1=Jane|url=http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315766065|title=Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange|last2=Lydon|first2=Jane|date=2014-06-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-76606-5|accessdate=2020-03-12}} *{{Cite ODNB|last=Colenso|first=Gwilym|date=2008-05-24|title=Colenso, Francis Ernest [Frank]|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/95487}} *{{Cite journal|last=Colenso|first=Gwilym|date=2014-08-08|title=The 1907 Deputation of Basuto Chiefs to London and the Development of British–South African Networks|journal=[[The International History Review]]|volume=36|issue=4|pages=619–652|doi=10.1080/07075332.2013.836123}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Colenso|first1=Gwilym|last2=Saunders|first2=Christopher|date=2008|title=New Light on the Pan-African Association: Part II|journal=African Research & Documentation|volume=108 |issue=108|pages=89–109|doi=10.1017/S0305862X00023360 |issn=0305-862X}} *{{Cite book|last=Esedebe|first=Peter Olisanwuche|title=Pan-Africanism: The Idea and Movement, 1776-1963|date=1982|publisher=Howard University Press|isbn=978-0-88258-125-5}} *{{Cite book|last=Geiss|first=Imanuel|title=The Pan African Movement: A History Of Pan Africanism In America, Europe, And Africa|date=1974|publisher=Africana Pub. Co|isbn=978-0-8419-0161-2|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|last=Langley|first=J. Ayodele|title=Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856 – 1970: Documents on Modern African Political Thought from Colonial Times to the Present|date=1979|publisher=R. Collings|isbn=978-0-86036-039-1|location=London}} *{{Cite book|last=Mathurin|first=Owen Charles|title=Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869 – 1911|date=1976|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-8594-1|series=Contributions in Afro-American and African studies|location=Westport, Conn}} *{{Cite book|last=Moses|first=Wilson Jeremiah|title=The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925|date=1988-05-05|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-520639-5|edition=Reprint|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|last1=Muchie|first1=Mammo|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/27516/|title=The African Union Ten Years After: Solving African Problems with Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance|last2=Lukhele-Olorunju|first2=Phindil|last3=Akpor|first3=Oghenerobor B.|date=2013|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-0-7983-0405-4|accessdate=2020-03-11}} *{{Cite book|last=Schneer|first=Jonathan.|title=Black Victorians/Black Victoriana|date=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|editor1=Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina |editor1-link=Gretchen Gerzina|location=New Jersey|pages=175–186|chapter=Anti-imperial London: the Pan-African Conference of 1900.}} *{{Cite book|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203840375|title=Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-87959-0|accessdate=2020-03-11}} *{{Cite book|last=Sivagurunathan|first=Shivani|title=The Oxford Companion to Black British History|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280439-6|chapter=Pan-Africanism|accessdate=2020-03-11|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192804396.001.0001/acref-9780192804396-e-315}} *{{Cite book|last=Walters|first=Ronald W.|title=Pan-Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements|date=1993|publisher=Wayne State|isbn=978-0-8143-2184-3|series=African American life series|location=Detroit}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ge3viznlx5qk0pxloj1e9s07qphdvu6 0 102094 879612 744799 2026-07-09T14:38:17Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eugen Erwein von Schönborn-Heusenstamm''' (27 Janairu 1727 - 25 Yuli 1801) ya kasance mai ba da shawara na Imperial da Royal Privy kuma Colonel Hereditary Cupist na [[Austriya|Austria]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Schönborn a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1727 a [[Mainz]], 'yan watanni bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Anselm Franz von Schönborn-Heusenstamm (1681-1726).<ref name="Maué1989">{{cite book |last1=Maué |first1=Hermann |last2=Brink |first2=Sonja |title=Die Grafen von Schönborn: Kirchenfürsten, Sammler, Mäzene : Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nürnberg, 18. Februar bis 23. April 1989 |date=1989 |publisher=Das Nationalmuseum |isbn=978-3-926982-07-0 |pages=45, 56, 135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoQREBL2BosC |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Countess Maria Theresia von Montfort (1698-1751), 'yar Count Anton III von Montfort-Pfannberg ce da Countess Maria Anna Leopoldine von Thun und Hohenstein .<ref name="Heinrich2014">{{cite book |last1=Heinrich |first1=Rolf-Torsten |title=Erfurter Wappenbuch |date=27 November 2014 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7347-3242-3 |page=81 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Erfurter_Wappenbuch/87qdBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA81 |access-date=12 August 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ƙaramin ɗan Melchior Friedrich von Schönborn-Buchheim ne, Ministan Jiha na Electorate na Mainz, da tsohuwar Baroness Maria Anna Sophia Johanna von Boineburg-Lengsfeld . <ref name="Guide">{{cite book|last=Schiedermair|first=Werner|author-link=:de:Werner Schiedermair|title=Schloss Weißenstein in Pommersfelden (German)|publisher=Fink|year=2011|page=18|isbn=978-3-89870-145-7}}</ref> Daga cikin danginsa akwai kawunsa, Yarima-Bishops na Würzburg Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn, Friedrich Karl von Schön Born-Buchheim (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] a ƙarƙashin Joseph I daga 1705 zuwa 1734), <ref name="JPFvSBio">{{Cite web |title=Biografie Johann Philipp Franz Graf von Schönborn (German) |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz70281.html |access-date=3 February 2017 |publisher=Bayerische Nationalbibliothek}}</ref> da Yarima- Bishop na Speyer Damian Hugo Philipp von Schön born-Buchhe, <ref name="FKvSBBio">{{Cite web |title=Biografie Friedrich Carl, Graf von Schönborn (German) |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz69825.html |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=Bayerische Nationalbibliothek}}</ref> da kuma diflomasiyya da mawaƙa Rudolf Franz Erwein von Schönornborn da Mai Zabe da Babban bishop na Trier, Franz Georg von Schönfy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmid |first=Wolfgang |title=Internetportal Rheinische Geschichte |language=de |chapter=Franz Georg von Schönborn |access-date=13 February 2024 |chapter-url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/franz-georg-von-schoenborn/DE-2086/lido/57c948f15286b4.89968150}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Heusenstamm_schloss.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan sarauta na Heusenstamm, wanda kakansa, Baron [[Philipp Erwein von Schönborn]] ya gina]] Bayan haihuwarsa, ya zama mai mulki Count na County of Schönborn-Heusenstamm, wani Jamusanci da aka kafa a 1717 a matsayin ɓangare na Schönborn (a kudancin Hesse na zamani, Jamus). Gundumar ta haɗa da Gidan sarauta na Heusenstamm [de; fr] wanda kakansa, Baron Philipp Erwein von Schönborn ya gina a shekara ta 1661.<ref name="Neumann1921">{{cite book |last1=Neumann |first1=Balthasar |title=Die Briefe Balthasar Neumanns an Friedrich Karl von Schönborn |date=1921 |publisher=Gebr. Hofer |page=238 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_Briefe_Balthasar_Neumanns_an_Friedri/TwFq60l0ikgC&pg=PA238 |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Ya fadada muhimman mallakar iyalin sosai. Ya gaji dukiyar Weyerburg da dukiyar Mautern an der Donau daga kawunsa. A shekara ta 1766, ya kuma sayi gidan Rossatz, ba da nisa da Mautern ba. Ya sayi Hessenstein Castle da babban gidan [[Hungariya|Hungary]] na Munkács daga kawunsa, Rudolf Franz . A Munkács, Count ya gina masana'antar kayan kwalliya da kuma babban gonar doki. A shekara ta 1782, ya gina gada a kan kogin Latorica. Bayan ya sami karatunsa, ya zama mai ba da shawara na Imperial Privy da Chamberlain da kuma Babban Mai ba da gado na Austria. A shekara ta 1790, ya sami Order of the Golden Fleece . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1751, Count ya auri Princess Elisabeth Josepha zu Salm-Salm (1729-1775), 'yar Yarima Nikolaus Leopold zu Salm. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar da' ya'ya maza biyu, ciki har da: * Marie Christine von Schönborn (1754-1797), wanda ya auri Count Franz Stephan von Silva-Tarouca . * Amalie Ludovica von Schönborn (1756-1802), wanda ya zama canoness a Mons.<ref name="Schönfeld1824" /> * Maria Theresia von Schönborn (1758-1838), wanda ya auri Count Johann Rudolf Czernin von und zu Chudenitz . * Elisabeth Franziska von Schönborn (an haife ta a shekara ta 1759), wacce ta Ƙaya canoness a Thorn . <ref name="Schönfeld1824" /> * Maria Franziska von Schönborn (1763-1825), wanda ya auri Franz Joseph von Sternberg-Manderscheid a shekara ta 1787. * Wilhelm Eugen von Schönborn (1765-1770), wanda ya mutu da ƙuruciya.<ref name="Schönfeld1824" /> * Marquard Wilhelm von Schönborn (1766-1769), wanda ya mutu da ƙuruciya.<ref name="Schönfeld1824">{{cite book |last1=Schönfeld |first1=Ignaz Ritter von |title=Adelsschematismus des österreichischen Kaiserstaates ; Im Verein mit mehreren Freunden dieses Faches herausgegeben von Ignaz Ritter von Schönfeld |date=1824 |publisher=Schaumburg |page=107 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Adelsschematismus_des_%C3%B6sterreichischen/JtdkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA107 |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko, ya auri Gimbiya Marie Theresia na Colloredo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1744) a shekara ta 1776. Aure ya kasance ba tare da haihuwa ba. Schönborn ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1801 a [[Vienna]]. Tun da yake 'ya'yansa maza biyu sun mutu tun suna yara kuma' ya'yansa mata ba za su iya gadon gado ba, dukiyar ta fada ga tsofaffi, ko layin Franconian, wanda wanda ya kafa shi ne Count Rudolph Franz Erwein . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} tayieg2jd9zi406ssxgn6v2ubjuzepm 0 102582 880092 640750 2026-07-10T10:54:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annobar Cheche''' (Portuguese: '''''Desastre do Cheche''''') wani lamari ne da ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Portugal]] a ƙasar Guiniya (yanzu [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]) inda sojojin Portugal kusan hamsin suka mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 1969 a lokacin da suke haye kogin Corubal. {{Sfn|Moura|2010}} == Tarihi == Lokacin da Brigadier António de Spinola ya zo Guinea a shekarar 1968 a matsayin Gwamna da Kwamandan Kwamanda, ya yanke shawarar kwashe sojojin Portugal da ke gabashin ƙasar, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jama'a kuma ba su da wata dabara. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010}} An kewaye sansanin na [[Madinah|Madina]] do Boé kuma ana fama da hare-haren ta'addanci na [[Jam'iyyar Afirka don neman 'yancin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde|PAIGC]] na [[Amílcar Cabral]]. Matsayin bai iya tsayawa ba. Dakarun PAIGC ne suka mamaye shi a ranar da Turawan Portugal suka kwashe. {{Sfn|Matos Gomes|Afonso|2009}} Sojojin da suka ja da baya sun haɗa da kamfanin ''Caçadores'' ("Hunters") 1790, wanda Kyaftin José Aparício ya umarta, da ƙarin sojoji daga kamfanin 2405 da kuma 'yan tawayen Guinea. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010b}} Matsar da sojoji, motoci da kayan aiki sama da {{Convert|22|km}} zuwa Chéché, a gefen kudu na Kogin Corubal, aiki ne mai wahala amma an kammala shi cikin nasara. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun 1969 da yamma rundunar ta fara amfani da jiragen ruwa guda biyu don ketare kogin daga kudu zuwa arewa. Tare da tafiye-tafiye akai-akai, ton 100 na kayan aiki da alburusai, manyan motoci 28 da kuma mutane kusan 500 ne suka tsallaka. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010}} Jirgin ruwan ya kasance rafts kusan {{Convert|4|by|6|m}} . {{Sfn|Oliveira|2012}} Takalmi na katako suna da [[kwale-kwale]] da gangunan dizal ɗin da babu kowa a cikin su, kuma jirgin ruwa ya ja tare da injin waje. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010b}} == Lamarin == Da sanyin safiyar ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu, masu gadin mutane 100 zuwa 120 ne kawai suka rage a gabar tekun kudu. Waɗannan mutanen duka sun taru a kan rafi ɗaya don yin tsallakawa na ƙarshe. A tsakiyar kogin, rafin ya gangara gefe guda, ya jefa mutane da yawa {{Sfn|Firmino|2010}} ruwa, sannan ya kai ga ɗaya gefen, ya jefa wasu maza a ciki. Raft ɗin ya yi yawa da yawa, tare da rashin rarraba nauyi. Wataƙila fashewar ta faru ne ta haifar da firgici. {{Sfn|Matos Gomes|Afonso|2009}} Sai dai wani da ya tsira ya ce ba a yi harbe-harbe ba, wani kuma ya nuna cewa sojojin sun saba harba [[turmi]] kuma da ba za su mayar da martani ba. Wata yuwuwar ita ce kwale-kwalen da ke jan rafin ya yi saurin sauri. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010b}} Sanye da takalmi da riga, masu nauyi da makamai da alburusai, da yawa daga cikin mutanen sun nutse nan da nan. A lokacin da jirgin ruwan ya isa wancan bankin, an gane girman bala'in: {{Sfn|Firmino|2010}} Sojojin Portugal 47 {{Sfn|Oliveira|2012}} da sojojin Guinea biyar daga sansanin Madina do Boé sun mutu. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010b}} == Bayan haka == Kimanin makonni biyu bayan haka, an kaddamar da wani aiki ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan ruwa da na ruwa don kokarin kwato gawarwakin waɗanda tuni ke cikin wani yanayi na bazuwa. Da yawa ba a dawo dasu ba; waɗanda aka yi wa jana’izar sojoji a gefen kogin. {{Sfn|Firmino|2010}} A watan Fabrairun 2010 tawagar masu bincike daga Sashen Kimiyya da Fasaha na Jami'ar Coimbra sun tono tare da kokarin gano gawarwakin sojojin tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha bakwai da aka binne a wani kabari mai nisan {{Convert|300|m}} daga kogin. Kasusuwan kwarangwal suna cikin rashin kyau saboda yanayin zafi sosai, wanda ya dagula aikin rabuwa da gano su. {{Sfn|Moura|2010}} Kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Portugal (''Liga dos Combatentes de Portugal'' ) ce ta dauki nauyin tonowar a ƙarƙashin wani shiri mai suna "Tsarin Tunawa". {{Sfn|Investigadores de Coimbra...}} == Sources ==   {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://dev.publico.pt/Sociedade/a-ultima-jangada-no-rio-corubal-1429470?p=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416104429/http://dev.publico.pt/Sociedade/a-ultima-jangada-no-rio-corubal-1429470?p=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2013 |work=[[Público (Portugal)]] |last=Firmino |first=Teresa |access-date=2013-01-30 |date=25 March 2010 |title=A última jangada no rio Corubal }} *{{cite web |url=http://publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/a-procura-dos-militares-afogados-no-rio-corubal-1429608|work=[[Público (Portugal)]] |last=Firmino |first=Teresa |date=26 March 2010b|title=À procura dos militares afogados no rio Corubal|access-date=2013-01-31}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Investigadores de Coimbra...}} |url=http://www.mundoportugues.org/content/1/6554/equipa-coimbra-vai-exumar-corpos-soldados-portugueses-guine/ |title=Investigadores de Coimbra vão exumar restos mortais de combatentes |access-date=2013-01-30 |work=Novas da Guiné Bissau |date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102132319/http://www.mundoportugues.org/content/1/6554/equipa-coimbra-vai-exumar-corpos-soldados-portugueses-guine/ |archive-date=2 January 2011 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last1=Matos Gomes|first1=Carlos|last2=Afonso|first2=Aniceto |title=Os Anos da Guerra Colonial |volume=10: 1969 - Acreditar na vitória. |location=Matosinhos |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2009}} *{{cite journal |url=http://www.cienciahoje.pt/index.php?oid=39816&op=all |last=Moura |first=Marlene |title=Desastre de Cheche: "Dignificar morte" de antigos combatentes |date=2010-02-18 |journal=CiênciaHoje|access-date=2013-01-30}}*{{cite web |url=http://www.ccdr.pt/content/view/1602/0/ |date=23 September 2012 |publisher=Clube de Cultura e Desporto de Ribeirão |last=Oliveira |first=Manuel |title=Memórias da Guerra Colonial - "A partir daqui a minha vida mudou por completo" |access-date=2013-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416105220/http://www.ccdr.pt/content/view/1602/0/ |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}{{refend}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://blogueforanadaevaotres.blogspot.ca/2010/02/guine-6374-p5778-efemerides-45-o.html |date=7 February 2010 |title=Guiné 63/74 - P5778: Efemérides (45): O desastre do Cheche, visto por quem esteve lá e perdeu 11 homens do seu grupo de combate (Rui Felício, Alf Mil, CCAÇ 2405, Galomaro, 1968/70)|access-date=2013-01-30}} *{{cite web |url=http://blogueforanadaevaotres.blogspot.ca/2010/02/guine-6374-p5866-ainda-o-desastre-de.html |access-date=2013-01-30|date=22 February 2010 |title=Guiné 63/74 - P5866: Ainda o desastre de Cheche, em 6 de Fevereiro de 1969 (5): uma versão historiográfica (?) (Luis Graça)}} {{refend}} == Manazarta == ax9y8bj0cduvfn88w24sp8gmr8n18yx 0 103090 879902 659462 2026-07-10T00:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peter Henry Abrahams Deras''' (3 Maris 1919 - 18 Janairu 2017), wanda aka fi sani da '''Peter Abrahams''', marubuci ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, ɗan jarida kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa wanda a cikin 1956 ya zauna a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], inda ya rayu har tsawon rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Abrahams {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Abrahams |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ana ganin mutuwarsa yana da shekaru 97 a matsayin kisa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Shekarun farko da ilimi === An haifi Abrahams a cikin 1919 a Vrededorp, wani yanki na [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu; mahaifinsa dan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai launi ce, mai asalin Faransanci da Afirka. Abrahams yana ɗan shekara biyar sa’ad da mahaifinsa ya rasu, kuma tare da iyalinsa bayan haka suna fama da kuɗi mahaifiyarsa ta aika da shi ya zauna tare da dangi har ya kai shekara 11, sa’ad da ya zama ɗalibin kwana a Makarantar Grace Dieu na Cocin Anglican da ke Pietersburg . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga can, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta St Peter a Rosettenville, yana biyan kuɗin koyarwa ta hanyar aiki a Bantu Men's Social Center . <ref name="PAWA" /> === Motsa zuwa London (1939) da Jamaica (1956) === A cikin 1939, Abrahams ya bar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa, sannan ya zauna a [[Landan]], inda ya kasance ɗan jarida. Yayin da yake aiki a Landan, Abrahams ya zauna tare da matarsa Daphne a Loughton, yayin da yake ganawa da wasu manyan shugabannin baki da marubuta. Da fatan yin hanyarsa a matsayin marubuci, ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa a matsayinsa na ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda Carol Polsgrove ta nuna a tarihinta, Ƙarshen Mulkin Biritaniya: Marubuta a cikin Harka gama gari (2009). Duk da shawarar da mai karanta rubutun hannu ya ba da game da bugawa, a cikin 1942 Allen & Unwin ya fitar da Alkawarinsa mai Duhu, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa guntu-guntu da ya ɗauka tare da shi daga Afirka ta Kudu. Mawallafin Dorothy Crisp ya buga litattafansa na Song of the City (1945) da Mine Boy (1946). A cewar wani masani dan Najeriya Kolawole Ogungbesan, Mine Boy ya zama "littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta da Ingilishi don jan hankalin duniya." [1] Ƙarin littattafai da aka biyo baya tare da bugawa a Biritaniya da Amurka: litattafai biyu - The Path of Thunder (1948) da Wild Conquest (1950); labarin aikin jarida na dawowar Afirka, Komawa Goli (1953); da kuma wani abin tunawa mai suna Tell Freedom (1954) A cikin 1945, Abrahams ya taimaka wajen shirya [[Taron Pan-Afirka|taron Pan-African Congress]] karo na biyar wanda ya gudana a [[Manchester]] kuma a yau ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani sauyi a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da [[Kwame Nkrumah]], Hastings Banda, [[Jomo Kenyatta]] da [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]] . A cikin 1956, Abrahams ya buga wani ''ɗan roman à clef'' game da al'ummar siyasar da ya kasance wani ɓangare na su a London: ''Wreath for Udomo'' . Babban halayensa, Michael Udomo, wanda ya dawo daga Landan zuwa ƙasarsa ta Afirka don jagorantar sauye-sauyen ta zuwa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, masana'antu, da alama an kwatanta shi da Nkrumah da alamar Kenyatta. Sauran ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga sun haɗa da [[George Padmore]] . Littafin ya ƙare da kisan Udomo. An buga shekarar kafin Nkrumah ya karbi ragamar mulkin [[Ghana]] mai cin gashin kansa, ''A Wreath for Udomo'' ba hasashe ba ne na makomar Afirka. An yi bikin tunawa da Abrahams da wani shuɗi mai shuɗi akan tsohon gidan majalisarsa a Jessel Drive a Loughton, London wanda aka girka a cikin 2020. A cikin 1956, Abrahams ya zauna a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], <ref name="Larson2002">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Charles R. |date=1 March 2002 |title=Self-Exile From Wretchedness: South African novelist Peter Abrahams left his homeland amid the horrors of apartheid and resettled in Jamaica. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25311465_ITM |journal=World and I |publisher=News World Communications, Inc}}</ref> inda ya ci gaba da litattafai da abubuwan tunawa, kuma yana aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma mai sharhi na rediyo. A cikin 1994 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Musgrave Gold Medal don rubuce-rubucensa da aikin jarida ta Cibiyar Jamaica . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musgrave Awardees |url=http://instituteofjamaica.org.jm/musgrave-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018165642/http://instituteofjamaica.org.jm/musgrave-awards |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=6 February 2015 |publisher=Institute of Jamaica}}</ref> === Mutuwa === An tsinci gawar Abrahams a gidansa da ke Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2017, yana da shekara 97. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2017 |title=Long-Time Journalist Peter Abrahams Dies at 97 |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20170118/long-time-journalist-peter-abrahams-dies-97 |access-date=19 January 2017 |website=[[Gleaner Company|The Gleaner]]}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa Abrahams ya kasance wanda aka yi masa mummunar wasa. An tuhumi wani dattijo mai shekaru 61 da haihuwa, Norman Tomlinson, da laifin kisan kai. An fara shari’ar kotun ne a watan Maris din shekarar 2017 bayan tsaikon da aka samu sakamakon katsewar wutar lantarki a gidan kotun; da kuma a kan 7 Oktoba 2018, bayan da ya amsa laifin kisan kai, Tomlinson ya kasance kurkuku na tsawon shekaru bakwai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man gets seven years for killing Peter Abrahams {{!}} Loop Jamaica |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/man-gets-seven-years-killing-peter-abrahams |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rubutu == Peter Abrahams daya ne daga cikin fitattun marubutan Afirka ta Kudu, ayyukansa da suka shafi al'amurran siyasa da zamantakewa, musamman tare da [[wariyar launin fata]] . Littafinsa mai suna ''Mine Boy'' (1946), daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ya kawo shi ga kulawa mai mahimmanci, <ref name="Jackson2007">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Sally-Anne |date=22 December 2007 |title=Peter Abrahams's Mine Boy: a study of colonial diseases in South Africa |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33263818_ITM |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=153–169 |doi=10.2979/RAL.2007.38.4.153 |s2cid=153678836 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da kuma tarihinsa ''Tell Freedom'' (1954) sunyi magana a wani bangare tare da wariyar launin fata . <ref name="Mason1955">{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Philip |date=January 1955 |title=Review |journal=International Affairs |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.2307/2604615 |jstor=2604615}}</ref> Sauran ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarin labarin ''Alkawari mai duhu'' (1942) da kuma litattafai ''The Path of Thunder'' (1948, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga duka ballet na wannan suna da opera ''Reiter der Nacht'' na Ernst Hermann Meyer ), ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956), ''A Dare na Nasu'' (1965), da Jamaica-saitin 6 kawai a ''Afirka'' . da ''The View from Coyaba'' (1985). An buga littafin tarihinsa ''The Coyaba Tarihi'' a cikin 2000. == Ayyuka == * ''Dark Testament'' (1942) * ''Song of the City'' (1945) 179p, novel, published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London * ''Mine Boy'' (1946) published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London – his seminal novel, the first author to bring the horrific reality of South Africa's apartheid system of racial discrimination to international attention. * ''The Path of Thunder'' (1948) * ''Wild Conquest'' (1950) * ''Return to Goli'' (1953) * ''[[Tell Freedom]]'' (1954; new edn 1970) * ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * ''Jamaica: an Island Mosaic'' (1957), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, the Corona Library * ''A Night of Their Own'' (1965) * ''This Island Now'' (1966) * ''The View from Coyaba'' (1985) * ''The Coyaba Chronicles: Reflections on the Black Experience in the 20th Century'' (2000) == Kiɗa ya yi wahayi daga ayyukansa == * Ballet ''İldırımlı yollarla'' (" Hanyar Tsawa ") (1958) na mawakin Azerbaijan Gara Garayev. * opera ''Reiter der Nacht'' (1973) na mawaƙin Jamus ta Gabas Ernst Hermann Meyer kuma ya dogara ne akan ''Hanyar Tsawa.'' == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Gidan Yanar Gizo na Ayyukan Taskokin Masu fafutuka na Afirka ya ƙunshi hoton [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=32-131-313 Peter Abrahams] da danginsa a gidansa a Ingila. * Ensor, Robert. (1992). ''[https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/2488335 Littattafai na Peter Abrahams da Tashin Kishin Ƙasa a Afirka]'' . Essen: Die Blaue Eule Verlag. * J. Brooks Spector, [http://www.panafricanwritersassociation.org/pawa-news-2/40-politically-incorrect-since-2009 "Ba daidai ba a siyasance tun 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193628/http://www.panafricanwritersassociation.org/pawa-news-2/40-politically-incorrect-since-2009 |date=2021-03-07 }}, gidan yanar gizon [[Ƙungiyar Marubutan Pan Afirka|PAWA]] . [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] atzkiyswmnfi9j5gu594xpv4n4qvr9c 0 103801 880098 663547 2026-07-10T10:58:28Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kaobitsa Abel Bushy Maape''' (an haifi 1956 ko 1957{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} ) ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 7 na Arewa maso Yamma kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Arewa maso Yamma daga watan Satumba 2021 har zuwa watan Mayu 2024. Maape memba ne na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka kuma tsohon fursuna a tsibirin Robben. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Maape ya sami digiri na farko na Arts a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ya kammala yayin da yake tsare a tsibirin Robben. Har ila yau, yana da digirin girmamawa a fannin nazarin ci gaba da kuma digiri na girmamawa a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]]. A halin yanzu yana nan{{When|date=May 2022}} yana karatun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwa a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]].<ref name="TL">{{Cite news|last=Njilo|first=Nonkululeko|date=17 August 2021|title=ANC names Bushy Maape as North West premier-elect as protests break out|work=TimesLIVE|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2021-08-17-anc-names-bushy-maape-as-north-west-premier-elect-as-protests-break-out/|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> == Aiki == An ɗauki Maape a cikin tsarin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] na Afirka yayin da aka yi rajista a Kwalejin Horar da Hebron.<ref name="TL"/> Ya ba da umarni ga Injin Kgalagadi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ANC. Ya kuma kasance shugaban makarantar Middle School Kuruman. A watan Fabrairun 1986 an yanke wa Maape da laifin yaɗa manufofin gurguzu na ANC, duk da cewa an wanke shi daga babban laifin ta'addanci kuma aka tsare shi a tsibirin Robben. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=DFA 25 years ago |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/diamond-fields-advertiser/20110225/281590942057901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817214356/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/diamond-fields-advertiser/20110225/281590942057901 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Diamond Fields Advertiser}}</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni shida na ANC na farko da aka sako daga tsibirin Robben bayan shawarar da shugaba FW de Klerk ya yanke na sakin fursunonin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 1990 |title=ANC prisoners released from Robben Island, Cape Town |url=https://digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za/collection/islandora-17907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120235047/https://digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za/collection/islandora-17907 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=UCT Libraries Digital Collections}}</ref> Maape ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na yankin Kgalagadi bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarun 1990. Daga baya ya zama darakta: RDP da kuma babban darakta: sashin tsare-tsare da ci gaba a ofishin Firimiya na Arewa maso Yamma. Maape ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Minista na Ma'aikatar Lardi da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Kananan Hukumomi]] kuma ya kasance mamba a Hukumar Shata Shaida ta Municipal daga Lardin Arewa maso Yamma.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=17 August 2021|title=ANC names new North West Premier-elect Bushy Maape, incumbent Job Mokgoro still in office|work=Independent Online|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-names-new-north-west-premier-elect-bushy-maape-incumbent-job-mokgoro-still-in-office-e5703962-5a63-4026-becf-e0518f94315d|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> == Firayim Minista na Arewa maso Yamma == A watan Yunin 2021, kwamitin ayyuka na ƙasa na jam’iyyar ANC ya umurci kwamitin riƙo na jam’iyyar ANC a yankin Arewa maso Yamma da ya miƙa musu sunayen mutane uku da za su maye gurbin Ayuba Mokgoro a matsayin firaministan kasar nan da ƙarshen mako. Wannan umarni ya zo ne bayan da Mokgoro ya ki yin murabus daga muƙaminsa na Firimiya a farkon shekarar bayan da aka zarge shi da alhakin rashin talauci na ƙananan hukumomi a lardin. Ya samu saɓani da jam’iyyar ANC IPC, wacce ta zarge shi da yin watsi da umarnin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tandwa|first=Lizeka|date=30 June 2021|title=National working committee instructs ANC North West to replace Mokgoro|work=Mail & Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2021-06-30-national-working-committee-instructs-north-west-interim-leaders-to-replace-the-premier/|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2021, kodinetan IPC [[Hlumani Chauke]] ya sanar da Maape a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar don maye gurbin Mokgoro a matsayin firayim minista. An zaɓi Maape akan wasu ƴan takara biyu masu neman zama firaministan: kakakin majalisar dokokin lardin Sussana Dantjie da memban kuɗi na majalisar zartarwa Motlalepula Rosho. An ruwaito Maape a matsayin ɗan takarar sasantawa don gamsar da ɓangarorin jam'iyyar kuma ana sa ran za a rantsar da shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokokin lardin da kuma firayim minista daga baya a cikin mako,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harper|first=Paddy|date=17 August 2021|title=Job is jobless as Maape gets the nod as new North West premier|work=Mail & Guardian|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2021-08-17-job-is-jobless-as-maape-gets-the-nod-as-new-north-west-premier/|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khumalo|first=Junior|date=17 August 2021|title=Bushy Maape announced as North West premier-elect|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/just-in-bushy-maape-announced-as-north-west-premier-elect-20210817|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tsotetsi|first=Ditaba|date=17 August 2021|title=ANC IPC announces Bushy Maape as North West Premier-elect|work=SABC News|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/anc-ipc-announces-bushy-maape-as-north-west-premier-elect/|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> duk da haka, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin 21 na ANC na 21 na ANC na majalisar dokoki, ciki har da majalisar wakilai da ya ba da izinin zama majalisa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=20 August 2021|title=No decision on a new Premier for North West - Job Mokgoro remains for now|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/no-decision-on-a-new-premier-for-north-west-job-mokgoro-remains-for-now-f6099502-4e2d-4a6c-868c-ce28e4b24c36|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta ne Mokgoro ya yi murabus a matsayin firaministan ƙasar sannan aka rantsar da MEC Motlalepula Rosho a matsayin firayim minista. Mokgoro bai yi murabus ba a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin lardin a wannan rana. Jam'iyyar ANC MPL ta buƙaci yin murabus domin a rantsar da Maape a matsayin memba na majalisar dokokin lardin sannan a zaɓe shi a matsayin firayim minista. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |title=Maape still sidelined as acting premier appointed after Mokgoro resigns |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/mokgoro-resigns-as-north-west-premier-but-theres-no-space-for-maape-20210826 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Citypress |language=en-US}}</ref> Mokgoro yayi murabus a matsayin MPL a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mokgoro resigns as North West MPL {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/mokgoro-resigns-north-west-mpl |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827123752/https://www.enca.com/news/mokgoro-resigns-north-west-mpl |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plessis |first=Carien du |date=2021-08-26 |title=NORTH WEST: Job Mokgoro has resigned as premier but his chosen successor, Bushy Maape, will have to wait more than two weeks to step up |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-08-27-job-mokgoro-has-resigned-as-premier-but-his-chosen-successor-bushy-maape-will-have-to-wait-more-than-two-weeks-to-step-up/ |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> An rantsar da Maape a matsayin memba na majalisar dokokin lardin a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndaba |first=Baldwin |title=North West Premier-Elect Bushy Maape sworn-in as MPL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/north-west-premier-elect-bushy-maape-sworn-in-as-mpl-5d8e3550-d77a-4d79-b992-48661457ee71 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumalo |first=Juniour |title=North West Premier-elect Bushy Maape sworn in as MPL |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/north-west-premier-elect-bushy-maape-sworn-in-as-mpl-20210901 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayin cikakken zama na Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba 2021, an zaɓi Maape a matsayin firayim minista, duk da ƙalubale daga Winston Rabotapi na DA. Maape ya samu kuri'u 21 idan aka kwatanta da kuri'u 5 na Rabotapi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Bushy Maape officially takes over Mokgoro's job as North West premier |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/breaking-news/2615970/ancs-bushy-maape-officially-elected-new-north-west-premier-7-september-2021/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A ranar ne aka rantsar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |title=Bushy Maape finally sworn-in as North West premier |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/bushy-maape-finally-sworn-in-as-north-west-premier-20210907 |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Citypress |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2022, a taron zaɓe na lardin ANC a Rustenburg, Maape ya yi adawa da tsohon MP Nono Maloyi a matsayin shugaban lardin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumalo |first=Juniour |title=ANC stalwart Maape goes head-to-head with ex-MEC Maloyi for North West chairperson position |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/political-parties/anc-stalwart-maape-goes-head-to-head-with-ex-mec-maloyi-for-north-west-chairperson-position-20220814 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Maloyi, wanda tsohon shugaban lardin Supra Mahumapelo ya amince da shi, ya doke Maape da kuri'u 76 da hannu. Daga nan Maape ya tsaya takarar kwamitin zartarwa na lardin ANC bai yi nasara ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Bushy Maape fails to make it onto ANC provincial executive committee |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-08-29-bushy-maape-fails-to-make-it-onto-anc-provincial-executive-committee/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan sanar da sakamakon zaɓen Maloyi ya ce Maape ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin firimiya, inda ya ƙara da cewa: "A cikin wannan yunkuri a yau a wannan taron, ba mu ke zaɓen firayim minista ba, muna zaɓen shugaban jam'iyyar ANC." <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANC North West elects Supra Mahumapelo-endorsed top 5 |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-08-15-anc-north-west-elects-supra-mahumapelo-endorsed-top-5/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A lokacin taron farko na sabuwar PEC da aka zaɓa, Maloyi ya sake nanata cewa ba za a cire Maape a matsayin Firayim Minista ba.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2022 |title=North West Premier Bushy Maape safe for now, Gauteng's David Makhura on his way out |work=Independent Online |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/north-west-premier-bushy-maape-safe-for-now-gautengs-david-makhura-on-his-way-out-ce7eab01-2e36-4d41-a4bf-758b4a4188c3 |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref> Duk da tabbaci daga Maloyi cewa ba za a cire Maape a matsayin Firayim Minista ba, har yanzu ana hasashen cewa za a iya tilastawa Maape ficewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masungwini |first=Norman |title=NW prepares for reshuffle as new ANC chairperson tightens his grip |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/nw-prepares-for-reshuffle-as-new-anc-chairperson-tightens-his-grip-20221015 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Lazarus Mokgosi ya ci nasarar Maape a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Van der Watt |first=Elisma |date=2024-06-14 |title=Lazarus Mokgosi nuwe premier van Noordwes |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/lazarus-mokgosi-nuwe-premier-van-noordwes/?mc_cid=547a03975f&mc_eid=8e57a652fb |website=Maroela Media |language=af}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{People's Assembly (South Africa)|bushy-kaobitsa-maape|Mr Bushy Kaobitsa Maape}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 07i0pyba6p4qlku62xzi5dsqh1jj1dt 0 105127 879974 657512 2026-07-10T06:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha|image=|imagesize=|caption=|office=[[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Ogun State|Ogun East]]|term_start=11 June 2019|term_end=11 June 2023|predecessor=[[Buruji Kashamu]]|successor=[[Gbenga Daniel]]|term_start1=5 June 2007|term_end1=6 June 2011|predecessor1=[[Tokunbo Ogunbanjo]]|successor1=[[Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1960|2|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ijebu-Igbo]], [[Western Nigeria|Western Region]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Ogun State]], Nigeria)|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Nigerian|party=[[All Progressives Congress]] (APC)|spouse=Alhaja Iyabosola Mustapha|children=5|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=Public Servant, Business man, Politician|website=|footnotes=}} '''Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha''' (an haife shi 25 ga Fabrairu 1960) ɗan majalisar dattawan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya wakilci mazaɓar Ogun ta Gabas ta [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] daga 2019 zuwa 2023. A baya ya wakilci wannan mazabar daga 2007 zuwa 2011 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar]] PDP, <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web |title=Sen. Ramoni O Mustapha |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607075127/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> ya sake tsayawa takara a kan tikitin [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam'iyyar Labour]] a zaben 2011, ya samu kuri'u 8,762 kacal. Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka na jam’iyyar ACN ya samu kuri’u 76,543. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 April 2011 |title=NASS ELECTION: Heavyweights bite dust •Sheriff, Omisore, Oyinlola, Aliero, Agagu, Orji Kalu, Bankole lose |url=http://www.thenigeriandaily.com/2011/04/10/nass-election-heavyweights-bite-dust-%E2%80%A2sheriff-omisore-oyinlola-aliero-agagu-orji-kalu-bankole-lose/ |access-date=2012-07-24 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323012109/http://www.thenigeriandaily.com/2011/04/10/nass-election-heavyweights-bite-dust-%E2%80%A2sheriff-omisore-oyinlola-aliero-agagu-orji-kalu-bankole-lose/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=Quiet Senator: Lekan Mustapha Gets His Groove Back at 60 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/01/quiet-senator-lekan-mustapha-gets-his-groove-back-at-60/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fage == An haifi Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1960. Yana da Diploma na kasa a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun]] . Kafin zaɓen majalisar dattawa, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin ayyukan gine-gine na jihar Ogun. Ya kasance Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Ijebu ta Arewa, Ijebu-Igbo (1996-1997), kuma an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai (2003-2007) mai wakiltar Ijebu North/East/Ogun Waterside. <ref name="nassnig"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olalekan Mustapha |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3988.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> == Aikin majalisar dattawa == [[Fayil:NigeriaOgun.png|right|thumb|200x200px| [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] a [[Najeriya]]]] An zabi Ramoni O Mustapha a matsayin dan majalisar dattawa ta kasa mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ogun ta gabas a shekarar 2007 kuma an naɗa shi a kwamitocin Neja Delta, harkokin cikin gida, kasuwanci da kasuwannin jari. <ref name="nassnig2">{{Cite web |title=Sen. Ramoni O Mustapha |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607075127/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=101 |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> An kalubalanci zabensa, to amma a watan Mayun 2008 Kotun Korar Zaɓe ta amince da zaɓensa. .<ref name="nassnig"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Why N'assembly is Probing - Senator Mustapha |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290785.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=This Day}}</ref> A watan Satumban shekarar 2007, Sen Olalekan Mustapha ya ɗauki nauyin dokar kula da lafiyar muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BILLS PROGRESSION |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/bills_progression.php?page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221184351/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/bills_progression.php?page=6 |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> A watan Disambar 2007, Sanata Mustapha da wasu mambobin kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da harkokin cikin gida guda biyar, sun yi rangadi a hukumance a [[Seme Border|Seme]], inda suka duba halin rudani na ofisoshin Najeriya a kan iyakar Jamhuriyar Benin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2007 |title=Wheat from my granary |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2007/dec/20/Travel-20-12-07-001.htm |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=The Daily Sun}}</ref> A watan Mayun shekara ta 2008, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa [[David Mark]] ya naɗa mambobin kwamitin da za su sake duba kundin tsarin mulkin 1999, wanda Sanata [[Ike Ekweremadu]] zai jagoranta. Olalekan Mustapha na daya daga cikin mambobin da aka zaba domin wakiltar shiyyar kudu maso yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2008 |title=Ekweremadu, Makarfi, 35 others make Senate constitution review committee |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/may/09/national-09-05-2008-003.htm |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=The Daily Sun}}</ref> A cikin rahoton watan Agustan shekarar 2008, kwamitin majalisar dattijai mai kula da harkokin cikin gida, karkashin jagorancin Olalekan Mustapha, ya bayar da rahoton cewa gidajen yarin kasar nan ba su da kyau kuma ba su dace da wurin zama ba. Bugu da kari, gidajen yarin sun cika makil sosai. Rahoton ya bukaci a ba da kudade don ingantawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2008 |title=Senate Decries Prison Congestion |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200808110467.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=This Day}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2009, Olalekan Mustapha ya ziyarci [[Landan|birnin Landan na kasar Ingila]] domin tattauna sharudan dawo da fursunonin Najeriya sama da 800. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Feb 2009 |title=Credit Crunch! Britain To Repatriate 800 Nigerian |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4070/3/credit-crunch-britain-to-repatriate-800-nigerian.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=ModernGhana.com}}</ref> A zaben 23 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an sake zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Ogun ta Gabas a Majalisar Dattawan [[Najeriya]]. == Jihar Ijebu == An yi wani yunƙurin na sassaƙa sabuwar jiha - Ijebu - daga [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]], mai kusan iyaka da tsohuwar masarautar Ijebu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2008 |title=Awujale canvasses commitment to Ijebu State |url=http://www.nationaldailyngr.com/metro2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219153111/http://nationaldailyngr.com/metro2.htm |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=National Daily}}</ref> Gwamna [[Gbenga Daniel]] na jihar Ogun ya goyi bayan canjin, amma yana da sabani da Awujale na Ijebuland, Oba Sikiru Adetona, game da inda ya kamata ya kasance babban birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olusola Balogun |date=10 January 2009 |title=Daniel, Awujale Disagree Over Ijebu State |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901120871.html |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=Daily Independent}}</ref> Lekan Mustapha kuma yana goyon bayan kafa jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Ijebu State's Website |url=http://www.ijebustate.com/ |access-date=2009-11-12 |publisher=Senator Lekan Mustapha}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5t26947om4l8iw2hht1kn65gxzoyv2k 4 106508 879654 875637 2026-07-09T16:18:50Z Nafsy829 44504 879654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BATUTUWA A CIKIN LABARAI''' * Kotun [[Bangladesh]] ta sami tsohuwar firaministar [[Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] (wacce aka ɗauka a hoto) da laifin aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama a bayan fage, kuma an yanke mata hukuncin kisa. * Kotun Koli ta Shari'a da ke Landan ta yanke hukuncin cewa BHP ce ke da alhakin bala'in madatsar ruwa ta Mariana a Minas Gerais, Brazil a shekarar 2015. * Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya kashe mutane 12 a Islamabad, [[Pakistan]]. * Guguwar [[Fung-wong]] ta afkawa Philippines, inda ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 27. * Ana Ci Gaba da: Jadawalin Yakin Gaza Kisan kare dangi Jadawalin Yakin Rasha da '''Ukraine''' Jadawalin Yakin basasa na Sudan Jadawalin Yakin basasa Kisa * Mutuwar da ta faru kwanan nan: [[Juan Ponce EnrileThomas]] Daniel SchleeCarmen MorenoKenny EasleySteefka EvstatievaHerzl Bodinger 7vubq7aebk5wrisiy3xzyi72gmazh6k 0 107409 879949 727200 2026-07-10T05:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879949 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} {| class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%" |Bidiyo na waje |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |"COP27 Tattaunawa tare da Racquel Moses Shugaba a The Caribbean Climate Smart Accelerator", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Caribbean, 2022[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTPwKUUx7sQ&ab_channel=RMI Yanayi & Cocktails tare da Racquel Musa: A Just Future A cikin Caribbean], COP27, Maris 16, 2023[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYk5k0fsrP8&ab_channel=High-LevelClimateChampions Samar da mafita na yanayi na Caribbean, Racquel Moses, Shugaba na Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator], High-Level Climate Champions, Oktoba 18, 2023[[File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg|link=|alt=video icon|16x16px]] |} Racquel Moses Jakadan Duniya ne na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma Babban Jami'in Babban Jami'ar Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator (CCSA). Musa ya wakilci yankin a COP26-28, yana gabatar da katin sakamako na yanayi don kimanta matsayi da ci gaban ƙasashe a COP26 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Interview with Racquel Moses, United Nations Global Ambassador for the Caribbean at COP26 |url=https://oacps-ri.eu/en/news/interview-with-racquel-moses-the-united-nations-global-ambassador-for-the-caribbean-at-cop26/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=ACP |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720141151/https://oacps-ri.eu/en/news/interview-with-racquel-moses-the-united-nations-global-ambassador-for-the-caribbean-at-cop26/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma taswirar yanayi mai kyau don yankin Caribbean a COP28 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Island Resilience Action Challenge (IRAC) |url=https://newenergyevents.com/islandresilience/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Island Resilience Action Challenge |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Joey |date=2024-01-04 |title=New climate smart map on the way |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/01/04/new-climate-smart-map-on-the-way/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-02 |title=PwC, CCSA to create world's first Climate-Smart Zone in the Caribbean |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/pwc-ccsa-to-create-worlds-first-climate-smart-zone-in-the-caribbean/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=St Vincent Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta hanyar Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator, Musa ya haɗa gwamnatoci, ƙasashe, masu ba da kuɗi, masu saka hannun jari, masu haɓaka fasaha da masu ruwa da tsaki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen ci gaba da aiwatarwa a yankin Caribbean. Ayyukan sun haɗa da tsarin sufuri na jama'a, amfani da wutar lantarki ko hydrogen don motoci, dorewar abinci, gyaran sharar filastik, sake amfani da filastik a cikin kankare, da kuma amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun teku.<ref name="Hay">{{Cite web |last=Hay |first=Nick |date=19 October 2023 |title=Racquel Moses: "We can do it. Having been the canary in the coalmine... we must save ourselves" |url=https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/racquel-moses-laccw/ |website=Climate Champions |publisher=Race to Zero |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Racquel Goddard (daga baya Musa) a Barataria, Trinidad da Tobago . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Bishop Anstey kuma ta bi sha'awar ilimin halayyar jama'a da doka kafin ta kammala Masters a Gudanar da Fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a cikin 2000. Musa mai tsere ne.<ref name="marathon">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=The Caribbean Climate Smart Accelerator Announces Racquel Moses as CEO |url=https://www.investableoceans.com/blogs/carib/announcing-racquel-moses-as-ceo |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Investable Oceans}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A karkashin sunan budurwarta na Racquel Goddard, Musa ta kasance mataimakin shugaban yankin na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a LIME Jamaica a 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2012 |title=Snapshot |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120122/business/business2.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=The Jamaica Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> da mataimakin Shugaban yankin na Fujitsu Caribbean . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-05 |title=New president appointed at InvesTT |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.411910.541cbe0922 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A Jamaica, ta kafa iDaedle Consulting Ltd. A matsayin Manajan Darakta na iDaedles an zaba ta don halartar 5th Global Forum on Innovation and Technology Entrepreneurship, wanda infoDev ta gudanar a Gabashin London, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2013. Musa ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Tallafa Jari ta Trinidad & Tobago (InvesTT) a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2013. <ref name=":0"/> Musa ya inganta ci gaban Bankin Duniya na hukumar da kashi 77%, yana karɓar kyaututtuka waɗanda suka amince da aikin duniya na hukumar a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. A shekara ta 2017, Musa yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Microsoft Trinidad da Tobago . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greaves |first=Debra |date=2017-11-09 |title=New technology to detect sea pollution |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2017/11/08/new-technology-to-detect-sea-pollution/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ta kasance darakta na yanki na bangaren jama'a na Microsoft Caribbean . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brathwaite |first=Deidre |date=26 Apr 2022 |title=Investment opportunities in the Caribbean – Ms. Racquel Moses |url=https://carib-export.com/blog/investment-opportunities-in-the-caribbean-ms-racquel-moses/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Caribbean Export Development Agency |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nada Musa a cikin Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Trinidad da Tobago (TTOC) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-06-01 |title=President Carmona installs gender-equal TTOC executive committee for 2017-2020 |url=https://wired868.com/2017/06/01/president-carmona-installs-gender-equal-ttoc-executive-committee-for-2017-2020/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Wired868 |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa kuma a matsayin Amintattun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iveson |first=Ali |date=30 April 2022 |title=Henderson takes over as TTOC President following historic election |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1122598/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Inside The Games}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, ta gabatar da adireshin fasalin a taron tara na masana'antar wasanni na kwamitin wasannin Olympics na Trinidad da Tobago. Taken taron shine "The Environmental Impact of Sport". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walcott |first=Roneil |date=2024-03-07 |title=Climate change to take focus at TTOC Sport Industry Conference |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/03/07/climate-change-to-take-focus-at-ttoc-sport-industry-conference/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}</ref> Musa ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan magance canjin yanayi bayan haihuwar 'yarta a shekarar 2018. An sanar da kafa Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator (CCSA) a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2018 tare da tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka (IDB), Virgin Group, da [[Bankin Duniya]], <ref name="Fraser" /> a wani bangare a matsayin martani ga lalacewar Guguwar Maria da Irma a cikin 2017.<ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Aims to Become World's First Climate-Smart Zone |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/08/09/caribbean-aims-become-world-first-climate-smart-zone |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2019, Musa ya zama Shugaba na Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator . <ref name="Fraser" /><ref name="marathon"/> CCSA ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tun daga shekarar 2020. Haɗin gwiwar yana wakiltar ƙasashe 28 na Caribbean da fiye da mutane miliyan 40. <ref name="worldbank"/> A cikin hanzari, Musa yana aiki don daidaita ayyukan basira na yanayi tare da nau'ikan tallafin agaji daban-daban: tallafin tallafi, tallafin rance da saka hannun jari. CCSA kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan ta hanyar kwamitin ba da shawara kan kudi da kuma forums ga masu saka hannun jari. CCSA tana aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na shekara-shekara na Earthshot Prize.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramkhalawan |first=Kimberly |date=November 22, 2022 |title=CCSA HIGHLIGHTS WINS AND LOSSES FOLLOWING COP27 - CaribMagPlus |url=https://www.caribmagplus.com/ccsa-highlights-wins-and-losses-following-cop27/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Musa yana aiki tare da Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum (CREF) da kuma Island Resilience Action Challenge (IRAC), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-06 |title=Caribbean Blended Finance for Resilience (CBFR) Fund Mobilised |url=https://www.caribbeanaccelerator.org/caribbean-blended-finance-for-resilience-cbfr-fund-mobilised/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=$100M Fund mulled for Caribbean Renewable Energy projects |url=https://villagevoicenews.com/2020/11/02/100m-fund-mulled-for-caribbean-renewable-energy-projects/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Village Voice News |language=en-US}}</ref> IRAC wani shiri ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke tattara masu ruwa da tsaki a tsibirin tare don gina yarjejeniya da aiki akan mafita don magance canjin yanayi. IRAC tana samun tallafi daga Advanced Energy Group da Bankin Ci Gaban Caribbean. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> One of IRAC's initiatives has been the development of a resilience scorecard that can be used to assess both the commitments and accomplishments of countries in adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Moses shared the scorecard internationally at COP26.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> A further step has been the development of a climate smart map which tracks climate action data from 28 countries in the Caribbean region.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kentish |first=Alison |date=2023-12-19 |title=Caribbean Confidence High Post COP28, But Vigilant Follow-Through on Key Deals Needed |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2023/12/19/35609 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Global Issues |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator unveils climate smart {{!}} Loop Jamaica |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/caribbean-climate-smart-accelerator-unveils-climate-smart |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The map was developed through a partnership between CCSA and Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) and announced by Moses and others at COP28 in [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> A COP28, ban da gabatar da sabbin mafita da kuma ba da shawara don tallafawa kudade don juriya ga yanayi, Musa ya goyi bayan aiwatar da Asusun Asusun Asarar da Lalacewar.<ref name=":4"/> Yankin Caribbean yana da gudummawa na kasa da 1% na hayakin carbon na duniya, amma yana fama da rashin daidaituwa daga abubuwan da suka faru. Lalacewar da aka yi a yankin kusan kusan kashi 40% na duka lalacewar duniya.<ref name=":5"/> Akwai goyon baya mai karfi don juyawa zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma 'yancin makamashi a yankin. Fiye da rabin ƙasashen Caribbean suna da niyyar samar da sama da 50% na wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa kuma ƙasashe 10 suna da niyya don samar da 100% na wutar lantarki ta sabuntawa. [[Costa Rica]] ta cimma burinta na 100% mai sabuntawa kuma [[Suriname]] ta cimma burin ta na 35% tun daga shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-08 |title=Caribbean off target in meeting goals on renewable transition |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/09/08/caribbean-off-target-in-meeting-goals-on-renewable-transition/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, an zabi Musa a matsayin Jakadan Duniya don tseren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa Zero & tseren zuwa Resilience . Sauran Jakadun Duniya sun hada da Michael Bloomberg, Susan Chomba, da Saleemul Huq. Musa shine kadai daga cikin Jakadun Duniya da ya fito daga Ƙananan Tsibirin Ci Gaban (SIDS). Musa ya yi aiki a cikin juri na Island Innovation Awards, wanda Island Innovation da Clinton Global Initiative suka fara bayarwa a shekarar 2021. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hw0l9u1uhmlj2nk9jvgsk9ndsj33si 0 107645 879600 864443 2026-07-09T14:25:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rarrabar sufuri'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_divide</ref> yana nufin rashin daidaituwar hanyar sufuri. Yana iya haifar da keɓance zamantakewar ƙungiyoyin marasa galihu.<ref>"Social inequality, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and transport deprivation: an assessment of the historical influence of housing policies"</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22578-4_10</ref> Manufar ita ce ta ƙunshi batutuwan da suka kama daga rashin daidaito zuwa jigilar jama'a zuwa ga rashin daidaito a cikin ƙaura na duniya saboda manufofin biza daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na rarrabuwar kai tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta duniya.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024X</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8070696</ref> Akwai abubuwa da dama na rarraba sufuri. Mutane na iya samun matsala wajen amfani da tsarin sufuri saboda shingen jiki, kamar rashin samun dama ga nakasassu (rashin shiga keken guragu shima yana shafar mutanen da ke da keken jarirai ko kekuna).<ref>http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf</ref> Rashin isassun lakabi kuma na iya haifar da matsala ga mutanen da ba sa jin yaren gida. Matsalolin kuɗi a cikin nau'ikan farashin sabis na iya hana matalauta amfani da sabis na sufuri. Shingayen nesa (a matsayin nisa daga gidajen mutane) na iya sanya wasu wuraren galibi ba su isa ga mutane ba tare da shiga mota ba, musamman lokacin da zirga-zirgar jama'a na gida ba ta da kyau. Matsalolin lokaci sun haɗa da matsalolin da ake samu a lokacin gaggawa, amma kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci ke haifar da buƙatar shirya kula da ’yan uwa (mafi yawan kulawar yara), wanda idan aka haɗa tare da rashin kyawun hanyoyin sufuri na iya zama wani abu na rage shigar mata cikin ma’aikata. Har ila yau, akwai shingen tsoro kamar tsoron kada a danne su, wanda ya kai ga kera motocin fasinja kawai mata. Kokarin gyara shingen tsoro ta hanyar kara sanya ido da kuma 'yan sanda duk da haka yana da alaƙa da raguwar amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka da wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar matasa suke yi.<ref>https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests</ref> Masana da masu tsara birane sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi don inganta zirga-zirgar jama'a da haɓaka hanyoyin shiga, ba da tallafin sufuri na sirri, da canza hanyoyin da aka tsara birane don haɓaka motsi.<ref>https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a98c249-30af-44e5-9b45-00ea8b42bc15</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata, haɗin gwiwar duniya ya yi tasiri a yankuna da yawa na birane. Sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya haifar da ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin birni tare da kewaye. Gentrification ya tilasta wa marasa galihu da magidanta yin ƙaura daga tsakiyar birane, yana haifar da buƙatu na sufuri mai sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya da tattalin arziki ya kara dagula matsalar sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1008 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523130243/https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufofin gidaje sun yi tasiri sosai kan rarrabuwar kawuna da motsi. Tallafin da aka yi wa manyan gidaje a yankunan karkara ya haifar da tarin talauci a cikin birane. Bayar da tallafin gidaje masu karamin karfi a yankunan da ba su da yawa yana haifar da keɓantattun al'ummomin da ke da iyakacin damar sufuri. Yana da matukar wahala a haɗa yankunan karkara masu nisa ta hanyar zirga-zirgar jama'a, duk da haka gidaje masu karamin karfi suna kokawa don samun daidaiton hanyar sufuri na zaman kansu.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x</ref> === Kasar Amruka === A tarihi an sami rarrabuwar kawuna na sufuri ga tsirarun kabilanci a Amurka ta hanyar rarraba tsarin jigilar jama'a. An ware motocin bas da yawa har zuwa hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1956, Browder v. Gayle. Sauran manyan shari'o'in kotuna da suka shafi rarrabuwa kan jigilar jama'a sune Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., Morgan v. Virginia, da Boynton v. Virginia.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2542-5196%2818%2930219-5</ref> A shekara ta 1956, gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta zartar da dokar babbar hanya tsakanin jihohi, wadda ta ba da kudade don gina dubban miliyoyi na manyan tituna a fadin kasar. Wannan doka, tare da lissafin GI wanda ya ba da tallafi ga tsoffin sojoji don zama masu gida, ya sauƙaƙe ƙauyuka da bazuwar birane. Wannan ya sa Amurka ta kasance mai dogaro da mota yayin da birane suka bazu kuma mutane sukan tashi daga bayan gari zuwa birane don aiki. Wannan ya sanya mallakar mota mahimmanci don samun gidaje da makarantu na bayan gari. Wannan kewayen birni bai iyakance ga Amurka ba; birane da yawa a Turai sun ci gaba haka a cikin karni na 20.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1108/9781780522012-002</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12072</ref> == Harkokin sufurin jama'a == Harkokin sufurin jama'a ya bambanta da ƙasa, kuma a cikin ƙasashe, ana samun rarrabuwar kawuna. Amurka, alal misali, tana da tsarin sufurin jama'a mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Garuruwa masu yawa, irin su New York ko D.C., sun fi samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, amma wasu biranen, irin su [[Houston]], an gina su a kewayen motoci da manyan tituna kuma akwai rashin isassun hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a. Wadanda ba su da motoci a cikin wadannan biranen suna cikin matsala wajen ganowa da kuma zuwa ayyukan yi. Manufar yanzu tana fifita waɗanda ke bayan gari da motoci maimakon talakawa, mazauna birane.<ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1523908X.2013.858592</ref> Rashin isassun sufurin jama'a shine tsakiyar hanyar sufuri. Harkokin sufurin jama'a yana ba da damar yin aiki, ilimi, ayyukan zamantakewa, sabis na kiwon lafiya, abinci, da sauran abubuwan bukatu. Wadanda ba su da sufuri na sirri kamar motoci sukan dogara da jigilar jama'a. Amma duk da haka, ana samun ƙarancin kuɗin jigilar jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, maiyuwa ba zai yi hidima ga duk jama'a cikin adalci ba. Wadanda ke kewayen cibiyoyin birane na iya kokawa don samun ingantacciyar zirga-zirgar jama'a idan ba sa zama kusa da wuraren aikinsu.<ref>"Transport and Inequality: Why Disparities in Access Matter in Cities |"</ref> == Nakasa == A al'adance ba a tsara jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa ba. Zagayowar tafiye-tafiye na zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da abubuwa da yawa, kamar tafiya zuwa tashar wucewa, siyan tikiti, nemo madaidaicin sabis, shiga da tashi, waɗanda galibi ba sa samun damar masu nakasa. Sau da yawa, motoci ne kawai zaɓi mai yiwuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa, wanda zai iya zama ƙarin kuɗi da nauyi. Wadanda ke da motoci na iya kokawa don samun filin ajiye motoci ko wuraren kwana kamar tudu a wuraren da ake zuwa. Samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a a cikin Ƙasashe na karkashin (LMIC) ke da shi, wanda ke da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a Cambodia ya gwada Kayan Aikin Tafiya (JAT) wanda ke gano shingen jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa. Wannan kayan aikin yana da yuwuwar haɓaka tattaunawa game da shingen sufuri da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan samun dama. == sufuri na sirri(kai da kai) == An samu fashewar wani abu a cikin mallakar mota a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran akwai motoci biliyan 2 a kan hanya a duniya nan da shekarar 2030. Akwai mummunan sakamako da yawa ga irin wannan yaduwar mallakar motoci, kamar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], yaduwar birane, hadarin lafiya, da zirga-zirgar da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da zirga-zirga. Koyaya, rashin abin hawa yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da mota kamar Amurka. Mattioli (2014) ya bayyana nau'ikan lalacewar sufuri iri biyu: waɗanda ba su da mota da waɗanda mallakar motar ke da nauyi mai nauyi (mallakar motar tilas). Wadanda ke cikin kasan rabin rabon kudaden shiga sune suka fi shafan mallakar mota kamar yadda wani muhimmin kaso na kudaden shigarsu ke kasaftawa don siye da kula da ababen hawa. Sau da yawa ana raina farashin mallakar mota; inshorar mota, kuɗin rajista, filin ajiye motoci, gas, da gyare-gyare suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan nauyi mai nauyi na mallaka. Ƙasashen kuɗin shiga a Amurka ya kashe kusan kashi 34% na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara kan sufuri. Irin wannan lahani kuma an kira shi da mallakar mota "tilastawa" saboda yana haifar da babban nauyi ga gidaje duk da haka suna buƙatar mota don ci gaba da aiki ko shiga cikin wasu ayyukan da suka dace. Akwai tsadar waje da yawa don yaɗuwar amfani da mota da dogaro da mota. Wadannan kudaden da ake kashewa ga al'umma sun hada da gurbatar hayaniya, gurbacewar iska, sauyin yanayi, cunkoso, da hadurran mota. Baƙar fata da Latino a cikin Amurka suna da ƙarancin ikon mallakar mota, kuma mallakar mota yana da alaƙa da haɓaka samun aiki, ƙarin albashi, da rage rarrabuwar kabilanci a cikin ƙimar rashin aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a LA ya gano cewa mallakar mota ya karu da aikin da kashi 9%. Yana da wahala a yi zirga-zirgar jama'a daga cikin birane zuwa guraben ayyukan yi na kewayen birni, wanda ke rage guraben aikin yi ga waɗanda ke cikin birane ba tare da motoci ba. == Rarrabar motsin duniya == Manufofin watsi da Visa sun canza a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata yayin da haɗin gwiwar duniya da sabbin fasahohi suka haɓaka sauƙin motsi. Koyaya, waɗanda suka fito daga OECD da ƙasashe masu arziki suna da ƙarin haƙƙin motsi da samun damar hana biza fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe masu arziki. Wannan ya haifar da "rarrabuwar motsi ta duniya" a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙasashe masu yancin motsi fiye da sauran. Shachar (2009) yana amfani da kalmar "ɗan farin gidan 'yan wanzuwa" don motsawa yadda mutum ke da ikon motsa cikin duniya ta yanke hukunci a cikin ƙasar. == Damuwar karkara == Galibin al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar sufuri ko wacece. Mutane a cikin al'ummomin karkara ba za su iya yin tuƙi ba saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da shekaru, nakasa, da matsayin zamantakewa. Koyaya, "motsi ya kasance muhimmin bangare na jin daɗin rayuwar karkara, tsofaffi da marasa galihu." Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar yau da kullum saboda kowane mutum dole ne ya bar gidansu a wani lokaci ko wani lokaci don zuwa aiki, kantin kayan abinci, ziyarci likita, ko zuwa makaranta. Wannan ya lura, akwai mutane da yawa da suka bar ƙoƙarin samun abin hawa saboda ba za su iya samun wani wuri da kansu ba. Wannan yana sanya nauyi mai yawa a kan daidaikun mutane yayin da mutane ke shiga hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun don zagayawa. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da mutane suna karɓar lamuni da ba na hukuma ba daga abokai da dangi don siyan abin hawa ko haɗa mota tare da abokin aiki ko maƙwabci. Ga mutane da yawa, duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun sune kawai zaɓi saboda biyan kuɗin mota yana da yawa kuma al'ummomin karkara ba sa iya tafiya. Wannan nauyin ya shafi ingancin rayuwar yau da kullun na mutum da duk wanda abin ya shafa. Samun ababen hawa da zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da alaƙa da gamsuwar unguwanni. Lokacin da mutum zai iya kewaya wurin da ya zaga da kansa, zai fi jin daɗin zama a wurin. Alal misali, motoci suna sauƙaƙa wa mutane yin amfani da lokaci tare da abokansu da iyalansu. Ƙauye da na bayan gari suna wahalar da mutanen da ba su da mota su zagaya. Wata mahaifiyar [[Boston]] da ta shiga cikin binciken 2010 kan hanyar sufuri ta ce, "Ta yaya zan isa daga nan zuwa wurin likita a yau? Ba ni da kuɗin motar bas, wanda shine tafiya na sa'a da rabi. Kuma idan ana ruwan sama da sanyi, tare da jarirai biyu, ba za ku iya tafiya sa'a daya zuwa tashar bas ba ta wata hanya. "Damuwa ga mutanen da suka shafi sufuri shine mafi girma ga al'ummomin karkara. Mutanen da ke da ababen hawa sun fi gamsuwa da yankunansu sau 1.6 fiye da waɗanda ba su da motoci. A cikin yankunan karkara, mutanen da ba su da abin hawa suna iya tsallake alƙawuran likitoci. Sufuri shine ƙayyadaddun lafiya na zamantakewa, ma'ana cewa rashin samun damar sufuri yana da alaƙa da mummunan sakamakon lafiya. Yayin da shirye-shirye kamar Medicaid da sauransu suka yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wannan batu, akwai miliyoyin Amurkawa marasa inshora waɗanda ba za su iya samun damar waɗannan ayyukan ba a sakamakon haka. Wasu al'ummomin karkara sun ƙaddamar da ayyukan sufuri waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan hawan keke da zirga-zirga don hidima ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. TAFARKIN Aikin (Mazauna Masu Tafiya tare da Sabbin Ayyuka) sun fara a cikin 2015 a wani yanki na Arewacin Carolina. Ana ba da kuɗi na sirri kuma "yana ba da jigilar jigilar mutum kyauta zuwa alƙawuran kiwon lafiya, kantin magani, shagunan miya / bankunan abinci, da sauran wuraren da ke tallafawa lafiya da walwala." Shirin ya sauke wasu nauyin kudi daga kafadun wadannan mutane tare da ba su damar halartar muhimman alƙawuran likita ba tare da damuwa ba. Shirye-shirye kamar TRIP sun ga sakamako mai kyau ga mazauna karkara, duk da haka, kudade ya kasance abin damuwa ga mutane da yawa. == Tasiri == Rashin lahani na sufuri yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da haɓaka haɓakar zamantakewa (wanda aka auna ta dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shiga siyasa, tallafin zamantakewa) da rage jin daɗin rayuwa. Rashin lahani na sufuri yana iya cutar da jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar iyakance damar samun albarkatu da sabis na zamantakewa. Hakanan yana hana dangantaka da jin daɗin jama'a, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga jin daɗin rayuwa. Unguwannin da ba su da walwala a cikin jama'a sun fi fuskantar matsalar sufuri. Wani tasiri na rashin lahani na sufuri shine ƙara yawan bayyanar da zirga-zirga, wanda ke da haɗari ta hanyar gurbataccen iska da kuma hadarin mota. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙabilanci sun fi zama a yankunan da ke da cunkoso kuma suna fuskantar mummunan tasirin lafiya. Ana kiran irin waɗannan alamu da bambance-bambance a matsayin wariyar launin fata. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ya gano cewa rashin lafiyar sufuri yana da alaƙa da ƙarin fahimtar aikata laifuka a cikin unguwa, daɗaɗɗen lafiyar jiki da tunani, ƙarancin shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a da zamantakewa, da rage jin daɗin rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Rashin lahani na sufuri yana shafar yawan jama'a daban-daban. Ingancin rayuwar tsofaffin jama'a ya dogara sosai kan samun damar sufuri kamar yadda sufuri ke ba da damar hulɗar zamantakewa da abubuwan sha'awa. Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, wani nau'in rarrabuwar sufuri shine haɗarin lafiya. Wadanda ke iya tafiya a cikin motoci masu zaman kansu suna cikin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin kwangilar COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da damar zirga-zirgar jama'a kawai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke da naƙasa ƙila sun ƙara haɗari ga COVID-19 ban da fuskantar ƙarin shingen samun damar sufuri. Wannan annoba ta sanya yin amfani da sufuri da wahala ga nakasassu ta hanyar katsewa zuwa amintaccen sufuri da kwanciyar hankali, rashin sadarwa game da sabuntawa game da jigilar jama'a, da rashin taimako. == Matsaloli masu yiwuwa == An sanya kudade don zirga-zirgar jama'a a kan mashin baya. Jami'an sufuri sun taru a taron kasa kan zirga-zirgar jama'a na yankunan karkara da na tsakiyar gari a shekarar 2016 don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi sufuri. Babban burinsu shi ne cimma fahimtar bincike da buƙatun manufofin da suka shafi zirga-zirgar ƙauyuka ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Domin auna ra'ayi kan batun, an rarraba binciken ga masu halarta. Yawancin sun ji cewa gwamnati ba ta yin abin da ya dace don magance bukatun tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Dangane da wannan batu, mutane da yawa suna ganin ya kamata jama'a da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki tare don samar da hanyoyin sufuri a yankunan karkara. Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba da tallafin motoci ga gidaje matalauta. Koyaya, ana sukar waɗannan shirye-shiryen saboda matsalolin muhalli da kuma damuwa game da hana zirga-zirgar jama'a. Sauran masanan sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin samar da fasaha, kamar buƙatun kasuwar jigilar kayayyaki a cikin yankunan karkara. Wasu masu tsara birane suna ba da shawara ga ƙarnuka masu yawa, ƙauyukan birni masu gauraya waɗanda ke da kusancin mutane tare da ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da ƙarancin zirga-zirga. Ɗaya daga cikin mafita ga rashin lahani na sufuri da ke da alaƙa shine samarwa da ƙarfafa amfani da madadin hanyoyin sufuri. Ana iya ƙarfafa hawan keke da tafiya ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe ko shirin raba keke, amma waɗannan kamfen ɗin sun iyakance ga ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan birane. Motsin da ba shi da mota yana nufin rage tsakiyar amfani da mota a cikin al'umma ta hanyar tsara birane da jigilar jama'a. Sabbin al'adun birni, haɓaka wayo, da haɓaka mai dogaro da kai, hanyoyi ne guda uku waɗanda ke da nufin sanya birane su kasance masu tafiya, ƙara yawan birane, rage ɓarkewar kewayen birni, da rage rarrabuwar sufuri. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da suka mayar da hankali kan dorewa suna fatan inganta zaɓuɓɓuka don gidaje, aikin yi, da sufuri don ƙarin al'ummomin masu adalci. Ka'idodin hawan keke irin su [[Uber]] da [[Lyft]] suna karuwa, musamman a birane da kewaye. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan kamfanoni sun yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa a yankunan karkara amma suna magance gaskiyar cewa waɗannan yankunan suna da ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma tsawon tafiya. Masu farawa da sauran kamfanonin fasaha sun fara fitowa don magance wannan batu. May Motsi, wani kamfanin abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa na Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]] yana ƙoƙari zuwa ga kore, sabuwar sabuwar makoma. Manufar Mobility na samar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta ga mutane shine mafita mai aiki ga mutanen da ke fuskantar matsalar samun damar sufuri. Harkokin zirga-zirgar jama'a a wuraren da ba su da sufuri na iya inganta motsi, damar tattalin arziki, rage farashin gida, da kuma inganta al'umma gaba ɗaya. Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin zirga-zirgar jama'a yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke fama da matsalar sufuri kawai idan an yi niyya ga zirga-zirgar jama'a a takamaiman ƙungiyoyi kuma yana ba da sabis na sassauƙa. Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukan mutane; kowa yana buƙatar sufuri. Batu ne na duniya wanda masu tsara manufofi za su iya samun matsaya guda a kai idan ya zama batu mafi girma. == Jirgin sama == Tun lokacin da aka fara sararin samaniyar kasashe ban da kasashen da suka fi samun ci gaba a sararin samaniyar sun yi iƙirarin cewa sararin samaniya na kowa ne kuma bai kamata waɗanda ke da damar zuwa wurin su sarrafa sararin samaniya ba.<ref>https://www.sapiens.org/culture/space-colonization-racism/</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024X</ref> Bugu da ƙari, 'yan kasuwa na New Space sun yi jayayya da goyon bayan kamfanoni don kafa bil'adama a matsayin nau'in nau'in nau'i na duniya, wanda aka soki saboda kasancewarsa manufa ta tserewa, iyakance ga 'yan kaɗan, bisa ga ka'idojin da ba a sani ba da kuma ba da gudun hijira a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin a duniya maimakon yin aiki a kan matsalolin.<ref>http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=enrUPzDSRFQC</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1AYyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49</ref> == Duba kuma == * https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/8019_73613_WUF5%20Summary%20Report_22Feb2011.pdf == Manazarta == 4umrj4cev9ixnom8h87yhjs7iudxrq8 0 107992 880020 677531 2026-07-10T08:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Deglaciation shine sauyawa daga cikakkun yanayin kankara a lokacin zamanin kankara, zuwa dumi ''interglacials'', wanda ke nuna yanayin dumama na [[Duniya]] da hauhawar matakin teku saboda canji a cikin ƙanƙara na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC AR5 |year=2013 |title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis - Annex III: Glossary |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524223615/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-24 |access-date=2015-05-15}}</ref> Don haka, yana nufin koma baya na kankara, kankara ko yashi mai daskarewa, da kuma bayyanar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://loyal-machine.com/ha/blog/what-is-a-freeze-dryer/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-date=2025-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818234609/https://loyal-machine.com/ha/blog/what-is-a-freeze-dryer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Raguwar cryosphere saboda ablation na iya faruwa a kowane sikelin daga duniya zuwa yanki zuwa wani glacier.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Association of Cryospheric Sciences |date=2011 |title=Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192525 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=UNESCO Digital Library}}</ref> Bayan Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum (kimanin shekaru 21,000 da suka gabata), an fara lalacewar ƙarshe, wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon Holocene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |year=2007 |title=What Do the Last Glacial Maximum and the Last Deglaciation Show? |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6s6-4-1-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425225756/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6s6-4-1-2.html |archive-date=2015-04-25 |access-date=2015-05-14}}</ref><ref name="ClarkEtal">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=19 |pages=E1134–E1142 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1116619109 |pmc=3358890 |pmid=22331892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A kusa da yawancin Duniya, deglaciation [[Komawar kankara tun daga 1850|a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata]] yana hanzarta sakamakon [[Canjin yanayi]], wani bangare ya haifar da canje-canje na ɗan adam ga iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |title=Glaciers and Climate Change |url=https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/questions/climate.html |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=NSIDC |publisher=National Snow & Ice Data Center}}</ref> Gishiri na baya ya faru ne daga kimanin 22 [[Shekara|ka]] har zuwa 11.5 ka. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da akwai matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara a duniya wanda ya karu da kusan 5 ° C, wanda kuma ya kasance tare da dumama na yanki wanda ya wuce 10 ° C. Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan mai zurfi na teku da na teku mai zafi, na kimanin 1-2 ° C (zurfin teku) da 2-4 ° C (teku mai zafi). Ba wai kawai wannan dumama ya faru ba, amma kasafin kudin ruwa na duniya ya sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci kuma tsarin ruwan sama na yanki ya canza. A sakamakon duk wannan, manyan kankara na duniya, gami da waɗanda ke Eurasia, Arewacin Amurka da sassa na Antarctic sun narke. A sakamakon haka, matakan teku sun tashi kusan mita 120. Wadannan matakai ba su faru a hankali ba, kuma ba su faru ba a lokaci guda.<ref name="ClarkEtal"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tsarin deglaciation yana nuna rashin daidaituwa tsakanin yanayin glacial da yanayin yanayi. A sakamakon daidaitattun ma'auni a tsawon lokaci, ƙanƙara da kankara suna janyewa. Lokaci masu yawa na karuwa da raguwa na cryosphere na duniya (kamar yadda aka cire daga lura da kankara da dutse, yanayin ƙasa, tsarin ƙasa, rikodin burbushin halittu, da sauran hanyoyin kwanan wata) suna nuna yanayin cyclical na glaciology na duniya da na yanki wanda aka auna ta shekaru da ƙananan lokutan da aka sani da glacials da interglacials. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jiménez-Sánchez, M. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=A review of glacial geomorphology and chronology in northern Spain: Timing and regional variability during the last glacial cycle |journal=Geomorphology |volume=196 |pages=50–64 |bibcode=2013Geomo.196...50J |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.06.009 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bentley,2009">{{Cite journal |last=Bentley M.J. |year=2009 |title=The Antarctic palaeo record and its role in improving predictions of future Antarctic Ice Sheet change |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/6869/1/6869.pdf |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |doi=10.1002/jqs.1287 |s2cid=130012058}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen lokacin glacial na ƙarshe kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata, kankara sun koma baya a kan sikelin duniya, kuma Duniya tana fuskantar lokacin zafi mai zafi wanda aka nuna kawai manyan kankara na alpine a mafi yawan latitudes tare da kankara da kankara na teku a kan sanduna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlson A.E., Clark P.U. |year=2012 |title=Ice sheet sources of sea level rise and freshwater discharge during the last deglaciation |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=50 |issue=4 |page=4 |bibcode=2012RvGeo..50.4007C |doi=10.1029/2011RG000371 |s2cid=130770580}}</ref> Koyaya, tun farkon [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], ayyukan ɗan adam sun ba da gudummawa ga saurin karuwa da kuma girman deglaciation a duniya. <ref name="Hanna,2013">{{Cite journal |last=Hanna E. |display-authors=et al |year=2013 |title=Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/10898/1/10898.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=498 |issue=7452 |pages=51–59 |bibcode=2013Natur.498...51H |doi=10.1038/nature12238 |pmid=23739423 |s2cid=205234225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Straneo F., Helmbach P. |year=2013 |title=North Atlantic warming and the retreat of Greenland's outlet glaciers |journal=Nature |volume=504 |issue=7478 |pages=36–43 |bibcode=2013Natur.504...36S |doi=10.1038/nature12854 |pmid=24305146 |s2cid=205236826}}</ref> === Greenland === Binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa a kasa da kankara na Russell Glacier na [[Greenland]], methanotrophs na iya zama sink na methane na halitta don tsarin halittu na subglacial, kuma yankin ya kasance aƙalla a lokacin samfurin, tushen methane na yanayi. Dangane da narkewar methane a cikin samfurori na ruwa, Greenland na iya wakiltar muhimmiyar tushen methane na duniya, kuma yana iya ba da gudummawa sosai saboda ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markus Dieser |last2=Erik L J E Broemsen |last3=Karen A Cameron |last4=Gary M King |last5=Amanda Achberger |last6=Kyla Choquette |last7=Birgit Hagedorn |last8=Ron Sletten |last9=Karen Junge |last10=Brent C Christner |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for methane cycling beneath the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=2305–2316 |bibcode=2014ISMEJ...8.2305D |doi=10.1038/ismej.2014.59 |pmc=4992074 |pmid=24739624}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya kammala bisa ga shaidar da ta gabata, cewa a ƙasa da kankara na Greenland da Antarctica na iya kasancewa methane clathrates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alexey Portnov |last2=Sunil Vadakkepuliyambatta |last3=Jürgen Mienert |last4=Alun Hubbard |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=Ice-sheet-driven methane storage and release in the Arctic |journal=Nature Communications |volume=7 |pages=10314 |bibcode=2016NatCo...710314P |doi=10.1038/ncomms10314 |pmc=4729839 |pmid=26739497}}</ref> == Dalilai da sakamako == A kowane sikelin, yanayi yana tasiri ga yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da kankara a saman Duniya. A lokutan sanyi, manyan kankara na iya kaiwa zuwa Equator, yayin da a lokutan zafi fiye da yau, Duniya na iya zama cikakke ba tare da kankara ba. Wani muhimmin, wanda aka nuna, dangantaka mai kyau ta wanzu tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yawan iskar gas kamar [[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]] a cikin yanayi. Babban maida hankali, bi da bi, yana da mummunar tasiri a kan girman duniya da kwanciyar hankali na cryosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis S.L., Maslin M.A. |year=2015 |title=Defining the Anthropocene |journal=Nature |volume=519 |issue=7542 |pages=171–180 |bibcode=2015Natur.519..171L |doi=10.1038/nature14258 |pmid=25762280 |s2cid=205242896}}</ref><ref name="Sigman,2010">{{Cite journal |last=Sigman D.M., Hain M.P., Haug G.H. |year=2010 |title=The polar ocean and glacial cycles in atmospheric CO₂ concentration |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=47–55 |bibcode=2010Natur.466...47S |doi=10.1038/nature09149 |pmid=20596012 |s2cid=4424883}}</ref> A kan sikelin lokaci na dubban shekaru na Pleistocene glacial da kuma interglacial cycles, mai saurin farawa da narkewa shine canje-canje a cikin sigogi na orbital da ake kira Milankovitch cycles. Musamman, ƙananan insolation na lokacin rani a arewacin arewa yana ba da izinin girma na kankara, yayin da high summer insolation yana haifar da karin ablation fiye da tarin dusar ƙanƙara na hunturu. Human activities promoting [[Canjin yanayi|climate change]], notably the extensive use of fossil fuels over the last 150 years and the resulting increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, are the principal cause of the more rapid retreat of alpine glaciers and continental ice sheets all across the world.<ref name="Hanna,2013"/> For example, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has receded significantly, and is now contributing to a positive feedback loop that threatens further deglaciation or collapse. Newly exposed areas of the Southern Ocean contain long-sequestered stores of CO₂ which are now being emitted into the atmosphere and are continuing to impact glacial dynamics.<ref name="Sigman,2010"/> The principle of isostasy applies directly to the process of deglaciation, especially post-glacial rebound, which is one of main mechanisms through which isostasy is observed and studied. Post-glacial rebound refers to the increase in tectonic uplift activity immediately following glacial retreat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Árnadóttir T. |display-authors=et al |year=2008 |title=Glacial rebound and plate spreading: Results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=691–716 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04059.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Increased rates and abundance of [[Dutsen Volcano|volcanic]] activity have been found in regions experiencing post-glacial rebound. If on a large enough scale, an increase in volcanic activity provides a positive feedback to the process of deglaciation as a result CO₂ and [[methane]] released from volcanos.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huybers P., Langmuir C. |year=2009 |title=Feedback between deglaciation, volcanism, and atmospheric CO₂ |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3659701 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=286 |issue=3–4 |pages=479–491 |bibcode=2009E&PSL.286..479H |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014 |s2cid=6331641 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinton J., Grönvold K., Sæmundsson K. |year=2005 |title=Postglacial eruptive history of the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2005GGG.....612009S |doi=10.1029/2005GC001021 |s2cid=85510535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokaci na deglaciation kuma yana haifar da wani ɓangare ta hanyar hanyoyin teku.<ref name="Allen,2011">{{Cite journal |last=Allen C.S., Pike J., Pudsey C.J. |year=2011 |title=Last glacial–interglacial sea-ice cover in the SW Atlantic and its potential role in global deglaciation |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=30 |issue=19–20 |pages=2446–2458 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2446A |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.002}}</ref> Misali, katsewar ruwan sanyi mai zurfi da zurfin shiga cikin Arewacin Atlantic suna da ra'ayoyin da ke inganta ci gaba da koma baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alley R.B., Clark P.U. |year=1999 |title=THE DEGLACIATION OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE: A Global Perspective |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=27 |pages=149–182 |bibcode=1999AREPS..27..149A |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.149 |s2cid=10404755}}</ref> Deglaciation yana tasiri a matakin teku saboda ruwan da aka riƙe a ƙasa a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi ya juya zuwa ruwa mai ruwa kuma a ƙarshe ya shiga cikin teku. Lokacin da ya gabata na tsananin deglaciation ya haifar da matsakaicin matakin teku na duniya na 1.7 mm / shekara a duk karni na 20, da 3.2 mm / shekara cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, karuwa mai sauri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyssignac B. |last2=Cazenave A. |author-link2=Anny Cazenave |year=2012 |title=Sea level: A review of present-day and recent-past changes and variability |journal=Journal of Geodynamics |volume=58 |pages=96–109 |bibcode=2012JGeo...58...96M |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2012.03.005}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Hanyoyin jiki da ke faruwa da deglaciation sun haɗa da narkewa, evaporation, sublimation, calving, da kuma matakai na aeolian kamar iska. == Rashin daskarewa na Laurentide Ice Sheet == A cikin Pleistocene Epoch, Laurentide Ice Sheet ya bazu a manyan yankuna na arewacin Arewacin Amurka, tare da fiye da murabba'in kilomita 5,000,000 na ɗaukar hoto. Yankin kankara na Laurentide yana da zurfin ƙafa 10,000 a wasu yankuna, kuma ya kai kudu har zuwa 37 ° N. Dyke et al sun shirya taswirar girman Laurentide Ice Sheet a lokacin deglaciation. Hanyoyin deglaciation suna motsawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, tare da babban direba yana canzawa a cikin hasken rana mai shigowa, ko insolation, a Arewacin Hemisphere. Amma, kamar yadda ba duk hauhawar rana ba a duk lokacin da ya haifar da deglaciation, zuwa yawan kankara na yanzu da muke gani a yau. Wannan yana haifar da kammalawa daban, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar ƙofar yanayi, dangane da kankara da ke janyewa, kuma a ƙarshe ya ɓace. Kamar yadda Laurentide ya kasance mafi girman kankara a Arewacin Hemisphere, an gudanar da bincike mai yawa game da bacewarsa, fitar da samfuran ma'aunin makamashi, samfuran yaduwar yanayi-teku, da samfuran daidaitawar makamashi. Wadannan binciken sun kammala cewa Laurentide ice sheet ya gabatar da daidaitattun ma'auni na surface a lokacin kusan dukkanin deglaciation, wanda ke nuna cewa asarar taro a duk lokacin deglacization ya kasance fiye da yiwuwar saboda fitarwa mai ƙarfi. Ba har sai farkon Holocene ba lokacin da ma'aunin farfajiyar ya canza ya zama mara kyau. Wannan canji zuwa ma'auni mara kyau ya nuna cewa raguwar ƙasa ta zama direba wanda ya haifar da asarar yawan kankara a cikin kankara na Laurentide. An kammala cewa Laurentide ice sheet kawai ya fara nuna halaye da alamu na deglaciation bayan tilasta radiative da kuma yanayin zafi na rani ya fara tashi a farkon Holocene.<ref name="UllmanEtal">{{Cite journal |last=Ullman |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Laurentide ice-sheet instability during the last deglaciation |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=534–537 |bibcode=2015NatGe...8..534U |doi=10.1038/ngeo2463}}</ref> == Sakamakon deglaciation na kankara Laurentide == Lokacin da kankara ta Laurentide ta ci gaba ta hanyar aiwatar da deglaciation, ta haifar da sabbin wurare da yawa kuma tana da tasirin ƙasa daban-daban. Na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci, yayin da manyan kankara suka narke, akwai babban adadin ruwan da ya narke. Yawan ruwan da ya narke ya haifar da siffofi da yawa, gami da tabkuna na ruwan sha, wanda zai iya zama mai girma. Ba wai kawai akwai ruwan da ya narke wanda ya samar da tabkuna ba, akwai kuma hadari da ya hura a kan ruwan sha na ciki. Wadannan guguwa sun haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu karfi don lalata bakin kankara. Da zarar an fallasa dutsen kankara, saboda hauhawar matakan teku da rushewar da raƙuman ruwa suka haifar, an raba kankara kuma an zubar da su. Manyan tabkuna sun zama ruwan dare, amma haka kuma ƙananan tabkuna, marasa zurfi, masu ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan bayyanar da ɓacewar ƙananan tabkuna masu zurfi sun rinjayi yawancin tsire-tsire, yaduwa da bambancin da muke gani a yau. Tafkunan sun yi aiki a matsayin shingen shuka ƙaura, amma lokacin da waɗannan tabkuna suka bushe, tsire-tsire na iya ƙaura da yaduwa sosai. == Rashin daskarewa na ƙarshe ==   [[Fayil:20191021_Temperature_from_20,000_to_10,000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png|thumb|Yanayin zafi daga shekaru 20,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata, wanda aka samo daga EPICA Dome C Ice Core (Antarctica) ]] [[Fayil:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png|thumb|Matsayin Tekun Bayan Gilashi]] Tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarshen Glacial na ƙarshe zuwa farkon Holocene (kimanin 19k-11k shekaru da suka wuce), yana nuna canje-canje a cikin adadin iskar gas da kuma na meridional jujjuyawar wurare dabam dabam na Atlantic (AMOC), lokacin da matakin teku ya tashi da mita 80. <ref name="ClarkEtal"/> Bugu da ƙari, ƙaƙƙarfan raguwa na ƙarshe yana da alamar CO bugun jini guda uku, <ref name="AbruptCO2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=New study shows three abrupt pulse of CO2 during last deglaciation |url=http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/oct/new-study-shows-three-abrupt-pulse-co2-during-last-deglaciation |publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> da kuma bayanan fashewar volcanic sun nuna cewa volcanism na ƙasa ya karu a duniya da sau biyu zuwa shida sama da matakan baya tsakanin 12 ka da 7 ka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peter Huybers |last2=Charles Langmuir |year=2009 |title=Feedback between deglaciation, volcanism, and atmospheric CO2 |url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3659701/Huybers_FeedbackDeglaciation.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=286 |issue=3–4 |pages=479–491 |bibcode=2009E&PSL.286..479H |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014 |s2cid=6331641}}</ref> Tsakanin kimanin 19ka, ƙarshen Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum (ko LGM) zuwa 11ka, wanda shine farkon Holocene, tsarin yanayi ya sami canji mai yawa. Yawancin wannan canjin yana faruwa ne da sauri, yayin da duniya ke hulɗa da ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Canje-canje a cikin hasken rana shine babban dalilin wannan Canjin yanayi na duniya, kamar yadda wannan ke da alaƙa da wasu canje-canje da yawa a duniya, daga canjin kankara, zuwa maida hankali ga iskar gas mai ɗorewa, da sauran abubuwan da suka haifar da martani daban-daban, a duniya da yanki. Ba wai kawai kankara da iskar gas da ke fuskantar canji ba, har ma da wannan, akwai canjin yanayi na kwatsam, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri, da kuma hauhawar matakin teku. Rugujewar kankara, tare da hauhawar matakan teku ba su faru ba har sai bayan 11ka. Duk da haka, duniya ta isa lokacin da take tsakanin ƙanƙara a yanzu, inda yanayi yake da daidaituwa kuma yana da kwanciyar hankali, kuma yawan iskar gas yana nuna kusa da matakan masana'antu. Wannan bayanan duk yana samuwa ne saboda karatu da bayanin da aka tattara daga bayanan wakilai, duka daga ƙasa da teku, wanda ke kwatanta tsarin duniya na canje-canje a cikin yanayi yayin da yake cikin lokacin Deglaciation. <ref name="ClarkEtal"/> A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum (LGM), an sami ƙaramar ƙarancin yanayi na Carbon Dioxide ( CO ), wanda aka yi imani da shi sakamakon babban abun ciki na carbon a cikin zurfin teku, ta hanyar rarrabuwa tsakanin Tekun Kudancin. Waɗannan zurfin zurfin tekun Kudancin Tekun sun ƙunshi mafi ƙarancin δ13C, wanda sakamakon haka ya haifar da kasancewa wurin da mafi girman yawa, da mafi yawan abun ciki na gishiri a lokacin LGM. Fitar da irin wannan nau'in carbon da aka ƙera ƙila ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye na zurfin tekun Kudancin teku, wanda ke motsa shi ta hanyar haɓakar iska mai ƙarfi, da ja da baya na kankara, waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da ɗumamar Antarctic, sannan kuma ya zo daidai da abubuwan sanyi, Tsoho da Matashi Dryas, a arewa. <ref name="ClarkEtal"/> A duk faɗin LGM a Arewacin Amurka, gabas ta cika da gandun daji masu jure sanyi, yayin da kudu maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin Amurka suka ci gaba da gandun dajin da aka rufe a yau, wanda ke nuna cewa a lokacin LGM yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi kuma yanayin gaba ɗaya ya fi bushewa fiye da waɗanda muke fuskanta a yau. Har ila yau, akwai alamar cewa kudu maso yammacin Amurka ya fi ruwan sama a lokacin LGM idan aka kwatanta da yau, kamar yadda akwai gandun daji, inda a yau muke ganin hamada da hamada. A cikin Amurka, bambancin tsire-tsire gabaɗaya yana nuna faɗuwar yanayin zafi na (aƙalla 5 ° C), sauyawa na waƙoƙin guguwa na yamma zuwa kudu, da kuma yanayin zafi mai zurfi. == Yanayin ƙasa ==   Yawancin siffofi da ake gani a yau sun bambanta da karfi mai karfi a lokacin, ko nan da nan bayan, deglaciation. Rarraba irin waɗannan siffofin ƙasa yana taimakawa wajen sanar da fahimtar yanayin glacial da lokutan geologic na baya. Nazarin yanayin da aka fallasa na iya sanar da fahimtar halin yanzu da kuma makomar kusa yayin da kankara a duk faɗin duniya ke komawa baya a halin yanzu na canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowie N.M., Moore R.D., Hassan M.A. |year=2013 |title=Effects of glacial retreat on proglacial streams and riparian zones in the Coast and North Cascade Mountains |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=351–365 |doi=10.1002/esp.3453 |s2cid=128455778}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, wuraren da aka lalata kwanan nan ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma za su matsa zuwa daidaituwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballantyne C.K. |year=2002 |title=Paraglacial geomorphology |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=21 |issue=18–19 |pages=1935–2017 |bibcode=2002QSRv...21.1935B |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00005-7}}</ref> Samfurin yanayin ƙasa na yau da kullun wanda ya haifar da deglaciation, ko kuma ya haifar da tsarin geomorphic na gaba bayan fallasawa saboda deglaciations: * Moraine * Esker * Kettle * Kame * Drumlin * Thermokarst * Kwarin Ramin Ramin * Tafkin da ke gaba * Tashar karkashin dusar ƙanƙara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n8d1t0s667fbv953omdf5in0syvgh47 0 108157 879976 674607 2026-07-10T07:04:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879976 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Ranar Polar Bear ta Duniya''' wani taron shekara-shekara ne da ake yi a kowace ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Polar Bear Day |url=https://polarbearsinternational.org/get-involved/international-polar-bear-day |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=Polar Bears International |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926233541/https://polarbearsinternational.org/get-involved/international-polar-bear-day |url-status=dead }}</ref> don ya dace da lokacin da uwaye da 'ya'yan beyar suke barci a cikin kogon su, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da matsayin kiyayewa na beyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Polar Bear Day |url=https://www.wwf.org.uk/get-involved/schools/calendar/international-polar-bear-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122132755/https://www.wwf.org.uk/get-involved/schools/calendar/international-polar-bear-day |archive-date=2022-11-22 |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ranar Polar Bear ta Duniya ta shirya ta [[Polar Bears International]] don wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin dumama duniya da rage kankara a kan yawan beyar polar. Ranar tana ƙarfafa mutane su sami hanyoyin rage fitar da carbon, kamar ta hanyar karkatar da [[thermostat]] ko tuki ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=27 February 2014 |title=It's International Polar Bear Day: What you can do to help |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-international-polar-bear-day-20140227-story.html |access-date=23 May 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da ranar don ƙarfafa shigar da ingantaccen makamashi a cikin gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yandell |first=Inga |title=International Polar Bear Day 2013 |url=http://wildlife-warriors.com/international-polar-bear-day-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701041737/http://wildlife-warriors.com/international-polar-bear-day-2013/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Wildlife Warriors}}</ref> == Bikin == [[Fayil:Polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_in_the_drift_ice_region_north_of_Svalbard.jpg|left|thumb|Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) a cikin yankin kankara a arewacin Svalbard]] Yawancin gidajen namun daji suna amfani da rana don ilimantarwa game da kiyaye beyar polar da kuma ƙarfafa ziyara ga nune-nunen beyar polar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Polar Bear Day |url=http://denverzoo.org/events/international-polar-bear-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528095123/http://denverzoo.org/events/international-polar-bear-day |archive-date=28 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Denver Zoo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrate International Polar Bear Day at the Zoo |url=http://www.milwaukeezoo.org/news/2014/polarbearday.php |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Milwaukee County Zoo}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa. Jack Shapiro, mataimakin manajan yakin neman zabe a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], ya yi amfani da ranar don jayayya game da bukatar matakin majalisa kan batun [[Canjin yanayi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jack |title=What humans and polar bears have in common |url=http://www.barackobama.com/news/international-polar-bear-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112081453/https://www.barackobama.com/news/international-polar-bear-day/ |archive-date=12 January 2017 |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Jami'ar Saskatchewan ta ba da sanarwar a shekarar 2014 cewa za ta juya ma'aunin zafi har zuwa digiri biyu a lokacin rani kuma ta sauka digiri biyu na Celsius a cikin hunturu don girmama Ranar Polar Bear ta Duniya. Ana sa ran yanke shawara don rage hayakin carbon na jami'ar da tan dubu biyu kuma ya ceci jami'ar sama da dala dubu ɗari biyu a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SENS and U of S celebrate International Polar Bear Day |url=https://www.usask.ca/sens/news/2014/sens-and-u-of-s-celebrate-international-polar-bear-day.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528065343/http://www.usask.ca/sens/news/2014/sens-and-u-of-s-celebrate-international-polar-bear-day.php |archive-date=28 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=University of Saskatchewan}}</ref> An lura da Ranar Polar Bear ta Duniya don zama mai tasiri wajen wayar da kan jama'a a kan layi game da bears ta hanyar binciken bayanai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Marcus A.H. |last2=Tan |first2=Audrey |last3=Carrasco |first3=Luis Roman |date=2021 |title=Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir? |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=255 |pages=109002 |bibcode=2021BCons.25509002C |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002 |s2cid=233836573}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mbmanxedkdeap71pd563og2y050lrj1 0 108262 879818 872681 2026-07-09T20:11:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, kodayake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adun al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, kodayake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shine mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == afwgrq2cti7c95fuxb4fbw0zz5yl49f 879820 879818 2026-07-09T20:13:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, kodayake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adun al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, kodayake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shi ne mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9n9hoahuuuawvlg3vvrnkjzbbnlet6s 879821 879820 2026-07-09T20:14:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, koda yake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adun al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, kodayake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shi ne mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2ik80ll612fuxnl89titxddyikw1b98 879823 879821 2026-07-09T20:16:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, koda yake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, kodayake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shi ne mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == adgb4zq9ncvhnqfdw6zfkl5hkhg5nmb 879824 879823 2026-07-09T20:17:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, koda yake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, kodayake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shi ne mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru sh da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1pi7b0sbh6c2t4e1es90jgijb4uwmbe 879825 879824 2026-07-09T20:20:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:60_minutes_1968.JPG|thumb|60 Minutes, shirin talabijin wanda ke ba da rahoto akai-akai game da labarun ɗan adam]] A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], '''Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam''' labari ne wanda ke tattauna mutane ko dabbobi ta hanyar motsin rai.<ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}</ref> Yana gabatar da mutane da matsalolinsu, damuwa, ko nasarorin da suka samu ta hanyar da za ta kawo sha'awa, tausayi ko motsawa ga mai karatu ko mai kallo. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam wani nau'in labarai ne mai laushi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya zama "labarin da ke bayan labarin" game da wani al'amari, ƙungiya, ko kuma abin da ya faru na tarihi mara fuska, kamar game da rayuwar soja ɗaya a lokacin yaƙi, hira da wanda ya tsira daga bala'i, aikin alheri na bazuwar, ko bayanin martabar wani da aka sani da samun nasarar aiki. Wani bincike da aka buga a Masanin Kimiyyar Halayyar Amurka ya kwatanta cewa ana amfani da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin labaran da suka shafi shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, koda yake mitar ta bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Abubuwan sha'awar ɗan adam galibi abun ciki ne mai ɗorewa, sauƙin yin rikodin da kyau a gaba kuma / ko sakewa a lokacin hutu ko kwanakin labarai. Shahararren tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ikon labaran na sanya mabukaci a zuciyar wani abin da ya faru a yanzu ko labarin mutum ta hanyar sanya abubuwan da ke ciki su dace da mai kallo don jawo sha'awar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Andrew |date=2018 |title=The Power of the Human Interest Story |url=https://www.zazzlemedia.co.uk/blog/human-interest-story/#gref |website=Zazzle Media}}</ref> Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam kuma suna da rawar da za su karkatar da masu amfani daga "labaran mawuyacin hali" kamar yadda ake amfani da su sau da yawa don faranta wa masu amfani rai kuma su bar su da labarin farin ciki.       Labaran sha'adan adam wani lokacin ana sukar su a matsayin labarai "mai laushi", ko kuma shirye-shiryen sarrafawa, <ref name="lmiller">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=October 16, 2011 |title='Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |publisher=Salon Media Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller2011">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). [https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/ "'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"]. ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''. Salon Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> masu ban sha'awa. Labaran sha'awar ɗan adam an lakafta su a matsayin rahotanni na labarai na almara, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin sa wasu abubuwan su zama masu dacewa ga mai kallo ko mai karatu. Wasu malamai suna ɗaukar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a matsayin wani nau'i na magudi na jarida ko farfaganda, galibi ana buga su da niyyar haɓaka ƙididdigar masu kallo ko jawo hankalin tallace-tallace da kudaden shiga.<ref name="Vanderwicken 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Vanderwicken |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=Why the News is Not the Truth |url=https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth |journal=Harvard Business Review}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVanderwicken1995">Vanderwicken, Peter (1995). [https://hbr.org/1995/05/why-the-news-is-not-the-truth "Why the News is Not the Truth"]. ''Harvard Business Review''.</cite></ref> Ana gabatar da manyan labarun sha'awar ɗan adam tare da ra'ayi don jin daɗin masu karatu ko masu kallo yayin sanar da su. Terry Morris, mai goyon bayan farko na jinsi, ya ce ta ɗauki "lasisi mai yawa tare da gaskiyar da aka ba ni".<ref name="lmiller" /> Abin da ke cikin labarin sha'awadan adam bai iyakance ga rahoton mutum ɗaya kawai ba, saboda suna iya nuna gungun mutane, takamaiman al'ada, dabba ko dabba, wani yanki na yanayi ko wani abu. Waɗannan rahotannin na iya yin bikin nasarorin mutumin/ batun da aka mayar da hankali, ko bincika matsalolinsu, wahalhalunsu. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam yawanci yana da kyau a yanayi, ko da yake ana amfani da su don nuna ra'ayi da damuwa, kamar yadda wani lokaci ana fallasa su ko kuma faɗakarwa. == Tarihi == Rahoton sha'awar ɗan adam ya taso a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 20. Asali mata ne suka kirkiro su, ‘yan jaridan da suka rubuta su da farko an san su da ‘yan uwa mata masu tauri domin ana yawan rubuta labaran ne domin a tausayawa al’amuransu. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya sami sananne lokacin da aka buga waɗannan bayanan martaba a cikin [[Mujalla|mujallar]] Amurka The New Yorker, wanda ya fara yaduwa a al 1925. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Aileen |date=2018 |title=Profile Pieces: Journalism and the 'Human Interest' Bias by Sue Joseph and Richard Lance Keeble |journal=Journal of Magazine Media |volume=18 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/jmm.2018.0012 |issn=2576-7895 |s2cid=192013019}}</ref> Masana aikin jarida sun gabatar da cewa asalin labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya koma baya fiye da wannan, yayin da suka ambaci tarihin rayuwar 1791 The Life of Samuel Johnson a matsayin wani bayanin martaba wanda marubucin James Boswell ya yi amfani da bincike, tambayoyi da abubuwan da ya samu don tsara aikinsa, dukansu kayan aiki ne na al'ada ga 'yan jarida na zamani.     Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai don ba da bege da kuma karfafa masu amfani da shi. Bayanan martaba a kan wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin halitta a cikin fahimtar jama'a game da "jarumi". Masana Winfield da Hume sun binciki yadda jarumawa suka samo asali daga al'adu kamar [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]], zuwa mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar bayar da rahoton labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Labarai irin su hira da Esquire ya yi da wanda ya tsira daga Satumba 11 Michael Wright sun nuna jarumin Amurka a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun tare da labari mai ban sha'awa ko nasara mai zurfi.       Tsarin labarun ɗan adam bai iyakance ga sassan labarai kawai a lokacin rahoton talabijin ko labarai a cikin jarida ba. Ana amfani da firam ɗin sha'awar ɗan adam ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ba tare da taƙaitaccen lokaci ba. Labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ba wai kawai yana iyakance ga rahoton labarai bane saboda akwai jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai masu tsayi waɗanda ke bin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam. == Iri-iri == Ana isar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ana gabatar da su ta nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban; kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin, rediyo da fim, kafofin watsa labaru na dijital; sadarwar intanet, shafukan yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, da kafofin watsa labaru; jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Yawan amfani da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da yawaitar rahotanni a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, koda yake yana kiyaye manufar jawo martani mai daɗi daga mabukaci. === Rahoton talabijin === Rahoton talabijin shi ne mafi mashahuriyar hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma labaran da ke da sha'awar ɗan adam sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shirye-shiryen labarai kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman nau'in labarai masu haske don kawo ƙarshen watsawa bayan rahoton "labari mai wuya". Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da aka watsa ta telebijin sukan haɗa da tattaunawa, da bayar da rahoton bayanan da suka dace da batunsu, domin mabukaci su fahimci halin da ake ciki da kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. A cikin rahoton talabijin tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Yana iya zama ɗan gajeren sashe a ƙarshen sanarwar labarai, bitar abin da ya faru na yanzu daga tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ko kuma ana iya samun cikakkun rahotannin da aka keɓe ga wani labari na sha'awar ɗan adam. Minti 60 sanannen shiri ne na labaran Amurka wanda aka daidaita shi a wasu ƙasashe kamar Australia da New Zealand. Shiri ne da ke yawan amfani da aikin jarida na bincike don bayar da labaransa kuma shi ne mai shirya labaran ban sha'awa. Shirin ya kan kunshi labaran da ke da sha'awar dan Adam kan fitattun jiga-jigan wasanni, fitattun mutane, masu yin cece-kuce da masu aikata laifuka irin su dan harin bam na birnin Oklahoma, Timothy McVeigh. === Kafofin yada labarai === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, labarun ban sha'awa na ɗan adam da abubuwan da ke cikin su sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin bugawa. Suna yawanci a cikin nau'ikan labaran jaridu, wanda marubucin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin mutum / batun da aka fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar hira, hotuna da bayanai. Sau da yawa ana haɗa ra'ayin marubucin kan batun don mabukaci ya ba da amsa irin wannan. Hakanan labarai masu sha'awar ɗan adam na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ginshiƙan ra'ayi ko yanki na edita a cikin jaridu. Har ila yau, ana buga labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam a cikin mujallu da tabloid waɗanda sau da yawa ba su dalla-dalla yadda labarin ya kasance kamar jarida kuma yawanci ana amfani da su a aikin jarida. Masu wallafa jaridu masu daraja kamar The ''New York Times'' suna amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin ayyukansu. Wani labarin da ake kira "Invisible Child", wanda ɗan jarida mai lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Andrea Elliott ya rubuta, ya shafi wata yarinya mai shekaru sh da ba ta da gida da ke zaune a New York, kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin labaran 50 mafi kyau na New York Times. Labarin ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dasani kuma ya shiga cikin muhimman bayanai game da kalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin rayuwarta ta yau da kullun ciki har da barci a bango mai ruɓewa ko yin amfani da guga a matsayin bayan gida. Labarin yana amfani da tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam don jawo bakin ciki da tausayi daga mai karatu kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sa su fahimci yadda rayuwa za ta kasance da wahala ga wasu mutane. === Sauran kafofin watsa labarai === Ana kuma gabatar da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam / an buga su a wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital; wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Shahararrun tsarin kafofin sada zumunta [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[Twitter]] suna ƙara zama sanannun hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital inda masu amfani ke samun labarai na sha'awar ɗan adam. Ana nuna yaduwar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam a kan kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar shahararren shafin yanar gizon hoto Humans of New York, shafin da ke da sha'awar Facebook sama da miliyan goma sha takwas da mabiya miliyan 10 a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Brandon |title=Human of New York |url=https://www.humansofnewyork.com/about}}</ref> ''[[Ƴancin mutanen New York|''Mutane na New York'']]'' sun sanya hotuna na 'yan ƙasar New York tare da labarin da ke tattare da rayuwarsu, kuma wanda ya kafa Brandon Stanton ya bayyana manufar shafin yanar gizon hoto kamar yadda zai iya "ba da labarin mutumin da ke gaban ni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Tim |date=2016 |title=Brandon Standon on the purpose of Humans in New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brandon-stanton-on-the-purpose-of-humans-of-new-york/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Labaran sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai daga mai karatu kuma suna sa su ji daɗi, tausayi ko kuma su danganta da labarun da ake fada. An ambaci cewa shahararren labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi da aka sani da "farkawar motsin rai", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Sebastián |last2=Piña |first2=Martina |last3=Ramírez |first3=Josefina |date=2017-08-28 |title=Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12325 |issn=0021-9916}}</ref> kamar yadda hankulan masu karatu da masu kallo ke karuwa yayin cin labaran sha'awar ɗan adam saboda manufar labarun da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Nazarin kafofin watsa labaru na Dutch sun gano cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin ɗan adam, tare da binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya haɓaka hannun jari na Facebook da 33% idan aka kwatanta da labaran da ba su amfani da hangen nesa na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trilling |first=Damian |last2=Tolochko |first2=Petro |last3=Burscher |first3=Björn |date=2016-07-10 |title=From Newsworthiness to Shareworthiness |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/14745010/From_newsworthiness_to_shareworthiness.pdf |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=38–60 |doi=10.1177/1077699016654682 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=148469329}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Amsawar motsin rai da sha'awar da labarin sha'awar ɗan adam ya jawo daga masu amfani da shi sune dalilan da ya sa labarin sha'awa na ɗan adam ya zama nau'in kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Masu sauraron sa da malamai sun haɗu da karɓar labarin sha'awar ɗan adam. Nazarin daga malamai ya nuna cewa idan aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma aka ba shi ma'ana sosai, labarin sha'awar ɗan adam na iya rasa haɗin kai daga masu kallo. Amma malamai irin su farfesa a fannin jarida Perry Parks suna jayayya cewa rufe labarin sha'awar ɗan adam daga labarai masu tsanani ya haifar da rabuwa mara lafiya tsakanin labarai "mai wuya" marasa tausayi da labarai "mai laushi" masu tilasta motsin rai, kuma don mahimman labarai don kula da muhimmancinsa 'yan jarida dole ne su sake gabatar da abubuwan motsin rai ga muhimman labarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=Perry |date=2019-02-05 |title=An unnatural split: how 'human interest' sucks the life from significant news |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1244 |doi=10.1177/0163443718813498 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=149666020}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida daga jaridar Australiya The Sydney Morning Herald ana tallafawa wannan ra'ayi yayin da mai wallafa labarin Chloe Smethurst ya bayyana cewa yawan fallasa labaran sha'awar ɗan adam ya haifar da ainihin labarai don a hana su ko kuma a karɓa da muhimmanci. Koyaya, The Sydney Morning Herald kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa lokutan labarai masu sauƙi na iya sa kwarewar mai kallo ya fi jin daɗi da nishaɗi.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya bi ra'ayi na gargajiya cewa manufar labarun sha'awar ɗan adam ita ce ta janye hankalin masu sauraro daga "labaran da ba su da kyau" wanda rahoto game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu kuma sau da yawa suna samar da ɓangaren zuciya mai sauƙi ga mabukaci don jin daɗin zuwa ƙarshen labaran labarai ko a cikin jarida. == Tasirin == Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukes |first=Mark |last2=Boomgaarden |first2=Hajo G. |last3=Moorman |first3=Marjolein |last4=de Vreese |first4=Claes H. |date=2014-11-21 |title=Political News with a Personal Touch |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/political-news-with-a-personal-touch-how-human-interest-framing-indirectly-affects-policy-attitudes(889afb4b-66eb-4413-9283-63b4be4404ff).html |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1177/1077699014558554 |issn=1077-6990 |s2cid=145303009}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani labari na ɗan adam ya haifar da ingantaccen martani ga jama'a wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin haske ga batun ko kuma ya sa shi ya zama hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Da zarar wannan ya faru, mutum, rukuni ko ajanda na labarin na iya samun goyon baya sosai, wanda zai iya tunzura kamfani ko aikin gwamnati, dangane da wanda batun ke nufi. Labarun masu sha'awar ɗan adam da kuma jin daɗin da suke samu daga masu amfani na iya yin tasiri ga al'ummar da labarinsu ya dace. Masana sun yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ake samun lamuran da labarun sha'awar ɗan adam suka "ƙara alhakin alhakin gwamnati." Foster, tare da goyon bayan wasu, ya zama mai fafutuka kan labarin al-Araibi kuma ya yi yakin neman 'yancinsa ta hanyar amfani da labaran labarai da kafofin watsa labarun, musamman Twitter. Gabatar da al-Araibi ya haifar da juyayi da fushi daga jama'a, kuma takardar da Amnesty International ta gabatar mai lakabin "#SaveHakeem", na neman a sake shi, ya samu sa hannun sama da 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=#SAVEHAKEEM: TELL THAILAND TO RELEASE REFUGEE FOOTBALLER |url=https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/savehakeem-tell-thailand-to-release-refugee-footballer |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> An saki al-Araibi a watan Fabrairun 2019. <ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihi == Bayanan da aka ambata == 58d55pta1fimc847vhr060051sib90c 0 109094 879613 681351 2026-07-09T14:38:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bauta a dokokin kasa da kasa''' ana gudanar da shi ne ta wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya, yarjejeniyoyin da sanarwa. Na farko a cikin waɗannan ita ce ''[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Dokar Duniya ta Duniya kan ’Yancin ’Yan Adam]]'' (a shekarar 1948) da ta ce a cikin Mataki na 4: “Kada a yi wa kowa bauta ko bauta, a kawar da bautar kowane irin nau’i.” == Kariyar dokokin kasa da kasa == An sake nanata kariya daga [[bauta]] a cikin Yarjejeniyar Bauta. Wannan ya shafi Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka don Kawar da Bauta da kuma Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR). ICCPR, wanda Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ke gudanarwa, ne ke da alhakin lura da yanayin bautar da duniya ke ciki. == Kawar da bautar tarihi == Abolitionism yana da tushen sa a cikin shekara ta 1807 [[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Abolition of Slavery Act]] na Burtaniya . Yawancin malaman ilimi a wannan fanni sun fahimci hakan a matsayin farkon ƙarshen bautar da aka saba yi: bautar chattel. A karni na 19, Biritaniya ta mallaki mafi yawan duniya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka. Sakamakon haka, yayin zartar da wannan doka don kawar da bautar, Majalisar Biritaniya ta soke bautar a mafi yawan yankunanta. A al'adance, ana iya samun 'yanci daga bauta kafin karni na 19 a ƙarƙashin kalmar "'yanci daga zalunci da zalunci." Domin kuwa bautar wani sharadi ne na mika wuya da kuma mika wuya ga wani, sau da yawa tare da yin karfi ko karfin mai shi kan mai mika wuya, kalmar ‘yanci daga zalunci da azzalumai’ daidai ta kunshi ‘yancin ‘yanci daga bauta. Sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka, [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Sanarwar Faransa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da na Jama'a]], Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu duk sun gabatar da ra'ayin cewa 'yan Adam su kasance cikin 'yanci daga zalunci da zalunci. Ko da yake bauta ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a wasu ƙasashe bayan an rubuta waɗannan takardu - wato Amurka, wanda bautar ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka amince da [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|gyare-gyare na goma sha uku]] a shekara ta 1865 - ƙa'idar wannan haƙƙin yana nan. Ta hanyar al'ada da kuma kawar da bautar, al'ummomin duniya sun amince da 'yancin kowane mutum na samun 'yanci daga bauta. == Yarjejeniyar Bauta == Babban mataki na farko na kawar da bautar da kasashen duniya suka yi ya zo ne a shekara ta 1926 tare da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bauta]] ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma a shekara ta 1957 lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar da [[Ƙarin Yarjejeniya game da kawar da bautar Bayi|Karin Yarjejeniyar]] . Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 ta kasance sakamakon [[Hukumar Bautar Wuri|Hukumar Bautar Bauta ta wucin gadi]] (TSC), kwamitin bautar na farko na League of Nations, kuma ya ba da ma'anar bauta ta farko ta duniya kamar: :: "Mataki ko yanayin mutumin da aka yi amfani da wani ko duk wani ikon da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka ... [kuma] ya haɗa da duk wani abu da ya shafi kama, mallaka, ko jefar da mutum da niyyar mayar da shi bauta; ayyukan da ke cikin sayan bawa da nufin sayarwa ko musanya shi; duk ayyukan da aka yi na zubarwa, sayarwa ko musayar wani bawa ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa ko musayar shi. kowane nau'i na kasuwanci ko sufuri a cikin bayi." Ko da yake wannan takarda ta ba da cikakken ma'anar bautar, ma'anarta tana da iyaka a cikin nau'ikan bautar da ta haɗa. Maimakon haka, yana kwatanta bautar da ake yi, kamar misali bautar shukar da aka yi a Amurka a ƙarni na 18 da 19, wani nau'i ne na bautar da aka yi a duniya a tarihi wanda a lokacin yarjejeniyar bautar ta a shekarar 1926 har yanzu ta kasance doka a wasu sassan duniya, kamar [[Bautar a Saudi Arabia|a Hejaz]], Yemen, [[Oman]] da sauran jihohin Gulf na Larabawa. Don faɗaɗa ma'anar bautar, an sanya hannu kan ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1956. Ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar bautar da ta haɗa da bautar bashi, ɗaurin aure, ko duk wata al’ada da aka yi wa mace alkawari ko aka yi mata aure a kan biyan kuɗi kuma ba ta da haƙƙin ƙin auren, mijin mace yana da hakkin ya canja ta zuwa ga wani mutum, mace tana da hakkin ya gaji da wani bayan mutuwar mijinta, ko kuma duk wata al’adar da yaron da bai kai shekara 18 ba ya yi aiki ba. Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta a shekarar 1956 ta fara aiki a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1957 kuma na 2002 akwai jihohi 97 da suka halarci taron. Yarjejeniyar Bauta da ƙarin takaddunta suna da fa'ida wajen ba da ma'anar bauta ta duniya; duk da haka, babu wani gagarumin tilastawa a bayan waɗannan takardun. Dukkaninsu sanarwar hadin gwiwar kasashen duniya ne, da kuma yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu kan gyara dokokinsu na kasa kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada, tare da taimakon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya idan ya cancanta; duk da haka, babu wani sakamako da aka zayyana a cikin ko wanne takarda da ke ba da kwarin gwiwa ga masu rattaba hannu kan bin yarjejeniyar == Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam == Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam yana karkashin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan ‘yancin jama’a da siyasa (ICCPR), wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1976. Mataki na 8 na wannan alkawari ya ce: “Ba za a yi bautar da kowa ba, ba za a haramta bautar da cinikin bayi a kowane nau’i ba. ICCPR ta zayyana, a cikin sashi na IV, wajibcin da ya wajaba na jihohi don tabbatar da 'yanci daga bauta. Ana buƙatar dukkan jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni akai-akai ga kwamitin kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin alkawari. Rahoton farko na jihar dole ne ya kasance cikin shekara guda bayan amincewa da Alkawari kuma bayan wannan, duk lokacin da kwamitin ya nemi rahoto (yawanci kowace shekara hudu). <ref name="gen covenant" /> Bugu da ƙari ga ƙaddamar da rahotanni, labarin 41 na Alkawari ya ba da damar kwamitin ya yi la'akari da korafe-korafen tsakanin jihohi, haka kuma, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga Alkawari ta ba kwamitin ikon bincikar korafe-korafen mutum dangane da keta yarjejeniyar da jam'iyyun jihohi suka yi. === Abubuwan lura da bauta === ==== Mali ==== {{Main|Bauta a Mali}} Tun lokacin da ta fara aiki, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya yi tsokaci a kan yanayin bauta a ƙasashe da dama, tare da bayar da shawarwari ga waɗannan ƙasashe kan yadda za su kawar da bauta. A Mali, kwamitin ya lura cewa ƙasar ba ta dauki mataki a bayyane kan rahotanni game da ayyukan bauta da kuma bautar gado a ƙasar. A cikin wannan fahimta, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙasar ta gudanar da bincike don gano ko waɗannan yanayi na bauta har yanzu suna nan, kuma idan suna nan, ta dauki mataki.<ref name="conclude 16">"Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Mali. 04/16/2003." CCPR/CO/77/MLI. Human Rights Committee, 2003: 16</ref> Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa kan safarar yara zuwa [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], inda ake tilasta musu yin aiki da bauta. Dangane da wannan al'amari, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Mali ta dauki matakan gurfanar da masu aikata wannan safarar, tare da gudanar da cikakken bincike kan wannan lamari don nazarin kwamitin.<ref name="conclude 16"/> ==== Serbia (ɓangaren da ke ƙarƙashin Gudanarwar Wucin Gadi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kosovo) ==== Kwamitin ya gano wasu yanayi na safarar mutane, musamman mata da yara, a [[Serbiya|Serbia]] (ɓangaren Kosovo) ƙarƙashin gudanarwar biranen Kosovo na 'yan asalin Albanian da kuma dokar Gudanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kosovo, tare da rahotanni da ke nuna cewa masu aikata waɗannan laifuka ba sa fuskantar hukunci. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa Gudanarwar Wucin Gadi a Kosovo (UNMIK) tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa (PISG) su tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da bincike yadda ya kamata a kan waɗannan laifuka, kuma wadanda aka zalunta sun samu damar zuwa wajen lauya, kiwon lafiya, da sauran taimako.<ref>"Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Kosovo (Serbia)." CCPR/C/UNK/CO/1. Human Rights Committee, 2006: 16</ref> ==== Norway ==== Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya duba safarar mutane a Norway. A nan kwamitin ya gane cewa Norway ta dauki wasu matakan da aka ba da shawara a baya; sai dai, kwamitin ya lura da ci gaba da samun rahotanni kan safarar mutane, musamman mata, da kuma yankan gaban mata. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar daukar ƙarin matakai don kawar da waɗannan ayyuka, da kuma kare wadanda aka zalunta da shaidu.<ref>"Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Norway." CCPR/C/NOR/CO/5. Human Rights Committee, 2006: 12</ref> == Bautar zamani da ke ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa == === Bautar bashi === Bautar bashi ita ce mafi yawan nau’in bauta a zamanin yau. Yanayi ne inda mutum “ya ba da kansa a matsayin jingina don aron kuɗi, amma tsawon da yanayin wannan hidima ba a kayyade ba, kuma aikin da ake yi ba ya rage ainihin bashin.”<ref>Bales, Kevin. "Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization." Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 (2000): 463.</ref> An haɗa bautar bashi a cikin Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta shekarar 1956 a matsayin nau’in bauta. Duk da haka, nau’o’in zamaninta sun haɗa da jingina, peonage, da kuma bashin ma’aikata.<ref name="miers 724">Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 724.</ref> A Indiya, bautar bashi ta kasance ba bisa ƙa’ida ba tun shekara ta 1976; amma saboda talauci mai yawan gaske, tana ci gaba da wanzuwa, domin wani mutum na iya buƙatar aron kuɗi don bikin aure, jana'iza, magani, taki ko tara.<ref name="miers 724"/> Saboda yawan riba da ake ɗora a kan bashin, yakan ci gaba har ya zama gado daga iyaye zuwa yara. Wannan nau’in bashi na iya shafar wasu masana’antu na musamman – kamar tono dutse, yin kafet, noma, da kamun kifi – inda ma’aikaci ke buƙatar aron kuɗi don kayan aiki da kaya.<ref name="miers 724"/> === Karuwanci da tilas === Karuwanci da tilas da bautar jima’i ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau’in zamani na wannan laifi na tarihi, kuma ana iya samunsu a ko’ina cikin duniya. Mata sau da yawa suna fadawa tarkon yaudara ko tilas da alkawarin ingantacciyar rayuwa, kuma su ci gaba da zama cikin tilas ko bautar bashi.<ref>Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 729.</ref> Auren dole ma yana iya zama nau’in bauta, musamman idan amarya ba ta da damar ƙi aure. Wannan nau’in aure kan kasance bayan sace yarinya don sayar da ita a matsayin amarya, abin da ke yawaita a ƙasar China.<ref name="miers 737">Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 737.</ref> Bayan aure da lalata da ita, waɗannan ’yan matan akan kulle su har sai sun haifi yaro, domin hakan yana sa su kasa barin yaron.<ref name="miers 737"/> === Bautar yara === Bautar yara ana ɗaukarta a matsayin nau’in zamani na bauta, ko da yake akwai muhawara kan mene ne ke sa ya zama bautar yara. Duk da haka, karuwancin yara ana yawan ɗaukarsa a matsayin bauta, musamman daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, da Latin Amurka, “inda iyaye ke siyar da ‘ya’yansu saboda matsin tattalin arziki, yawan baki a gida, ko rashin imani.”<ref>Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 731.</ref> A wasu lokuta, iyaye kan bawa ‘ya’yansu ga masu safara cikin tunanin cewa za su samu kuɗi mai kyau, karatu, ko koyon sana’a.<ref>Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 732.</ref> === Aikin tilas === Aikin tilas na iya kasancewa daga gwamnati da “ta kwashe jama’arta ta tilasta musu aiki ba tare da albashi ba, ko kaɗan, na ɗan lokaci ko tsawo.”<ref>Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery". ''Canadian Journal of African Studies'' 34, no. 3 (2000): 733.</ref> Aikin tilas na iya kasancewa don rage farashin aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati (misali gonakin koko), ko kuma bautar dole a sassan kamfanoni – kamar masu sarrafa kaya a sweatshops.<ref>Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery". ''Canadian Journal of African Studies'' 34, no. 3 (2000): 734.</ref> Bales ya kira wannan nau’in bauta da “bauta ta kwangila,” inda “a kan miƙa kwangila wanda ke tabbatar da samun aiki, misali a taron bita ko masana’anta, amma daga ƙarshe ma’aikata su tarar da kansu cikin bauta... hanya ce ta sanya bauta ta zama doka kuma tilas.”<ref>Bales, Kevin. "Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization." Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 (2000): 464.</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} dr6wtlpfbc5v3i2ae0e3hsjs342pus8 0 109748 880083 850101 2026-07-10T10:46:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adanawa da dawo da ruwa''' ('''ASR''') shine allura kai tsaye na samar da ruwa kamar ruwan sha, ruwan da aka dawo da shi (watau ruwan sama), ko ruwan kogi a cikin ruwa don dawowa da amfani daga baya. Ana yin allurar da cirewa ta hanyar rijiyar. A wuraren da ruwan sama ba zai iya shiga cikin ƙasa ba ko kuma inda ba zai iya cika shi da sauri ba (watau birane) kuma inda ake karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa koguna, ruwan sama ASR na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwan sama a cikin yanki. Ana amfani da ASR don dalilai na gari, masana'antu da aikin gona. == A Amurka == === Colorado === Rijiyar ASR ta farko tare da bawul ɗin sarrafawa na ƙasa an shigar da shi a cikin Highlands Ranch, Colorado, a cikin shekarar 1992 don Ruwa na Ƙarni da Tsabtatawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an girka rijiyoyin ASR sama da 40 don ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban. Waɗannan rijiyoyin suna da zurfi daga ƙafa 1,000 (300 m) zuwa ƙafa 3,000 (910 m) ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da adadin alluran da ke tsakanin galan US 100 (380 l; 83 imp gal) da galan US 500 (1,900 l; 420 gal) galan kowace minti ɗaya (g gal. An bincika amfani da ASR a [[Florida]] don tantance fa'idodi masu yuwuwa ga Everglades da sauran tsarin ruwa na Floridian a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Maido da Everglades (CERP). Za a aiwatar da kimantawa na rijiyoyin ASR 333 a matsayin wani ɓangare na CERP kuma ana amfani da su don adanawa, magani da samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Everglades da sauran tsarin ruwa a lokacin bushewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study |url=http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Portals/44/docs/FactSheets/ASR_FS_June2015_web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222210107/http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Portals/44/docs/FactSheets/ASR_FS_June2015_web.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-22 |access-date=2016-11-29 |website=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, shakku sun kasance game da fa'idar gabatar da ASR a cikin irin wannan babban damar zuwa Florida saboda yawancin karst. Matsalolin yanzu ko masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da: (1) rashin farfaɗowa saboda haɗuwa da ruwan sha da aka yi wa allura tare da ruwan gishiri da ke akwai a cikin ruwa; (2) ingancin ruwa da aka gabatar a cikin ASR; da kuma (3) haɗarin ingancin ruwa saboda haɗuwa na ruwan sha da ake yi wa allura da ruwa da ruwa da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Floridan Aquifer System of Southern Florida |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3128/ |website=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> An sanya ASR na farko a cikin aikin gona a a cikin kaka na shekarar 2006 kuma sun yi allurar ruwa sama da {{Convert|3000|acre.ft|m3}} m3) a lokacin hunturu da lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta amfani da sake caji na wucin gadi (AR) na ruwan ambaliyar a matsayin tushen ruwa. Ana dawo da wannan ruwa mai zurfi a matsayin ruwan sha kuma a yi amfani da shi cikin zurfin basalt. A lokacin aikin allura, za'a iya samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar matsin lamba na ruwa da ke gudana a cikin ruwa. Ana dawo da wannan ruwan da aka adana a ƙarshen lokacin rani da farkon kaka don bukatun ban ruwa. Dukkanin wadannan nau'ikan rijiyar suna amfani da bawul mai kula da rami. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ASR don sake yin amfani da ruwa da tsarin HVAC ke amfani da shi don kula da matakan ruwa na ƙasa da adana bambance-bambance na zafi daga sanyaya lokacin rani don dumama lokacin hunturu. Masana'antu na iya kama ruwan sanyi na hunturu kuma adana shi don amfani da lokacin rani kuma guje wa buƙatar ruwan sanyi a lokacin rani don hanyoyin masana'antu. Wannan kuma na iya 'yantar da gajeren ruwa na lokacin rani don wasu amfani masu amfani. Wannan tsarin sakewa na iya kauce wa farashin zubar da ƙasa kuma kauce wa karuwar nauyin zafi ga koguna da rafi a lokacin lokacin sanyaya iska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent Madison |year=2008 |title=Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) |url=http://www.3rvalve.com/ |access-date=2008-12-26 |publisher=3R Valve}}</ref> === Texas === Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, biranen Texan na [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], Kerrville da [[San Antonio]] sun yi amfani da ASR, suna ba da albarkatun ruwa ga waɗannan al'ummomin da ke fama da ruwa. Wani rahoto na Jami'ar Florida ya sanya yawan ruwa na yau da kullun ga manyan birane 225 a fadin Amurka. Binciken ya auna ruwa mai kyau da ke samuwa ga birane daga tushen da ke faruwa da kuma gine-gine kamar tafkuna, aquifers da shigo da su. Daga cikin biranen da aka sake dubawa, San Antonio ya kasance na ƙarshe, ko mafi rauni, kuma El Paso ya kasance na 10 mafi muni, kodayake wasu biranen [[Texas]] sun kasance cikin jerin.<ref name="state1" /> San Antonio tana adana ruwan sha a cikin kayan aikinta na Carrizo ASR, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 91,000 acre-feet na ruwa kuma yana da matsakaicin ƙarfin 120,000 acre-foot. Binciken Hukumar Raya Ruwa ta Texas (TWDB) na 2010 game da kayan aikin ruwa na Texas ya sami ƙiyayya guda huɗu ga ASR a wasu sassan Texas: iyakokin doka da na jiki, ingancin ruwan da aka dawo da shi, ingancin farashi da kuma yiwuwar wasu masu amfani da su kama ruwan da aka adana. == Virginia == A cikin yankin Hampton Roads, yankin Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, ana sake dawo da ruwan guba a cikin Potomac Aquifer, don iyakance nutsewar da ke akwai da kuma hana gurɓata ruwan gishiri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 215r0rbeqz3afh206o0219qdhgtjmlu 0 109772 880084 706183 2026-07-10T10:47:36Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Indiya tana da tsawo na bakin teku na kilomita 7517 {{Sfn|Husain|2014}} wanda aka yi alama tare da koguna da gulfs da yawa wanda ya sa ya zama mai kyau ga ci gaban ayyukan samar da makamashi na ruwa. Rashin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Indiya yana kusa da 40-60GW.{{Sfn|Energy Alternatives India (EAI)|2017}} Koyaya, idan aka kwatanta da ci gaba a wasu fasahohin makamashi mai sabuntawa, fasahar makamashi ta teku kamar raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman teku suna cikin matakan ci gaba a Indiya.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}}&nbsp; == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == Ikon raƙuman ruwa ya dogara da tsawo na raƙuman da lokacinsa. Kimanin farko na yiwuwar wutar lantarki a bakin [[tekun Indiya]] yana kusa da 5-15 MW / m, don haka ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun ƙididdigas ta kasance kusan 40-60 GW.{{Sfn|Energy Alternatives India (EAI)|2017}} Binciken da IIT [[Chennai|Madras]] da Credit Rating Information Services of Indian Ltd (CRISIL) suka yi ya nuna cewa gabar yamma tana da karfin wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da gabar gabas.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Sun gano wuraren da za a iya samun ci gaban wutar lantarki a yammacin gabar tekun Indiya a [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] da [[Kerala]]. Kanyakumari da ke kudancin kudancin tsibirin Indiya yana da iko mafi girma saboda tasirin refraction da iska mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Tare da fasahar da ake da ita a halin yanzu, adadin wutar lantarki da za a iya samarwa ta amfani da makamashi na raƙuman ruwa ya fi ƙasa da ƙididdigar ƙididdigat. Factor na amfani da iyawa don ƙarfin guguwa a Indiya yana cikin kewayon 15-20%. == Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vizhinjam == An fara bincike na makamashi a Indiya a 1983 lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Tekun Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba da kuɗi ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya, Madras, don gudanar da binciken. Wannan ya haifar da kafa tashar wutar lantarki ta 150 kW a cikin 1991 a Vizhinjam a Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala .&nbsp; Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vizhinjam ita ce cibiyar samar da makamashin wutar lantarki ta farko a duniya da ke aiki a kan fasahar oscillating water (OWC).{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Wannan fasahar tana amfani da canji a matakan ruwa a cikin caisson yayin da raƙuman ruwa ke gabatowa. Yayin da matakin ruwa ke ƙaruwa a cikin caisson, iska a ciki tana matsewa, wanda ake amfani da shi don fitar da turbine na iska.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Ikon da aka samar daga wannan [[shuka]], duk da haka, ya bambanta sosai a cikin shekara kuma an samar da iyakar wutar lantarki ne kawai a lokacin watanni.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Bayan dogon lokaci na rashin amfani, an shirya a yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar Reverse Osmosis Desalination a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}}{{Sfn|Bajpai|2017}} Wannan aikin kuma bai yi nasara ba kuma a ƙarshe an dakatar da tashar wutar lantarki a cikin 2011. {{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}}{{Sfn|Bajpai|2017}} [[File:VIZHINJAM_FISHING_HARBOUR.jpg|thumb|Vizhinjam Wave Power Plant a bango]] Makamashi na raƙuman ruwa yana daga cikin manyan nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa. Kudin yanzu na wutar lantarki ya bambanta tsakanin 34 da 63 € c / kWh.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Dangane da binciken da IIT Madras da CRISIL suka yi, fasahar samar da makamashi za ta buƙaci kusan 10 GW na ƙarfin tarawa don zama mai tsada.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} == Fa'idodi == Makamashi mai tsabta ne kuma mai sabuntawa na makamashi. Tunda raƙuman ruwa koyaushe suna nan, ƙarfin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa ya fi dacewa a cikin samar da wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana. Za su iya zama kyakkyawan tushen samar da makamashi ga yankunan bakin teku da tsibirai. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ƙarfin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki ga tsire-tsire masu cire gishiri. Turbines na makamashi na raƙuman ruwa idan aka haɗa su da masu rushewa na bakin teku na iya taimakawa wajen cimma kariya ga bakin teku.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} == Ƙalubalen == Akwai ƙalubale da yawa da ake buƙatar magance su don yin samar da wutar lantarki daga ƙarfin ruwa don kasuwanci. Kalubale na fasaha sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙwarewar turbine, tsadar turbine mai yawa, rashin haɗin grid a wuraren da za a iya gani, rashin ƙwarewa da yanayin muhalli.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Saboda rashin isasshen bayanai, yana da ƙalubale a kimanta tasirin samar da wutar lantarki a kan yanayin halittu na ruwa.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} Bugu da ƙari, saka hannun jari a cikin ikon raƙuman ruwa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin saka hannun jari mai haɗari ta cibiyoyin kuɗi saboda tsadar babban kuɗi da rashin ƙwarewar aiki.{{Sfn|CRISIL|2014}} == Gudanarwa da manufofi == Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Duniya a Gwamnatin Indiya tana kula da ci gaban makamashi a Indiya tare da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa, Chennai (NIOT) kasancewa cibiyar shiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-06-13 |title=Wave Energy |url=http://niot.res.in/m1/mm1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613203307/http://niot.res.in/m1/mm1.html |archive-date=2007-06-13 |access-date=2017-10-08}}</ref> Ma'aikatar ta yi la'akari da ci gaban makamashi na raƙuman ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki mai zafi (LTTD) da kuma biyan bukatun hasken ƙananan tsibirai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocean Energy and Fresh Water {{!}} Ministry of Earth Sciences |url=http://www.moes.gov.in/programmes/ocean-energy-and-fresh-water |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=www.moes.gov.in |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa burin cimma burin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 40% daga albarkatun mai ba tare da burbushin halittu ba nan da shekarar 2030. Yana shirin inganta ƙarfin da aka shigar da shi zuwa 175 GW a ƙarshen 2022 wanda ya haɗa da 60 GW daga wutar lantarki, 100 GW daga wutar hasken rana, 10 GW daga wutar wutar lantarki da 5 GW daga ƙaramin wutar lantarki.{{Sfn|Bajpai|2017}} Duk da haka babu takamaiman manufa don haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|24em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f8ifiyea9t4f730ph05er8qahxi14gz 0 110220 879970 703016 2026-07-10T06:01:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}} An buga rahotanni da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam game da [[Bahrain]]_uprising_of_2011" id="mwBQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">Tashin hankali na Bahraini na shekarar 2011, kamfen na zanga-zangar, da rashin biyayya ga farar hula a cikin jihar Bahra'in Farisa na Bahrain wanda aka ɗauka wani ɓangare na juyin juya hali zanga-zambe da ake kira Arab Spring . Akalla rahotanni 14 na haƙƙin ɗan adam sun fito ne daga jam'iyyun 18 daban-daban: [[Amnesty International]], [[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Rikicin Duniya]], Dokta ba tare da iyakoki ba, Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam, '[[Farkon Ƴancin Ɗan Adam|'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko]], 'YanYancin Dan adam masu zaman kansu, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bahrain, Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Bahrain, Hukumar Bincike ta Bahrain, Cibiyar Nazarin Lantarki ta Larabci, Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Lantarki ta Gabancin Dan Adam ta Gulf, Index on Censorship, Tallafin Watsa Labarai ta Duniya da Marubutan Kasa da Marubalinta a Kurkuku (WiPC) na PEN International. == Tarihi == {{Blockquote|immediately suspend the transfer of weapons, munitions and related equipment that could be used to commit further human rights violations, and to urgently review all arms supplies and training support to Bahrain's military, security and police forces.<ref name="Pubrecord 19.3.2011">{{cite news | author=William Fisher | title = Obama: Get Out Of Jail Free For Saudi Arabia And UAE In Bahrain | date=19 March 2011 | publisher=[[The Public Record]] | url = http://pubrecord.org/world/9087/obama-saudi-arabia-bahrain/ | access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>}} A wani bangare na zanga-zangar da ta faru a kasashen Larabawa bayan kisan kai da kuma kashe Mohammed Bouazizi a kasar Tunisia, mafi yawan mabiya Shi'a na Bahrain sun fantsama kan tituna suna neman karin 'yanci.[1] Wannan matakin da ake ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga gwamnatin Bahrain da ‘yan Sunni ke jagoranta, bayan da gwamnatin Bahrain ta murkushe ‘yan Shi’a ta haifar da cin zarafi da dama da ‘yan Shi’a ke yi a bangarori da dama,[2] musamman ma fannin kiwon lafiya bayan mamayewar Bahrain da sojojin Majalisar Hadin Kan Kasashen Gulf karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya suka yi.[3] Gwamnatin Bahrain ta kuma dauki hayar sojojin hayar Pakistan don tabbatar da tsaro a kan masu zanga-zangar, duk da haka, an ci gaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar tsaka-tsaki.[4] == Amnesty International == Bayan gano wasu daga cikin makamai na Amurka da Faransa da aka samu bayan harin da aka kai a Pearl Roundabout a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci akalla kasashe 10 da ke ba da makamai ga Bahrain, gami da Jamus, Faransa, Burtaniya da Amurka, don == Ƙungiyar Rikicin Duniya == === Tashin hankali na Bahrain === "Maganar zanga-zangar jama'a a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (III): The Bahrain Revolt" rahoto ne mai shafi 28 wanda kungiyar Crisis ta Duniya ta buga a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2011. A cewar kungiyar, rahoton "ya bukaci gaggauta sauƙaƙe jam'iyya ta uku na tattaunawa tsakanin mulkin da 'yan adawa tare da ra'ayi game da sake fasalin siyasa na gaskiya, warware rikice-rikicen ɗarika da hana ci gaba da rarraba rikice-rikice. " Rahoton, na uku a cikin jerin da ke gudana wanda ke nazarin raƙuman zanga-zangar da aka yi a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya bayyana asalin da kuma manyan' yan wasan Bahrain, abubuwan da suke soyayya da matsayi. === Hanyar Rocky ta Bahrain zuwa Gyara === "Maganar zanga-zangar a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (VIII): Bahrain's Rocky Road to Reform" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 36 wanda aka buga a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2011 ta Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya. Kungiyar ta ce rahoton "yana nazarin halin da ake ciki a masarautar tsibirin watanni biyar bayan barkewar zanga-zangar, wanda ya biyo bayan mummunar zalunci na gwamnati". == Likitoci Ba tare da iyakoki ba == "Health Services Paralyzed: Bahrain's Military Crackdown on Patients" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 6 da Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières) suka buga a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2011. Tsoro ba shi da tushe. An yi amfani da raunuka don gano masu zanga-zangar, ana amfani da ƙuntataccen damar samun kiwon lafiya don hana mutane yin zanga-zanga, kuma ana kama waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali neman magani a wuraren kiwon lafiya. Doctors Without Borders ya ambaci mai kula da kiwon lafiya: "Ana amfani da raunuka, musamman wadanda 'yan sanda da bindigogi na soja suka yi, don gano mutane don kamawa, kuma hukumomin Bahraini suna amfani da ƙin kula da lafiya don hana mutane yin zanga-zanga ... Ana amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya a matsayin tarko don ganowa da kama wadanda suka yi ƙarfin hali neman magani. "<ref name="MSF 7.4.2011" /> == Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam == "Kada ku yi lahani" rahoto ne mai shafi 42 wanda likitocin kare hakkin dan adam suka buga a watan Afrilun 2011 cewa "documents da kuma sukar cin zarafin dan adam a Bahrain a lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa, da kuma tsananta wa likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci. === Karɓar baƙi === Hukumar Faransa-Jami'ar ta ce rahoton ya fashe kuma ya kaddamar da 'harin kai tsaye' ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Bahrain. An gabatar da rahoton a manyan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa ciki har da Associated Press, AFP, BBC, CNN, Independent, New York Times, da Washington Post. == 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko == === Magana a hankali === "Bahrain: Speaking Softly" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 12 wanda Human Rights First ta buga a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2011 biyo bayan aikin bincike na mako guda zuwa Bahrain. A cikin wannan rahoto, Human Rights First ya ce "ya buga shaidu na farko game da zalunci na gwamnatin Bahraini daga hangen nesa na masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a halin yanzu a Bahrain, kuma yana ba da shawarwari ga gwamnatocin Amurka da Bahraini don kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ɗan adam". === Tsarin da ba daidai ba ne === "Bahrain: A Tortuous Process" rahoto ne mai shafi 15 wanda Human Rights First ta buga a ranar 14 ga Yulin 2011 wanda ke nuna yadda gwamnatin Bahraini ke ci gaba da tsoratar da, azabtarwa, da kuma tsare masu kare hakkin dan adam, da harbi fararen hula. " === Babu Sa'ad da Za a nemi gafara === "No More Excuses - Time for Radical Change" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 16 wanda Human Rights First ta buga a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 wanda ke da takardun "dubban kama-karya ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa da yawa a tsare-tsare, tilasta ikirari da mutuwar da aka tsare. "A cewar kungiyar, "Rahoton ya nuna cewa kusan 'yan sanda 160 suna ci gaba da fuskantar tuhumar da aka yi wa masu zanga-zangar tashin hankali kuma suna nuna cikakkun bayanai daga sauraron kwanan nan na 20s da ke fuskantar tuhumar masu zanga-zanga a halin yanzu don magance masu rauni. " === Guguwar Taron === "Bahrain: The Gathering Storm" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 9 wanda Human Rights First ta buga a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2012 wanda ke ba da "shaida game da ci gaba da cin zarafin [ciki har da] kwafin umarnin gwamnati ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su ba da rahoton duk raunin ga hukumomi ko fuskantar tuhuma, da kuma asusun mutum na farko daga mambobin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Bahraini waɗanda aka kama kuma aka yi musu ba'a saboda sun ki shiga cikin mummunar zalunci na Masarautar" == Wakilin Binciken Gaskiya na Irish == [[Fayil:Irish_Press_Conference,_Dublin_Pictured_(l-r)_Senator_Averil_Power,_Marian_Harkin,_MEP,_David_Andrews,_former_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs,_Professor_Damian_McCormack_and_Professor_Eoin_O'Brien.jpg|thumb|Taron 'yan jarida na Irish a Dublin a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2011]] Wakilan binciken gaskiya na Irish wani aiki ne na kwana biyu wanda ya kunshi ƙungiyar likitocin Irish, 'yan siyasa da wakilan kare hakkin dan adam karkashin jagorancin likitan tiyata Damien McCormack <ref name="Irish times 12.7.2011" /> wanda ya ziyarci Bahrain a tsakiyar watan Yulin shekarar 2011 don tantance yanayin da kuma tabbatar da sakin likitoci da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sama da goma sha biyu da aka tsare a kan tuhumar adawa da gwamnati a lokacin tashin hankali na Bahraini na 2011-2012. A cewar Mista Andrew Anderson, na Front Line ainihin manufar tafiyar ita ce ziyartar iyalai na waɗanda ke cikin tsare don ba da tallafi da tattara bayanai game da zargin cin zarafin waɗanda aka tsare.<ref name="Irish times 12.7.2011">{{Cite web |last=Mary Fitzgerald |date=12 July 2011 |title=Irish delegation travels to Bahrain |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0712/1224300559327.html |access-date=18 July 2011 |publisher=[[Irish Times]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Irish_Delegation_meet_with_Nabeel_Rajab_at_his_home.jpg|thumb|Wakilan Irish sun hadu da Nabeel Rajab, shugaban BCHR a gidansa]] [[Fayil:Professor_Damian_McCormack_talking_to_Bahrain's_Health_Minister_Dr_Al_Balooshi.jpg|thumb|Taron tawagar Irish tare da Ministan Lafiya na Bahrain Dokta Al Balooshi]] Wakilan sun nemi ganawa da manyan jami'an Bahraini, gami da Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa . <ref name="Irish times 12.7.2011"/> Membobin sun hada da: * Farfesa Damien McCormack * Sanata Averil PowerƘarfin Ƙarfin * Marian Harkin, ɗan majalisa * David Andrews * Farfesa Eoin O'Brien * Andrew Anderson == Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam == "Targets of Retribution" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 54 wanda Human Rights Watch ta bayar a ranar 18 ga watanYuli, shekara ta 2011 cewa "ya ba da takardun cin zarafin gwamnati, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar Fabrairun shekarar 2011 ... hada da hare-hare kan masu ba da kiwon lafiya; hana samun damar kiwon lafiya ga masu zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro suka ji rauni; kewaye da asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. [ing] == 'Yancin Dan Adam Ba tare da iyakoki ba == "Wane makoma ne ga Bahrain? Rahoton farko na aikin gano gaskiya a Bahrain" rahoto ne mai lamba 41 da 'Yancin Dan Adam Ba tare da iyakoki ba a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2011. Manufar ta yi la'akari da nazarin aikin Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta ta Bahrain da kuma tsarin "Tattaunawa ta Kasa" da kuma yin hukunci game da yiwuwar sake fasalin da dimokuradiyya a Bahrain, da kuma ganin idan cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai suna da tasiri a kan matakai. == Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba == "The Human Price of Freedom and Justice" wani rahoto ne na hadin gwiwa da wata kungiya ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu na Bahrain ta yi "da ke gabatar da manyan abubuwan da aka gano daga kokarin da ake ci gaba da yin don yin rikodin keta doka da ke faruwa a jihar Bahrain a cikin shekarata 2011. " == Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta ta Bahrain == Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta ta Bahrain (BICI), wanda aka fi sani da "Kwamitin Bassiouni", Sarkin Bahrain ne ya kafa shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2011 wanda aka ba shi aikin bincika abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tashin hankali a Bahrain a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekarar 2011 da kuma sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan. == Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin duniya == "Justice Denied in Bahrain" wani rahoto ne mai shafi 27 wanda kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa shida suka buga a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012. == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Bahrain]] * Torture-torture a Bahrain == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[Amnesty International]]: Jinin jini amma ba a yi masa ladabi ba: Rikicin Jiha mara ma'ana a kan masu zanga-zangar Bahraini ([https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/009/2011/en/ Turanci], [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/009/2011/en/ Mutanen Espanya], [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/009/2011/en/ Faransanci], [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/009/2011/en/ Larabci]) * [[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Rikicin Duniya]]: Shahararrun zanga-zangar a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (III): Bahrain Revolt Shahararren zanga-zambe a Arewacin Afrika da Gabas Ta Tsakiya (VIII): Bahrain's Rocky Road to Reform ** [http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx Shahararrun zanga-zangar a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (III): Rikicin Bahrain] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20130612053914/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Bahrain/111-%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20-%20%20Bahrains%20Rocky%20Road%20to%20Reform.pdf Shahararren zanga-zangar a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (VIII): Hanyar Rocky ta Bahrain zuwa Gyara] * Likitoci Ba tare da iyakoki ba: Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Paralysed: Kashewar Sojojin Bahrain akan Marasa Lafiya An adana 2012-05-13 a * [[Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya|Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam]]: Kada ku Yi Hadari: Kira ga Bahrain don kawo karshen hare-hare kan Likitoci da Marasa Lafiya[https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/bahrain-do-no-harm-2011.pdf Kada ku yi lahani: Kira ga Bahrain don kawo karshen hare-haren da aka kai wa likitoci da marasa lafiya] * [[Farkon Ƴancin Ɗan Adam|'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko]]: Bahrain: Magana a hankali An adana shi 2019-06-11 a Wayback Machine Bahrain: Wani tsari mai rikitarwa Babu ƙarin uzuri - Lokaci don Canjin Radical Bahrain: Guguwar Gathering ** Bahrain: Magana a hankali An adana shi 2019-06-11 a ** [http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Bahrain_A_Tortuous_Process_July_2011.pdf Bahrain: Tsarin da ya dace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029080326/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Bahrain_A_Tortuous_Process_July_2011.pdf |date=2016-10-29 }} ** [http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Bahrain-No-More-Excuses.pdf Babu Sa'ad da Za a Biya - Lokaci don Canji Mai Girma]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ** [http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/HRF_Bahrain-The-Gathering-Storm_February-2012.pdf Bahrain: Guguwar Taron] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029080335/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/HRF_Bahrain-The-Gathering-Storm_February-2012.pdf |date=2016-10-29 }} * Human Rights Watch: Manufofin Ramuwa: Hare-haren da aka kai wa likitoci, masu zanga-zangar da suka ji rauni, da wuraren kiwon lafiya[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/bahrain0711webwcover.pdf Manufofin Ramuwa: Hare-haren da aka yi wa likitoci, masu zanga-zangar da suka ji rauni, da wuraren kiwon lafiya] * 'Yancin Dan Adam Ba tare da iyakoki ba: [http://hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2011/bahrain%20preliminary%20report.pdf Wane Makomar Bahrain?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030920/http://hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2011/bahrain%20preliminary%20report.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} [http://hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2011/bahrain%20preliminary%20report.pdf Rahoton farko na aikin gano gaskiya a Bahrain (23-28 Oktoba 2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030920/http://hrwf.org/Joom/images/reports/2011/bahrain%20preliminary%20report.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} * Freedom House: [http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/killing-messenger-bahrain%E2%80%99s-brutal-crackdown Kashe Manzo: Kashewar Bahrain] * Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na cikin gida: [http://bahrainrights.org/BCHR/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/BahrainTheHumanPrice.pdf Bahrain: Farashin Dan Adam na 'Yanci da Adalci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002330/http://bahrainrights.org/BCHR/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/BahrainTheHumanPrice.pdf |date=2012-04-26 }} * BICI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916010439/http://files.bici.org.bh/BICIreportEN.pdf Rahoton Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta ta Bahrain] * Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa: [http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/files/bahrainmissionreportjanuary2012final.pdf An ƙi Adalci a Bahrain] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 43x5nbmx9bcepay0jcs3nsw4o2xfr4z 0 110629 880123 864684 2026-07-10T11:56:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Richard Biyu Elk</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |Elk Biyu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |1952 (shekaru 72-73) <div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Rapid City, [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], Amurka <ref name="JFAMR"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="129">[http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html "Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="130">''JFAMR''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="131"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref></div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |[[Native Americans in the United States|Indiyawan Amurka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Yakin tsohuwar mai fafutuka na asibiti NCORadio Mai ba da shawara na ilimi Mai ba da labari<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shekaru masu aiki&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1973-yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiya | class="infobox-data org" |[[American Indian Movement|Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Wounded Knee incident|Lamarin da ya faru a gwiwa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dangi | class="infobox-data" |Aaron Two Elk (ɗan'uwa) <ref name="JFAMR" /> Looking Cloud (ɗan'uwan da aka karɓa) <ref name="Indian Country News #2"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070000/http://www.indiancountrynews.com/annie-mae-special-features-58/additional-aquash-articles-1999-2011-special-features-108/45-russ-means-holds-press-conference-on-annie-maes-murder-11-3-99 "Russ Means holds press conference on Annie Mae's murder 11-3-99"]. </cite></ref> (ɗan) <ref name="KUVO"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://kuvo.org/people/richard-two-elk "Richard Two Elk Host, InDigitNess Voice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821082409/http://www.kuvo.org/people/richard-two-elk |date=2018-08-21 }}. </cite></ref> Alix (ɗan) <br /><br /><br /><ref name="KUVO" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://twoelkenterprise.com/ Kasuwancin Elk Biyu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714182257/http://twoelkenterprise.com/ |date=2025-07-14 }}</span> |} Richard Two Elk tsohon sojan Amurka ne, ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da shiga cikin abin da ya faru a Wounded Knee a cikin shekarun 1970 da kuma kasancewa mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Richard Two Elk a Rapid City, [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], kuma ya shafe rayuwarsa yana girma a sassa daban-daban na Amurka. Two Elk ya kuma fito ne kai tsaye daga Oglala Dakota Chief Two Elk.<ref name="Pine Ridge">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 August 2009 |title=Where's Wardo? (Ward Churchill, that is!) |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2009/08/richard-two-elk-stolen-legacy-of.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref><ref name="No Parole Peltier Association">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=No Parole Peltier Association |url=http://www.noparolepeltier.com/video.html |access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Ɗan'uwan Richard, Aaron Two Elk, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin soja a lokacin Vietnam kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar da ke [[Atlanta]], American Land Struggles a Atlanta, kuma ya shiga matsayin memba na dogon lokaci na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka.<ref name="TheDigital Library of Georgia">{{Cite web |last=Coffin |first=Zachary |date=13 July 1999 |title=Aaron Two Elk Protesting Contra Aid at Richard B. Russell Federal Building |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/html/geh/southline/meta_geh_southline_240.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=The Digital Library of Georgia}}</ref> Wani labari ya nuna cewa Aaron Two Elk ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris 1994 bayan ya sha wahala mai tsanani a ranar 4 ga Maris 1999, ya shiga cikin yanayin coma kuma ya kamu da cutar huhu yayin da yake asibiti.<ref name="The People's Path">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sheridan |date=13 July 1999 |title=Florida AIM Mourns Aaron Two Elk's Passing |url=http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/News99/0799/FLAIM990713passing.htm |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=The People's Path}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Aikin Elk guda biyu a rediyon jama'a ya fara ne a cikin 1977 akan shirin rediyo na ýan asalin Amurka na mako-mako a tashar rediyon Pacifica KPFA -FM a Berkeley, [[California]] . Lokacin da ya koma Boulder, [[Colorado]] a faɗuwar shekara ta 1978, ya haɗa kai da ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka don haɓaka shirin rediyo na ɗan asalin Amirka a KGNU -FM. Ya kasance a tashar har zuwa 1983, lokacin da ya shiga aikin sojan Amurka . Elk biyu sun yi aikin soja daga 1983 zuwa 1987 a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya mara kwarjini . <ref name="Indian Country News">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Interview with Richard Two Elk about Arlo Looking Cloud and AIM |url=http://www.indiancountrynews.com/annie-mae-special-features-58/additional-aquash-articles-1999-2011-special-features-108/24-interview-with-richard-two-elk-about-arlo-looking-cloud-and-aim |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Indian Country News |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070003/http://www.indiancountrynews.com/annie-mae-special-features-58/additional-aquash-articles-1999-2011-special-features-108/24-interview-with-richard-two-elk-about-arlo-looking-cloud-and-aim |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan yin aiki a cikin soja, Elk Biyu yana da alaƙa da KGNU a kan kullun tun daga 1990, kuma ya karbi bakuncin "WinterCamp Chronicles: Muryar Indiya na Zamanmu" sau ɗaya a wata akan KGNU a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata. <ref name="KUVO" /> Elk guda biyu kuma ya kafa nasa Kamfanin Production na Multimedia, OG Productions. <ref name="OG Productions">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MULTI-MEDIA PRODUCTION OG Productions |url=http://twoelk2.tripod.com/OGPRO/OG_PRODUCTIONS-index.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Two Elk Tripod |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223012522/http://twoelk2.tripod.com/OGPRO/OG_PRODUCTIONS-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Richard Two Elk ya kasance memba na reshen [[Denver]] na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] . Ya kasance memba na kungiyar daga 1970 zuwa 1975, amma ya daina kasancewa memba mai aiki saboda "ba ya jin daɗin amfani da shi kuma". A wani lokaci a lokacin abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, Richard Two Elk ya sadu da [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama]] Ray Robinson. Kodayake an ayyana Robinson ya mutu bisa doka, inda jikinsa yake har yanzu ba a sani ba.<ref name="The Grio">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=20 February 2014 |title=FBI confirms activist Ray Robinson was killed in South Dakota in 1973 |url=http://thegrio.com/2014/02/20/fbi-confirms-activist-ray-robinson-was-killed-in-south-dakota-in-1973/#s:ray-robinson-widow |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=The Grio}}</ref> An danganta mutuwar Robinson ga rashin iya bin umarni. Wani memba na AIM Richard Two Elk ya bayyana game da lamarin cewa, "Zan ci abincin da muke da shi. Babu abinci don haka kowa yana ƙoƙarin kada ya ci kuma wannan mutumin yana cin abinci kyauta a kowane lokaci. " Daga mijinta, Cheryl ta yi iƙirarin cewa, "Ray bai amsa da kyau ga wannan jagorancin iko ba. " <ref name="CBS">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 February 2014 |title=FBI confirms black activist was killed during 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/fbi-confirms-activist-ray-robinson-was-killed-during-1973-occupation-of-wounded-knee/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=CBS}}</ref> Richard Two Elm ya kuma yi iƙirar cewa Robinson shine ainihin mai kai hari a cikin lamarin wanda ya kai ga harbe Ray. "Ina tsammanin wani abu ne kawai. Ya yi tsalle kuma yana da wuka kuma ya fara motsawa kuma wani ya amsa. Ya faru a cikin 'yan seconds. Ina tsammanin wani mutum ne ya aikata a tsakiyar wuta. " <ref name="JFAMR #2">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Carson |date=16 January 2004 |title=Slain Activist Had Roots In Civil Rights Movement |url=http://www.jfamr.org/raymlk.html |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> Two Elk ya kuma yi zargin cewa Dennis Banks, wanda ya kafa American Indian Movement, ya umarci mambobi (ciki har da Richard) hutun Ista, su 'kiyayi' wani fari wanda ake zargi da kasancewa mai ba da labari.<ref name="Pine Ridge #2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 August 2004 |title=Richard Two Elk: "The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Knee" |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2009/08/richard-two-elk-stolen-legacy-of.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref> An ɗaure White namiji zuwa gicciye a cikin salon gicciye, ya doke mutumin kuma an kai mutumin, ba za a sake ganinsa ba.<ref name="Pine Ridge #2" /> Biyu Elk daga baya zai ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta shafi kisan mai fafutuka [[Anna Mae Aquash|Annie Mae Pictou-Aquash]] . Richard ya ba da shaida game da gaskiyar cewa Arlo Looking Cloud ya tuntube shi a lokacin kaka na shekara ta 1994, yana neman shawara kan yadda za a amsa wa hukumomin da ke binciken kisan, wanda Looking Cloud ta yarda da kasancewa cikin lamarin. Biyu Elk ya nuna cewa ya yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwansa na tallafi yana da hannu a kisan Anna Mae, kuma a cikin shekaru, Looking Cloud kawai "yana aiki ne akan umarni".<ref name="Dick Shovel">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/annatp1.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> An yanke wa Looking Cloud hukunci a kisan Annie Mae Pictou-Aquash a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="Native Times">{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Nomaan |date=8 December 2010 |title=Man testifies at US trial he saw AIM activist shot |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php/news/crime/4718-man-testifies-at-us-trial-he-saw-aim-activist-shot# |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Native Times}}</ref> Biyu Elk daga baya zai buga bidiyon da ake kira "Richard Biyu Elki a kan Wounded Knee da Gaskiya-Hijacked & Blinded: The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Hnee, " inda ya soki wasu dalilai da ayyukan [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]].<ref name="YouTube">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Richard Two Elk on Wounded Knee and the Truth-Hijacked & Blinded: The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Knee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbkm1lMI0DU |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sukar shirin "Wounded Knee" / jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka watsa a kan hanyar sadarwar PBS, "We Shall Remain". Ya ambaci ɓangaren 'Wounded knee siege' a matsayin "mai yiwuwa mafi yawan taro a tarihi".<ref name="Pine Ridge #2"/> == Kyauta == Biyu Elk za su ci gaba da ba da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da lamarin Wounded Knee ya faru. Zai rubuta gabatarwar littafin, American Indian Mafia: Wani Wakilin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Gaskiya game da Wounded Knee, Leonard Peltier, da [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]], wanda Joseph H. Trimbach da John M. Trimbac suka rubuta, <ref name="Legend of Pine Ridge2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 December 2009 |title=Richard Two Elk's Oral Histories of the American Indian Movement (AIM) |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2007/12/richard-two-elks-oral-histories-about.html |access-date=29 November 2014 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref> wanda ya zama labarin abubuwan da suka faru da suka kewaye Pine Ridge Indian Reservation da Ƙungiyar Indiyawa ta Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970 daga hangen nesa na tsohon Babban Wakilin FBI. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l9shjo2lmk8bub0bghl3js9ejv3ktno 0 110896 880009 690579 2026-07-10T07:37:08Z BnHamid 12586 880009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hadari hakar ma'adinai na Copiapó na 2010 ya [[Hakar ma'adinai|nawa]] ne a matsayin kogo a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2010 a ma'adinin jan ƙarfe na San Jose a cikin hamadar Atacama kusa da Copiapó, [[Chile]]. Hadarin ya bar mutane 33 da suka makale mita 700 (2,300 a ƙasa waɗanda suka tsira a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na rikodin kwanaki 69.<ref name="mineros2">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2010 |title=Onemi confirma a 33 mineros atrapados en yacimiento en Atacama |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2010/08/680-282082-9-onemi-confirma-33-mineros-atrapados-tras-derrumbe-en-yacimiento-en-atacama.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102143800/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2010/08/680-282082-9-onemi-confirma-33-mineros-atrapados-tras-derrumbe-en-yacimiento-en-atacama.shtml |archive-date=2 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2010 |publisher=[[La Tercera]] |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Illiano |first=Cesar |date=9 October 2010 |title=Rescue near for Chile miners trapped for 2 months |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N08212025.htm |access-date=11 October 2010 |publisher=Reuters AlertNet}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane 33 an ceto su kuma an kawo su farfajiya a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2010 a cikin kusan awanni 24. Bayan da aka kama ma'adinai na ƙarshe zuwa farfajiyar, ma'aikatan ceto har yanzu suna tsaye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna riƙe da alamar a gaban kyamarar da ke cewa "{{Lang|es|Misión cumplida Chile}}" (Turanci: "Mission accomplished Chile") ga kimanin mutane biliyan 1 da ke kallon ceto a talabijin kai tsaye a duniya.&nbsp; San José Mine yana da kimanin kilomita 45 (28 a arewacin Copiapó, a arewacin Chile. Masu hakar ma'adinai sun makale kusan kilomita 5 (3 daga ƙofar hakar ma-adinai. Mine din yana da tarihin rashin kwanciyar hankali wanda ya haifar da hatsarori na baya, gami da mutuwar daya. Ceto na ma'adinai na farko, Florencio Ávalos, ya fara ne a ranar Talata, 12 ga Oktoba a 23:55 CLDT, tare da kwayar ceto ta kai saman minti 16 bayan haka. Kasa da sa'o'i 24 bayan haka, a karfe 21:55 CLDT a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, an ceto dukkan ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 33, kusan dukansu suna cikin yanayin lafiya mai kyau, kuma ana sa ran su warke sosai. Masu hakar ma'adinai biyu suna fama da silicosis, daya daga cikinsu yana da cutar huhu, wasu kuma suna fama da Cututtukan hakora da Matsalolin corneal. Uku daga cikin masu hakar ma'adinai da aka ceto sun yi musu tiyata nan take a karkashin anesthesia na gaba ɗaya don matsalolin hakora. == Lafiyar masu hakar ma'adinai da aka kama == A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, an yi hulɗa da murya tare da masu hakar ma'adinai. Sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna da ƙananan matsalolin kiwon lafiya; likitan da ke kula da aikin ceto ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa "suna da ƙarancin jin daɗi fiye da yadda muke tsammani bayan sun kwashe kwanaki 18 a cikin ma'adinai, a zurfin mita 700 (2,300 kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi da zafi mai yawa". Likitocin sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa an riga an ba masu hakar ma'adinai maganin glucose na 5% da magani don hana cututtukan ciki sakamakon karancin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2010 |title=CMineros confirman que están en perfecto estado de salud tras contacto por citófono |url=http://www.radiobiobio.cl/2010/08/23/mineros-confirman-que-estan-en-perfecto-estado-de-salud-tras-contacto-por-citofono/ |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Radio BioBio |language=Spanish}}</ref> An aika kayan a cikin capsules na filastik mai launin shudi mai tsawon mita 5 (1.5 wanda ake kira {{Lang|es|palomas}} ("kurciya", yana nufin rawar kurciya mai ɗaukar kaya), yana ɗaukar sa'a guda don isa ga masu hakar ma'adinai. Injiniyoyi sun rufe ramuka tare da gel don tabbatar da amincin shafts da sauƙaƙe wucewar capsules. Baya ga gels na glucose mai ƙarfi, allunan rehydration, da magani, masu ceto sun kuma aika da iskar oxygen bayan masu hakar ma'adinai sun ba da rahoton cewa babu isasshen iska.<ref name="MSNBC-supplies" /> An fara isar da abinci mai ƙarfi bayan 'yan kwanaki. <ref name="MSNBC-supplies" /> An kammala wasu ramuka guda biyu - daya don iska mai wadataccen iskar oxygen, na biyu don kayan aikin bidiyo don ba da damar Tattaunawar bidiyo ta yau da kullun tare da 'yan uwa.<ref name="nasahelp" /> An ba wa dangi damar rubuta wasiƙu, amma an nemi su ci gaba da kasancewa da kyakkyawan fata.<ref name="BBC-supplies" /> Saboda damuwar masu hakar ma'adinan, masu ceto sun yi jinkirin gaya musu cewa bisa ga shirin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ceton na iya daukar watanni, tare da ranar hakowa kusa da Kirsimeti.  Masu hakar ma'adinan da suka makale tun watan Agusta ba za su rasa abubuwan da suka faru ba, ciki har da bukukuwan Bicentennial na Chile da kuma muhimman wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ban da abubuwan tunawa da su.  Duk da haka, an sanar da masu hakar ma'adinan, duk da haka, a ranar 25 ga Agusta, game da lokacin da aka tsara don ceton su da kuma sarkar shirin fitar da su.  Ministan hakar ma'adinan ya ruwaito cewa mutanen sun dauki wannan labari mara kyau sosai Ma'aikatan ceto da masu ba da shawara sun bayyana masu hakar ma'adinai a matsayin rukuni mai ladabi sosai. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da likitoci sun yi aiki tare da kokarin ceto don tabbatar da cewa masu hakar ma'adinai suna ci gaba da aiki da kuma mayar da hankali. An aika fitilu masu haske tare da masu saurin lokaci don kiyaye maza a kan jadawalin al'ada ta hanyar yin koyi da rana da dare. Masu hakar ma'adinai sun tabbatar da ikon su na shiga cikin kokarin ceto, suna cewa "Akwai yawan masu sana'a da za su taimaka a kokarin ceto daga nan. " Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi imanin cewa masu hakar ma-adinai ya kamata su taka rawa a cikin nasu makomar saboda yana da mahimmanci don kula da motsawa da kyakkyawan fata. Sun raba kansu zuwa sauye-sauye uku na sa'o'i takwas tare da kowane sauye-shiryen da ke da alhakin kula da kurciya, lafiyar muhalli, hana ci gaba da faduwar dutse, sadarwa da ayyukan da suka shafi tsabta.<ref name="teltour" /> Luis Urzúa ya zama babban jagora kuma an zaɓi mafi tsufa mai hakar ma'adinai, Mario Gómez, don samar da jagora ta ruhaniya.<ref name="teltour" /> Masana kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa sun goyi bayan tsarin matsayi don adana tsari da al'ada a cikin rukuni suna gaskata cewa yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar hankalinsu. [[Fayil:480382main_miners2.jpg|alt=a color photograph of the topside opening of one of the two narrow tubes and hardware used to deliver supplies to the miners 2,000 feet below|right|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin bututun biyu da aka yi amfani da su don isar da kayayyaki ga masu hakar ma'adinai 2,000ft a ƙasa]] Likitoci sun yanke shawarar cewa Yonni Barrios shine mafi cancanta daga cikin masu hakar ma'adinai don gudanar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sadarwa kan batutuwan kiwon lafiya, saboda horar da likitancin da ya gabata. Ya yi zagaye na yau da kullun, gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ɗaukar samfurori da sabunta sigogi masu haƙuri, kuma ya shiga cikin kiran taron yau da kullun tare da ƙungiyar likitoci a sama. Ya zama mai aiki sosai har ya dauki Daniel Herrera don taimakawa tare da adana rikodin. Barrios ya yi wa kungiyar allurar rigakafi game da tetanus, diphtheria, [[Influenza|mura]] da cutar huhu. Yawancin masu hakar ma'adinai sun sami matsaloli masu tsanani na fata saboda yanayin zafi da rigar.<ref name="movetons" /> An aika musu da tufafi da mats don su yi barci kai tsaye a ƙasa.<ref name="movetons" /> A watan Satumba, sun sami kayan taimakon gaggawa, wanda ya haɗa da kayan yawon shakatawa, kayan IV, da splints, kuma sun sami horo na taimakon gaggawa ta hanyar Taron bidiyo. Tsaftar muhalli muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin yanayi mai zafi, da ɗanshi, kuma masu hakar ma'adinai sun ɗauki matakan kiyaye tsafta a duk lokacin da suke tsare. "Sun san yadda za su kula da muhallinsu. Suna da wurin da aka keɓe na banɗaki, wurin datti kuma har ma suna sake yin amfani da su," in ji Dr Andrés Llarena, masanin maganin sa barci tare da sojojin ruwa na Chile. "Suna ajiye kayan robobi daga halittu [sharar gida], a cikin ramuka daban-daban. Suna kula da wurinsu." Mutanen sun yi amfani da magudanar ruwa na yanayi don shawa akai-akai kuma sun karɓi sabulu da shamfu daga palomas, yayin da aka aika da kayan wanki masu datti. Sun tono maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa waɗanda likitoci suka ƙaddara cewa za su iya sha kuma an ba su allunan tsaftace ruwa.. Batutuwan muhalli da aminci suma sun kasance babban damuwa. Jimmy Sánchez, ƙarami daga cikin rukuni a shekara 19, an sanya shi a matsayin "mai taimakawa muhalli", kuma ya gwada [[Gurbacewar Iska|ingancin iska]] kowace rana tare da na'urar kwamfuta da aka riƙe da hannu wanda ya auna iskar oxygen, matakan [[carbon dioxide]] da zafin iska wanda yawanci ya kai {{Convert|31|°C|°F}} ° C (88 ° F). Ƙungiyoyin masu hakar ma'adinai sun yi sintiri da yankinsu don ganowa da hana yiwuwar faduwar duwatsu da kuma fitar da duwatsu masu haɗari daga rufin, yayin da wasu suka yi aiki don karkatar da raƙuman ruwa daga ayyukan hakowa. Ministan Lafiya Jaime Mañalich ya bayyana cewa, "Yanayin ya yi kama da wanda 'yan saman jannati suka samu wanda ke ciyar da watanni a Tashar sararin samaniya. " <ref name="undergroundhell">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2010 |title=Get us out of underground 'hell,' Chile miners plead |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hHejkzmj_dWqXSObe-VR3LGdt9ag |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829152521/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hHejkzmj_dWqXSObe-VR3LGdt9ag |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=25 August 2010 |publisher=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, wata kungiya daga NASA a Amurka ta isa Chile don samar da taimako. Kungiyar ta hada da likitoci biyu, masanin halayyar dan adam daya, da injiniya.<ref name="NASA">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2010 |title=NASA Provides Assistance to Trapped Chilean Miners |url=http://www.nasa.gov/news/chile_assistance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904121621/http://www.nasa.gov/news/chile_assistance.html |archive-date=4 September 2010 |access-date=2 September 2010 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Bayan ceto, Dokta Rodrigo Figueroa, babban jami'in kula da damuwa da bala'o'i na Jami'ar Katolika ta Chile, ya ce akwai manyan kurakurai a cikin rubutun wasiƙu zuwa ga kuma daga danginsu a sama da kuma lura da ayyukan da masu hakar ma'adinai za su iya yi, kamar yadda kasancewa a karkashin kasa ya mayar da su ba zato ba tsammani zuwa "jarirai," in ji shi. Amma ƙarfin yanayi na "The 33" ya yi nasarar kiyaye su da rai, kuma ƙungiyar su ta halitta a cikin ƙungiyoyi a matsayin mayar da martani ga bala'i kuma wani ɓangare ne na martanin ɗan adam ga barazana. Kuma kamar yadda hankalin masu hakar ma’adinan ya gan su, za a ci gaba da gwada su yayin da suke ci gaba da rayuwa a sama. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jztvd0t73wqed1rze186gzut2aud2yz 0 111471 879606 692636 2026-07-09T14:33:04Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Balaguron Domínguez-Escalante''' wani tafiyar bincike ne na [[Daular Sipaniya|Mutanen Espanya]] wanda firistoci biyu na Franciscan, Atanasio Domínguz da [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] suka gudanar a shekara ta 1776, don neman hanyar tafiyar ƙasa daga Santa Fe, [[New Mexico]], zuwa mishan na [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] a Monterey, a bakin tekun tsakiyar [[California]] na zamani. Domínguez, Vélez de Escalante, da Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco, suna aiki a matsayin masu tsara taswira, sun yi tafiya tare da mutane goma daga Santa Fe ta hanyar ɓangarorin da ba a bincika su ba na Yammacin Amurka, gami da yammacin Colorado, Utah, da arewacin Arizona. A wani bangare na tafiyar, 'yan asalin ƙasar Timpanogos (Mutanen Ute) sun taimaka musu. Ƙasar ta kasance mai tsanani kuma ba ta da yafiya, kuma wahalar da ta fuskanta yayin tafiya ta tilasta wa ƙungiyar su koma Santa Fe kafin su isa[[Las Californias]]. Taswira da takardun da aka samar ta hanyar balaguron sun taimaka wa matafiya na gaba. Hanyar Domínguez-Escalante ta zama samfuri nafarko na hanyoyin kasuwanci na Mutanen Espanya na baya, hanyar kasuwanci daga Santa Fe zuwa ƙauyukan Gabar tekun Pacific. == Masu bincike == === Atanasio Domínguez === An haifi Fray Francisco Atanasio Domínguez a Birnin Mexico game da shekara ta 1740, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1757, yana da shekara 17, ya shiga tsarin [[Franciscans|Franciscan]].<ref name="BirthPlace2">{{Cite web |last=Flint |first=Richard |last2=Flint |first2=Cushing |title=Fray Francisco Atanasio Domínguez |url=http://newmexicohistory.org/people/fray-francisco-atanasio-dominguez |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=New Mexico History.org |quote=He had been born in Mexico City about 1740 to Lucas Domínguez and Juana Francisca Etchegaray}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1772, Domínguez ya kasance a dalibin [[Veracruz]] a matsayin [[Third Order of Saint Francis|Kwamishina na Uku]]. Ya isa [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1776, a cikin New Mexico na yanzu, na lardin Mexico don bincika Tsaro na Juyowa na St. Paul da bincika buɗe hanyar ƙasa daga Santa Fe zuwa Monterey, California. Bayan ya dawo Santa Fe da Mexico City, Domínguez ya gabatar wa shugabanninsa na Franciscan wani rahoto wanda ya soki gwamnatin New Mexico. Ra'ayoyinsa sun sa ya fadi daga tagomashi tare da Franciscans a cikin iko, wanda ya kai shi ga wani aiki a wani matsayi mai ban mamaki a wani aikin Sonoran Desert a [[Sonora y Sinaloa|Lardin Sonora da Sinaloa]] a arewacin Mexico. A shekara ta 1777, Domínguez ya koma Mexico kuma ya kasance malamin presidios a Nueva Vizcaya. A cikin 1800, ya kasance a Janos, Sonora, Mexico. Ya mutu tsakanin 1803 da 1805. === Silvestre Vélez de Escalante === An haifi Fray Francisco Silvestre Vélez de Escalante a Treceño, Cantabria, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] game da 1750. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 ya zama Franciscan a Convento Grande a Birnin Mexico . A shekara ta 1774 ya zo New Mexico na yanzu a lardin Mexico; an fara ajiye shi a Laguna pueblo sannan a watan Janairun 1775 aka sanya shi a matsayin minista ga Zuni. A watan Yunin 1776 Domínguez ya kira shi don balaguron zuwa California kuma ya kasance a New Mexico na tsawon shekaru biyu bayan balaguron. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 30 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1780 a Parral, Mexico, yayin tafiyarsa ta dawowa Mexico City don magani. Vélez de Escalante an san shi da mujallarsa, inda ya bayyana tafiye-tafiyen da ya ci gaba. Sunayen Escalante sun haɗa da Desert Escalante, Kogin Escalante (birni), Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. === Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco === Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco, ɗan asalin Valle de Carriedo, Cantabria, Spain, ya zauna a Chihuahua kafin ya koma El Paso a cikin 1743. Daga 1754-56 ya zauna a Santa Fe . Mai basira da yawa, ya kasance injiniyan soja, ɗan kasuwa, mayaƙin Indiya, wakilin gwamnati, rancher da kuma mai zane. Kwarewarsa ne a matsayin mai zane-zane wanda ya sanya balaguron tarihi lokacin da ya samar da taswirori da yawa na balaguron a kusa da 1778 da kuma rahoto game da balaguron, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Herbert E. Bolton, Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin . An kuma san shi da zane-zane, gami da zanen St. Michael a kan allon bagade a cikin ɗakin sujada na San Miguel na Santa Fe da siffofin da ke cikin cocin Zuni. === Timpanog Utes === Malaman cocin, Domínguez da Escalante sun bada suna ga 'yan asalin Amurka uku da suka shiga aikin a matsayin jagora: * "Silvestre", mai suna bayan Silvestre Escalante, daga yau Utah shine babban jagorar 'yan asalin daga Colorado zuwa Utah. Saboda saninsa tare da kabilun Ute, masu binciken sun ji daɗin hanya mai aminci. * "Joaquín", wani yaro mai shekaru 12, ya shiga aikin tare da Silvestre a matsayin jagora. Bayan barin ƙauyen Silvestre, kusa da Provo na yanzu, Utah, Joaquín ya taimaka wa masu binciken a kan tafiyarsu ta dawowa zuwa Santa Fe, New Mexico. An yi masa baftisma a can a Cocin Katolika. * "José María", sunan da aka haɗa na Yusufu da Maryamu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun shiga aikin a ƙauyen Silvestre. Kamar Joaquín, José María yaro ne, mai yiwuwa kuma kimanin shekaru 12. Bai kammala tafiyar zuwa Santa Fe ba; lokacin da ya ga mummunar kulawa da aka yi wa ɗaya daga cikin bayin, sai ya koma ƙauyensa. === Sauran masu bincike === Sauran mutanen da suka fara balaguron a Santa Fe sun hada da: * Don Juan Pedro Cisneros, Magajin gari na Zuñi Pueblo * Don Joaquín Lain, ɗan asalin Santa Cruz a Castilla la Vieja kuma ɗan ƙasar Santa Fe a lokacin balaguron. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1799. * Lorenzo Olivares daga La Villa del Paso, ɗan ƙasar El Paso a lokacin balaguron * Andrés Muñiz daga Bernalillo, New Mexico ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara tare da harshen Utes. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron Juan María de Rivera zuwa Kogin Gunnison a cikin 1775. * Lucrecio Muñiz ɗan'uwan Andrés Muñiz ne, daga Embudo, arewacin Santa Fe . * An haifi Juan de Aguilar a Santa Clara, New Mexico . * Simon Lucero, bawan Don Pedro Cisneros, mai yiwuwa ya kasance Zuni. == Tafiyar == [[Fayil:Colorado_Plateaus_map.png|thumb|272x272px|Filayen Colorado]] [[Fayil:Escalante's_Route_BHoU-p10.png|thumb|250x250px|Hanyar tafiyar Domínguez-Escalante ta 1776 a fadin Colorado PlateauFilayen Colorado]] [[Fayil:Anasazi_Heritage_Center_-_CO_-_BLM_-_Escalante_Pueblo.jpeg|thumb|250x250px|Escalante Pueblo, Dolores, Colorado]] [[Fayil:Paradox_Valley_and_Dolores_River.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Kwarin Paradox da Kogin Dolores, yammacin Colorado]] [[Fayil:Grand_Mesa-NW-view.JPG|thumb|333x333px|Grand Mesa, yammacin Colorado]] [[Fayil:Comanchecamp.jpg|thumb|250x250px|sansanin Comanche]] [[Fayil:Greenutrivermap.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar Yampa Plateau, [[Colorado]]_River)" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green River)">White River, da Green River a arewa maso yammacin Colorado da arewa maso gabashin [[Utah]]]] [[Fayil:Uinta-national-forest-banner02.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Uinta National Forest, arewacin tsakiyar [[Utah]]]] [[Fayil:UtahValleyfromLM.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tafkin Utah da Kwarin Utah]] An gudanar da tafiyar Domínguez-Escalante a cikin shekara ta 1776 tare da manufar neman hanyar da ba a bincika ba daga Santa Fe, New Mexico, zuwa Ayyukan Mutanen Espanya a Las Californias, kamar Presidio na Mutanen Espanya da ke Monterey. A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1776, Atanasio Domínguez ya jagoranci balaguron daga Santa Fe tare da ɗan'uwansa Silvestre Vélez de Escalante da mai zane-zane Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco (Miera). Sashe na farko na tafiyarsu ya bi hanyar da Juan Rivera ya dauka shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka gabata zuwa ƙasar Ute ta kudu maso yammacin Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of the Ute Tribe: Chronology of the Ute Tribe |url=https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Southern Ute Indian Tribe}}</ref> Masu jagorantar Timpanogos guda uku sun jagoranci su ta hanyar Colorado da Utah.<ref name="DEJ" /> Wadannan masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sune mutanen Turai na farko da suka yi tafiya ta yawancin Colorado Plateau zuwa Utah, kuma suka koma ta hanyar Arizona zuwa New Mexico. A lokacin tafiyarsu, sun rubuta hanyoyin kuma sun ba da cikakken bayani game da "ciyayi, tsaunuka cike da ma'adanai da katako, rusassun birane na dutse masu ban mamaki da ƙauyuka, da kuma kogi da ke nuna alamun ƙarafuna masu daraja". == Hanyoyin == {{Stub}} === Arizona === [[Fayil:Pariah_canyon.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Paria Canyon]] [[Fayil:Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Glen Canyon]] '''Desert Mojave, arewa maso yammacin Arizona, Oktoba 16''' : Binciken ya so ya yi tafiya a kudu zuwa Kogin Colorado amma ya koyi daga 'yan asalin Amurka guda takwas cewa kodayake ba su da nisa da Kogin Colorado ba ne mai kusanci, kewaye da babban, mai zurfi ([[Grand Canyon]]). Ba tare da wadata ba, sai suka yi hadaya da daya daga cikin dawakai don abinci kuma washegari suka nemi ruwa. Miera ba ta da lafiya, ba ta iya cin abinci kuma kusan ba ta iya magana. A kusa da Diamond Butte, sun zo ga 'yan asalin Amurka guda biyar, wanda ake kira Yubuincariris, wanda ya nuna musu zuwa wani yanki na ruwa mai kyau kuma ya ɗauki wasu mutane zuwa ƙauyukansu don cinikayya don wasu abinci, tumakin daji, pear mai ƙyama da tsaba. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun kuma raba bayanai game da wasu kabilun makwabta. Kodayake ba su san komai game da Monterey ba, sun ji labarin tafiye-tafiyen Uba Garces. '''Kogin Paria, Oktoba 22''' : Binciken ya ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli saboda rashin lafiya da rashin ruwa, makiyaya da kayan aiki yayin da suka yi hanyarsu ta gabas a fadin jihar [[Arizona]] ta yanzu, wani lokacin suna zuwa arewa don ƙetare zuwa abin da ke yanzu [[Utah]]. An yi tsayawa da yawa tare da Kogin Paria da tsaunuka, Wahweap da Glen Canyon . '''Tsallakawar Iyaye, Kogin Colorado, Oktoba 26 - Nuwamba 7''' : Da jagorancin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, balaguron ya ci gaba zuwa shafin Lees Ferry na yanzu, amma ya sami wahalar ƙetarewa. An kai su ga hanyar ta biyu ta Kogin Colorado, inda suka zana matakai a cikin bangon canyon. Wannan ford, mai suna Crossing of the Fathers, yanzu an nutse a ƙarƙashin Tafkin Powell.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-22 |title=Crossing of the Fathers (lost site) |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitea28.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112429/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitea28.htm |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2016-07-29 |website=Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings |publisher=U.S. National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander, Thomas G. |title=Dominguez-Escalante Expedition |url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408122223/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html |archive-date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=2013-01-04 |website=Utah, The Right Place |publisher=Utah History To Go}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aleshire, Peter |title=Dominguez-Escalante |url=http://www.arizonascenicroads.com/northern/fredonia_vermillion_words_from_the_road_4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012233541/http://www.arizonascenicroads.com/northern/fredonia_vermillion_words_from_the_road_4.html |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |access-date=2013-01-04 |website=Fredonia-Vermillion Cliffs Scenic Road – Words from the Road |publisher=Arizona Scenic Roads}}</ref> '''Arewa maso gabashin Arizona, Nuwamba 8-12''' : Yayinda suke tsallaka arewa maso gabashin Arizona, jam'iyyar ta jimre da dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin sanyi, ba su da abinci ko ruwa, kuma sun fuskanci matsaloli wajen samun hanya mai kyau. Jaridarsu ta rubuta waɗannan matsalolin, amma rikodin hanyarsu ba ta da kyau saboda suna da matukar damuwa wajen ƙoƙarin tsira. Koyaya, a cikin 1884, Harry L. Baldwin, memba na ƙungiyar binciken ƙasa ta Amurka, ya gano babban dutse mai ɗauke da rubutun tare da sunan Mutanen Espanya da kwanan wata "1776". A cikin 1995, Fadar Gwamnoni Gidan Tarihi na New Mexico a Santa Fe ta gudanar da bincike kuma ta sami babban dutse mai yashi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin bayanan 1884, har yanzu tana ɗauke da kwanan wata "1776". Ziyarar dawowa a cikin 1996 ta tabbatar da binciken kuma ta haifar da ra'ayi cewa wannan shafin ne da Domínguez-Escalante ya ziyarta, mai yiwuwa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1776.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=G. C. |year=1999 |title=The Vanishing Inscription |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=119–176 |jstor=40170133}}</ref> '''Mutanen Oraybi, Nuwamba 16''' : A ƙarshe, jam'iyyar ta isa wani gari na Hopi (Moqui), Oraybi, a kan Mesa na Uku, inda aka tsare su, ciyar da su, da kuma samar da su. === Komawa New Mexico === '''Arewa maso yammacin New Mexico da Santa Fe, Nuwamba 17 - Janairu 2, 1777''' : Ci gaba da tafiyarsu ta arewa maso yammacin New Mexico, jam'iyyar ta isa Santa Fe a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1777. == Tsohon Hanyar Mutanen Espanya == [[Fayil:OldSpanishTrail.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Tsohon hanyar Mutanen Espanya (hanyar kasuwanci) , hanyar daga Santa Fe zuwa Salt Lake Valley an rubuta ta ne don matafiya na gaba a lokacin balaguron Domínguez-Escalante]] Taswirar da bayanan da suka samo asali daga balaguron sun ba da bayanai masu amfani don tafiya ta gaba, kuma hanyarsu daga Santa Fe zuwa kwarin Salt Lake ya zama ɓangaren farko na hanyar da aka sani da Tsohon Mutanen Espanya Trail.<ref name="BLM-FIT">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado - Early Exploration and the Fur Trade |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/blm/co/10/chap3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218235149/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/blm/co/10/chap3.htm |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=June 19, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management |postscript=. Source: LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann Hafen, The Old Spanish Trail (Glendale, California: The Arthur Clark Co., 1954). pp. 51 and 84.}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oxyj2mdz6nyohzxw5tvfna7offizyhw 0 111538 879667 699943 2026-07-09T17:05:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa Californiya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na California Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a cikin 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 77tv8xhveb6qx6lbn7k3eboegay244w 879668 879667 2026-07-09T17:05:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na California Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a cikin 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ixuxazkb079fani0fswj3o3y92o9je9 879670 879668 2026-07-09T17:06:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na Californiya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a cikin 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== fw52m8avnp8o8ethitoqmdfbqswvdus 879672 879670 2026-07-09T17:06:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a cikin 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== iozvcud3om920dlex4z4x90esu033f9 879674 879672 2026-07-09T17:08:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a a 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== asp3u01knn3bl4ho7clyzvlt3ilvte3 879675 879674 2026-07-09T17:08:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a al 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== duyv0di0tzh8gbbz757tc6llxfwtq6b 879676 879675 2026-07-09T17:09:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a ali 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ioglhaqce6xx6yv5dys6kyq9x0476i7 879677 879676 2026-07-09T17:10:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a ali 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ov87qar5kzmac24bl3wngckzdsrmz10 879678 879677 2026-07-09T17:11:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 4qgw2vqor6cyfy1zn7g2dqpz10rze4j 879679 879678 2026-07-09T17:11:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 8fvln3ib84r86667um4ybp6lu7vn3eu 879680 879679 2026-07-09T17:12:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 7cm95blz01uclepeyd67qh5xkjvhpdy 879681 879680 2026-07-09T17:12:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kalifornia a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 0bgz1m7965kyhetxft00x0sygy4fark 879682 879681 2026-07-09T17:12:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 5zedc2ks0h1pzwdu4mrofd45r1dquaf 879683 879682 2026-07-09T17:13:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== plc3pzf0st9bpnwpppzef4n0xsair9f 879684 879683 2026-07-09T17:13:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta Californiya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 0nk6r0mf5uzr25imbshr3nbrncva3z1 879687 879684 2026-07-09T17:25:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta Californiya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== b2qvv6z8bsd0eg9dk5tpyep3yvam00u 879688 879687 2026-07-09T17:25:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kalifornia su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta Californiya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== pkjwjnxzby4drx9f4bj710detne5sxf 879689 879688 2026-07-09T17:26:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kalifornia su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta Californiya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== fec93rtx0dx653yz12ihdnzz8x3vs2g 879690 879689 2026-07-09T17:27:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kalifornia su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 2re5ne9bmvrpk1z9lqpgpal2y6fotw3 879691 879690 2026-07-09T17:27:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== go9y3xy850azhvdowdadl5bxpxvbjlv 879692 879691 2026-07-09T17:30:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta a 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 66xmqno0lx64n4s6x9xl737y6b90xh0 879693 879692 2026-07-09T17:31:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta a 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== jngmhnm3ck47fd3lsk6uqmukjqyvel4 879695 879693 2026-07-09T17:32:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta a 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== p1k3b7lr0p97hx09hw1brv6ibehj7y2 879696 879695 2026-07-09T17:33:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 0y559ewoatrk5ii5x1gui0r5mb2vrxj 879697 879696 2026-07-09T17:34:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a a 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== mcbjbda1nzl2y9xua0sdo8oe1jzpam7 879699 879697 2026-07-09T17:35:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a al 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 5nysq77cwgcx76gszi34bubexoxt38a 879700 879699 2026-07-09T17:36:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a al 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== kpw3kz0y2d2ug8e8xrsehlydfjftatr 879701 879700 2026-07-09T17:37:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a al 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a al 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 1ey5r8hzrd4qs68xz6zjz2by1me2uc4 879703 879701 2026-07-09T17:37:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a ali 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a al 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 29ufnyd1kv9bxyvhekpa17h7vwfc4as 879704 879703 2026-07-09T17:37:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a al 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== h3p4f0y9g3p7lwj69gpj9r590uso2aa 879705 879704 2026-07-09T17:38:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a ali 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== fetyjzickb15192t2hma7bjli6sykmf 879706 879705 2026-07-09T17:39:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 594k1aj90fsnbviadoiedceknu1jcl5 879707 879706 2026-07-09T17:40:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta Californiya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== oqv46omm1zfeus3tyt1grmsk6stucvw 879708 879707 2026-07-09T17:41:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta Californiya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ntfkqvxvmqedbu3dalxp5xx19dh32bq 879709 879708 2026-07-09T17:42:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta Californiya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a Sh1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== d6kh18xrq3vw9suo3s5t03nwigfv632 879714 879709 2026-07-09T17:45:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a She 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== pp0i2rwypanfrlfq76xfg8yigcn31as 879772 879714 2026-07-09T19:39:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a She 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 6i6o7vqcm4p7zakgcohxqm3yrd1211e 879773 879772 2026-07-09T19:40:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a She 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== f3yp2dj975z8u2ikxxvsrk83cupswbg 879775 879773 2026-07-09T19:41:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A sheka1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 6jtdnckal8gqli278yiumvv598xgmtv 879776 879775 2026-07-09T19:42:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A sheka1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ko5esdgjd2s2156ugqudjl11chhgezt 879778 879776 2026-07-09T19:43:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a a 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== nm8amtz1rarzfrr29fnxowzfu63qm7e 879779 879778 2026-07-09T19:43:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a al 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 2ocm7991hzt15a8h3amal1gorggr0hv 879780 879779 2026-07-09T19:44:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a ali 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== ounmndsqg8aemmdgsbjspmhbzbvl3ui 879782 879780 2026-07-09T19:45:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta al 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== eqw19com639plt2k5dyf78218fol1wo 879783 879782 2026-07-09T19:46:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta ali 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== jto1ub4shetjamt6xueucf6zzpvgz8i 879784 879783 2026-07-09T19:46:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== svt90n9t8rx687uovbkbelspc7tuv00 879786 879784 2026-07-09T19:47:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== h2gkhmj91xhnlx9ypfrhtw3j9vz9mpq 879787 879786 2026-07-09T19:48:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a s 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== q0uwxqvefv7yl2xyttr30i68vs2x1uj 879788 879787 2026-07-09T19:48:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a sh 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 36gg7edri8kv3x2y5xxty4or1rk6jto 879789 879788 2026-07-09T19:49:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a she 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== bcqcgc95t47kebxjoqq3z5q2isilafq 879791 879789 2026-07-09T19:49:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shek 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== gv5fblnnmitcs340v3ox1fn3awny3v9 879792 879791 2026-07-09T19:50:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a sheka 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 5s0s9n88ad4i9d9r3wn7jt2tfsmsl2e 879793 879792 2026-07-09T19:50:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekar 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== lrtioezopnnyyjklf8hv8en3vfhy892 879794 879793 2026-07-09T19:50:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== prbkucic4cmfp9m67m09goppltv390n 879796 879794 2026-07-09T19:51:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara a 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 57fo2v2vvjfcgltm4ohwilpitgzbs9h 879797 879796 2026-07-09T19:51:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara al 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== gq35q7569vjxchcxs6t3bbuwb1jad6m 879798 879797 2026-07-09T19:52:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara ali 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 7o2r1ksub7jepagnl4khcffroorviw0 879799 879798 2026-07-09T19:52:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin Californiya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== h0nrmdcesdf8dfeki8ulkkziwvcitwr 879801 879799 2026-07-09T19:52:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== d6rj7slxgdj0eg6d504ywt5cpo04735 879802 879801 2026-07-09T19:53:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a Californiya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== imoh36ydjzg9fzdtvw1ufouqbin33kr 879804 879802 2026-07-09T19:54:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a Californiya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoy 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== rf4np47zg62dgiidomqr2uxlcz6u9v4 879806 879804 2026-07-09T19:55:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a Californiya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== prv8e6p3sa798nsm13p5ybjhm0spbqu 879808 879806 2026-07-09T19:57:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a Californiya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi d ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== hul0lm1uubtqidd208jdpdi99g3ttl5 879809 879808 2026-07-09T19:58:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a Californiya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi da ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== krgfc55a67dwddagfxywa91jhdx7a3v 879810 879809 2026-07-09T20:00:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi da ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 34phr31eqwxel8kfvf2rnq48wpdw6cd 879811 879810 2026-07-09T20:01:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi dar ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== j4sid91usmyt82cbuailnxt9pe2knh7 879812 879811 2026-07-09T20:05:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi dar ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin kalifornia, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kalifornia, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 6k752j3rc3unbxy6xvsn940rwt1asz6 879813 879812 2026-07-09T20:06:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kalifornia tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi dar ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin kalifornia, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kaliforniya, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 32ewtoeostbx2lcsru46x08lmz5qkye 879814 879813 2026-07-09T20:06:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kaliforniya tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi dar ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin kalifornia, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kaliforniya, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== 52uhxnamgnoyije144z0tw9cnbqgpq0 879816 879814 2026-07-09T20:08:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Tarihin bautar bayi a kaliforniya ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin kaliforniya a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a kaliforniya tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, <ref>https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/slavery-and-freedom/lorenzo-asisara-b-1819/</ref> yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5</ref> da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i. <ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172570</ref> Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa kaliforniya. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na kaliforniya Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na kalifornia Mother Lode tare da bawansa a alif 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyoyi dari ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adanin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/27/BAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122538/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F27%2FBAG8ANQ1OG1.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://uncpress.org/book/9781469626536/freedoms-frontier/</ref> ==Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)== Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin kaliforniya a alif 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin kalifornia, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.<ref>https://archive.org/details/exterminatethemw00traf</ref><ref>https://nahc.ca.gov/resources/california-indian-history/</ref> Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin kalifornia baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga kiristoci, 'yan asalin kalifornia sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin kaliforniya su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin kaliforniya, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2] ==Tarihin Mexico da Alta kaliforniya (1821-1846)== Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga a alif 1821 zuwa 1846 kalifornia (wanda ake kira Alta kaliforniya ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma A shekar 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila. Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga kalifornia zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a alif 1821. Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta alif 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a shekara alif 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da kalifornia ta zama yankin Amurka. ==Manazarta== k72l6qn01rv1wcqw8qwku011mujd1rq 0 111732 879710 787222 2026-07-09T17:43:51Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357113264|Deschooling]]" 879710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Koyar da yara makaranta''' kalma ce da masanin falsafar Austria Ivan Illich ya ƙirƙiro. Masu koyar da yara a gida, musamman [[Rashin makaranta|waɗanda ba sa zuwa makaranta]], galibi suna amfani da kalmar don nufin tsarin sauyi da yara da iyaye ke bi lokacin da suka bar makaranta don fara koyar da yara a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn The Difference Between Unschooling and Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin shine muhimmin tushe don koyar da yara a gida don yin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling: Starting Out Right at Home |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/homeschooling-101/deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana haɗa yara a hankali su canza daga tsarin karatunsu na yau da kullun da tunaninsu na ci gaba, sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yanke shawara kan kansu]], da kuma gano abin da suke son koya a kwanakin farko na karatunsu a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Deschooling? |url=https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/what-is-deschooling |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Observatory of Educational Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. <ref name="time4learning.com">{{Cite web |title=What, When, Why & How of Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/deschooling.html |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MaryEllen |date=2012-08-31 |title=Deschooling: Important Homeschooling Step Or Useless Buzzword? |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/deschooling-important-homeschooling-step-or-useless-buzzword/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Off The Grid News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka gabaɗaya za su yi barci mai tsawo kuma su ƙi kowane irin koyo da gangan, maimakon haka sai su nemi wasu abubuwan da za su gamsar da su kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, waɗanda suka yi kama da halayen da ake yi a lokacin hutun makaranta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling and Decompression – Home Education Network |url=https://home-ed.vic.edu.au/deschooling-and-decompression/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Homeschool 101: What to expect when deschooling |url=https://raisingroyalty.ca/homeschool-101-expect-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Raising Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan tsari na canji, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, <ref name="time4learning.com" /> har sai sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu <ref name=":3" /> don nemo abubuwan da za su so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya na wannan motsi na makarantar gida suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin dole saboda sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuehler2017">Buehler, Antonio (2017-05-31). [http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take "Deschooling: How Long Does it Take?"]. ''Abrome''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, lokacin, yadda, da wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ "From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling?"]. ''TheHomeSchoolMom''. 2014-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == An yaba wa Ivan Illich, wanda ya ji cewa yaran da aka koya musu karatun gargajiya suna buƙatar a sake gina su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}</ref> Illich ya yi imanin cewa makarantu suna ɗauke da " ɓoyayyen manhaja " wanda ke sa ilmantarwa ya daidaita da maki da amincewa maimakon ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Anthony |date=1996-01-01 |title=Deschooling Environmental Education |url=https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/491 |journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |issn=1205-5352}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa ilimin zamani yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka makarantu a matsayin tsarin masana'antu, <ref name=":0" /> masana'antu mai guba wanda ya ƙware a kan abin da iyalai ya kamata su iya kafa kansu, wato ilimi. A cewar Illich, makarantu suna daidaita nasara akan takarda tare da ƙwarewar ilimi. Sakamakon haka makarantu, maki, da difloma suna ba da tabbacin ƙarya cewa ɗaliban sun sami ilimi a cikin wani ra'ayi na ilimi. John Holt malami ne wanda shi ma ya yi imani da cire makaranta. Tunaninsa ya yi daidai da Illich domin babu ɗayansu da ya gamsu cewa makaranta ce inda ɗalibai ke koyon duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html "DESCHOOLING SOCIETY"]. ''David Tinapple''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Madadin haka, sun jaddada cewa ɗalibai suna koyo akai-akai ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar fallasa ga duniyar halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Illich da Holt sun ga makarantu ba su da isassu saboda mayar da hankali kan "horon ƙwarewa" maimakon wasu hanyoyin koyo. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu nazarin ka'idar cire makaranta suna ganin ilimi a matsayin kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Saboda haka, suna son "yin Allah wadai da ikon mallakar da cibiyoyin ilimi na gargajiya ke da shi kan ilimi da ilmantarwa." <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar rashin makaranta/korar ɗalibai == Rage karatu" mutum ba yana nufin hana mutane karatu ko karatu a makarantu ba. A cikin al'ummar Illich da Holt, kowa yana da zaɓin ko zai halarci makaranta. Maimakon a tilasta masa zuwa makaranta, ya yi jarrabawa kafin ya shiga makaranta, ko kuma a hana shi damar koyon wani batu da ake so, mutane za su sami 'yancin zaɓar yadda za su koya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Routray |first=Sailen |date=2012 |title=Deschooling Society |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.1177/097318491100900105 |issn=0973-1849}}</ref> A cewar John Holt, mai fafutukar [[Rashin makaranta|rashin]] zuwa makaranta, "al'umma da ba ta zuwa makaranta za ta kasance al'umma wadda kowa zai sami zaɓi mafi faɗi da 'yanci don koyon duk abin da yake son koya, ko a makaranta ko ta wata hanya daban." <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Ƙungiyar Koyar da Makaranta]]'' * [[Rashin amincewa da makaranta|Ƙungiyoyin fafutukar yaƙi da makaranta]] == Manazarta == lz0rcbghg4tsm9z208x591eeawidrny 879711 879710 2026-07-09T17:44:19Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koyar da yara makaranta''' kalma ce da masanin falsafar Austria Ivan Illich ya ƙirƙiro. Masu koyar da yara a gida, musamman [[Rashin makaranta|waɗanda ba sa zuwa makaranta]], galibi suna amfani da kalmar don nufin tsarin sauyi da yara da iyaye ke bi lokacin da suka bar makaranta don fara koyar da yara a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn The Difference Between Unschooling and Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin shine muhimmin tushe don koyar da yara a gida don yin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling: Starting Out Right at Home |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/homeschooling-101/deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana haɗa yara a hankali su canza daga tsarin karatunsu na yau da kullun da tunaninsu na ci gaba, sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yanke shawara kan kansu]], da kuma gano abin da suke son koya a kwanakin farko na karatunsu a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Deschooling? |url=https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/what-is-deschooling |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Observatory of Educational Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. <ref name="time4learning.com">{{Cite web |title=What, When, Why & How of Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/deschooling.html |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MaryEllen |date=2012-08-31 |title=Deschooling: Important Homeschooling Step Or Useless Buzzword? |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/deschooling-important-homeschooling-step-or-useless-buzzword/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Off The Grid News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka gabaɗaya za su yi barci mai tsawo kuma su ƙi kowane irin koyo da gangan, maimakon haka sai su nemi wasu abubuwan da za su gamsar da su kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, waɗanda suka yi kama da halayen da ake yi a lokacin hutun makaranta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling and Decompression – Home Education Network |url=https://home-ed.vic.edu.au/deschooling-and-decompression/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Homeschool 101: What to expect when deschooling |url=https://raisingroyalty.ca/homeschool-101-expect-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Raising Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan tsari na canji, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, <ref name="time4learning.com" /> har sai sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu <ref name=":3" /> don nemo abubuwan da za su so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya na wannan motsi na makarantar gida suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin dole saboda sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuehler2017">Buehler, Antonio (2017-05-31). [http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take "Deschooling: How Long Does it Take?"]. ''Abrome''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, lokacin, yadda, da wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ "From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling?"]. ''TheHomeSchoolMom''. 2014-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == An yaba wa Ivan Illich, wanda ya ji cewa yaran da aka koya musu karatun gargajiya suna buƙatar a sake gina su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}</ref> Illich ya yi imanin cewa makarantu suna ɗauke da " ɓoyayyen manhaja " wanda ke sa ilmantarwa ya daidaita da maki da amincewa maimakon ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Anthony |date=1996-01-01 |title=Deschooling Environmental Education |url=https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/491 |journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |issn=1205-5352}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa ilimin zamani yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka makarantu a matsayin tsarin masana'antu, <ref name=":0" /> masana'antu mai guba wanda ya ƙware a kan abin da iyalai ya kamata su iya kafa kansu, wato ilimi. A cewar Illich, makarantu suna daidaita nasara akan takarda tare da ƙwarewar ilimi. Sakamakon haka makarantu, maki, da difloma suna ba da tabbacin ƙarya cewa ɗaliban sun sami ilimi a cikin wani ra'ayi na ilimi. John Holt malami ne wanda shi ma ya yi imani da cire makaranta. Tunaninsa ya yi daidai da Illich domin babu ɗayansu da ya gamsu cewa makaranta ce inda ɗalibai ke koyon duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html "DESCHOOLING SOCIETY"]. ''David Tinapple''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Madadin haka, sun jaddada cewa ɗalibai suna koyo akai-akai ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar fallasa ga duniyar halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Illich da Holt sun ga makarantu ba su da isassu saboda mayar da hankali kan "horon ƙwarewa" maimakon wasu hanyoyin koyo. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu nazarin ka'idar cire makaranta suna ganin ilimi a matsayin kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Saboda haka, suna son "yin Allah wadai da ikon mallakar da cibiyoyin ilimi na gargajiya ke da shi kan ilimi da ilmantarwa." <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar rashin makaranta/korar ɗalibai == Rage karatu" mutum ba yana nufin hana mutane karatu ko karatu a makarantu ba. A cikin al'ummar Illich da Holt, kowa yana da zaɓin ko zai halarci makaranta. Maimakon a tilasta masa zuwa makaranta, ya yi jarrabawa kafin ya shiga makaranta, ko kuma a hana shi damar koyon wani batu da ake so, mutane za su sami 'yancin zaɓar yadda za su koya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Routray |first=Sailen |date=2012 |title=Deschooling Society |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.1177/097318491100900105 |issn=0973-1849}}</ref> A cewar John Holt, mai fafutukar [[Rashin makaranta|rashin]] zuwa makaranta, "al'umma da ba ta zuwa makaranta za ta kasance al'umma wadda kowa zai sami zaɓi mafi faɗi da 'yanci don koyon duk abin da yake son koya, ko a makaranta ko ta wata hanya daban." <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Ƙungiyar Koyar da Makaranta]]'' * [[Rashin amincewa da makaranta|Ƙungiyoyin fafutukar yaƙi da makaranta]] == Manazarta == 5r1w8qgoln3c7p5zrxgf8r4w0dvgp6o 880035 879711 2026-07-10T09:16:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koyar da yara makaranta''' kalma ce da masanin falsafar Austria Ivan Illich ya ƙirƙiro. Masu koyar da yara a gida, musamman [[Rashin makaranta|waɗanda ba sa zuwa makaranta]], galibi suna amfani da kalmar don nufin tsarin sauyi da yara da iyaye ke bi lokacin da suka bar makaranta don fara koyar da yara a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn The Difference Between Unschooling and Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en |archive-date=2020-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209200842/https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin shine muhimmin tushe don koyar da yara a gida don yin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling: Starting Out Right at Home |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/homeschooling-101/deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana haɗa yara a hankali su canza daga tsarin karatunsu na yau da kullun da tunaninsu na ci gaba, sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yanke shawara kan kansu]], da kuma gano abin da suke son koya a kwanakin farko na karatunsu a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Deschooling? |url=https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/what-is-deschooling |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Observatory of Educational Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. <ref name="time4learning.com">{{Cite web |title=What, When, Why & How of Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/deschooling.html |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212024419/http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MaryEllen |date=2012-08-31 |title=Deschooling: Important Homeschooling Step Or Useless Buzzword? |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/deschooling-important-homeschooling-step-or-useless-buzzword/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Off The Grid News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka gabaɗaya za su yi barci mai tsawo kuma su ƙi kowane irin koyo da gangan, maimakon haka sai su nemi wasu abubuwan da za su gamsar da su kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, waɗanda suka yi kama da halayen da ake yi a lokacin hutun makaranta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling and Decompression – Home Education Network |url=https://home-ed.vic.edu.au/deschooling-and-decompression/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Homeschool 101: What to expect when deschooling |url=https://raisingroyalty.ca/homeschool-101-expect-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Raising Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan tsari na canji, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, <ref name="time4learning.com" /> har sai sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu <ref name=":3" /> don nemo abubuwan da za su so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya na wannan motsi na makarantar gida suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin dole saboda sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro. <ref name=":3"/> Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, lokacin, yadda, da wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. <ref name=":4"/> == Bayani == An yaba wa Ivan Illich, wanda ya ji cewa yaran da aka koya musu karatun gargajiya suna buƙatar a sake gina su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}</ref> Illich ya yi imanin cewa makarantu suna ɗauke da " ɓoyayyen manhaja " wanda ke sa ilmantarwa ya daidaita da maki da amincewa maimakon ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Anthony |date=1996-01-01 |title=Deschooling Environmental Education |url=https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/491 |journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |issn=1205-5352}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa ilimin zamani yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka makarantu a matsayin tsarin masana'antu, <ref name=":0" /> masana'antu mai guba wanda ya ƙware a kan abin da iyalai ya kamata su iya kafa kansu, wato ilimi. A cewar Illich, makarantu suna daidaita nasara akan takarda tare da ƙwarewar ilimi. Sakamakon haka makarantu, maki, da difloma suna ba da tabbacin ƙarya cewa ɗaliban sun sami ilimi a cikin wani ra'ayi na ilimi. John Holt malami ne wanda shi ma ya yi imani da cire makaranta. Tunaninsa ya yi daidai da Illich domin babu ɗayansu da ya gamsu cewa makaranta ce inda ɗalibai ke koyon duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. <ref name=":0"/> Madadin haka, sun jaddada cewa ɗalibai suna koyo akai-akai ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar fallasa ga duniyar halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Illich da Holt sun ga makarantu ba su da isassu saboda mayar da hankali kan "horon ƙwarewa" maimakon wasu hanyoyin koyo. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu nazarin ka'idar cire makaranta suna ganin ilimi a matsayin kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Saboda haka, suna son "yin Allah wadai da ikon mallakar da cibiyoyin ilimi na gargajiya ke da shi kan ilimi da ilmantarwa." <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar rashin makaranta/korar ɗalibai == Rage karatu" mutum ba yana nufin hana mutane karatu ko karatu a makarantu ba. A cikin al'ummar Illich da Holt, kowa yana da zaɓin ko zai halarci makaranta. Maimakon a tilasta masa zuwa makaranta, ya yi jarrabawa kafin ya shiga makaranta, ko kuma a hana shi damar koyon wani batu da ake so, mutane za su sami 'yancin zaɓar yadda za su koya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Routray |first=Sailen |date=2012 |title=Deschooling Society |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.1177/097318491100900105 |issn=0973-1849}}</ref> A cewar John Holt, mai fafutukar [[Rashin makaranta|rashin]] zuwa makaranta, "al'umma da ba ta zuwa makaranta za ta kasance al'umma wadda kowa zai sami zaɓi mafi faɗi da 'yanci don koyon duk abin da yake son koya, ko a makaranta ko ta wata hanya daban." <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Ƙungiyar Koyar da Makaranta]]'' * [[Rashin amincewa da makaranta|Ƙungiyoyin fafutukar yaƙi da makaranta]] == Manazarta == dnm10xy4o2getzkr883i1fsff0db2qa 0 112282 879865 694754 2026-07-09T22:39:15Z Merjoor 14653 879865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar Majalisa''' [[Dokar|doka]] ce da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta kafa. Ayyukan aiki na iya aiki ga ƙungiyoyi ɗaya kawai (wanda ake kira masu zaman kansu dokoki ), ko ga jama'a ( dokokin jama'a ). Don kudirin ya zama aiki, dole ne rubutun ya wuce ta cikin majalisun guda biyu tare da rinjaye, sannan ko dai shugaban Amurka ya sanya hannu a kan doka, a bar shi ba tare da sanya hannu ba har tsawon kwanaki goma (ban da Lahadi) yayin da Majalisa ke ci gaba da zama, ko kuma, idan shugaban ya ki amincewa da shi, ya sami rinjayen majalisa daga biyu. == Dokar jama'a, doka mai zaman kanta, nadi == [[Fayil:Private_Law_86-407.jpg|thumb|Doka ta sirri 86-407]] [[Fayil:Page_212_from_STATUTE-073-1-2_Public_Law_86-90.pdf|thumb|Sashe na Dokar Jama'a 86-90]] A {asar Amirka, an tsara ayyukan Majalisa a matsayin ko dai '''dokokin jama'a''', da suka shafi jama'a, ko '''dokoki masu zaman kansu''', da suka shafi takamaiman cibiyoyi ko daidaikun mutane. Tun daga shekara ta 1957, duk Ayyukan Majalisa an sanya su a matsayin "Dokar Jama'a X–Y" ko "Dokar X-Y mai zaman kanta", inda X shine adadin Majalisar kuma Y yana nufin jerin jerin lissafin (lokacin da aka kafa shi). <ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=About Bills, Resolutions, and Laws |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/help/cu/Serial_Set/About_Bills.htm#pub |access-date=2008-09-04 |publisher=[[LexisNexis]] |quote=About Public Laws}}</ref> Misali, PL 111-5 ( Dokar Farfadowa da Sake Zuba Jari ta Amurka a shekara ta 2009 ) ita ce dokar jama'a ta biyar da aka kafa na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 111 . Ana kuma taƙaita dokokin jama'a a matsayin Pub. L. No. X-Y. Lokacin da aka gabatar da dokar waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu, ana kiranta lissafin jama'a da lissafin sirri bi da bi. == Amfani == Kalmar "aiki", kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a kalmar "Aikin Majalisa", na kowa ne, ba daidaitaccen suna ba . Babban girman kalmar “aiki” (musamman idan aka yi amfani da ita a tsaye kaɗai don komawa ga wani aiki da aka ambata a baya da cikakken sunansa) wasu ƙamus da hukumomin amfani sun soke su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=act: Meaning and Definition of |url=http://dictionary.infoplease.com/act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816122048/http://dictionary.infoplease.com/act |archive-date=Aug 16, 2016 |website=Infoplease}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=act |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=act*3+0&dict=A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040126040305/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=act*3+0&dict=A |archive-date=January 26, 2004 |access-date=February 28, 2009 |website=Cambridge Dictionaries Online |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=act |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/act_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814042441/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/act_1 |archive-date=Aug 14, 2016 |publisher=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Act Definition & Meaning |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117132347/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/act |archive-date=Jan 17, 2024 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Clayton Antitrust Act |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/cl/ClaytonAA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304034430/http://www.bartleby.com/65/cl/ClaytonAA.html |archive-date=Mar 4, 2009 |access-date=2009-02-28 |website=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition |via=Bartleby.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons {{!}} British Parliament & Politics |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128885/House-of-Commons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430084348/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128885/House-of-Commons |archive-date=Apr 30, 2015 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Duk da haka, Bluebook yana buƙatar "Dokar" ta zama babba yayin da ake magana akan takamaiman dokar. Ƙididdiga ta Amurka tana ba da "aiki". Kalmar "Aikin Majalisa" wani lokaci ana amfani da ita a cikin maganganun da ba na yau da kullun ba don nuna wani abu wanda samun izini yana da nauyi. Misali, "Yana dau matakin Majalisa don samun izinin gini a wannan garin." == Yadawa (Amurka) == An gabatar da wani doka da ƴan rinjaye a majalisun biyu suka yi, ko kuma aka ba su ƙarfin doka, ta ɗayan hanyoyi masu zuwa: # Sa hannun shugaban kasar Amurka , # Rashin aiki da shugaban kasa bayan kwanaki goma daga liyafar (ban da ranar Lahadi) yayin da Majalisa ke zama, ko # Majalissar ta sake yin la’akari da shi bayan kin amincewar shugaban kasa yayin zamanta. (Dole ne doka ta karɓi a Kuri'ar a majalisun biyu sun yi watsi da matakin shugaban kasa.) Shugaban ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan Majalisa ta hanyoyi biyu na farko. Idan an yi wani aiki ta hanya ta uku, shugaban gidan da ya sake nazarin dokar ya ba da sanarwar. A karkashin [[United States Constitution|Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]], idan shugaban kasa bai mayar da wani kudiri ko kuduri ga Majalisa ba tare da ƙin yarda kafin lokacin ya ƙare, to lissafin zai zama aiki kai tsaye; duk da haka, idan an dakatar da Majalisa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin, to, lissafin ya mutu kuma ba za a iya sake duba shi ba (duba [[Pocket veto|veto aljihu]] ). Idan shugaban kasa ya ki amincewa da wani kudiri ko kudiri yayin da Majalisar ke zama, ana bukatar kuri’u kashi biyu bisa uku na majalisun biyu don sake nazari don samun nasara. Shugaban kasa, ko jami'in da ya dace ya cika shelarta a cikin ma'anar bugawa da shelanta doka a cikin yanayin rashin amincewar veto, isar da dokar ga ma'aikacin adana kayan tarihin Amurka . Ma'aikacin tarihin yana ba da damar buga shi azaman doka zamewa kuma a cikin Dokokin Amurka gabaɗaya bayan karɓar aikin. Bayan haka, ana buga canje-canje a cikin Lambar Amurka . == Binciken shari'a da tsarin mulki == Ta hanyar [[Judicial review in the United States|bitar shari'a]], wani aikin Majalisar da ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na iya zama kotuna ta ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Sanarwa na shari'a cewa wani aiki na Majalisa ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki baya cire dokar daga Dokokin a Manyan ko Kundin Amurka; maimakon haka, yana hana aiwatar da aikin. Koyaya, aikin kamar yadda aka buga a cikin lambobi da bayanan shari'a an yi masa alama tare da bayanan da ke nuna cewa ba doka ba ce mai kyau. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0o31pj0jc3zafzoysw5k5kzx9myf6y1 0 112480 879931 695299 2026-07-10T04:46:49Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 879931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Quarry_Visitor_Center_July_1963.jpg|thumb|Dinosaur yana nuna tsarin a Vernal Utah wanda aka ɗauka a watan Yuli na 1963]] '''Quarry Visitor Center''', a Dinosaur National Monument in Uintah County, [[Utah]], Amurka an gina shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Ofishin Jakadancin National Park Service (NPS) na 66 na ƙirar gine-gine na zamani a cikin wuraren shakatawa [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]]. Wannan cibiyar baƙo tana misalta falsafar gano wuraren baƙo nan da nan a wurin da ake fassarawa. An rufe cibiyar baƙo daga 2006 zuwa 2011 saboda lalacewar tsarin ƙasa daga ƙasa mara kyau. An rushe tsarin rotunda kuma an maye gurbinsa da sabon tsari na zane daban-daban, yayin da ake daidaitawa da gyara sashin dutsen. <ref name="npsdino1">{{Cite web |title=Quarry Construction Background |url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/parknews/quarry-construction-background.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106200224/http://www.nps.gov/dino/parknews/quarry-construction-background.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=14 July 2010 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Opening Announcement |url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/news/grand-opening-announcement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621061644/http://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/news/grand-opening-announcement.htm |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |access-date=28 February 2017 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref name="ardino1">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=David |date=June 2, 2009 |title=Wrecking Ball to Swing on "Mission 66" Visitor Center |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2009-06.pdf?1243828800 |journal=Architectural Record |volume=197 |issue=6 |pages=24 |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref> NPS yanzu tana nufin sabuwar cibiyar baƙo (wanda aka gina a cikin 2011 kimanin {{Convert|1800|ft|m}} zuwa kudu maso yamma) a matsayin "Cibiyar Ziyarar Quarry" da kuma ginin tarihi a matsayin " '''Zauren Nunin Quarry''' ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visitor Centers |url=https://www.nps.gov/dino/planyourvisit/visitorcenters.htm |access-date=November 8, 2024 |website=nps.gov |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> == Zane == An gina cibiyar baƙo a wani ɓangare don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa wurin tunawa da ba a ziyarta ba, wanda aka yi barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ta [[Dam din Echo Park|Echo Park Dam]], a matsayin hanyar kariya daga sabunta shawarwarin tafki. <ref name="sellars5e2">{{Cite web |last=Sellars |first=Richard West |title=Chapter 5: The War and Postwar Years, 1940-1963 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sellars/chap5e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105013009/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sellars/chap5e.htm |archive-date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=31 May 2011 |website=Preserving History in the National Parks: A History |publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> <ref name="allaback12">{{Cite web |last=Allaback |first=Sarah |title=Quarry Visitor Center |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/allaback/vc1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010224090141/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/allaback/vc1.htm |archive-date=February 24, 2001 |access-date=31 May 2011 |website=Mission 66 Visitor Centers |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> An fara bayyana ra'ayin cibiyar baƙo a cikin 1916 lokacin da [[George Otis Smith]], darektan [[U.S. Geological Survey|binciken binciken ƙasa na Amurka]], ya ba da shawarar cewa a nuna samfuran a bangon canyon na arewa. Jama'ar yankin, gami da mai gano dutsen Dinosaur Earl Douglass, sun ba da shawarar matsugunin sama don nunin. A ƙarshe an gina matsuguni na wucin gadi ga ƙasusuwa da masu tona su a cikin 1936. Ƙirar farko a cikin Janairu 1937 ta samar da wani rukuni wanda ya haɗa da Ofishin Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine na Park Service Western Office, [[American Museum of Natural History|Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka]] da kuma Darakta na Sabis ɗin Park wanda ya yi kama da ƙirar ƙarshe ta [[Anshen and Allen|Anshen & Allen Associates]]. Yawancin ƙira masu nasara sun biyo baya, sun zama ƙarin fa'ida da ficewa daga wannan ra'ayi. Babu wani tallafi da aka samu don zayyana, amma an gina sabon itace da matsuguni na ƙarfe a cikin 1951, wanda ya tuna da shawarar 1916. <ref name="allaback22">{{Cite web |last=Allaback |title=Quarry Visitor Center |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/allaback/vc1a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010424171845/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/allaback/vc1a.htm |archive-date=April 24, 2001 |page=2}}</ref> An kammala cibiyar baƙo a cikin 1958, kuma injiniyoyi masu zuwa da masu kwangila sun fahimci ƙirar gine-gine na ƙarshe: Robert D. Dewell, Injiniya Tsarin; Earl & Gropp, Injiniyan Injiniyan Injiniya da Lantarki; RK McCullough Construction Co., Babban Kwangila. <ref name="Ashen-Allen2">{{Cite journal |date=September 1958 |title=Recent Work of Ashen & Allen |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1958-09.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=165-180 |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref> An ayyana Cibiyar Baƙi ta Quarry a matsayin Alamar Tarihi ta Ƙasa a cikin 2001. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} bo644w5x735x5tn6p0mss51ig6phl52 0 112516 880081 703866 2026-07-10T10:46:00Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Nun Amurka''' ( '''NCAN''' ) a cikin 1969 ta Margaret Traxler da [[Audrey Kopp]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Document 11: National Coalition of American Nuns, "Declaration of Independence for Women," May 1972 {{!}} Alexander Street Documents |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000677520 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=documents.alexanderstreet.com}}</ref> Ƙungiya ta shahara da bayar da shawarwari game da yancin mata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Free |date=19 January 2019 |title=Nun championed diversity, inclusivity, equality |url=https://www.mankatofreepress.com/news/local_news/nun-championed-diversity-inclusivity-equality/article_78367cac-1b31-11e9-83a0-43d6ca85baa7.html |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=Mankato Free Press |language=en}}</ref> goyon baya ga [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Kwaskwarima Daidaita]], adawa da matsayi na cocin Katolika, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Theresa Kane Criticizes Church Hierarchy |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/mercy-sister-theresa-kane-criticizes-church-hierarchy |access-date=2019-09-11 |website=www.ncronline.org/ |language=en-US}}</ref> ciki har da [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2015 |title=American Nuns Abortion Message to Pope Francis |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/american-nuns-abortion-message-to-pope-francis-you-dont-quite-get-it-10483396.html |access-date=2019-09-11 |website=www.independent.co.uk |language=en-UK}}</ref> da matsayinta game da zubar da ciki, 'yancin LGBT, da kuma nadin mata . == Tarihi == Margaret Traxler ce ta kafa NCAN a shekarar 1969.<ref name=":0"/> A cikin 1963, Margaret Traxler ta shiga ƙungiyar firistoci da 'yan'uwa mata da ke tafiya don haƙƙin ɗan adam a Selma, [[Alabama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Ellen Traxler |url=http://www.sturdyroots.org/voc_traxler.htm |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=www.sturdyroots.org |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616202429/http://www.sturdyroots.org/voc_traxler.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da sa ta shiga cikin Taron Katolika na Kasa don Adalci na Ƙasa, kuma ta haka ne ta kirkiro NCAN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Ellen Traxler |url=http://www.sturdyroots.org/voc_traxler.htm |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=www.sturdyroots.org |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616202429/http://www.sturdyroots.org/voc_traxler.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da suke membobin su a farkon shekarun 1970, NCAN tana da kusan mambobi ɗari takwas. == Nadin mata == NCAN ta dade tana ci gaba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a maraba da mata cikin coci ciki har da firistoci. A cikin 1972, ƙungiyar ta buga "Bayyana Independence ga Mata," daftarin aiki wanda ya bayyana shirin shekaru biyar don cimma daidaiton jinsi a ciki da wajen Ikilisiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL COALITION OF AMERICAN NUNS RECORDS SUBJECT FILES, 1969- // Archives // Raynor Memorial Libraries // Marquette University |url=https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/NCAN/NCAN-series2.php |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=www.marquette.edu}}</ref> Wannan sanarwar ta ba da shawarar samar da cikakkiyar daidaito ga mata, sake fasalin tsarin tattalin arziki da iko, da rayuwa mai sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=13 May 1972, 14 - Wisconsin State Journal at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/400736513/?terms=%22declaration%20of%20independence%22%20national%20coalition%20of%20american%20nuns&match=1 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Sanarwar ta ba da wannan sanarwa, "Mun sake tabbatar da [[Isa|Yesu]] da bishararsa yayin da rayuwarmu ta mai da hankali kuma abin da aka ce, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Nun Amirka ta sa al'umma ta lura cewa mata sun ƙi karɓar duk wani bambaro don tubalin da aka tilasta mana mu yi." <ref>{{Cite web |title=13 May 1972, 14 - Wisconsin State Journal at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/400736513/?terms=%22declaration%20of%20independence%22%20national%20coalition%20of%20american%20nuns&match=1 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> == Matsayin siyasa == NCAN tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙungiyar [[Women-Church Convergence|Mata-Church Convergence]], wanda ke inganta "masu ra'ayin mata daban-daban, masu cike da bangaskiya." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statements |url=http://www.women-churchconvergence.org/index.php/statements |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=www.women-churchconvergence.org |language=en-US}}</ref> === Taimakawa ga adalcin haihuwa === NCAN ta fi saninta da goyon bayansu mai karfi na adalci wajen haihuwa, ko kuma hakkin mace na zabar abin da zai fi dacewa da jikinta, gami da amfani da maganin hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki, idan an bukata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition of American Nuns Supports Reproductive Justice {{!}} Religious Institute |url=http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144854/http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=religiousinstitute.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar kuma tana goyan bayan umarnin hana haifuwa a cikin Dokar Kulawa mai araha . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Patricia |date=2014-03-14 |title=Catholic Nuns Back Obamacare Contraception Access |url=https://religiondispatches.org/catholic-nuns-back-obamacare-contraception-access-2/ |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=Religion Dispatches |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayin NCAN a kan batutuwan zubar da ciki, haƙƙin LGBT, da kuma naɗa mata sun sanya shi cikin rashin jituwa da [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|Bishops na Roman Katolika na Amurka]] da [[Catholic Church and abortion|koyarwar Ikilisiya ta hukuma]]. NCAN ta kasance cikin rikice-rikice na siyasa tare da wasu kungiyoyin Katolika lokacin da suka fara kalubalantar Dokar Kulawa mai araha ta hanyar kin amincewa da inshora don maganin hana daukar ciki ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition of American Nuns Supports Reproductive Justice {{!}} Religious Institute |url=http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144854/http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=religiousinstitute.org |language=en-US}}</ref> NCAN ta yi imanin cewa wannan ya saba wa haƙƙin da aka ba dukkan maza da mata na wannan al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition of American Nuns Supports Reproductive Justice {{!}} Religious Institute |url=http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144854/http://religiousinstitute.org/news/ncan-reproductive-justice/ |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=religiousinstitute.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan da Paparoma ya bayyana cewa firistoci za su iya gafarta wa matan da suka zubar da ciki muddin sun yarda da zunubi, NCAN ta fahimci cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a yi don "sa mata su zama membobin Cocin Katolika". Duk da yake NCAN ta amince da yunkurin Paparoma na yin aiki a hanyar fastoci da kuma ta sauƙaƙa matsayinsa game da batun, mata da yawa a cikin cocin ba su sami waɗannan maganganu ba su gamsarwa ba kuma sun ji kamar dai Ikilisiyar ba ta amince da haƙƙinsu na cin gashin kansu ba. 'Yan majami'ar sun yi jayayya cewa "sperm daga maza ne ke da alhakin waɗannan ciki da ba a tsara su ba". Sauran kungiyoyin mata na Katolika, irin su Katolika don Zaɓin, sun shiga NCAN kuma sun yi magana game da Paparoma.<ref name="thesenuns2" /> Wani memba na NCAN, Sister [[Donna Quinn]], ya yi magana game da firist ɗin bayan an yi waɗannan maganganun, yana cewa "Ina tsammanin yana samun shi a cikin ma'anar Vatican kuma game da matsayi, amma har yanzu ba zai bari mata su kasance cikakkiyar memba tare da al'adar Katolika ba. Mata har yanzu ba su da cikakken memba. "<ref name="thesenuns2" /><ref name="thesenuns2" /> == Labaran watsa labarai == NCAN ta sami kulawar ƙasa lokacin da Sisters Margaret Traxler, Donna Quinn, Ann Patrick Ware, da Deborah Barrett suka bayyana, a cikin 1982, a kan Phil Donahue Nuna dokar adawa da ke iyakance zubar da ciki. == Taimakawa ga al'ummar LGBT == NCAN kuma an santa da goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT da yarda da su cikin cocin Katolika. A cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin coci da al'ummar LGBT sama da shekaru arba'in da bakwai, 'yar'uwa Jeannine Gramick ta sake tabbatar da goyon bayan NCAN ga mutanen LGBT saboda tunanin cewa 'yan mata suna da tsauraran ra'ayi da zalunci, musamman game da batutuwan zamantakewa irin waɗannan. <ref name="untold" /> Yar'uwa Jeannine Gramick ta raba cewa "ta yi fatan [s] siffar nuns kamar yadda mutane masu tausayi da masu neman adalci za su maye gurbin tsohon da wawa hoton na nuns wanda har yanzu ana maimaita shi." <ref name="untold" /> Har ma ta rubuta makala, mai suna ''National Catholic Reporter's'' "Rahoton Sister's Sister", wanda ke jawo hankali ga waɗannan batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa da dangantakarsu da nuns na Cocin Katolika. Gramick ya bayyana cewa "'yan darikar Katolika sun kasance masu goyon bayan LGBT mafi karfi a tsakanin mutanen coci." <ref name="untold" /> Yar'uwa Gramick da sauran membobin NCAN da yawa sun halarci gangamin "Makon Dare don 'Yanci" da zanga-zangar (duba ƙasa) a lokacin 2012 don ƙoƙarin shawo kan mutane cewa ana kai hari kan 'yancin siyasar ƙasarmu. Sister Gramick ta bayyana cewa, "muna son shugabannin cocinmu su kasance shugabannin makiyaya musamman masu kula da talakawa da marasa galihu, 'yan luwadi da madigo, mata da yancin kowa da kowa maimakon siyasar bangaranci da ake ganin suna wasa." <ref name="fortnight" /> Duk da haka, matsayinsu kan waɗannan batutuwa ya haifar da cece-kuce a tsakanin Kiristoci a cikin shekaru masu yawa da NCAN ta yi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hn6ltpg9czdwvey3992kzyjkiifhkxb 0 112874 879712 777461 2026-07-09T17:44:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359879486|Externship]]" 879712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Externships''' dama ce [[Koyon gogewa|ta koyo ta gogewa]], kamar horon aiki, wanda haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi da ma'aikata ke bayarwa don ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa a fannin karatunsu. A fannin likitanci, yana iya nufin likita mai ziyara wanda ba ya cikin ma'aikatan yau da kullun. A fannin shari'a, yawanci yana nufin damar aiki mai tsauri da ɗaliban shari'a ke yi don samun maki a makarantar lauya, kamar na ƙaramin lauya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field placement supervision manual |url=https://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093449/http://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> An samo shi ne daga Latin ''[[wiktionary:externus#Latin|externus]]'' kuma daga Turanci ''[[wiktionary:-ship#English|-ship]]'' . Kalmar ''externship'' tana da ranar farko da aka sani da amfani da ita a shekarar 1905 a cikin ƙamus na Merriam-Webster. == Fa'idodi == Sau da yawa ana kallon 'yan ƙasashen waje a matsayin aikin ɓoye aiki tunda ma'aikata masu sa kai suna kula da su sosai waɗanda suka yarda su bi su ta hanyar ayyukan yau da kullun a kamfani ko ƙungiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Arkansas: Externships/Job Shadowing |url=http://career.uark.edu/students/externships.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813042824/http://career.uark.edu/Students/Externships.aspx |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Ana iya kallon su a matsayin nazarin waje wanda ke haɗa ilimin aji da gogewa ta gaske. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan Law School: Externships |url=https://www.law.umich.edu/curriculum/externshipsandindependentstudy/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Wannan ilimin yana shirya ɗalibai don sauyawa daga makaranta zuwa aiki . Kwarewa da aka samu ta hanyar aikin waje tana ba wa ɗalibai damar amfani da koyon aikinsu a yanayin rayuwa ta ainihi, da kuma lura da yin tambayoyi a cikin wannan mahallin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2003 |title=Pilot program allows second-years to shadow alumni in the workplace |url=https://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030403/externships.shtml |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Aikin waje na iya haifar da damammaki bayan ɗalibai sun kammala karatunsu. Suna iya taimaka wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun kafin su sami damar shiga cikin ƙofa don yiwuwar samun guraben aiki ko ma sanya su zama 'yan takara mafi kyau don damar yin aikin waje mai tsauri, da kuma ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar sanin sabbin sana'o'i da fannoni na aiki. Aikin waje kuma tushen hulɗar sadarwa ne da zarar an zaɓi sana'a . Ba wai kawai ana gudanar da aikin waje don amfanin wanda ba a yi wa aiki ba, har ma da mai masaukin baki. Dukansu suna samun damar lura da junansu. Nasarar aikin waje na iya haifar da damar daukar ma'aikata wanda zai dogara ne akan shawarar da aka yanke mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muirhead, Gred. |date=29 April 1991 |title=Student externships aid recruitment |journal=Supermarket News |volume=25}}</ref> == Harkokin shari'a == Ana iya ɗaukar horon shari'a, kamar horon aiki, a matsayin darasin makarantar lauya. Horarwa da horon aiki da makarantun lauya ke bayarwa waɗanda Majalisar ABA ta amince da su kan Ilimin Shari'a da Shiga Lauyoyi ana kiransu darussa "asibitin shari'a" da kuma "wurin aiki" bi da bi, ta hanyar (Takardar Shaida) Standard 304. Darussan Gwaji: Darussan Kwaikwayo, Asibitocin Shari'a, da Wurin Aiki. Ma'auni 304(b) da (c) suna magance tsammanin Majalisar game da darussan kwaikwayo a asibitoci/horon aiki da wurin aiki/waje, bi da bi. Ma'auni 304(d) ya shafi wuraren da aka sanya a fagen aiki (wasanni), yana bayyana su kamar haka don dalilan amincewa da makarantar lauya: "Darasin sanya a fagen yana ba da ƙwarewa mai zurfi ta fannin lauya wanda (1) yayi kama da ƙwarewar lauya mai ba da shawara ko wakiltar abokin ciniki ko kuma yin wasu ayyukan lauya a wani wuri a wajen asibitin lauya a ƙarƙashin kulawar lauya mai lasisi ko kuma mutumin da ya cancanci kulawa..." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, 2020-2021 |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/standards/2020-2021/2020-21-aba-standards-and-rules-for-approval-of-law-schools.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=ABA Council of the Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar |language=en}}</ref> Makarantun shari'a da hukumomin gwamnatin jiha suka amince da su, kamar su Lauyan Jiha na California, ban da Majalisar ABA ko kuma a madadin ta, dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin amincewa na waɗannan hukumomin, domin a ci gaba da riƙe waɗannan takardun shaidar. A shari'ar California, Dokar 4.102 a Sashe na 2. Dokokin Makarantar Shari'a da aka amince da su na 4. Ka'idojin Shiga da Ilimi sun tanadar: "Makarantar shari'a wacce Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta amince da ita na ɗan lokaci ko kuma cikakkiyar amincewa, Kwamitin [na Masu Jarrabawar Lauyoyi, na Lauyoyin Jiha na California] ya amince da ita kuma an keɓe ta daga waɗannan ƙa'idodi, sai dai idan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta janye amincewarta." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-01 |title=State Bar of California, Committee of Bar Examiners Rules, Title 4 Admissions and Educational Standards, Division 2 Accredited Law School Rules |url=https://www.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/0/documents/rules/Rules_Title4_Div2-Acc-Law-Sch.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=State Bar of California, Rules of the State Bar, Title 4 Div. 1, 2, 3 |language=en}}</ref> (An ƙara a cikin akwatin.) Sauran jihohin da suka amince da makarantun shari'a a cikin iyakokinsu sun haɗa da Alabama, Connecticut, Massachusetts, da Tennessee. Babu wata jami'a ko makarantar koyon aikin lauya da ke da 'yancin kai da ke ba wa ɗalibai damar samun maki na ilimi a fannin kwaikwayo, asibiti (horon aiki) ko kuma darussan da ake ɗauka a fagen aiki (waje) don yin kofi, ɗaukar kaya, ko wasu ayyuka da ba su da alaƙa da ƙwarewar aiki don haɓaka ƙwarewar lauya. Dalibai ''za su iya'' yin kofi idan sun so - amma lokacin da suka ɓatar ''ba za'' a iya ƙidaya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin da suka sadaukar da kansu ga kwas ɗin ba. Haka kuma ba za su iya samun maki na ilimi don yin aikin da aka biya ba. == Duba kuma == * Varatuomari == Manazarta == hqc1tf0fr3qx46itq0zo1num19strvx 879713 879712 2026-07-09T17:45:19Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Externships''' dama ce [[Koyon gogewa|ta koyo ta gogewa]], kamar horon aiki, wanda haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi da ma'aikata ke bayarwa don ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa a fannin karatunsu. A fannin likitanci, yana iya nufin likita mai ziyara wanda ba ya cikin ma'aikatan yau da kullun. A fannin shari'a, yawanci yana nufin damar aiki mai tsauri da ɗaliban shari'a ke yi don samun maki a makarantar lauya, kamar na ƙaramin lauya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field placement supervision manual |url=https://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093449/http://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> An samo shi ne daga Latin ''[[wiktionary:externus#Latin|externus]]'' kuma daga Turanci ''[[wiktionary:-ship#English|-ship]]'' . Kalmar ''externship'' tana da ranar farko da aka sani da amfani da ita a shekarar 1905 a cikin ƙamus na Merriam-Webster. == Fa'idodi == Sau da yawa ana kallon 'yan ƙasashen waje a matsayin aikin ɓoye aiki tunda ma'aikata masu sa kai suna kula da su sosai waɗanda suka yarda su bi su ta hanyar ayyukan yau da kullun a kamfani ko ƙungiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Arkansas: Externships/Job Shadowing |url=http://career.uark.edu/students/externships.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813042824/http://career.uark.edu/Students/Externships.aspx |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Ana iya kallon su a matsayin nazarin waje wanda ke haɗa ilimin aji da gogewa ta gaske. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan Law School: Externships |url=https://www.law.umich.edu/curriculum/externshipsandindependentstudy/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Wannan ilimin yana shirya ɗalibai don sauyawa daga makaranta zuwa aiki . Kwarewa da aka samu ta hanyar aikin waje tana ba wa ɗalibai damar amfani da koyon aikinsu a yanayin rayuwa ta ainihi, da kuma lura da yin tambayoyi a cikin wannan mahallin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2003 |title=Pilot program allows second-years to shadow alumni in the workplace |url=https://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030403/externships.shtml |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Aikin waje na iya haifar da damammaki bayan ɗalibai sun kammala karatunsu. Suna iya taimaka wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun kafin su sami damar shiga cikin ƙofa don yiwuwar samun guraben aiki ko ma sanya su zama 'yan takara mafi kyau don damar yin aikin waje mai tsauri, da kuma ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar sanin sabbin sana'o'i da fannoni na aiki. Aikin waje kuma tushen hulɗar sadarwa ne da zarar an zaɓi sana'a . Ba wai kawai ana gudanar da aikin waje don amfanin wanda ba a yi wa aiki ba, har ma da mai masaukin baki. Dukansu suna samun damar lura da junansu. Nasarar aikin waje na iya haifar da damar daukar ma'aikata wanda zai dogara ne akan shawarar da aka yanke mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muirhead, Gred. |date=29 April 1991 |title=Student externships aid recruitment |journal=Supermarket News |volume=25}}</ref> == Harkokin shari'a == Ana iya ɗaukar horon shari'a, kamar horon aiki, a matsayin darasin makarantar lauya. Horarwa da horon aiki da makarantun lauya ke bayarwa waɗanda Majalisar ABA ta amince da su kan Ilimin Shari'a da Shiga Lauyoyi ana kiransu darussa "asibitin shari'a" da kuma "wurin aiki" bi da bi, ta hanyar (Takardar Shaida) Standard 304. Darussan Gwaji: Darussan Kwaikwayo, Asibitocin Shari'a, da Wurin Aiki. Ma'auni 304(b) da (c) suna magance tsammanin Majalisar game da darussan kwaikwayo a asibitoci/horon aiki da wurin aiki/waje, bi da bi. Ma'auni 304(d) ya shafi wuraren da aka sanya a fagen aiki (wasanni), yana bayyana su kamar haka don dalilan amincewa da makarantar lauya: "Darasin sanya a fagen yana ba da ƙwarewa mai zurfi ta fannin lauya wanda (1) yayi kama da ƙwarewar lauya mai ba da shawara ko wakiltar abokin ciniki ko kuma yin wasu ayyukan lauya a wani wuri a wajen asibitin lauya a ƙarƙashin kulawar lauya mai lasisi ko kuma mutumin da ya cancanci kulawa..." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, 2020-2021 |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/standards/2020-2021/2020-21-aba-standards-and-rules-for-approval-of-law-schools.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=ABA Council of the Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar |language=en}}</ref> Makarantun shari'a da hukumomin gwamnatin jiha suka amince da su, kamar su Lauyan Jiha na California, ban da Majalisar ABA ko kuma a madadin ta, dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin amincewa na waɗannan hukumomin, domin a ci gaba da riƙe waɗannan takardun shaidar. A shari'ar California, Dokar 4.102 a Sashe na 2. Dokokin Makarantar Shari'a da aka amince da su na 4. Ka'idojin Shiga da Ilimi sun tanadar: "Makarantar shari'a wacce Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta amince da ita na ɗan lokaci ko kuma cikakkiyar amincewa, Kwamitin [na Masu Jarrabawar Lauyoyi, na Lauyoyin Jiha na California] ya amince da ita kuma an keɓe ta daga waɗannan ƙa'idodi, sai dai idan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta janye amincewarta." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-01 |title=State Bar of California, Committee of Bar Examiners Rules, Title 4 Admissions and Educational Standards, Division 2 Accredited Law School Rules |url=https://www.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/0/documents/rules/Rules_Title4_Div2-Acc-Law-Sch.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=State Bar of California, Rules of the State Bar, Title 4 Div. 1, 2, 3 |language=en}}</ref> (An ƙara a cikin akwatin.) Sauran jihohin da suka amince da makarantun shari'a a cikin iyakokinsu sun haɗa da Alabama, Connecticut, Massachusetts, da Tennessee. Babu wata jami'a ko makarantar koyon aikin lauya da ke da 'yancin kai da ke ba wa ɗalibai damar samun maki na ilimi a fannin kwaikwayo, asibiti (horon aiki) ko kuma darussan da ake ɗauka a fagen aiki (waje) don yin kofi, ɗaukar kaya, ko wasu ayyuka da ba su da alaƙa da ƙwarewar aiki don haɓaka ƙwarewar lauya. Dalibai ''za su iya'' yin kofi idan sun so - amma lokacin da suka ɓatar ''ba za'' a iya ƙidaya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin da suka sadaukar da kansu ga kwas ɗin ba. Haka kuma ba za su iya samun maki na ilimi don yin aikin da aka biya ba. == Duba kuma == * Varatuomari == Manazarta == h0t7oo5xo1w4d1slum7pvroxlgenwsf 0 113058 880039 829492 2026-07-10T09:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sunspots''' ne na wucin gadi spots a kan Sun wanda yake duhu fiye da kewayen yankin. Su yankuna ne na rage yawan zafin jiki wanda ya haifar da maida hankali ga Magnetic flux wanda ke hana convection. Sunspots suna bayyana a cikin yankuna masu aiki, yawanci a nau'i-nau'i na polarity na magnetic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunspots |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gsd/outreach/education/sam1/Activity10.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=NOAA}}</ref> Yawan su ya bambanta bisa ga kimanin shekaru 11 na zagaye na rana. Kowane sunspots ko rukuni na sunspots na iya kasancewa a ko'ina daga 'yan kwanaki zuwa' yan watanni, amma a ƙarshe ya lalace. Sunspots suna fadadawa da kwangila yayin da suke motsawa a fadin Sun, tare da diamita daga {{Convert|16|km|mi}} km (10 <ref name="nascom">{{Cite web |title=How Are Magnetic Fields Related To Sunspots? |url=http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/lessons/sunspots6_8.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> zuwa {{Convert|160000|km|mi}} km (100,000 . <ref name="howstuffworks">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2009 |title=Sun |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun-info3.htm |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=HowStuffWorks}}</ref> Za'a iya ganin manyan sunspots daga Duniya ba tare da taimakon na'urar daukar hoto ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mossman |first=J. E. |year=1989 |title=1989QJRAS..30...59M Page 60 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989QJRAS..30...59M/0000060.000.html |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=30 |page=59 |bibcode=1989QJRAS..30...59M |access-date=2021-06-27 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185709/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1989QJRAS..30...59M/0000060.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna iya tafiya a saurin dangi, ko motsi mai kyau, na 'yan daruruwan mita a kowane sakan lokacin da suka fara fitowa. Nuna aiki mai karfi na magnetic, sunspots suna tare da wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a yankin kamar su coronal loops, sanannun, da abubuwan da suka faru. Yawancin hasken rana da coronal mass ejections sun samo asali ne a cikin waɗannan yankuna masu aiki da ke kewaye da ƙungiyoyin sunspot. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura a kai tsaye a kan [[Tauraro|taurari]] ban da Rana ana kiransu taurari, kuma an auna haske da duhu.<ref name="strassmeier">{{Cite web |last=Strassmeier |first=K. G. |date=1999-06-10 |title=Smallest KPNO Telescope Discovers Biggest Starspots (press release 990610) |url=http://www.aip.de/groups/activity/presse/pressrelease990610.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624105256/http://www.aip.de/groups/activity/presse/pressrelease990610.html |archive-date=24 June 2010 |access-date=20 February 2008 |publisher=[[University of Vienna]] |quote=starspots vary on the same (short) time scales as Sunspots do ... HD&nbsp;12545 had a warm spot (350&nbsp;K above photospheric temperature; the white area in the picture)}}</ref> == Tarihi == An samo rikodin farko na sunspots a cikin Sinanci ''I Ching'', wanda aka kammala kafin 800 BC. Rubutun ya bayyana cewa an lura da ''dou'' da ''mei'' a cikin rana, inda kalmomin biyu suna nufin ƙaramin duhu.<ref name="Xu">{{Cite journal |last=Xu Zhen-Tao |year=1980 |title=The hexagram "Feng" in "the book of changes" as the earliest written record of sunspot |journal=Chinese Astronomy |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=406 |bibcode=1980ChA.....4..406X |doi=10.1016/0146-6364(80)90034-1}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen farko na lura da hasken rana da gangan ya fito ne daga China, kuma ya kasance zuwa 364 BC, bisa ga maganganun masanin tauraron dan adam Gan De (甘德) a cikin kundin tauraron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Early Astronomy and the Beginnings of a Mathematical Science |url=http://nrich.maths.org/6843 |access-date=2010-07-14 |website=NRICH (University of Cambridge) |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024005111/http://nrich.maths.org/6843 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 28 KZ, masu binciken sararin samaniya na kasar Sin suna yin rikodin abubuwan da aka gani a cikin bayanan mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1988 |title=The Observation of Sunspots |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955852/ |url-status=dead |journal=UNESCO Courier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702095337/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Oct/ai_6955852/ |archive-date=2011-07-02 |access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> Magana ta farko da aka ambaci wani wuri a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yammacin Turai shine kusan 300 BC, ta masanin Girka na dā Theophrastus, ɗalibin [[Plato]] da [[Aristotle]] kuma magajin wannan. Hotunan farko da aka sani na sunspots an yi su ne ta hanyar ɗan majami'ar Ingila John na Worcester a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1128. <ref name="StephensonWillis1999">{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=F. R. |last2=Willis |first2=D. M. |year=1999 |title=The earliest drawing of sunspots |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=6.21–6.22 |bibcode=1999A&G....40f..21S |doi=10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.21 |issn=1366-8781 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sunspots an fara lura da su ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1610 ta hanyar masanin tauraron dan adam na Ingila Thomas Harriot . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vokhmyanin |first=M. |last2=VArlt |first2=R. |last3=Zolotova |first3=N. |date=10 March 2020 |title=Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Thomas Harriot |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4 |journal=Solar Physics |volume=295 |issue=3 |pages=39.1–39.11 |bibcode=2020SoPh..295...39V |doi=10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4 |s2cid=216259048 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An rubuta abubuwan da ya lura a cikin litattafansa kuma an bi su a watan Maris na shekara ta 1611 ta hanyar lura da rahotanni daga masana tauraron dan adam na Frisia Johannes da David Fabricius.<ref name="solargreat">{{Cite web |title=Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1 |url=http://web.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/great_moments.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301083022/http://web.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/great_moments.html |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=2006-03-19 |website=Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar Johannes Fabricius yana da shekaru 29, rahotonsa sun kasance ba a san su ba kuma abubuwan da Christoph Scheiner da [[Galileo Galilei]] suka gano da kuma wallafe-wallafen sun sun rufe su. Wataƙila Galileo ya fara lura da hasken rana a lokaci guda kamar Harriot; duk da haka, bayanan Galileo ba su fara ba sai 1612.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vokhmyanin |first=M. |last2=Zolotova |first2=N. |date=5 February 2018 |title=Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Galileo Galilei |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1 |journal=Solar Physics |volume=293 |issue=2 |pages=31.1–31.21 |bibcode=2018SoPh..293...31V |doi=10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1 |s2cid=126329839 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masu ilimin taurari da yawa na wannan zamanin sun shiga cikin neman sunspots. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine sanannen masanin taurari Johannes Hevelius wanda ya rubuta ƙungiyoyi 19 a lokacin farkon Maunder Minimum (1653-1679) a cikin littafin Machina Coelestis . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoyt |first=Douglas V. |last2=Schatten |first2=Kenneth H. |date=1995-09-01 |title=Overlooked sunspot observations by Hevelius in the early Maunder Minimum, 1653–1684 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00732815 |journal=Solar Physics |language=en |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=371–378 |bibcode=1995SoPh..160..371H |doi=10.1007/BF00732815 |issn=1573-093X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, [[William Herschel]] na daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi hasashen alaka da wuraren rana tare da yanayin zafi a duniya kuma ya yi imanin cewa wasu siffofi na hasken rana zasu nuna karuwar dumama a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschel |first=William |date=31 December 1801 |title=XIII. Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=91 |pages=265–318 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1801.0015 |s2cid=122986696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin da yake fahimtar halayen hasken rana da kuma tsarin tsarin hasken rana, ba da gangan ya ɗauki raƙuman raƙuman rana ba daga Yuli 1795 zuwa Janairu 1800 kuma watakila shi ne farkon wanda ya fara gina tarihin da ya gabata na abubuwan da aka gani ko ɓacewa. Daga nan ya gano cewa rashin wuraren rana ya zo daidai da tsadar alkama a Ingila. Shugaban [[Royal Society|kungiyar Royal Society]] yayi sharhi cewa hauhawar farashin alkama ya samo asali ne sakamakon [[Monetary inflation|hauhawar farashin kayayyaki]] . Bayan shekaru da yawa masana kimiyya irin su [[Richard Carrington]] a 1865 da [[John Henry Poynting]] a 1884 sun yi ƙoƙari kuma sun kasa gano alaƙa tsakanin farashin alkama da wuraren rana, kuma bincike na zamani ya gano cewa babu wata ma'amala mai mahimmanci tsakanin farashin alkama da lambobin sunspot. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Love |first=Jeffrey J. |date=27 August 2013 |title=On the insignificance of Herschel's sunspot correlation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=4171–4176 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4171L |doi=10.1002/grl.50846 |s2cid=1654166}}</ref> == Manazarta == b5x5t1wihaxkzw3bv813eds0ssmd4h6 0 113142 879964 697141 2026-07-10T05:56:41Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Location map+|Morocco}} Wannan jerin manyan girgizar ƙasa ne waɗanda suka faru a Maroko kuma suna da tasiri sosai a ƙasar. == Girgizar ƙasa a Maroko == Arewacin Maroko yana kusa da iyaka tsakanin farantin Afirka da farantin Eurasian, kuskuren Azores-Gibraltar. Wannan yanki na yajin aiki na gefen dama yana zama mai zalunci a ƙarshensa na gabas, tare da haɓaka manyan laifuffuka. Zuwa gabas na Mashigar Gibraltar, a cikin Tekun Alboran, iyakar ta zama karo na farko. Yawancin girgizar ƙasa a Maroko yana da alaƙa da motsi akan iyakar farantin ƙarfe, tare da haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mafi girma a arewacin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka..<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cherkaoui T-E. |year=2012 |title=Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre |volume=34 |pages=45–55}}</ref> == Girgizar ƙasa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" !Ranar !Yankin !MMI !Mag. !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Bayani !Ref |- |[[Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|2023-09-08]] |Marrakesh-Safi |IX |6.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwOA">w</sub></nowiki> |2,960 |5,674 |Babban lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Earthquake in Morocco causes structural damage, panic |url=https://en.hespress.com/70579-earthquake-in-morocco-causes-structural-damage-panic.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=HESPRESS English – Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2019-11-17 |Drâa-Tafilalet |Na shida |5.2 M<nowiki><sub id="mwTA">w</sub></nowiki> | | |Gidaje daban-daban sun lalace a MideltTsakanin narkewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 22&nbsp;km SE of Amersid, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006937/executive |access-date=2019-11-17 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2016-01-25 |Al Hoceima |V |6.3 M<nowiki><sub id="mwXg">w</sub></nowiki> |1 |15 |Rashin lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 50&nbsp;km NNE of Al Hoceima, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us10004gy9/executive |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2007-02-12 |[[Portugal]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] | |6.0 M<nowiki><sub id="mwbw">w</sub></nowiki> | | |Ƙananan lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000f4qu/executive |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2004-02-24 |Al Hoceima |IX |6.3 M<nowiki><sub id="mwgA">w</sub></nowiki> |628–631 |926 |Rashin lalacewa mai tsanani | |- |1992-10-23 |Errachidia |Na shida |5.5 Mw |2 | |Lalacewar a Erfoud da Rissani <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bensaid |first=Ihsane |last2=Cherkaoui |first2=Taj-Eddine |last3=Medina |first3=Fida |last4=Caldeira |first4=Bento |last5=Buforn |first5=Elisa |last6=Emran |first6=Anas |last7=Hahou |first7=Youssef |date=2012 |title=The 1992 Tafilalt seismic crisis (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=35–53 |bibcode=2012JSeis..16...35B |doi=10.1007/s10950-011-9248-5 |s2cid=129291396}}</ref> | |- |1969-02-28 |[[Portugal]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] |VII |7.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwng">w</sub></nowiki> |13 |80 |Rashin lalacewa | |- |1960-02-29 |[[Agadir]] |X |5.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwqw">w</sub></nowiki> |12,000–15,000 |12,000 |Babban lalacewa | |- |1909-01-29 |Tetuan | | |100 | | |<ref name="NOAA_1909">{{Cite web |title=Comments for the 1909 earthquake |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2853&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044405/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2853&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=[[National Centers for Environmental Information]]}}</ref> |- |1761-03-31 |[[Portugal]], Morocco, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Kafi-kafi na tara |8.5 M |Ba a sani ba |Ba a sani ba |Tsunami | |- |1755-11-27 |[[Ameknas|Meknes]] |IX |6.5-7.0 M |15,000 | |Rashin lalacewa mai tsanani |<ref name="Poujol">{{Cite journal |last=Poujol |first=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |date=2017 |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036}}</ref> |- |1755-11-01 |[[Portugal]], Morocco, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |VII-VIII |7.7-9.0 M<nowiki><sub id="mw6A">w</sub></nowiki> |Dubban da yawa | |Babban lalacewa / tsunami |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cherkaoui T-E. |year=2012 |title=Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre |volume=34 |pages=45–55}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCherkaoui_T-E.2012">Cherkaoui T-E. (2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 "Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010"]. ''Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre''. '''34''': <span class="nowrap">45–</span>55.</cite></ref> |- |1624-05-11 |[[Fas|Fes]] |IX |6.0 M |Dubban | |Babban lalacewa |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012" /> |- |1522-09-22 |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] |Na takwas zuwa na tara | |Daruruwan da yawa | |Babban lalacewa - Epicenter a cikin Tekun Alboran |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012" /> |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="8" |<small>Lura: An lissafa abubuwan da suka faru ne kawai masu lalacewa, masu cutarwa, ko masu kisa.</small> |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3h2n8xzt74ajb4d985l7lbsbmh4k929 879965 879964 2026-07-10T05:57:30Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Location map+|Morocco}} Wannan jerin manyan girgizar ƙasa ne waɗanda suka faru a Maroko kuma suna da tasiri sosai a ƙasar. == Girgizar ƙasa a Maroko == Arewacin Maroko yana kusa da iyaka tsakanin farantin Afirka da farantin Eurasian, kuskuren Azores-Gibraltar. Wannan yanki na yajin aiki na gefen dama yana zama mai zalunci a ƙarshensa na gabas, tare da haɓaka manyan laifuffuka. Zuwa gabas na Mashigar Gibraltar, a cikin Tekun Alboran, iyakar ta zama karo na farko. Yawancin girgizar ƙasa a Maroko yana da alaƙa da motsi akan iyakar farantin ƙarfe, tare da haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mafi girma a arewacin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka..<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cherkaoui T-E. |year=2012 |title=Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre |volume=34 |pages=45–55}}</ref> == Girgizar ƙasa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" !Ranar !Yankin !MMI !Mag. !Mutuwa !Raunin da ya samu !Bayani !Ref |- |[[Girgizar ƙasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|2023-09-08]] |Marrakesh-Safi |IX |6.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwOA">w</sub></nowiki> |2,960 |5,674 |Babban lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Earthquake in Morocco causes structural damage, panic |url=https://en.hespress.com/70579-earthquake-in-morocco-causes-structural-damage-panic.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=HESPRESS English – Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2019-11-17 |Drâa-Tafilalet |Na shida |5.2 M<nowiki><sub id="mwTA">w</sub></nowiki> | | |Gidaje daban-daban sun lalace a MideltTsakanin narkewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 5.2 – 22&nbsp;km SE of Amersid, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70006937/executive |access-date=2019-11-17 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2016-01-25 |Al Hoceima |V |6.3 M<nowiki><sub id="mwXg">w</sub></nowiki> |1 |15 |Rashin lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.3 – 50&nbsp;km NNE of Al Hoceima, Morocco |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us10004gy9/executive |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2007-02-12 |[[Portugal]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] | |6.0 M<nowiki><sub id="mwbw">w</sub></nowiki> | | |Ƙananan lalacewa |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M 6.0 – Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000f4qu/executive |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> |- |2004-02-24 |Al Hoceima |IX |6.3 M<nowiki><sub id="mwgA">w</sub></nowiki> |628–631 |926 |Rashin lalacewa mai tsanani | |- |1992-10-23 |Errachidia |Na shida |5.5 Mw |2 | |Lalacewar a Erfoud da Rissani <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bensaid |first=Ihsane |last2=Cherkaoui |first2=Taj-Eddine |last3=Medina |first3=Fida |last4=Caldeira |first4=Bento |last5=Buforn |first5=Elisa |last6=Emran |first6=Anas |last7=Hahou |first7=Youssef |date=2012 |title=The 1992 Tafilalt seismic crisis (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=35–53 |bibcode=2012JSeis..16...35B |doi=10.1007/s10950-011-9248-5 |s2cid=129291396}}</ref> | |- |1969-02-28 |[[Portugal]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] |VII |7.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwng">w</sub></nowiki> |13 |80 |Rashin lalacewa | |- |1960-02-29 |[[Agadir]] |X |5.8 M<nowiki><sub id="mwqw">w</sub></nowiki> |12,000–15,000 |12,000 |Babban lalacewa | |- |1909-01-29 |Tetuan | | |100 | | |<ref name="NOAA_1909">{{Cite web |title=Comments for the 1909 earthquake |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2853&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044405/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2853&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |access-date=2019-06-26 |publisher=[[National Centers for Environmental Information]]}}</ref> |- |1761-03-31 |[[Portugal]], Morocco, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |Kafi-kafi na tara |8.5 M |Ba a sani ba |Ba a sani ba |Tsunami | |- |1755-11-27 |[[Ameknas|Meknes]] |IX |6.5-7.0 M |15,000 | |Rashin lalacewa mai tsanani |<ref name="Poujol">{{Cite journal |last=Poujol |first=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=J.-F. |last3=Vernant |first3=P. |last4=Huot |first4=S. |last5=Maate |first5=S. |last6=Tahayt |first6=A. |date=2017 |title=Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=712–713 |pages=303–311 |bibcode=2017Tectp.712..303P |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036}}</ref> |- |1755-11-01 |[[Portugal]], Morocco, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |VII-VIII |7.7-9.0 M<nowiki><sub id="mw6A">w</sub></nowiki> |Dubban da yawa | |Babban lalacewa / tsunami |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cherkaoui T-E. |year=2012 |title=Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre |volume=34 |pages=45–55}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCherkaoui_T-E.2012">Cherkaoui T-E. (2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260941434 "Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010"]. ''Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la Terre''. '''34''': <span class="nowrap">45–</span>55.</cite></ref> |- |1624-05-11 |[[Fas|Fes]] |IX |6.0 M |Dubban | |Babban lalacewa |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012" /> |- |1522-09-22 |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Morocco[[Moroko|Maroko]] |Na takwas zuwa na tara | |Daruruwan da yawa | |Babban lalacewa - Epicenter a cikin Tekun Alboran |<ref name="Cherkaoui_&_Hassani_2012" /> |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="8" |<small>Lura: An lissafa abubuwan da suka faru ne kawai masu lalacewa, masu cutarwa, ko masu kisa.</small> |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mjzadyy7h3j0146n8m91axb3cymgy3y 0 116035 879602 839477 2026-07-09T14:28:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Fayil:Eijkmaninst.jpg|thumb|ƳCibiyar a cikin 2011]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Eijkman_Instituut_in_Weltevreden_Batavia_TMnr_60038173.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar a cikin 1939]] Cibiyar Binciken Ilimin Halitta ta Eijkman, wacce aka fi sani da Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ce a [[Jakarta|Jakarta, Indonesia]]. An fi saninsa da binciken da Christiaan Eijkman ya yi cewa Beriberi ya haifar da rashin thiamine a jikin mutum. == Tarihi == en . <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.eijkman.go.id/about/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728060553/http://www.eijkman.go.id/about/history/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Eijkman Institute}}</ref>An kafa shi a matsayin Geneeskundig Laboratorium, ko Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, a Jalan Diponegoro No. 69 a Tsakiyar Jakarta a 1888, [[Christiaan Eijkman]] ya kasance a can a matsayin darakta na farko. A lokacin da yake can, ya gano cewa [[Beriberi]], wanda aka yi imanin cewa sojojin waje ne suka haifar da shi, saboda rashin [[thiamine]] a jikin mutum ne. Wannan ya haifar da [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine|Kyautar Nobel ta Physiology ko Medicine]] ga Eijkman a 1929. A cikin 1938, an sake sunan dakin gwaje-gwaje da Eijkman Instituut (Eijkman Institute) don girmama Eijkm A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], masu mamaye [[Japan]] sun zargi darektan Indonesian na farko na cibiyar, Ahmad Mokhtar, da guba da wani rukunin allurar rigakafi da za a isar da shi ga ma'aikatan bayi. Bayan an azabtar da Mokhtar da masu binciken sa kuma an yi musu tambayoyi, sai ya yi yarjejeniya da Jafananci cewa zai yi ikirarin laifi idan aka saki masu binciken sa. Daga nan aka kashe shi kuma aka binne shi a cikin kabari mara alama.[1] Yana yiwuwa cewa Mochtar ya kasance mai cin zarafi don gwajin Jafananci da ya gaza wanda aka tsara don tabbatar da allurar rigakafin tetanus toxoid ga dakarun su A cikin shekarun 1960, cibiyar ta rufe saboda tashin hankali a kasar kuma an shiga [[Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital|Asibitin Cipto Mangunkusomo]]. Ya kasance a rufe har tsawon shekaru talatin masu zuwa har zuwa 1992, lokacin da B.J. Habibie, Ministan Bincike da Fasaha, ya yanke shawarar sake buɗe cibiyar. Cibiyar ta buɗe a hukumance ta hanyar Dokar Ma'aikatar Bincike da Fasaha No. 475/M/Kp/VII/1992. A shekara ta 1993, ya kasance yana aiki sosai, amma ya shiga cikin ƙarin matsala a cikin 1998 saboda Rikicin kudi na Asiya. <ref name="History"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional |date=2021-08-02 |title=SIARAN PERS BADAN RISET DAN INOVASI NASIONAL Nomor : 95/SP/HM/BKKP/VIII/2021 Kepala BRIN Sampaikan Selamat Ulang Tahun Ke-29 Kepada LBM Eijkman |url=https://www.brin.go.id/kepala-brin-sampaikan-selamat-ulang-tahun-ke-29-kepada-lbm-eijkman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112053534/https://www.brin.go.id/kepala-brin-sampaikan-selamat-ulang-tahun-ke-29-kepada-lbm-eijkman/ |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional |language=id}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, cibiyar ta gano mai fashewar bam wanda ya fashe kansa a gaban Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya, wanda ya jawo karbuwa ga fa'idodin amfani na ilmin halitta. A yau, cibiyar tana da ɗayan ƙananan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Biosafety Level 3 a cikin ƙasar, wanda ke sanye da ɗakin tsabtace gas. Tsawon lokaci tun lokacin da aka sake kafa ta a shekarar 1992, Cibiyar Eijkman ta kasance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bincike da Fasaha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=CNN Indonesia |date=2021-09-22 |title=BRIN Kini Jadi Bos Baru Lembaga Biologi Molekuler Eijkman |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210922210736-199-698148/brin-kini-jadi-bos-baru-lembaga-biologi-molekuler-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205315/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210922210736-199-698148/brin-kini-jadi-bos-baru-lembaga-biologi-molekuler-eijkman |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=CNN Indonesia |date=2021-09-22 |title=Peneliti LIPI Gantikan Amin Soebandrio Jadi Kepala Eijkman |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210922204843-199-698140/peneliti-lipi-gantikan-amin-soebandrio-jadi-kepala-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923002257/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210922204843-199-698140/peneliti-lipi-gantikan-amin-soebandrio-jadi-kepala-eijkman |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref> Koyaya, Cibiyar Eijkman ta ɗan ji daɗin matsayi na musamman a cikin ma'aikatar. Mafi mahimmanci shine, duk da kasancewa cibiyar gudanar da gwamnati, daukar ma'aikatan su galibi ta hanyar kwangila kamar daukar ma'aikata na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A sakamakon haka, masu bincike da ma'aikatan Cibiyar Eijkman suna da matsayi na musamman a cikin tsarin aikin gwamnati na Indonesia kuma ba za a iya rarraba su a matsayin ɗaya ba, ba ma'aikatan gwamnati ba ne amma suna da albashi da gwamnati ta biya. Ba wai kawai ba su da hanyar aiki mai kyau a matsayin masana kimiyya da ma'aikatan gwamnati na [[Indonesiya]] ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nurhadi |first=M |date=2022-01-02 |title=Sejarah Lembaga Eijkman: Rumah Jutaan Riset di Tengah Isu Pemberhentian Tak Layak Peneliti |url=https://www.suara.com/bisnis/2022/01/02/081636/sejarah-lembaga-eijkman-rumah-jutaan-riset-di-tengah-isu-pemberhentian-tak-layak-peneliti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102013151/https://www.suara.com/bisnis/2022/01/02/081636/sejarah-lembaga-eijkman-rumah-jutaan-riset-di-tengah-isu-pemberhentian-tak-layak-peneliti |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=suara.com |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wisnuwardani |first=Dyah Puspita |date=2022-01-02 |title=Terintegrasi, BRIN Beri 5 Opsi Perekrutan untuk Periset LBM Eijkman |url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4849214/terintegrasi-brin-beri-5-opsi-perekrutan-untuk-periset-lbm-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102022110/https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4849214/terintegrasi-brin-beri-5-opsi-perekrutan-untuk-periset-lbm-eijkman |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Aditya |first=Nicholas Ryan |date=2022-01-02 |title=Penjelasan BRIN soal Kabar Ilmuwan Eijkman Diberhentikan Tanpa Pesangon |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/02/09514081/penjelasan-brin-soal-kabar-ilmuwan-eijkman-diberhentikan-tanpa-pesangon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102030954/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/02/09514081/penjelasan-brin-soal-kabar-ilmuwan-eijkman-diberhentikan-tanpa-pesangon |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> Tun daga 22 ga Satumba 2021, Cibiyar Eijkman a hukumance ta zama mai kula da Hukumar Bincike da Innovation ta Kasa (Indonesia: ''Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional'', BRIN) maimakon [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Bincike, da Fasaha]]. <ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Sunan Cibiyar Eijkman ya canza zuwa Cibiyar Binciken Biology ta Eijkmen, a ƙarƙashin Kungiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Rayuwa ta Hukumar Bincike da Innovation ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN Indonesia |date=2021-09-24 |title=BRIN Ungkap Nasib Vaksin Merah Putih Usai Comot Eijkman-LIPI |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210924155428-199-699079/brin-ungkap-nasib-vaksin-merah-putih-usai-comot-eijkman-lipi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924110541/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210924155428-199-699079/brin-ungkap-nasib-vaksin-merah-putih-usai-comot-eijkman-lipi |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref> Bayan da Hukumar Bincike da Innovation ta Kasa ta kama shi, Cibiyar Eijkman ta cire ta daga matsayinta na musamman, ta sauke ta zuwa cibiyar bincike, kuma ta sanya ta cikin kulawar BRIN saboda aikinta na musamman na daukar ma'aikata da ma'aikata.<ref name=":4"/> === Rikici game da Kasuwanci === A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2022, akwai bayanai cewa BRIN ta fara dakatar da mafi yawan masu binciken Eijkman Molecular Biology Research Center. Bayanan sun tabbatar da gaskiya ne. BRIN ta ba su damar zama masana kimiyya na gwamnati na BRIN ta hanyar hanyoyin zaɓin ma'aikatan gwamnati, kodayake BRIN ta mayar da zaɓin ga masu binciken Eijkman da ma'aikatan da aka dakatar.<ref name=":3"/> Kimanin ma'aikatan Eijkman 113 sun ƙare, tare da masu bincike 71 da ma'aikatan da ba masu bincike ba 42 da wannan daidaitawa ya shafa.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |first=Nicholas Ryan |date=2022-01-02 |title=Efek Eijkman Dilebur ke BRIN, 71 Orang Peneliti Diberhentikan |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/03/05160021/efek-eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-71-orang-peneliti-diberhentikan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102223634/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/03/05160021/efek-eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-71-orang-peneliti-diberhentikan |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |date=2022-01-03 |title=Eijkman Dilebur ke BRIN, Nasib 113 Tenaga Honorer Dipertanyakan |url=https://asumsi.co/post/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-nasib-113-tenaga-honorer-dipertanyakan |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=Asumsi |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504143144/https://asumsi.co/post/8996/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-nasib-113-tenaga-honorer-dipertanyakan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan rana, an ba da sanarwar cewa Cibiyar Binciken Biology ta Eijkman ta yanzu ta rabu zuwa sassa da yawa, Cibiyar Bindiken Biology na Eijkmen kanta, wani bangare ga Mataimakin IV (Bincike da Innovation Infrastructure) na BRIN, kuma za a bar hutawa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Aida |first=Nur Rohmi |date=2022-01-01 |title=Sejarah Lembaga Eijkman yang Kini Dilebur dengan BRIN |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/01/02/060000565/sejarah-lembaga-eijkman-yang-kini-dilebur-dengan-brin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101233720/https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/01/02/060000565/sejarah-lembaga-eijkman-yang-kini-dilebur-dengan-brin |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> Wannan yunkuri ya soki sosai daga hadin gwiwar masu mulki <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andayani |first=Dwi |date=2022-01-03 |title=PPP: Jangan Sia-siakan Para Peneliti Eijkman |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5881422/ppp-jangan-sia-siakan-para-peneliti-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103010919/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5881422/ppp-jangan-sia-siakan-para-peneliti-eijkman |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> da 'yan adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andayani |first=Dwi |date=2022-01-03 |title=Legislator Golkar soal Eijkman: Jangan Sampai Riset Vaksin Terpengaruh |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5881395/legislator-golkar-soal-eijkman-jangan-sampai-riset-vaksin-terpengaruh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102222927/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5881395/legislator-golkar-soal-eijkman-jangan-sampai-riset-vaksin-terpengaruh |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Safitri |first=Eva |date=2022-01-02 |title=Eijkman Dilebur ke BRIN, Legislator PD Singgung Memori Publik soal TWK KPK |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880743/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-legislator-pd-singgung-memori-publik-soal-twk-kpk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102060918/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880743/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-legislator-pd-singgung-memori-publik-soal-twk-kpk |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Safitri |first=Eva |date=2022-01-02 |title=Eijkman Dilebur ke BRIN, PKS Khawatir Riset Vaksin Merah Putih Mandeg |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880915/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-pks-khawatir-riset-vaksin-merah-putih-mandeg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102080909/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880915/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-pks-khawatir-riset-vaksin-merah-putih-mandeg |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Safitri |first=Eva |date=2022-01-02 |title=PAN Wanti-wanti Peleburan ke BRIN Jangan Kebiri Riset Eijkman |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880789/pan-wanti-wanti-peleburan-ke-brin-jangan-kebiri-riset-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102061056/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5880789/pan-wanti-wanti-peleburan-ke-brin-jangan-kebiri-riset-eijkman |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a, a hukumance ta nemi BRIN don bayani da bayani game da dakatar da ma'aikatan Eijkman don mayar da martani ga batutuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murpratomo |first=Irfan |date=2022-01-03 |title=Eijkman Dilebur ke BRIN, Dasco Minta Hak Pegawai dan Peneliti Tak Dilupakan |url=https://www.kedaipena.com/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-dasco-minta-hak-pegawai-dan-peneliti-tak-dilupakan/ |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=Kedai Pena |language=id |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504143158/https://www.kedaipena.com/eijkman-dilebur-ke-brin-dasco-minta-hak-pegawai-dan-peneliti-tak-dilupakan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mikrefin |first=Nuhansa |date=2022-01-03 |title=DPR Minta Penjelasan BRIN soal Pemberhentian Peneliti Eijkman - Nasional Katadata.co.id |url=https://katadata.co.id/yuliawati/berita/61d27d4f4682b/dpr-minta-penjelasan-brin-soal-pemberhentian-peneliti-eijkman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103050323/https://katadata.co.id/yuliawati/berita/61d27d4f4682b/dpr-minta-penjelasan-brin-soal-pemberhentian-peneliti-eijkman |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=katadata.co.id |language=id}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Amfani da Kayan aiki da Gyaran Bureaucratic ta tabbatar da matakin BRIN a matsayin matakin doka. Tjahjo Kumolo, ministan, ya kara karya cewa daga masu bincike 71 da aka dakatar, 68 mataimakan bincike ne tare da digiri na farko da digiri na biyu, ƙananan masu bincike 2 (a ƙasa da 40) tare da digiri ya PhD, da kuma babban mai bincike 1 (sama da 40) tare le digiri na PhD. Ya bayyana, ko dai BRIN ya kashe shi ko a'a, Cibiyar Binciken Biology ta Eijkman a ƙarshe za a sake fasalin ta gwamnati saboda rashin kula da ma'aikata da sauran rashin daidaito lokacin da ma'aikatar ta kasance a matsayin Cibiyar Eijkmen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharani |first=Tsarina |date=2022-01-03 |title=Menteri PAN-RB: Integrasi atau Tidak, Penataan LBM Eijkman Harus Dilakukan Halaman all |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/03/15304901/menteri-pan-rb-integrasi-atau-tidak-penataan-lbm-eijkman-harus-dilakukan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103093533/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/03/15304901/menteri-pan-rb-integrasi-atau-tidak-penataan-lbm-eijkman-harus-dilakukan |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Daga waje, an bayyana ginin kamar yadda yake kama da gidan kayan gargajiya, kodayake ba a gyara ciki ba a ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ginin kamar yadda ya yi lokacin da Eijkman ke aiki a can. Wannan ya haɗa da wurin zama na baƙo wanda har yanzu yana da kayan ado da kujerun katako da rattan da sauran kayan da ba a canza su ba tun lokacin da aka buɗe ginin. Za a bar ginin ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya kuma za a maye gurbinsa zuwa sabon gini a Cibinong.<ref name=":5"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t11x5vuovsp1bjwje2y9b0dvqtk5tq4 0 117731 880113 809503 2026-07-10T11:24:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_development_in_Nigeria.svg|thumb|Rayuwa da aka haifa a Najeriya]] '''Kula da lafiya a [[Najeriya]]''' alhakin lokaci guda ne na matakai uku na gwamnati a kasar.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna da rawar da za su taka a cikin isar da kiwon lafiyar. Amfani da maganin gargajiya (TM) da kuma kari da madadin magani (CAM) ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="apps.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Medicinedocs(PDF) |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929084456/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Bayar da kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya sami ci gaba da lalacewa sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari daga gwamnatoci masu zuwa, don magance matsalolin da suka wanzu a cikin bangaren shekaru da yawa. Wannan kai tsaye yana tasiri ga yawan aiki na 'yan ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta hanyar fadadawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, kasar ta kasance a matsayi na 187 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya, a cikin kimanta matakin bin ka'idojin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya (UHC), saboda ƙananan jama'a suna da inshora na kiwon lafiya, yayin da har ma kasafin kudin gwamnati don ayyukan kiwon lafiya ba shi da mahimmanci. Biyan kuɗi na kiwon lafiya yana sa gidaje su kashe kuɗi mai yawa. Kudin masu zaman kansu akan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kudaden kiwon lafiya shine 74.85%. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa kashe kuɗin gwamnati don kiwon lafiya shine kawai kashi 5.03 na duk kuɗin da aka kashe akan kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daga cikin kashi da 'yan ƙasa suka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya (74.85%), kusan kashi 70% ana kashe su azaman kashewa daga aljihu don biyan kuɗi don samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya a duka gwamnati da wuraren masu zaman kansu. Yawancin sauran kuɗin da 'yan ƙasa ke kashewa akan lafiyarsu ana amfani da su wajen samun 'sauran ra'ayi'. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a Najeriya wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun likitoci a duniya. Amma ƙananan albashi da al'adun wuraren aiki marasa kyau sun tilasta daruruwan dubban su gudu zuwa Turai da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brain Drain: Nigeria now left with 55,000 doctors as 16,000 flee |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/676536-brain-drain-nigeria-now-left-with-55000-doctors-as-16000-emigrate-in-five-years-minister.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da girmansa da yawan jama'a, akwai ƙananan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ga kowane yanki fiye da yadda ake buƙata don samar da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya nye dukan ƙasar. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Turai da Amurka Ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya ta Najeriya tana aiki a cikin tsarin da aka tsara don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. An rarraba tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin matakan firamare, sakandare, da sakandare, kowannensu yana aiki daban-daban a cikin bangaren kiwon lafiya na kasar. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana kula da daidaitawa da tsara Ayyukan kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da samun dama, inganci, da inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levels of Healthcare |url=https://www.physio-pedia.com/Levels_of_Healthcare |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Physiopedia |language=en}}</ref> == Kayan kiwon Lafiya == Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya galibi yana iyakance ne ga daidaita al'amuran asibitocin koyarwa da jami'a, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Tarayya (kiwon lafiya na uku) yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke kula da manyan asibitoci daban-daban (kiwon lafiyar sakandare) kuma karamar hukuma tana mai da hankali kan dispensaries (kiwon Lafiya ta Farko), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Medical Centre Abeokuta: A Case Study in Hospital Management pp 1 |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21999635/Federal-Medical-Centre_-Abeokuta_HiA-Case-Study-in-Hospital-Management |access-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=docstoc}}</ref> waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ke tsarawa ta hanyar NPHCDA. Jimlar kudaden da aka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP shine 5.03, yayin da kashi na kudaden da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan kiwon lafiyar jiki kusan 1.5%. Alamar dogon lokaci game da ikon ƙasar don samar da abinci mai gina jiki da guje wa rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki shine yawan ci gaban samar da abinci ga kowane mutum; daga 1970 zuwa 1990, adadin Najeriya ya kasance 0.25%.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake karami ne, ƙimar da ta dace ga kowane mutum na iya zama saboda shigo da kayayyakin abinci na Najeriya. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2023, manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwon lafiya sun sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar sabuntawa ta bangaren kiwo ta dukkan masu ruwa da kansu, gami da gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi, masu ba da gudummawa, da abokan ci gaba, wanda aka fi sani da SWAp na farko a bangaren lafiya a Najeriya, wanda Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a Muhammad Pate ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=What Does Nigeria's Sector-Wide Approach Mean for the Health Sector? |url=https://nigeriahealthwatch.medium.com/what-does-nigerias-sector-wide-approach-mean-for-the-health-sector-ad12e774bb00}}</ref> A cikin 2024, gwamnatin Najeriya ta gudanar da tattaunawar ta farko ta kwata-kwata game da aikin bangaren kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da gwamnatocin ƙasa, da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwo. An shirya tattaunawar ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewar kasar don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya ta amfani da Shirin Sabuntawa na Sashen Lafiya da kuma Sashin Yankin Yankin, wanda Dokar Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2014 ta goyi bayan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2024-07-15 |title=Healthcare Reform: Nigerian govt holds first national performance dialogue for health sector |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/713864-healthcare-reform-nigerian-govt-holds-first-national-performance-dialogue-for-health-sector.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oluwadare |first=Tunrayo |last2=Adegbilero-Iwari |first2=Oluwaseun |last3=Fasoro |first3=Ayodeji |last4=Faeji |first4=Charles |date=March 2023 |title=Utilization of Primary Healthcare Centers by Residents of Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=227–236 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v33i2.7 |issn=2413-7170 |pmc=10358379 |pmid=37484180}}</ref> suna aiki a matsayin tushe na tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da kulawa ta rigakafi. Yawanci suna cikin yankunan karkara da yankunan birane don tabbatar da samun dama ga mutanen da ba su da sabis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS |url=https://hefamaa.lagosstate.gov.ng/registration/public-primary-health-centers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=HEFAMAA |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Shirye-shiryen rigakafi * Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara * Ilimi na kiwon lafiya da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a * Magani da cututtuka na yau da kullun da ƙananan raunuka * Ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da tsara iyali Hukumomin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ne ke gudanar da PHCs tare da tallafi daga gwamnatocin jihohi da tarayya, da kuma kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENTAREA, LAGOS STATE |url=https://nairaproject.com/projects/6031-the-role-of-local-government-in-primary-health-care-services-in-eti-osa-local-governmentarea-lagos-state.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=nairaproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146527 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=bibliotekanauki.pl}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Sakandare === Asibitoci na gabaɗaya sun fada ƙarƙashin rukunin wuraren kiwon lafiya na sakandare kuma suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin turawa don shari'o'in da ba za a iya magance su a PHCs ba. Wadannan asibitoci suna nan a cikin birane da yankunan birane, suna ba da kulawa ta musamman da ci gaba da shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Kula da lafiyar gaggawa * Ayyukan ganewar asali kamar gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje da hotuna * Hanyoyin tiyata * Magunguna na musamman a fannoni kamar ilimin yara, ilimin mata, da likitan ciki * Ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke kula da manyan asibitoci kuma galibi suna karɓar tallafin tarayya da tallafin fasaha. === Bayanan bayanai na kan layi na masu ba da kiwon lafiya === * Kungiyar hukuma da ke yin rajistar likitoci da likitocin hakora, Majalisar Likitoci da Likitoci ta Najeriya, ba ta da rajista ta kan layi. Suna ba da sabis don tabbatar da matsayin likita. * Majalisar likitoci ta Najeriya tana ba da damar bincika likitocin da aka tabbatar da su da kuma wuraren. * Medpages: Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rukuni da yanki. Bincike yana ba da damar gano masu samarwa ta suna ko ƙwarewa. === Inshorar Lafiya === A tarihi, ana iya amfani da inshorar kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ga 'yan lokuta: kulawar kiwon lafiya kyauta da aka bayar da kuma tallafawa ga dukkan' yan ƙasa, kulawar kiwo da gwamnati ta bayar ta hanyar tsarin inshorar kiwo na musamman ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke shiga kwangila tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, akwai mutane kalilan da suka fada cikin lokuta uku; tun daga shekarar 2015 ƙasa da 5% na 'yan Najeriya suna da inshorar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awosusi |first=Abiodun |last2=Folaranmi |first2=Temitope |last3=Yates |first3=Robert |date=1 September 2015 |title=Nigeria's new government and public financing for universal health coverage |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e514–e515 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00088-1 |pmid=26275321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Mayun 1999, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na yau da kullun . A tsarin doka kuma shirin ya shafi yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, nakasassu na dindindin da kuma fursunonin kurkuku. A cikin 2004, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ta ba da ƙarin ikon yin doka a cikin shirin tare da gyare-gyare masu kyau ga ainihin dokar 1999. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monye |first=Felicia N |date=September 2006 |title=An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria |journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=415–427 |doi=10.1080/03050710601074450 |s2cid=144728225}}</ref> Kashi 1.5 cikin 100 na ’yan Najeriya suna cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya na kasa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. A cikin 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Wakilai]] kan Ayyukan Kula da Lafiya a [[Abuja]], ya shirya zaman binciken kwanaki biyu; Inda Ministan Lafiya [[Isaac Folorunso Adewole|Isaac Folorunsho Adewole]] ya bayyana cewa kawo yanzu an kashe Naira biliyan 351 ga kungiyoyin kula da lafiya. ba tare da kwatankwacin sakamako ba. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2022 a cikin doka "don tabbatar da ɗaukar nauyin 'yan Najeriya matalauta miliyan 83 waɗanda ba za su iya biyan firam ɗin ba kamar yadda Hukumar Lancet ta Najeriya ta ba da shawarar".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-signs-national-health-insurance-authority-bill-into-law/ |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> Wannan dokar "ta soke Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, Cap N42, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya ta 2004".<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2024, Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIA) ta ba da sanarwar karuwar farashin kiwon lafiya, ta gabatar da karuwar kashi 60% a cikin capitation da kuma karkatar da kashi 40% a cikin kudaden Fee-For-Service (FFS), wanda aka ruwaito saboda hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiyar da kuma buƙatar kula da ingancin kulawa, koda kuwa gyare-gyaren na iya sanya nauyin kudi ga marasa lafiya da ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwunedu |first=Chioma |date=2024-07-05 |title=NHIA increases health insurance capitation by 60%, implements 40% fee for service hike in Nigeria |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/07/05/nhia-increases-health-insurance-capitation-by-60-implements-40-fee-for-service-hike-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai babbar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin makircin tare da HMOs kamar Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management da Zuma Health Trust. A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta bayar da rahoton jimlar N37billion ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya masu dacewa ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) don wuraren kula da kiwon lafiya na farko (PHC). Fiye da 'yan Najeriya miliyan daya ana tura su cikin talauci a kowace shekara saboda kudaden da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, a cewar Bankin Duniya na Human Capital Public Expenditure Review da Institutional Review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title='Over One Million Nigerians Are Pushed Into Poverty By Health-Related Expenses Yearly' – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/over-one-million-nigerians-are-pushed-into-poverty-by-health-related-expenses-yearly/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Yin tiyata a cikin kasusuwa === Sabon shirin bayar da gudummawar ƙashi, na biyu a Afirka, ya buɗe a cikin 2012. Tare da hadin gwiwar [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], tana tattara swabs na DNA daga mutanen da zasu iya so su taimaka wa mutumin da ke fama da cutar sankara, lymphoma, ko cututtukan sickle cell don samun mai ba da gudummawa mai dacewa don transplantation na ƙwayar ƙashi mai ceton rai. Yana fatan fadada don haɗawa da gudummawar jini a nan gaba.<ref name="McNeil" /> === Kula da cutar kansa === [[Fayil:Symptoms_of_cancer_metastasis.svg|thumb|Alamomin yaduwar cutar kansa]] Kula da cutar kansa a [[Najeriya]] yana kan hanya mai mahimmanci, yayin da kasar ke fuskantar karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cutar kansa tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu don yaki da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Care in Nigeria: A Call to Action |url=https://www.tchealthng.com/thought-pieces/cancer-care-in-nigeria-a-call-to-action |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=TC HEALTH}}</ref> Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 80,000 suna mutuwa daga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a kowace shekara kuma sama da 100,000 ana gano su da ciwon daji kowace shekara. Mutane da yawa suna mutuwa daga ciwon daji a Najeriya saboda ciwon daji da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa ba a ba su fifiko a cikin kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya na kasar. [dubious - tattauna] Akwai cibiyoyin radiotherapy guda bakwai kawai a Najeriya. Makomar kula da cutar kansa a Najeriya ta dogara da aikin hadin gwiwa, kara kudade, da kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a don tabbatar da ganowa da wuri da kuma samun magani ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Nigeria Makes Strides in Cancer Control, Views Decentralization of Services to Expand Access |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nigeria-makes-strides-in-cancer-control-views-decentralization-of-services-to-expand-access |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.iaea.org}}</ref>  Yawancin mutuwar da suka shafi cutar kansa a Najeriya za a iya danganta su da rashin ilimi game da wannan iyalin cututtuka.<ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U">{{Cite journal |last=Ngwa |first=Wilfred |last2=Ngoma |first2=Twalib |last3=Zietman |first3=Anthony |last4=Mayr |first4=Nina |last5=Elzawawy |first5=Ahmed |last6=Winningham |first6=Thomas A. |last7=Balogun |first7=Onyinye |last8=Enwerem-Bromson |first8=Nelly |last9=Ntizimira |first9=Christian |last10=Olopade |first10=Olufunmilayo I. |last11=Oluwole |first11=Doyin |last12=Odedina |first12=Folakemi |last13=Williams |first13=Makeda |last14=Flanigan |first14=John |last15=Asana |first15=Lydia |date=March 2016 |title=Closing the Cancer Divide Through Ubuntu: Information and Communication Technology-Powered Models for Global Radiation Oncology |journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=440–449 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.063 |pmc=4959435 |pmid=26867873}}</ref> Misali, ba a ba mata isasshen jagora don gano alamomi da alamun cutar kansar mama ba, kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiya ba su da ikon gano cutar kansar nono, koda bayan mata sun nemi gwaje-gwaje na likita.<ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=The age of information: Ensuring better health |url=https://spotlight.leeds.ac.uk/the-age-of-information-ensuring-better-health/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=spotlight.leeds.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rashin isasshen ilimi game da rigakafi da gano cutar kansa da wuri, tare da yanayin zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta shiru da kuma sanya mummunan raunin zamantakewa ga irin waɗannan cututtukan, ya haifar da sama da kashi 33% na mutuwar cutar kansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata da yawa da ke fama da ciwon nono sun cika bukatunsu ta hanyar kimiyya da ba kai tsaye ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na iya zama laifin mugayen ruhohi kuma mata da yawa sun zaɓi yin amfani da magani mai mahimmanci tare da daidaitaccen magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asuquo |first=Eme O. |last2=Absolom |first2=Kate |last3=Ebenso |first3=Bassey |last4=Allsop |first4=Mathew J. |date=May 2024 |title=Symptoms, concerns, and experiences of women living with and beyond breast cancer in Africa: A mixed-methods systematic review |journal=Psycho-Oncology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/pon.6342 |issn=1057-9249 |pmid=38747633 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U"/><ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk"/> ==== Nau'o'in ==== Ciwon daji muhimmiyar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a Najeriya, tare da ciwon nono, ciwon nono na mahaifa, [[Ciwon daji na prostate]], da ciwon hanta sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kamuwa da cutar kansa a Najeriya suna ƙaruwa, tare da dubban sabbin ganewar asali a kowace shekara. Rashin cikakken rikodin cutar kansa yana haifar da ƙalubale ga tattara bayanai daidai, amma kimantawa ya nuna cewa Najeriya tana ɗauke da ɗayan nauyin cutar kansa mafi girma a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jedy-Agba |first=Elima |last2=Curado |first2=Maria Paula |last3=Ogunbiyi |first3=Olufemi |last4=Oga |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Fabowale |first5=Toyin |last6=Igbinoba |first6=Festus |last7=Osubor |first7=Gloria |last8=Otu |first8=Theresa |last9=Kumai |first9=Henry |last10=Koechlin |first10=Alice |last11=Osinubi |first11=Patience |last12=Dakum |first12=Patrick |last13=Blattner |first13=William |last14=Adebamowo |first14=Clement A. |date=October 2012 |title=Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries |journal=Cancer Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=e271–278 |doi=10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.007 |issn=1877-783X |pmc=3438369 |pmid=22621842}}</ref> ==== Ƙalubalen ==== * Ƙayyadadden Infrastructure na Kiwon Lafiya: Najeriya ba ta da isasshen adadin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na musamman, tare da mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali a manyan biranen kamar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]], da [[Ibadan]]. Wannan rarrabawar birane ta sa ya zama da wahala sosai ga mutanen da ke yankunan karkara su sami damar samun isasshen kulawa da cutar kansa a kan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |last2=Alatise |first2=Olusegun Isaac |last3=O'Connell |first3=Kelli |last4=Ogunleye |first4=Samson Gbenga |last5=Aderounmu |first5=Adewale Abdulwasiu |last6=Samson |first6=Marquerite L. |last7=Wuraola |first7=Funmilola |last8=Olasehinde |first8=Olalekan |last9=Kingham |first9=T. Peter |last10=Du |first10=Mengmeng |date=2021-07-01 |title=Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/7/e040352 |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040352 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=8314695 |pmid=34312189}}</ref> Rashin kayan aikin oncology a cikin asibitoci na gabaɗaya yana ƙara tsananta halin da ake ciki, saboda marasa lafiya galibi suna buƙatar tafiya mai nisa don ganewar asali da magani. A wasu lokuta, jinkiri a cikin turawa da kuma tsawon lokacin jira a cibiyoyin da suka cika suna haifar da ci gaban cutar kafin magani ya fara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Ibrahim |last2=Dalglish |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Angell |first3=Blake |last4=Sanuade |first4=Olutobi |last5=Abimbola |first5=Seye |last6=Adamu |first6=Aishatu Lawal |last7=Adetifa |first7=Ifedayo M. O. |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Ogunlesi |first9=Afolabi Olaniyi |last10=Onwujekwe |first10=Obinna |last11=Owoaje |first11=Eme T. |last12=Okeke |first12=Iruka N. |last13=Adeyemo |first13=Adebowale |last14=Aliyu |first14=Gambo |last15=Aliyu |first15=Muktar H. |date=2022-03-19 |title=The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation |journal=Lancet |volume=399 |issue=10330 |pages=1155–1200 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=8943278 |pmid=35303470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyekwelu |first=Stephen |date=2024-11-07 |title=Nigeria's cancer crisis: A call for systemic change |url=https://businessday.ng/partner-content/article/nigerias-cancer-crisis-a-call-for-systemic-change/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> * Babban Farashin Magani: Maganin Ciwon daji yana da tsada sosai ga 'yan Najeriya da yawa. Kudin chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tiyata, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya sun wuce karfin kudi na yawancin marasa lafiya. Wannan batun ya kara da gaskiyar cewa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa na Najeriya (NHIS) ya rufe karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a, yana barin yawancin marasa lafiya na ciwon daji su biya daga aljihu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY – FINANCIAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE FOR ALL NIGERIANS |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ko dai sun watsar da magani a tsakiyar hanya saboda matsalolin kudi ko kuma sun koma ga wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mustapha |first=Muhammad Inuwa |last2=Ali-Gombe |first2=Musa |last3=Abdullahi |first3=Adamu |last4=Adenipekun |first4=Adeniyi |last5=Campbell |first5=Oladapo Babatunde |date=2020 |title=Financial Burden of Cancer on Patients Treated at a Tertiary Health Facility in South West Nigeria |journal=Journal of the West African College of Surgeons |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.4103/jwas.jwas_4_22 |issn=2276-6944 |pmc=9267039 |pmid=35814963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Late Diagnosis: Daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon cutar kansa mara kyau a Najeriya shine babban adadin binciken ƙarshen. Marasa lafiya da yawa suna neman kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da alamun suka zama masu tsanani, suna rage damar samun nasarar magani. Wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dalilai, gami da shirye-shiryen tantance cutar kansa marasa isasshen, rashin binciken kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun, imani na al'adu da addini, da tsoron cutar. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu ba da kiwon lafiya na farko ba su da horo don gano alamun cutar kansa na farko, wanda ke haifar da rashin ganewar asali ko jinkiri a cikin turawa ga kwararru. * Rashin likitocin kanjamau da kwararru: Najeriya tana fuskantar matsanancin karancin masu kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a fannin kanjamau. Adadin likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, likitoci, da ma'aikatan jinya na kanjamau suna ƙasa da rabo da aka ba da shawarar da ake buƙata don sarrafa yawan adadin cututtukan ciwon daji. Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka ƙware a kula da cutar kansa suna barin ƙasar don samun dama mafi kyau a ƙasashen waje, suna ƙara matsalar zubar da ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan karancin yana nufin cewa 'yan kwararru da ke akwai suna aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na jira da kuma rage ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya. * Ƙayyadadden Sanarwar Jama'a: Babban rabo na yawan mutanen Najeriya ba su da ilimi na asali game da ciwon daji, abubuwan haɗarinsa, alamun, da mahimmancin ganowa da wuri. Labarai da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da ciwon daji, kamar imanin cewa ikon ruhaniya ne ya haifar da shi ko kuma hukuncin kisa ne ba tare da magani ba, yana hana mutane neman taimakon likita. Bugu da ƙari, akwai iyakantaccen ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da gwamnati ke jagoranta game da rigakafin cutar kansa, kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ba su da yawa ko kuma sun dace. Wannan rashin wayar da kan jama'a yana haifar da ƙarancin tantancewa, zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya, da jinkiri wajen neman shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Cibiyar Kulawa ==== * [[Asibitin Ƙasa, Abuja|Asibitin Kasa na Abuja]]: Asibitin kasa na Abuja yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na Najeriya, sanye take da wuraren radiotherapy na zamani, rukunin chemotherapy, da kuma sashen ilimin kanjamau. Asibitin yana da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, gami da likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, da likitoci na kanjamau. Yana ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ta ciwon daji, gami da ganewar asali, magani, da kulawa mai laushi. Koyaya, saboda buƙata mai yawa, marasa lafiya galibi suna fuskantar lokutan jira na dogon lokaci don radiotherapy da sauran jiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Hospital Abuja |url=https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> * [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas]] (LUTH): Yana cikin Legas, LUTH yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa da ke da kayan aiki a Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana da sashin binciken ciwon daji wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta sakamakon maganin ciwon daji a Najeriya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, LUTH ta inganta wuraren radiotherapy, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin a cikin ƙasar tare da masu saurin aiki don ingantaccen maganin radiation. Duk da wadannan ci gaba, samun damar magani ya kasance kalubale saboda yawan mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre, Nigeria |url=https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.esmo.org |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104012/https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Asibitin Kwalejin, Ibadan|Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar (UCH), Ibadan]]: A matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, UCH Ibadan yana da sashen ilimin kanjamau wanda ke ba da bincike, chemotherapy, da sabis na radiotherapy. Asibitin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken ciwon daji da horo na likita. UCH ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don inganta ayyukan kula da cutar kansa, kodayake kula da kayan aiki da kudade sun kasance manyan kalubale. * [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABUTH), Zaria]]: ABUTH [[Zariya|Zaria]] wata babbar cibiyar bincike da magani ce a arewacin Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana ba da sabis ga yawancin jama'a daga yankin arewa, inda samun damar kula da cutar kansa na musamman yana da iyaka. Bukatar ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa da kara kudade don kula da kayan aiki babbar damuwa ce a ABUTH. * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Asaba: Cibiyar Kiwo ta Tarayya (FMC) Asaba ta haɗa maganin cutar kansa a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya, tana ba da maganin chemotherapy da sauran hanyoyin da suka shafi cutar kansa. Duk da yake ba su da kayan aiki kamar manyan asibitocin koyarwa, FMC Asaba tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kula da cutar kansa ga marasa lafiya a yankin Kudu maso Kudu na Najeriya. Kamar sauran cibiyoyin ciwon daji da yawa a kasar, yana fuskantar kalubale kamar rashin isasshen kudade, iyakancewar likitocin kanjamau, da wuraren magani na zamani. ==== Kungiyoyin ba da agaji da ke da hannu sosai a kula da cutar kansa ==== * CancerAware Nigeria - Yana mai da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da kuma tantancewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CancerAware Nigeria {{!}} cancer ngo nigeria {{!}} Lagos Nigeria |url=https://www.canceraware.org.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=canceraware}}</ref> * Project Pink Blue - Yana shiga cikin bayar da shawarwari game da cutar kansa, tallafin mai haƙuri, da tara kuɗi don magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Pink Blue – Stimulating Actions Against Cancer |url=https://projectpinkblue.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Runcie Chidebe and Project PINK BLUE |url=https://igcs.org/awards/runcie-chidebe-and-project-pink-blue/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=IGCS}}</ref> * '''Kungiyar Ciwon Cutar nono ta Najeriya (BRECAN) ''' - Kungiyar da ke jagorantar wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://brecan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BRECAN}}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa === Yawancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ana bayar da su ne daga cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa na yanki 8 da sassan kula da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da makarantun kiwon lafiya da manyan jami'o'i 12. Wasu asibitoci na gabaɗaya suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Cibiyoyin da aka tsara sau da yawa suna fuskantar gasa daga masu ilimin ganye da cibiyoyin warkarwa na bangaskiya. Rabin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ma'aikatan zamantakewa shine 0.02 zuwa 100,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayonrinde |first=Oyedeji |last2=Gureje |first2=Oye |last3=Lawal |first3=Rahmaan |date=June 2004 |title=Psychiatric research in Nigeria: Bridging tradition and modernisation |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=536–538 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.6.536 |pmid=15172949 |s2cid=12541525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Batutuwa == Duk da tsarin kiwon lafiya, bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa waɗanda ke hana isar da sabis mai inganci. Wadannan ƙalubalen suna shafar mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, suna iyakance samun damar kulawa mai inganci da kuma kara damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a. === Tsarin magunguna === A cikin 1989 doka ta yi tasiri jerin mahimman magunguna. Dokar kuma tana nufin iyakance kera da shigo da magungunan jabu ko marasa inganci da kuma dakile tallan karya. Duk da haka, daga baya an gyara sashin kan magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ransome Kuti |first=O. |year=1992 |title=National Drug Policy in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=367–373 |doi=10.2307/3342734 |jstor=3342734 |s2cid=68197988}}</ref> A cikin 2005, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 16.7% na magungunan da ke cikin ƙasar jabun ne. A shekara ta 2012, wani sabon bincike ya tabbatar da cewa adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.4%, wanda kashi 19.6% na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro . A cikin 2014, ya fadi zuwa 3.6%. Kimanin Naira Biliyan 29 na jabun magungunan an lalata su tsakanin 2015 – 2017 Ingancin magani shine da farko ana sarrafa shi ta Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa. Hukumar ta kafa Sabis na Tabbatar da Wayar hannu. Wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga makarantar sakandare ta Regina Pacis a [[Onitsha]] sun kirkiro mafita mafi kyau ta fasaha, aikace-aikacen da ake kira FD Detector wanda ke amfani da fasahar barcode don tabbatar da sahihancin magani da kwanakin ƙarewa. Wannan ya ba su matsayi a cikin Technovation Challenge 2018. Yawancin manyan gazawar ka'idoji sun haifar da abin kunya na kasa da kasa: * A cikin 1993, fasinja na [[paracetamol]] syrup ya shiga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya a Oyo da [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]], sakamakon mutuwar yara 100. Shekara guda bayan bala'in, ana iya siyan batches dauke da gubar ethylene glycol, babban dalilin mutuwar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * A cikin 1996, yara 11 sun mutu bayan gwajin asibiti da Pfizer ya yi wanda ya shafi magungunan trovafloxacin da ceftriaxone yayin barkewar [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] . * A cikin 2008-2009, aƙalla yara 84 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurɓataccen maganin haƙora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=84 Nigerian children dead from tainted formula |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194943/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225/ |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |access-date=2015-11-30 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a, Farfesa Muhammad Pate, ya koka game da cin hanci da rashawa a bangaren kiwon lafiya da kasar gabaɗaya, kamar shari'ar da aka ba da abinci mai warkewa ga yara kuma an ba da rahoton lamarin ga 'yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odeniyi |first=Solomon |date=2024-07-18 |title=Corruption in Nigeria's health sector very deep — Minister |url=https://punchng.com/corruption-in-nigerias-health-sector-very-deep-minister/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Samun damar samun magunguna === Najeriya ta dogara sosai da shigo da magunguna da kuma shigo da sinadaran da ake buƙata don samar da magunguna na gida. A cikin 2023, kamfanonin magunguna GlaxoSmithKline da Sanofi sun dakatar da masana'antar magunguna ta cikin gida, suna ambaton ƙalubalen aiki daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=GSK, Sanofi Exit Nigerian Market Amid Lingering Foreign Exchange Crisis |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-sanofi-exit-nigerian-market-amid-lingering-foreign-exchange-crisis/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2024, a cikin rikodin shekaru 27 da suka fi girma na hauhawar farashin 28.92% da kuma raguwar darajar [[Naira]], farashin maganin rigakafi ya ga karuwar fiye da sau goma a farashin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran magunguna, irin su inhalers na asma da magungunan ciwon sukari, suma sun sha wahala sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Rashin daidaiton yanki === [[Fayil:Mali_woman_selling_herbal_medicines.jpg|thumb|Baƙon Mali Fulani yana sayar da Magungunan ganye a kasuwar Najeriya]] Kiwon lafiya a Najeriya yana da tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban na gida da na yanki waɗanda ke tasiri inganci ko adadin da ke cikin wuri ɗaya. Saboda <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">da</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ambata a baya, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya nuna bambancin sararin samaniya dangane da samuwa da ingancin kayan aiki dangane da buƙata. Duk da haka, wannan ya samo asali ne daga matakin shigar da jaha da ƙananan hukumomi da saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Har ila yau, [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Najeriya]] tana kashe kusan kashi 70% na kasafin kudinta a biranen da kusan kashi 50% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune. {{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Samun ingancin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya kasance ƙalubale, musamman ga mutanen karkara. Rashin hanyoyin sadarwa, nesa mai tsawo zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, da farashin sufuri sun hana 'yan Najeriya da yawa neman kulawar likita nan da nan. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba wuraren kiwon lafiya yana nufin cewa yayin da yankunan birane na iya samun asibitoci masu kyau, al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da ba su da kuɗi da kuma marasa ma'aikata. Rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a waɗannan yankuna ya kara tsananta matsalar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mace-mace daga yanayin da za'a iya hanawa da magani. An gabatar da shirye-shirye irin su asibitocin kiwon lafiya na hannu da shirye-aikacen telemedicine don inganta damar kiwon lafiya a yankuna masu nisa, amma aiwatarwa da yawa ya kasance iyakance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opinion |date=2024-11-24 |title=Making quality healthcare accessible to rural dwellers |url=https://punchng.com/making-quality-healthcare-accessible-to-rural-dwellers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Kalubale da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen manufofi na gaggawa, ƙara saka hannun jari na gwamnati, da haɗin gwiwar dabarun don inganta kudade, ababen more rayuwa, da riƙe ma'aikata. Ba tare da magance waɗannan mahimman batutuwa ba, cimma Universal Health Coverage (UHC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal health coverage (UHC) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc) |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Health Coverage |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> da inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya zai kasance aiki ne mai wahala ga ƙasar. === Hijira na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === [[Fayil:Nurses_in_Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Ci gaba da ƙwararrun masu kula da lafiya muhimmiyar manufa ce]] Bincike ya nuna raguwar kwakwalwa a bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya a cikin karuwar ƙaurawar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya - likitoci, likitocin magunguna, ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitoci da sauransu da yawa suna da wahalar shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. Yawancin sabbin likitoci, daga makarantun likita, kuma sun sami damar samun matsayi na gida, halin da ake ciki yana faruwa a kowace shekara. Matsalar ta ci gaba fiye da lokacin aikin gida ko horo, idan ya zo ga samun aikin da ya cancanta. Gabaɗaya babu isasshen matsayi na aiki don zagayawa. Kalubale na wannan a bayyane yake. Matsalar rarraba Sk, tare da 'yan ma'aikatan da ke akwai galibi a cikin birane, inda kusan dukkanin manyan wurare kamar Asibitoci na Janar da Asibitocin Koyarwa suke. Batutuwan da suka shafi wannan na iya haɗawa da yanayin siyasa, tare da wasu jihohi da ba sa son ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa daga wasu sassan ƙasar a matsayin aikin manufofi na gangan, sun fi son yin amfani da 'yan asalin su, ko, inda akwai gajeren lokaci, suna daukar ma'aikata ga baƙi galibi daga Arewacin Afirka a kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Okboh |first=Anthonia |date=28 January 2019 |title=Examining Nigeria's healthcare challenges |url=https://businessday.ng/why-nigeria-is-broke/article/examining-nigerias-healthcare-challenges/}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya ta tsara Manufofin Al'umma na Kasa don Lafiya kuma Majalisar Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Daga baya, an tsara shirin dabarun kiwon lafiya na 2008-2012 don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofin a dukkan matakai. Babban manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa isasshen adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu motsawa suna samuwa kuma an rarraba su daidai a duk faɗin ƙasar don tabbatar da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai inganci. Yanayin ya zama mafi muni. Yayin da zamanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba ya fara kuma burin 2030 ya fara mayar da hankali, kididdigar ba ta da tabbaci.<ref name=":2" /> Akwai likitocin Najeriya 4000 da ke aiki a Amurka da 8000 da ke aiki da Ingila.<ref name="Ehigiator">{{Cite web |last=Ehigiator |first=Sunday |date=2022-04-17 |title=Brain Drain Overstretching Health Workers, NMA Laments |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/17/brain-drain-overstretching-health-workers-nma-laments/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ci gaba da waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun an gano su a matsayin burin gaggawa. Rashin kwakwalwa ya yanke a duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya; dubban likitocin Najeriya da ma'aikatan jinya suna aiki a Burtaniya da Amurka.<ref name="Ehigiator" /> === Rashin isassun Kuɗi === [[Fayil:Kagarawal_Primary_Health_Centre_05.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kagarawal 05]] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen da ke tattare da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a Najeriya shine '''rashin isasshen kudade'''. Sashen kiwon lafiya koyaushe yana karɓar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi fiye da ma'auni na 15% da Abuja Declaration na 2001, inda ƙasashen Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suka yi alkawarin ƙara kuɗin da aka kashe a bangaren kiwon lafiya. A sakamakon haka, wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya ba su da albarkatun kuɗi don samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, sayen kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da kula da ababen more rayuwa. Dogaro da kudaden da aka kashe don tallafawa kiwon lafiya yana sanya nauyi mai nauyi ga mutane, musamman wadanda ke cikin ƙananan al'ummomin karkara. Kokarin irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) – NPHCDA |url=https://nphcda.gov.ng/bhcpf/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASIC HEALTH CARE PROVISION FUND – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/basic-health-care-provision-fund/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> suna da niyyar inganta kudaden kiwon lafiya, amma kalubalen aiwatarwa da rashin kula da kudade sun jinkirta ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=African Governments Falling Short on Healthcare Funding {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/26/african-governments-falling-short-healthcare-funding |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Sirri da kasuwanci na sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a === Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a a Najeriya ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen samuwa, masu sauƙin isa, kuma masu araha ga mutane da yawa da ke buƙatar waɗannan ayyukan. Binciken mafita ya haifar da ra'ayin mallakar da kasuwanci na ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Wannan ci gaban yana da matukar farin ciki da ra'ayin cewa zai kara gasa kuma ya haifar da rage farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma ya sa irin waɗannan ayyukan su fi araha ga matalauta.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, gardamar da ke adawa da shi ita ce cewa keɓancewa da kasuwanci a Najeriya za su zama madubi sai dai idan an yi gyare-gyare na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Chukwuma Chukwudumebi |last2=Omokhudu |first2=Odiwo Williams |last3=Anthony |first3=Kifordu Anyibuofu |date=1 September 2016 |title=The Impact of Privatization and Commercialization in Nigeria |url=https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjmis/article/view/419 |journal=International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=107–119}}</ref> === Marasa ababen more rayuwa === Yawancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da manyan asibitoci a Najeriya suna fama da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Rashin isasshen wutar lantarki, rashin tsabtace ruwa, da rashin kayan aikin bincike na aiki suna iyakance tasirin maganin likita. Wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya suna aiki ba tare da kayan more rayuwa ba kamar su '''ventilators, incubators, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aiki''', suna sa ya zama da wahala a magance gaggawa da samar da kulawa ta musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunyale |first=Kehinde |date=2024-12-17 |title=Report: Over 70% of public PHCs lack functional basic medical equipment |url=https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Dataphyte |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211155423/https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asibitoci masu girma a manyan birane kamar Legas, Abuja, da Kano galibi suna cike da kansu saboda gazawar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu don biyan bukatun masu haƙuri. Gwamnati ta fara shirye-shiryen farfadowa, amma ci gaba yana da jinkiri, kuma yankunan karkara sun kasance mafi yawan abin da ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-01-08 |title=Healing a Broken System: How lack of power, water, Japa degrades health sector |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/healing-a-broken-system-how-lack-of-power-water-japa-degrades-health-sector/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Magungunan gargajiya da na madadin == Kamar yadda rahotanni na baya-bayan nan suka nuna, ban da fa'idodi da yawa akwai kuma haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan maganin gargajiya / kari ko madadin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=How to develop traditional medicine in Nigeria, by experts |url=https://guardian.ng/features/how-to-develop-traditional-medicine-in-nigeria-by-experts/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake masu amfani a yau suna da damar yin amfani da magunguna da magunguna daban-daban na TM / CAM, sau da yawa ba su da isasshen bayani game da abin da za su bincika lokacin amfani da TM / CAM don kauce wa lahani mara amfani.<ref name="apps.who.int"/> Duk da yake maganin gargajiya yana da yawa don ba da gudummawa ga kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki, lahani mai yawa ya haifar da siyarwa ba tare da tsari ba da kuma amfani da maganin gargajiya / madadin magani da ganye a cikin ƙasar kuma ya jinkirta marasa lafiya neman kiwon lafiya na ƙwararru. == Ƙoƙarin gwamnati da gyare-gyare == Gwamnatin Najeriya, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa, ta dauki matakai da yawa don inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan sun hada da: === Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (NHIS) === '''Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS) ''' wani shiri ne na gwamnati wanda aka kafa don inganta samun damar kiwon lafiya da araha ga 'yan Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da shirin a cikin 1999 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, da nufin rage kuɗin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar shirin kiwon lafiya da aka riga aka biya. NHIS tana ba da ɗaukar hoto don sabis na kiwon lafiya daban-daban, gami da shawarwari, gwaje-gwaje na bincike, jiyya, da shigar asibiti. A cikin shekaru, an yi ƙoƙari don fadada NHIS don rufe ma'aikatan sashen da ba na al'ada ba, ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, da al'ummomin karkara ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' da kuma Group, Individual, da Family Social Health Insurance Programme (GIFSHIP). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alawode |first=Gafar |last2=Adewoyin |first2=Ayomide B. |last3=Abdulsalam |first3=Abdulmajeed O. |last4=Ilika |first4=Frances |last5=Chukwu |first5=Chidera |last6=Mohammed |first6=Zakariya |last7=Kurfi |first7=Abubakar |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Political Economy of the Design of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis for Prospective Action |journal=Health Systems & Reform |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2022.2124601 |issn=2328-8604 |pmid=36170653 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GROUP, INDIVIDUAL, AND FAMILY SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAMME (GIFSHIP) – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/service/land-insurance/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin shiga, da rashin ingancin gudanarwa sun iyakance isa da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sabunta Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don '''sake farfado da Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) ''', wanda ke aiki a matsayin farkon hanyar tuntuɓar kula da lafiya, musamman a yankunan karkara da wuraren da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan ƙoƙari yana daga cikin manyan dabarun '''Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kasa (NPHCDA) ''', wanda ke neman gyarawa da kuma samar da PHCs a duk faɗin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen irin su Saving One Million Lives (SOML) <ref>{{Cite web |title=404 Error - Page Not Found |url=https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> da kuma Manufar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare a karkashin Rufi Ɗaya (PHCUOR) suna da niyyar tabbatar da wadatar magunguna masu mahimmanci, inganta kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka isar da sabis a matakin ƙasa. Duk da wadannan kokarin, PHCs suna ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale, gami da rashin isasshen ma'aikata, rashin isassu kayan kiwon lafiya, da kuma karancin kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Primary Health Care Revitalization- Nigeria's Solution to Achieving Universal Health Coverage. {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/primary-health-care-revitalization-nigerias-solution-achieving-universal-health-coverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ore |first=Mosunmola |date=2022-03-25 |title=Nigerian Government restates commitment to revitalise primary healthcare services |url=https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407174847/https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs) a cikin Kiwon Lafiya === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPPs) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Definition, How They Work, and Examples |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/public-private-partnerships.asp |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> an kara inganta su a matsayin dabarun da za a rufe gibin da ke cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya. Ta hanyar PPPs, ana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankuna kamar kayan aikin asibiti, sayen kayan kiwon lafiya, da isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa sun shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gina da sarrafa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da '''Shirin Lafiya na Jihar Legas (LSHS) ''', wanda ke ba da damar masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suyi aiki a cikin tsarin inshorar kiwon lafiya na jihar, da kuma Kungiyar Lafiya ta Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (PHN), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.lashmaregulations.com.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=LASHMA - Lagos State Health Scheme |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya tsakanin uwa da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Sector Health Alliance of Nigeria – PSHAN |url=https://pshan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da yake PPPs sun inganta isar da sabis a wasu yankuna, damuwa ta kasance game da farashi, kula da tsari, da kuma samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya. === Samun ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === Najeriya ta fuskanci kalubale na ci gaba da karancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar zubar da kwakwalwa, inda masu sana'a ke ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe masu inganci da yanayin aiki da albashi mafi girma. Don magance wannan, gwamnati ta gabatar da shirye-shirye daban-daban da shirye-aikacen horo da nufin daukar ma'aikata da riƙe masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya. Shirye-shiryen irin su '''Shirin Sabis na Midwives (MSS) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abimbola |first=Seye |last2=Okoli |first2=Ugo |last3=Olubajo |first3=Olalekan |last4=Abdullahi |first4=Mohammed J. |last5=Pate |first5=Muhammad A. |date=2012 |title=The midwives service scheme in Nigeria |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=9 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3341343 |pmid=22563303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma National Health Workforce Registry <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Nigeria launches the National Health Workforce Country Profile towards achieving universal health coverage {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-launches-national-health-workforce-country-profile-towards-achieving-universal-health |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref> suna mai da hankali kan tura ƙwararrun ma'aikata zuwa yankunan da ba a kula da su ba da kuma bin diddigin rarraba ma'aikata. Wasu jihohi sun aiwatar da gyare-gyaren albashi, alawus na haɗari, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru na ci gaba don inganta yanayin aiki da hana ƙaura. Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar su albashi mara kyau, yanayin aiki mara kyau, da rashin gamsuwa da aiki suna ci gaba da fitar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje, suna shafar isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajoseh |first=Seun |last2=Langer |first2=Armin |last3=Amoniyan |first3=Oluwasegun |last4=Uyah |first4=Uduak-Abasi |date=2024-11-14 |title=Navigating brain drain: understanding public discourse on legislation to retain medical professionals in Nigeria |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=80 |doi=10.1186/s12992-024-01077-1 |issn=1744-8603 |pmc=11566287 |pmid=39543665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya|Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5yiwg9ov813j5h9urpelw87y6h6t1qj 0 118036 880058 801256 2026-07-10T09:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rawda al-Haj Mohammad Osman''' mawakice yar kasar Sudan. == Rayuwar ta == An haifi Al-Haj a Kassala, gabashin [[Sudan|Sudan.]] Mahaifinta ya fito ne daga Shendi kuma mahaifiyarta daga Kordofan. == Ayyuka == An san Al-Haj a wajen Sudan, kasancewar tana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Sudan na farko da ya haɗa da tsarin karatun Larabci a duk faɗin duniyar Larabci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=6 authors to look out for at the Emirates Airline Festival of Literature |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2232231/spa/aggregate |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> Al-Haj ta halarci taruka da suka faru a wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Saudi Arabia <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-04 |title=Celebration of the poetic voices in the Arab region |url=https://www.storiesoverart.com/post/celebration-of-the-poetic-voices-in-the-arab-region |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Storiesoverart |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911123358/https://www.storiesoverart.com/post/celebration-of-the-poetic-voices-in-the-arab-region |url-status=dead }}</ref> da UAE.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-08 |title=Top intellectuals from Arab world among SIBF guest list |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/top-intellectuals-from-arab-world-among-sibf-guest-list |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Al-Haj tana aiki a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye ga gidan Rediyon Sudan da tashar tauraron dan adam ta Sudan Al-Shorooq TV, inda ta karbi bakuncin "Ambassador of Meanings" (سفراء المعاني). Wannan shirin Yamuna tattaunawar ilimi da al'adu tare da fitattun mutanen Sudan da Larabawa a cikin tunani, shayari, da al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=روضة الحاج |url=http://www.albabtainprize.org/Encyclopedia/poet/0579.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219081419/http://www.albabtainprize.org/Encyclopedia/poet/0579.htm |archive-date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=www.albabtainprize.org}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A shekarar 2005, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Poet of Souk Okaz . <ref>{{Cite web |title=بردة عكاظ بطابع نسائي لأول مرة هذا العام |url=http://aawsat.com//details.asp?section=43&article=690743&issueno=12313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814180420/http://aawsat.com//details.asp?section=43&article=690743&issueno=12313 |archive-date=2012-08-14 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=aawsat.com}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] lh1qmiti7s352jimywjau851l9ya11q 0 119166 879795 742937 2026-07-09T19:51:27Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilonka Giovanna Elmont''' (An haife ta ne a [[Satumba]] 11, 1974) ɗan Surinamese - ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Holland mai ritaya Muay Thai kickboxer . Ita ce zakara ta duniya sau bakwai, zakaran Turai da kuma zakaran Dutch sau biyu a cikin sashin Fly-Weight (-50.80).&nbsp;kg - 52.16&nbsp;kg). Elmont ta kasance ƙwararren mai fafatawa tun 1997. Ta yi gasa a cikin [[2H2H]], abubuwan SLAMM, abubuwan da suka faru a yankin Danger kuma tana riƙe da lakabin duniya na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na fada kamar WMTC, [https://demtbn.nl/ MTBN], [[International Muay Thai Organization|IMKO]], [https://emf.rsportz.com/ EPMTF], [https://www.rings.nl/uploads/pdf/NKBB-wedstrijdreglement.pdf NKBB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806020000/https://rings.nl/uploads/pdf/NKBB-wedstrijdreglement.pdf |date=2024-08-06 }} . Elmont an santa da salon yaƙin da ba na al'ada ba tare da haɗuwa da sauri da ƙwanƙwasa gwiwa. Ita ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar mayaka ce mai ƙarfi da bugun guiwa da ɗaurewa. Da salon fadan da ba na al'ada ba ta baiwa gogaggun mayaka mamaki kuma tana da halin yin gaba da gaba da abokan hamayyarta. An san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mayaka mata na [[Holand|Netherlands]] kamar Lucia Rijker, Marloes Coenen, Germaine de Randamie da Denise Kielholtz . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ilonka a [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] . Kakaninta sun rene ta kuma tana da shekaru tara, ta ƙaura zuwa [[Amsterdam]] don zama tare da iyayenta. Tun yana ƙarami Ilonka yana da kuzari sosai amma ba a ba shi damar yin [[Martial arts|wasan yaƙi ba]] . * [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ilonka+elmont Ilonka Elmont Youtube page] * [https://www.instagram.com/ilonkaelmont/ Ilonka Elmont Instagram] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] s5y104a60414ghozb7gsf5elrmhghe5 0 120997 880005 737599 2026-07-10T07:34:30Z BnHamid 12586 880005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Binciken Ingancin Muhalli na Birni (CEQR) wani tsari ne da hukumomin birnin New York dole ne su bi don tantance ko duk wani matakin hankali da suka amince yana da wani tasiri mai illa ga muhalli.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR Basics - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820032800/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page |archive-date=2017-08-20 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}</ref> Ayyukan da CEQR za ta sake dubawa ko dai suna buƙatar izini ko amincewa daga hukumar birni, suna buƙatar tallafin birni, ko kuma wata hukuma ta gari ce ke aiwatar da su kai tsaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR FAQs - General - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819232809/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page |archive-date=2017-08-19 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin 1973, Birnin New York ya kafa Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 87, ma'ana cewa duk wani aikin birni da ake aiwatarwa dole ne a tantance shi don tasirin da zai iya haifar da muhalli.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR Laws & Regulations - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707051042/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources |archive-date=2017-07-07 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}</ref> Wannan yunƙurin dai ya kasance mai mayar da martani ne ga dokar kare muhalli ta ƙasa (NEPA), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1970 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin dokokin ƙasa na farko da aka sadaukar don kare muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EPA, OA, OP, ORPM, RMD |first=US |date=22 February 2013 |title=Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811090152/https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Ci gaba bayan haka, a cikin 1975 Jihar New York ta kafa Dokar Kula da Inganta Muhalli ta Jiha (SEQR). SEQR ya buƙaci hukumomin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi su sake nazarin tasirin muhalli na kowane mataki na hankali kafin a ba da kuɗi ko amincewa da wannan aikin.<ref name=":1" /> Daga SEQR ya zo CEQR a cikin 1977. Dokokin SEQR sun ba wa ƙananan hukumomi damar ƙirƙirar hanyoyin nazarin muhalli na kansu. Ta hanyar Dokar Zartaswa No. 91, CEQR an kafa shi a birnin New York kuma don haka an samar da tsarin gudanarwa guda biyu wanda zai kula da yawancin ayyukan nazarin muhalli.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR Laws & Regulations - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707051042/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources |archive-date=2017-07-07 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">NYC, Office of Environmental Coordination. [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources "CEQR Laws & Regulations - OEC"]. ''www1.nyc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170707051042/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-laws-regulations.page#resources Archived] from the original on 2017-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1991 an maye gurbin tsarin hukumomin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu da sabon tsarin hukumomin jagoranci, inda hukumomin Birni za su yi aiki a matsayin hukumar jagoranci ga duk wani aiki da suke son bayarwa ko aiwatarwa.<ref name=":1" /> == Tsarin sake dubawa na muhalli == Tsarin nazarin muhalli yana farawa lokacin da hukuma ta ba da shawarar wani aiki. Baya ga shawarwarin, dole ne hukumar ta sami cikakken jerin duk wani izini, izini, ko kuɗin da ake buƙata don kammala aikin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR Basics - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820032800/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page |archive-date=2017-08-20 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNYC">NYC, Office of Environmental Coordination. [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page "CEQR Basics - OEC"]. ''www1.nyc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820032800/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-basics.page Archived] from the original on 2017-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Jerin zai taimaka jagorantar tsarin CEQR; Ƙayyade yadda tsananin aikin CEQR ya kasance, ko kuma idan ana buƙatar CEQR don aiki. Da zarar tsarin CEQR ya fara, an raba shi zuwa matakai biyu. Mataki na farko shine kimantawa na farko, wanda aka sani da Sanarwar [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|Binciken Muhalli]] (EAS), wanda ke bayyana bayanin aikin da duk wani tasirin da zai iya samu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR FAQs - Procedures - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201040707/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page |archive-date=2018-12-01 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}</ref> Ana sake nazarin EAS don duk wani tasiri mai mahimmanci wanda zai iya tasowa kuma idan an sami wani, hukumar jagora ta bayyana Sanarwar Tasirin Muhalli (EIS) da za a kammala, wanda ke nazarin tasirin da aka bayyana a cikin EAS.<ref name=":3" /> A yayin bita, ana iya rarraba ayyukan zuwa alamomin ma'ana da yawa. Tambarin ɗaya shine Ci gaban Ayyukan, inda har yanzu ana ayyana aikin kuma ana tattara bayanan kafin aiwatar da CEQR. Wani lakabin yana Active, inda tsarin CEQR ke ci gaba. A Riƙe, inda aka dakatar da bita. Kammala, lokacin da aka kammala aikin CEQR. Janye, inda mai nema ya janye bita. Ƙarshe, lokacin da bita, bayan watanni 6 na rashin aiki, ya zama soke. Kuma Kulawa, lokacin da aka bibiyar aikin, wanda ya kammala aikin CEQR, tabbatar da bin ka'idodin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR FAQs - Procedures - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201040707/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page |archive-date=2018-12-01 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">NYC, Office of Environmental Coordination. [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page "CEQR FAQs - Procedures - OEC"]. ''www1.nyc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201040707/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-procedures.page Archived] from the original on 2018-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abubuwan muhalli == Lokacin gudanar da bita, CEQR tana la'akari da waɗannan yankuna don kimanta su: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NYC |first=Office of Environmental Coordination |title=CEQR FAQs - General - OEC |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819232809/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page |archive-date=2017-08-19 |access-date=2017-05-21 |website=www1.nyc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">NYC, Office of Environmental Coordination. [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page "CEQR FAQs - General - OEC"]. ''www1.nyc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170819232809/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/ceqr-faqs-general.page Archived] from the original on 2017-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Amfani da Ƙasa, Zoning, da Manufofin Jama'a * Yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki * Gidajen Al'umma da Ayyuka * Yankin da aka bude * Inuwa * Tarihi da Al'adu * Tsarin Birane da albarkatun gani * Albarkatun Halitta * Kayan aiki masu haɗari * Infrastructure * Ayyukan Kasuwanci da Wutar Lantarki * Makamashi * Sufuri * Ingancin iska * Rashin iskar gas * Sauti * Lafiyar Jama'a * Halin Makwabta * Tasirin Ginin == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/environmental-quality-review.page Shafin yanar gizon NYC na Gudanar da Muhalli] 4hwsmtie6v5rug2brqb4dvqyvlzjbm4 0 121120 880115 788485 2026-07-10T11:25:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|image=[[File:Haze2015 collage.jpg|frameless|upright=1.273]]|caption=A collage showing various landmarks in the haze. <br />Top: [[An-Nur Great Mosque Pekanbaru|An-Nur Great Mosque]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Indonesia]]<br />Bottom-left: [[Darussalam Grand Mosque, Palangka Raya|Darussalam Grand Mosque]] [[Palangkaraya]], [[Indonesia]]<br />Bottom-right: [[Swissôtel The Stamford]], [[Singapore]]|participants=|notes=}} Hazo na 2015 Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya kasance rikicin gurbacewar iska da ya shafi kasashe da dama a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ciki har da Brunei, Indonesia (musamman tsibiranta na Sumatra da [[Borneo]]), Malaysia, Singapore, kudancin Thailand, [[Vietnam]], Cambodia da Philippines. Hatsarin ya shafi Indonesia daga akalla karshen watan Yuni,<ref name="June15">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=Haze envelopes parts of Riau province in Indonesia |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/haze-envelopes-parts-of-riau-province-in-indonesia |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> zuwa karshen watan Oktoba, wanda zai zama matsala ta kasa da kasa ga sauran kasashe a watan Satumba. Wannan shi ne sabon abin da ya faru na hazo na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, batu na dogon lokaci wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsanani a kowane lokacin rani a yankin. Gobarar dazuzzukan ta samo asali ne sakamakon yadda ake kashe mutane da kone-kone, musamman a tsibirin Sumatra da Kalimantan na Indonesiya, wanda kuma ya bazu cikin sauri a lokacin rani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=South-East Asia haze: What is slash-and-burn? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-23026219 |access-date=25 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Haze chokes Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34242311 |access-date=25 September 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Image of Asia: Wildfires in Indonesia Spread Haze |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/riau-declares-emergency-as-haze-worsens |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=The Straits Times |publisher=The Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Endi |first=Severianus |date=10 September 2015 |title=West Kalimantan on high smog alert |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/10/west-kalimantan-high-smog-alert.html |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2015 |title=1,500 Soldiers Deployed to Fight Forest Fires in South Kalimantan |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2015/09/11/055699639/1500-Soldiers-Deployed-to-Fight-Forest-Fires-in-South-Kalimantan |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Tempo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Fires: Thick Haze in Central Kalimantan Capital |url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/multimedia/land-fires-thick-haze-central-kalimantan-capital/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921201537/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/multimedia/land-fires-thick-haze-central-kalimantan-capital/ |archive-date=21 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=Jakarta Globe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=379 hot spots detected in South Kalimantan |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/15/379-hot-spots-detected-south-kalimantan.html |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref><ref name="involved">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Police name 126 people as suspects in land fire cases |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/100519/police-name-126-people-as-suspects-in-land-fire-cases |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Antara}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2015, Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Indonesiya ta bayyana cewa larduna shida na Indonesiya sun ayyana dokar ta baci saboda hazo; waɗannan sune Riau, Jambi, Kudancin Sumatra, Yammacin Kalimantan, Tsakiyar Kalimantan da Kudancin Kalimantan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oktama |first=Carla Isati |title=Six Provinces Declare State of Emergency as Haze Worsens |url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/featured-2/six-provinces-declare-state-emergency-haze-worsens |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004113614/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/featured-2/six-provinces-declare-state-emergency-haze-worsens |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=[[The Jakarta Globe]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, Gwamnatin Indonesia ta sake ayyana dokar ta baci a Riau, a wannan lokacin.<ref name="chokes">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title=Indonesia declares emergency as brush-fire smoke chokes region |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/14/indonesia-declares-emergency-in-haze-hit-riau-province.html |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Al Jazeera America}}</ref> Dubban mazauna Pekanbaru, babban birnin Riau, sun gudu zuwa biranen da ke kusa da [[Medan]] da Padang . <ref name="AsiaOne">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Jakarta declares emergency in Riau over haze |url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/jakarta-declares-emergency-riau-over-haze |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=AsiaOne}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) ya kai rikodin rikodin 1801, wanda aka rubuta a lardin Kalimantan ta Tsakiya. <ref name="I2300">{{Cite web |last=Soeriaatmadja |first=Wahyudi |date=2 October 2015 |title=Thick haze grounds firefighting copters |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thick-haze-grounds-firefighting-copters |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |title=Borneo Palangkaraya Air Pollution Break 3000 points! |url=https://marufish.com/2015/10/24/borneo-palangkaraya-air-pollution-break-3000-points/ |website=Marufish World of Disaster Prevention}}</ref> Fiye da mutane miliyan 28 a Indonesia kadai sun kamu da matsalar, kuma fiye da 140,000 sun bayar da rahoton cutar numfashi.<ref name="illnessnumber">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Southeast Asia's hazardous haze |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/10/southeast-asia-hazardous-haze-151007061537973.html |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="28M">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Indonesia needs better aircraft for water-bombing operations |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-needs-better-aircraft-for-water-bombing-operations |access-date=7 October 2015 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> Dangane da binciken Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]]-Columbia na 2016, hawan ya haifar da ƙarin [[Mutuwa]] sama da 100,000, mafi yawansu (> 90,000) a Indonesia.<ref>Koplitz et al.: ''Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015: demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure''. [[Wasiƙun Binciken Muhalli|Environmental Research Letters]] Vol. 11, No. 9, 2016, {{Doi|10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094023}}.</ref> Amma daga baya, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Indonesia, Singapore da Malaysia sun karyata da'awar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia refute study on haze causing 100,000 deaths |url=http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malaysia-singapore-and-indonesia-refute-study-on-haze-causing-100000-deaths |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001042001/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/09/20/malaysia-singapore-and-indonesia-refute-study-on-haze-causing-100000-deaths/1209559 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Hawan da gobarar daji ta Indonesiya ta haifar an nuna ya kara cututtukan da suka shafi hawan, kamar cututtukani na numfashi na sama da cututtukatattun cututtuka, a Singapore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheldon, Sankaran |first=Tamara, Chandini |date=2017 |title=The Impact of Indonesian Forest Fires on Singaporean Pollution and Health |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/attachments?retrieve=No5ZcatDIY1EatEycI8VNYvbyZkYkod4 |journal=American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings |volume=5 |issue=107 |pages=526–529 |doi=10.1257/aer.p20171134 |pmid=29558063 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gwamnatin Indonesiya ta yi kiyasin cewa rikicin hazo zai janyo mata asarar tsakanin rupiah tiriliyan 300 zuwa 475 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 35 ko kuma dalar Amurka biliyan 47 don shawo kan matsalar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Francis |date=11 October 2015 |title=$47b? Indonesia counts costs of haze |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/47b-indonesia-counts-costs-of-haze |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> An aiwatar da rufe makarantu saboda hazo a Indonesia, Malaysia da Singapore; wadannan sun shafi dalibai kusan miliyan hudu a Malaysia kadai.<ref name="SingaporeSchools">{{Cite web |last=Chan Luo Er, Leong Wai Kit |title=Schools to close on Friday due to worsening haze situation: MOE |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/schools-to-close-on/2147982.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134219/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/schools-to-close-on/2147982.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |publisher=Channel News Asia}}</ref> Daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo cikas ko kuma aka soke su saboda hazo sun hada da gasar cin kofin duniya ta Swimming World Cup na shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Singapore da kuma Marathon [[Kuala Lumpur]] a Malaysia. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a Sumatra da Kalimantan a kwanakin karshe na watan Oktoban 2015 ya rage girman girma da yawan gobara, da kuma inganta yanayin iska a mafi yawan yankunan da abin ya shafa.<ref name="st_hazeclear">{{Cite web |last=WAHYUDI SOERIAATMADJA |date=30 October 2015 |title=Heavy rain clears haze as Jokowi arrives in S. Sumatra |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-rain-clears-haze-as-jokowi-arrives-in-s-sumatra |website=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref name="nyt_end">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2015 |title=Rain in Indonesia Dampens Forest Fires That Spread Toxic Haze |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/world/asia/indonesia-forest-fire-toxic-haze.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2015 |title=Hujan 3 Hari Usir Kepekatan Kabut Asap di Sumatera dan Kalimantan |url=https://news.liputan6.com/read/2353146/hujan-3-hari-usir-kepekatan-kabut-asap-di-sumatera-dan-kalimantan |website=liputan6.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2015 |title=BMKG: Hujan di Kalimantan dan Sumatera Redakan Asap |url=http://nasional.tempo.co/read/news/2015/10/28/206713917/bmkg-hujan-di-kalimantan-dan-sumatera-redakan-a |website=Tempo Nasional}}</ref> Bi da bi, NEA ta Singapore ta daina ba da shawarwarin hazo daga 15 ga Nuwamba 2015. == Tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA wanda ke nuna girman hawan a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2015.]] Indonesia ta yi gwagwarmaya shekaru da yawa don hana gobarar daji, musamman a tsibirin [[Sumatra]] da Borneo. A watan Satumbar 2014, Indonesia ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar ASEAN kan gurɓataccen Haze na Ƙasashen Ƙasashen . Ita ce kasa ta karshe ta ASEAN da ta yi hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia Meratifikasi Undang-Undang Tentang Pengesahan Asean Agreement On Transboundary Haze Pollution (Persetujuan Asean Tentang Pencemaran Asap Lintas Batas) |url=http://www.menlh.go.id/indonesia-meratifikasi-undang-undang-tentang-pengesahan-asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-persetujuan-asean-tentang-pencemaran-asap-lintas-batas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920063146/http://www.menlh.go.id/indonesia-meratifikasi-undang-undang-tentang-pengesahan-asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-persetujuan-asean-tentang-pencemaran-asap-lintas-batas/ |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Indonesia |language=id}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga Indonesia da ta dauki matakai don warware matsalar ta hanyar kokarinta ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta fuskanci matakin shari'a bisa ga tasirin haze a kan makwabtanta na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2015 |title=Image of Asia: Wildfire haze shrouds Indonesia's neighbors |url=http://kxan.com/ap/image-of-asia-wildfire-haze-shrouds-indonesias-neighbors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925013203/http://kxan.com/ap/image-of-asia-wildfire-haze-shrouds-indonesias-neighbors/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=The Associated Press |publisher=Kxan}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Singapore ta kuma zartar da dokoki da ke ba ta damar gurfanar da mutane da kamfanonin da ke ba da gudummawa ga haze.<ref name="bbcCause">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=What causes South-East Asia's haze? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34265922 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A farkon watan Agusta 2015, kodayake Cambodia, [[Laos]], Thailand, [[Myanmar]], da Vietnam sun hadu don tattauna matsalar hauka, Indonesia ba ta shiga tattaunawar ba.<ref name="khmer hit">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Cox |date=6 October 2015 |title=Indonesian Haze May be Choking Cambodia |url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/16585/indonesian-haze-may-be-choking-cambodia/ |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Khmer Times}}</ref> Kamfanoni da manoma ne ke haifar da gobarar ta hanyar yin ƙulle-ƙulle a matsayin hanya mara tsada don share ƙasarsu daga ciyayi da ba a so. Sumatra da Kalimantan suna da manyan yankuna na ƙasa, wanda ke ƙonewa sosai a lokacin rani. Peat, wanda ya kunshi matattun ciyayi da sauran kwayoyin halitta, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin carbon saboda yawan sinadarin. da abun ciki na carbon. Hatsarin ya yi muni sosai a shekarar 2015 saboda bala'in El Niño, wanda ya haifar da bushewar yanayi, wanda ya sa gobarar ta kara yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Domínguez |first=Gabriel |date=15 September 2015 |title=Why South-east Asia's haze problem persists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-southeast-asias-haze-problem-persists/a-18715535 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Binciken da aka buga a cikin [[Wasiƙun Binciken Muhalli]] ya bayyana cewa 59% na hayakin wuta a Sumatra da 73% a Kalimantan sun samo asali ne daga "yanayin katako da [[Manja|Man dabino]] na waje".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meijaard |first=Erik |date=14 September 2015 |title=Getting the facts right on Indonesia's haze problems |url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/getting-facts-right-indonesias-haze-problems |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=The Jakarta Globe |publisher=Today Online}}</ref> Masu fafutukar kare hakkin muhalli sun kara da cewa ayyukan man dabino har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin konewa. Da farko, share ƙasa ta hanyar ƙonewa yana da arha kuma kamfanoni galibi suna zaɓar shi fiye da kowane hanyar share ƙasa. Abu na biyu, yawancin kamfanoni suna so su guji kashe kuɗi a kan sake dasa bishiyoyi. Duk wani kamfani wanda ya sami lasisi don filayen gandun daji dole ne ya sake dasa su daga asusun da gwamnati ta bayar.<ref name="motives">{{Cite web |last=Arkhelaus Wisnu |date=16 September 2015 |title=Former Riau Police Chief Reveals Three Motives for Forest Burning |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2015/09/16/055701104/Former-Riau-Police-Chief-Reveals-Three-Motives-for-Forest-Burning |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Tempo}}</ref> Yawancin kamfanoni ba sa sake dasa su, kuma don kauce wa ganowa, suna ƙone ƙasar. Na uku, kamfanoni suna farfado da gonakin dabino ta hanyar yankewa ko ƙone tsoffin itatuwan dabino waɗanda ba su da amfani. Dokar ta tanadi cewa dole ne a yi irin wannan konewa a kan gado na kankare don kauce wa yada wuta, amma don rage farashi, yawancin kamfanoni ba sa yin hakan.<ref name="motives" /> == Kasashen da abin ya shafa == Akalla kasashe shida daga cikin kasashe goma na yankin ASEAN ne hazo ya shafa: kudancin Thailand, Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohilah Sekaran |last2=Syafique Shuib |date=12 September 2015 |title=Haze: Netizens from four countries share their gripe |url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/haze-netizens-four-countries-share-their-gripe-73010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217205634/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/haze-netizens-four-countries-share-their-gripe-73010 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Astro Awani}}</ref><ref name="viet affected">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Indonesia forest fires to blame for foggy Ho Chi Minh City: expert |url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/30851/indonesia-forest-fires-to-blame-for-foggy-ho-chi-minh-city-expert |access-date=7 October 2015 |publisher=Tuổi Trẻ |archive-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008153531/http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/30851/indonesia-forest-fires-to-blame-for-foggy-ho-chi-minh-city-expert |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma galibin sassan Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, da Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Southeast Asian Haze - Singapore Haze Today |url=https://singaporehazetoday.com/2015-southeast-asian-haze |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925083716/https://singaporehazetoday.com/2015-southeast-asian-haze/ |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> Hatsarin da ke shafar Cambodia da Cebu a Philippines ana kuma zargin cewa ya taso ne daga Indonesiya maimakon majiyoyin gida.<ref name="khmer hit"/><ref name="PH suspects">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2015 |title=Philippines suspects week-long haze from Indonesia fires |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/107954-philippines-suspects-haze-indonesia-fires |access-date=3 October 2015 |website=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2015, IBTimes ta buga hotuna masu ma'amala kafin da bayan da suka nuna raguwar ganuwa a [[Singafora|Singapore]] da Indonesia saboda hazo.<ref name="IBTimesPhotos">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Singapore and Indonesia haze: Interactive before-and-after photos show dramatically reduced visibility |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/singapore-indonesia-haze-interactive-before-after-photos-show-dramatically-reduced-visibility-1521643 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Cibiyar tattara bayanai ta Global Fire Emissions Database ta ba da rahoton cewa gobarar Indonesiya ta 2015 ta haifar da kusan tan miliyan 600 na iskar gas, adadin da aka kwatanta da 'kwatankwacin abin da Jamus ke fitarwa duk shekara'. NASA ta ce rikicin hazo na 2015 zai iya zama mafi muni da aka samu a yankin, mai yiwuwa ya zarce rikicin 1997, wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe dalar Amurka biliyan tara. === Brunei === Hayaki daga gobarar daji a Kalimantan, wanda iska ta kudu maso yamma ta hura, ya kawo yanayin hazo ga [[Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2015 |title=Brunei haze may last for a week |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/brunei-haze-may-last-for-a-week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092804/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/brunei-haze-may-last-for-a-week |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=The Brunei Times |publisher=Thai PBS}}</ref> Wani mai hasashen aiki a Sashen Meteorological na Brunei, Nurulinani Haji Jahari, ya ce guguwa mai tsanani ba zai yi komai ba don sauƙaƙa yanayin hazo saboda har yanzu ana sa ran iskõki na yamma za su ci gaba da kawo ƙarin hayaki daga Kalimantan da Sumatra. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, Gundumar Tutong ta yi rikodin karatun ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSI) na 68; sannan Belait, tare da 67; Brunei-Muara, tare da 65; da Temburong, tare da 48.<ref name="bru">{{Cite web |last=Wail Wardi Wasil |date=15 September 2015 |title=Hazy conditions to persist in Brunei this week |url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/hazy-conditions-persist-brunei-week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926105632/http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/hazy-conditions-persist-brunei-week |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=The Brunei Times/Asia News Network |publisher=AsiaOne}}</ref> Hukumomi sun shawarci jama'ar Bruneian da su sha ruwa mai yawa kuma su nemi taimakon likita idan sun fuskanci alamun da suka shafi hayaki. Hukumomi sun kuma yi gargadi game da duk wani konewa ko wasu ayyukan da zasu iya kara hauka.<ref name="bru" /> === Kambodiya === Phnom Penh ya sha fama da hazo, kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Cambodia ta yi zargin cewa gobarar da masu shukar suka kunna a Indonesiya na iya zama laifi. Rashin tabbas na tushen ya kasance tun lokacin da Indonesiya ta fitar da wasu bayanan da suka dace.<ref name="khmer hit"/> === Indonesia === Hatsarin 2015 ya shafi Indonesia daga akalla karshen watan Yuni, tare da gundumar Dumai (a lardin Riau a tsibirin Sumatra) ya ba da rahoton hazo daga 28 ga Yuni.[1] Matsalar ta ci gaba har tsawon watanni<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazeer |first=Zubaidah |date=9 July 2015 |title=Haze blankets parts of Sumatra |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/haze-blankets-parts-of-sumatra |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> As of 7 October 2015, more than 140,000 Indonesians had reported respiratory illnesses in the haze-affected areas.<ref name="illnessnumber"/><ref name="cihan">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=Over 30,000 people affected by haze in Riau, Indonesia |url=https://en.cihan.com.tr/en/over-30000-people-affected-by-haze-in-riau-indonesia-1893941.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003142806/http://en.cihan.com.tr/en/over-30000-people-affected-by-haze-in-riau-indonesia-1893941.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Cihan}}</ref> By 15 September 2015, around 25,834 were suffering from respiratory infection, 538 having [[Ciwon huhu|pneumonia]], 2,246 suffering from skin irritation, and 1,656 suffering from eye irritation.<ref name="cihan" /> The haze blanketing the whole of [[Sumatra]] island and parts of Kalimantan hampered tourism, aviation and maritime activities as well as the Indonesian economy.<ref name="menguap">{{Cite web |last=Hendra Gunawan |last2=Agus Triyono |last3=Noverius Laoli |date=14 September 2015 |title=Asap bikin ekonomi ikut menguap |url=http://fokus.kontan.co.id/news/asap-bikin-ekonomi-ikut-menguap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918001149/http://fokus.kontan.co.id/news/asap-bikin-ekonomi-ikut-menguap |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Kontan.co.id |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Juwita Trisna Rahayu |date=11 September 2015 |title=More Indonesia airports affected by haze from land fires |url=https://www.antaranews.com/en/news/100446/more-indonesia-airports-affected-by-haze-from-land-fires |access-date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Antara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Havid Vebri |date=4 September 2015 |title=BMKG: Asap kebakaran menyelimuti seluruh Sumatera |url=http://regional.kontan.co.id/news/bmkg-asap-kebakaran-menyelimuti-seluruh-sumatera/2015/09/04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091313/http://regional.kontan.co.id/news/bmkg-asap-kebakaran-menyelimuti-seluruh-sumatera/2015/09/04 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=Antara |publisher=Kontan.co.id |language=id}}</ref> A state of emergency was declared in the province of Riau, one of the worst-affected by the haze.<ref name="chokes"/> In Riau's capital, Pekanbaru, authorities ordered the closing of schools to prevent pupils from being exposed to the haze,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dofi Iskandar |last2=Yudi Waldi |date=14 September 2015 |title=Sekolah Kembali Diliburkan, Sampai Kondisi Membaik |url=http://www.riaupos.co/85486-berita--sekolah-kembali-diliburkan,-sampai-kondisi-membaik.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925124124/http://www.riaupos.co/85486-berita--sekolah-kembali-diliburkan,-sampai-kondisi-membaik.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Riau Pos |language=id}}</ref> and thousands were forced to flee the city.<ref name="AsiaOne"/> Flight cancellations were reported daily in Pekanbaru as well as in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, due to poor visibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M Syukur |last2=Yusron Fahmi |date=14 September 2015 |title=Kabut asap batalkan 70 penerbangan di Bandara Sultan Syarif Kasim II |url=https://news.liputan6.com/read/2317321/kabut-asap-batalkan-70-penerbangan-di-bandara-ssk-ii-pekanbaru |access-date=16 September 2015 |publisher=Liputan 6 |language=id}}</ref> Hukumar Indonesiya ta Kula da Yanayin yanayi, Climatology da Geophysics, wacce ta yi la'akari da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta sama da 350 "masu haɗari", ta ruwaito a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2015 cewa ma'aunin a Palangkaraya da ke tsakiyar Kalimantan ya kai 1,986 kuma ma'aunin Pontianak a Yammacin Kalimantan ya kai 706. Waɗannan karatun sun zarce quintuple kuma sun ninka matakin "haɗari" na hukuma, bi da bi. A ƙarshen Satumba, lardin Kalimantan ta Tsakiya ya auna rikodin mafi girma na 2,300 akan PSI na Indonesiya. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, tsakiyar Kalimantan yana ci gaba da fuskantar babban PSI na 1,801, irin wannan helikwafta masu kashe gobara ba su iya yin bama-bamai a wasu wurare saboda ƙarancin gani.<ref name="I2300"/> A tsakiyar ƙarshen Oktoba wuraren da ke cin wuta, suna ƙaruwa sosai, har ma sun bazu zuwa Yankin Papua na Indonesia. Satellite na ''Terra Aqua'' ya kuma gano wurare masu zafi 63 a Maluku da 17 a Arewacin Maluku. An gano hotspots 1,545 a Indonesia, kodayake ba za a iya tabbatar da ainihin adadin ba saboda hazo da ke rufe yankin ya yi kauri sosai. Tsibirin Nusa Tenggara kuma suna da wurare masu zafi: kusan 67 a Gabashin Nusa Tenggara da 25 a Yammacin Nusa Tenggara . An soke jirage da yawa a Timika, West Papua. Dukkanin tsibirin Moluccas da Sulawesi sun rufe da haushi. A Sulawesi, BPBD, hukumar rage bala'i ta gano kusan wurare 800. Akwai wurare masu zafi 57 a Yammacin Sulawesi, 151 a Kudancin Sulawesi 361 a Tsakiyar Sulawesi, 126 a Kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi, 47 a Gorontalo da 59 a Arewacin Sulawesi. Birnin Palu ya cika da hazo daga Kalimantan da ke kusa, wanda ya haifar da jinkirin jirgin sama. [[Fayil:The_haze_pollution_Aceh_in_2015.JPG|thumb|Ƙayyadadden ganuwa saboda hayaki a Aceh, [[Sumatra]], 24 ga Oktoba 2015]] A cikin [[Java]], gobarar daji ta ƙone a Yammacin Java da Dutsen Merapi, Tsakiyar Java. Wutar daji, wacce ta kama masu tafiya kuma ta kashe akalla bakwai daga cikinsu a Dutsen Lawu a Magetan Regency a Gabashin Java, daga baya an ruwaito cewa wuta ce ta haifar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Hikers Were Burned To Death In Mount Lawu |url=http://www.jawapos.com/read/2015/10/19/7589/7-pendaki-gunung-lawu-tewas-terpanggang |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021051906/http://www.jawapos.com/read/2015/10/19/7589/7-pendaki-gunung-lawu-tewas-terpanggang |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |publisher=Jawa Pos |language=id}}</ref> Wannan lamarin ya sa aka kwashe yankunan yankin. Hawan da ke cikin Palangkaraya ya yi kauri sosai har ya juya iska ta rawaya kuma ya wuce ƙofar 'mai haɗari' sau 10. An katse taron majalisa na shekara-shekara, yayin da hayaki daga waje ya shiga dakin, ya sa dukkan 'yan siyasa su yi amfani da abin rufe fuska da kyallen takarda a cikin dakin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapat Diganggu Asap, Pj Gubernur Kalteng: Parah, Perlu Bantuan Pusat! |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/3048444/rapat-diganggu-asap-pj-gubernur-kalteng-parah-perlu-bantuan-pusat |access-date=20 October 2015 |publisher=Detik.com |archive-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021025332/http://news.detik.com/berita/3048444/rapat-diganggu-asap-pj-gubernur-kalteng-parah-perlu-bantuan-pusat |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=Kalimantan politicians wear facemasks inside parliament as Palangkaraya suffers in silence |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/10/kalimantan-politicians-wear-facemasks-inside-parliament-as-palangkaraya-suffers-in-silence/ |access-date=21 October 2015 |publisher=Mongabay.com}}</ref> Yawancin makarantu a yankin da abin ya shafa an rufe su har sai an kara sanarwa saboda hazo. A Riau da Palembang, an shawarci dalibai su je makaranta sau biyu kawai a mako. Wani lokaci ba su ma zuwa makaranta ba har mako guda saboda hazo, wanda ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin iyaye da jami'an gwamnati. Akalla kamfanoni goma, bakwai daga cikinsu kamfanonin kasashen waje ne, an ayyana su a matsayin manyan wadanda ake zargi da wuta a Sumatra da Kalimantan. Gwamnati ta dakatar da takaddun shaida guda biyu na kamfanoni. Shugaban kasar Indonesia [[Joko Widodo]] ya ba da umarnin duk asibitoci da ''puskesmas'' (asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma) su kasance a buɗe na awanni 24. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, akwai sabbin wurare masu zafi 825 a Sumatra, tare da ganuwa a Riau ya lalace zuwa mita 50. An soke kusan jirage 66 a Pekanbaru. Da tsakar rana, hawan ya kara muni yayin da iska ta zama rawaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Help, Thick Smoke Surrounding Pekanbaru |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/3049389/tolong-asap-pekat-menguning-kepung-pekanbaru |access-date=21 October 2015 |publisher=Detik.com |language=id |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024004957/http://news.detik.com/berita/3049389/tolong-asap-pekat-menguning-kepung-pekanbaru |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnatin Riau, daga baya ta yi sanarwa cewa rikicin haze ya kashe 'yan ƙasarsu sannu a hankali ta hanyar shan su. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, an ba da rahoton cewa adadin masu fama da matsalar numfashi ya karu zuwa 78,829 a Riau kadai. Mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi fama da tashin hankali da ciwon idanu. Galibin wadanda hatsarin ya kashe dalibai ne da jariran da aka haifa. Wata daliba ‘yar shekara tara da ke aji uku ta mutu sakamakon hayakin kuma likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya da suka yi kokarin ceto yaron sun bayyana cewa huhun yaron ya cika da hayaki. Haka kuma wani jariri dan wata 15 ya rasu a garin Jambi. Hotunan mamacin da aka dauka tare da mahaifiyar jaririn sun yadu a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foto Bayi Meninggal Akibat Kabut Asap Ramai di Medsos |url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/10/02/340/1224950/foto-bayi-meninggal-akibat-kabut-asap-ramai-di-medsos |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Okezone}}</ref> Rikicin hazo ya kuma katse binciken da ake yi na neman jirgin Eurocopter EC130 da ya bata tare da mutane biyar a tafkin Toba. Shi dai wanda ya tsira da ransa ya bayyana cewa musabbabin hadarin shi ne hazo. kpkgg6s0rgq7b8bl9ht1cm0l9vplao9 0 121547 879777 740512 2026-07-09T19:43:06Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''jerin kalmomin Afirka a cikin Jamaican Patois''' Ya lura da kalmomin aro da yawa a cikin Jamaic Patois waɗanda za a iya gano su zuwa takamaiman Harsunan [[Afirka]], mafi yawansu kalmomin [[Yaren Akan|Twi]] ne. Yawancin waɗannan kalmomin Afirka sun isa Jamaica ta hanyar bayi na [[Afirka]] waɗanda aka kai su can a zamanin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]]. Yawancin kalmomin da aka samo daga [[Afirka]] a cikin Jamaican Patois suna da alaƙa da abinci, ruhaniya, jiki, dangantakar mutum da mutum, da halayyar zamantakewa, suna nuna fifiko na al'adu da abubuwan da suka faru na al'ummomin bayi. Misali, "duppy" (ghost) an yi imanin ya samo asali ne daga yarukan Akan ko Ga, yayin da "nyam" (don ci) na iya fitowa daga Twi ko Fula. Jamaican Patois yana da tasiri sosai daga harsunan [[Afirka]], yana fadada fiye da ƙamus don haɗawa da abubuwa kamar rhythm, tone, da syntax. Musamman, yana da alamun kalmomi na jerin, jaddada sauti, da rashin yarjejeniyar magana-kalma, waɗanda halaye ne da suka dace da tsarin harshe na Afirka. Wadannan gudummawar harshe wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Jamaica kuma suna ci gaba da tsara wallafe-wallafen ƙasar, kiɗa, da al'adun baki. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Patwa !Harshe !Kalmomin asali !Bayyanawa |- |Garin Accompong |Akan |Acheampong, sunan Asante. Sunan Nanny na Maroons da ɗan'uwanta wanda ya kafa garin Maroon na wannan sunan.<ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Ackee, akeee |Akan |Anky |"wani nau'in abinci / 'ya'yan itace", "ya'yan itatuwa na cashew" |- |Daidaitaccen, Daidaitawa |Akan, Ga Language (kalma ce ta aro ta Akan, Ga tana da kalmomin aro na Akan da yawa kuma a wani lokaci Akwamu-Akan ya ci nasara) |Adópé (Dwarf a cikin harshen Ga, amma aro daga Twi kamar al'adun Ga da yawa. A cikin al'adun Akan, fatalwowi suna ɗaukar nau'in dwarves[Mmotia] da birai[aboatia ko karɓareh] [duba -tia a matsayin Twi suffix don nuna ƙaramin matsayi, fatalwoyi a cikin al'adar Akan da Jamaica ana ganin su a matsayin masu canza siffar, suna iya zama babba ko ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. |Aljanin, Ghost, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a cikin Turanci na Jamaica a matsayin "duppy" |- |Red Eye |Akan |Ani bere |"komanye - fassarar kai tsaye daga Akan zuwa Turanci" |- |Adrue |Akan, Ewe (Akwamu-Akan kuma sun ci nasara a kan Ewe kuma sun gabatar musu da ra'ayoyi kamar gadon matrilineal, kujeru kuma ba shakka kalmomin aro na Akan Ewe sun kasance asali kuma har yanzu suna da patrilineal.) |Adúru, adrú |"powder, magani, magani" <ref name="caspg4" /> |- |Afasia, afasayah |Akan, Ewe |Afaséw, afaséɛ |"ƙananan [[Doya|yam]] na daji" <ref name="caspg4" /> |- |Afu yam |Akan |Afúw |"farm" ko "shuka" |- |Ahpetti |Akan |O-peyi |Wani amulet |- |Anansi |Akan |Anansi |"Spider" kuma suna da halin gargajiya na Akan. |- |Bafan |Akan |Bafan |mai nakasa. |- |Bissy |Akan |Kiss |Kola Nut |- |Brownin' |Akan |Oburoni |fari ko kusa da fari <ref name="caspg20" /> |- |Aboki |Akan |Boɔ ja (mai suna:buddy) |shinkafa. A Jamaica, an kwatanta azzakari da siffar plantain. <ref name="caspg20" /> |- |Butu dung (kalma) |Akan |Butu |don tsayawa ko shimfiɗa |- |Burru |Asante-Akan |Waƙoƙin Kete |daga Twi 'Aburukwa', ƙaramin drum a cikin kiɗa na Kete. Kete wani nau'i ne na muryar yaƙi wanda ya samo asali ne daga mutanen Asante, sannan ya bazu zuwa wasu Akans. A Jamaica. Ana kiranta Buru. |- |Buru |Akan |''Abrɔ'' (mai suna Aburu) ma'ana mai lalacewa. |- |Casha |Asante-Akan |Kaseɛ́ |Acacia ko "ƙaya" |- |Dokunu |Fante-Akan |[[Dɔkono|Harkokin da ake ciki]] | (wanda aka fi sani da zane-zane mai launin shudi ko tie-a-leaf a Jamaica) abinci, kayan zaki mai kama da gurasa. |- |Cocobay |Akan |Kokobé |"tsuntsu"<ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Fufu yam |Akan |Fufuo ma'anar fari kuma yana nufin abincin Akan wanda aka buga a cikin fararen yam da maniyyi.<ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |fararen yam |- |Ginal |Akan (Ashanti Twi) |Gyegyefuo, Gyegyeni. |Mutumin da ba a ɗauka da muhimmanci ba, wawa ne. Wani ɗan yaudara (a Jamaica kawai) |- |Kaba-kaba |Yoruba | |"marar dogaro, ƙasa, mara amfani" |- |Kas-Kas |Akan |Kasakasa |Wani Tattaunawa |- |Kete |Asante-Akan |Aburukwa |"ƙananan drum a cikin kiɗa na Kete" |- |Ka zo ka ga ko Konkonsa |Akan |Konkonsa |"tsuntsu" <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Mumu |Yammacin Afirka | |"wauta", "wauta" <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Odum |Akan |Odum |wani nau'in itace |- |Obeah |Akan (Ashanti Twi) |Obbayi |"maƙaryaci" |- |Opete |Akan |Opete; archaic amma kiyaye ta maroons, yanzu an maye gurbinsa da John Crow, wani dan kasuwa na bawa mai suna John Correntee (Kurentsir). Jama'ar Jamaica na zamani suna amfani da kalmar John Crow don nufin gaggafa kuma a matsayin zagi don nufin mai cin amana ko mugun mutum. |"tsuntsu"<ref name="caspg20" /> |- |Paki |Akan |Awai |calabash |- |Patu |Akan |Patu |"Kwari" <ref name="caspg20" /> |- |Mutumin Bugawa |Asante-Akan |Mai koyo |wani nau'in drum da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kiɗa na Kete da Buru . |- |Rashin wuta |a duniya Yammacin Afirka | |"mud", "muddy" <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Pum-pum Yam, Pum |Akan |Ɔpuna Bayere (Puna Yam) |''Mutumin Puna'' ko Puna wani yam wanda yayi kama da rabin rabin ulva na mace. Pum-pum yana nufin ulva ko farji a Jamaica. |- |Backra |Efik |Mbakára |"farar fata" <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Juk |Fula |Jukka |"karya", "karya" |- |Attoo |Ibo |Atú |"saki mai cinyewa" |- |Breechee |Ibo |Mbùríchì |[[Masarautar Nri|Nri-Igbo]] mai daraja |- |Rashin gashi |Ibo |chị́nchị́ |'Beddbug' |- |Ƙasar Ibo |Ibo |Ya bayyana |Pluchea odorata ko Ptisana purpurascens |- |Himba |Ibo |Mba |"ya root", wani nau'in yam, Rajania cordata |- |Nyam |Fula |Nyam |cin abinci |- |[[Kuɓewa|Okra]] |Ibo |kokwurụ |wani nau'in kayan lambu <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |- |Red Ibo, Eboe |Ibo |Ya bayyana |mutum mai launin fata mai haske ko mulatto na iyayen da suka haɗu |- |Ɗaya |Ibo |inda aka haɗa |"ku (da yawa) " |- |Dingki |Kongo | |Bikin jana'izar <ref name="GLS 1996" /> |- |Dundus |Kongo |ndundu |"albino", "farin mutum", "Turai" <ref name="Cassidy 2002 112" /> |- |Abe |Akan |Abe |Kwayar kwakwa |- |Pinda |Kongo | |"man shanu" <ref name="McWhorter 2000" /> |} == Manazarta == 3f9dokqpv8yv68z99h6of1am9idbglo 0 122037 880023 742385 2026-07-10T08:59:22Z Nnamadee 31123 880023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmed Rebai''' ( Arabic ), da cikakken sunansa Ahmed Ben Wajdi Rebai (أحمد بن وجدي الرباعي), an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1997, a [[Tunisiya|Tunis]], mawaƙin [[Tunisiya]] ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> Ya fito daga dangin mawaƙa daga Sfax, shi ne ɗan'uwan mawaƙa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Yarantaka da horo === Ahmed Rebai, an haife shi a shekara ta 1997 a Tunis a cikin dangin mawaƙa, tare da mahaifinsa Wajdi, ƙwararren mawaki, da kawun sa Saber, sanannen mawaƙi. Mahaifinsa ya fahimci cewa ɗansa yana da basira kuma dole ne a tallafa masa a matakan farko kuma musamman taimaka masa ya bunkasa aikinsa. [2] Da wuri, ya ƙarfafa shi ya koyi kiɗa da buga violin a makarantu na musamman, kamar National Conservatory of Music a Tunis. Ahmed Rebai ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara sha daya. Bayan samun digirinsa, ya bi karatun jami'a a Higher Institute of Music of Tunis, inda ya sami lasisi na asali a fannin kiɗa da kiɗa a cikin 2019. A cikin 2020, ya biyo bayan karatun masters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Sana'a === * Tushen wahayinsa shine kawun sa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]], amma kuma [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Ali Riahi da Dhikra Mohamed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * A watan Disambar 2016, yana da shekaru 19, ya fitar da wakarsa ta farko, ''Abati'' (أبتي ko ''Babana''), wanda Bachir Lakkani ya rubuta kuma Najib Meslmani ya yi.<ref name=":0" /> * A cikin Satumba 2018 ya saki ''Nhebbek Men Ghir Tfalsif guda ɗaya.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * A watan Yuni 2019, ya fito a talabijin a cikin nunin ''Fekrat Sami Fehri'' kuma ya ba da sanarwar sakin kundi na farko mai suna ''Waad'', wanda waƙarsa ta farko ta haɗu da mawaƙin Hossam Said, mawaki Osman Gad da mai shiryawa. Ahmed Magdy; faifan bidiyon waƙar darakta Seif El Saher ne ya jagoranci. * A cikin Yuni 2020, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar aikin fasaha na talla don Banque Zitouna, tare da waƙa mai suna ''Ahna Tejmaana Al Kiyam'' kuma Lotfi Bouchnak da Insaf Ben Ghalia suka fassara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Satumba 2018: maido da taken ''Gabbar'' na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] a yayin taron ''Essmaani 1'' wanda kungiyar masu bincike kan cutar daji ta shirya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ "Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend !"]. ''Musicien Tunisie'' (in French). 2018-09-18. Archived from [https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ the original] on 2020-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Oktoba 2018: girmamawa ga Hassan Dahmani tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Janairu 2019: ''La Mélodie de la Révolution'' concert '': fassara nufin mutane zuwa kiɗa!'' Kungiyar kade-kade ta kasar Tunisiya ta bayar tare da mawakiya Leïla Hjaiej a lokacin bikin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da aka shirya a Cité de la Culture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2019 : bako mai ban mamaki na mawaki Latifa Arfaoui wanda tare da shi ya yi ''Ahimou Bi Tounes El Khadhra'' a kan dandalin bikin Carthage na kasa da kasa . * Agusta 2019 : duet tare da Eya Daghnouj a lokacin bikin kaddamar da bugu na farko na Nuits du Théâtre de l'Opéra a Hammamet, tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Lassoued. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=أحمد الرباعي: لم أشارك في ذا فويس بسبب عمي صابر الرباعي |url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/990171/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=مجلة سيدتي |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2020: nunin da aka gabatar a bikin cika shekaru 63 na shelar Jamhuriyar da interpété ta kungiyar kade-kade ta Symphony ta Tunisiya, karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Bouslama, kungiyar mawakan Opera na Tunis, kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya kuma mawaki Abir Derbel. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] jhov53oqzguqn3ba91zo9rv88c4me1l 880024 880023 2026-07-10T09:00:00Z Nnamadee 31123 880024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmed Rebai''' ( Arabic ), da cikakken sunansa Ahmed Ben Wajdi Rebai (أحمد بن وجدي الرباعي), an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1997, a [[Tunisiya|Tunis]], mawaƙin [[Tunisiya]] ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> Ya fito daga dangin mawaƙa daga Sfax, shi ne ɗan'uwan mawaƙa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Yarantaka da horo === Ahmed Rebai, an haife shi a shekara ta 1997 a Tunis a cikin dangin mawaƙa, tare da mahaifinsa Wajdi, ƙwararren mawaki, da kawun sa Saber, sanannen mawaƙi. Mahaifinsa ya fahimci cewa ɗansa yana da basira kuma dole ne a tallafa masa a matakan farko kuma musamman taimaka masa ya bunkasa aikinsa. [2] Da wuri, ya ƙarfafa shi ya koyi kiɗa da buga violin a makarantu na musamman, kamar National Conservatory of Music a Tunis. Ahmed Rebai ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara sha daya. Bayan samun digirinsa, ya bi karatun jami'a a Higher Institute of Music of Tunis, inda ya sami lasisi na asali a fannin kiɗa da kiɗa a cikin 2019. A cikin 2020, ya biyo bayan karatun masters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Sana'a === * Tushen wahayinsa shine kawun sa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]], amma kuma [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Ali Riahi da Dhikra Mohamed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * A watan Disambar 2016, yana da shekaru 19, ya fitar da wakarsa ta farko, ''Abati'' (أبتي ko ''Babana''), wanda Bachir Lakkani ya rubuta kuma Najib Meslmani ya yi.<ref name=":0" /> * A cikin Satumba 2018 ya saki ''Nhebbek Men Ghir Tfalsif guda ɗaya.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * A watan Yuni 2019, ya fito a talabijin a cikin nunin ''Fekrat Sami Fehri'' kuma ya ba da sanarwar sakin kundi na farko mai suna ''Waad'', wanda waƙarsa ta farko ta haɗu da mawaƙin Hossam Said, mawaki Osman Gad da mai shiryawa. Ahmed Magdy; faifan bidiyon waƙar darakta Seif El Saher ne ya jagoranci. * A cikin Yuni 2020, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar aikin fasaha na talla don Banque Zitouna, tare da waƙa mai suna ''Ahna Tejmaana Al Kiyam'' kuma Lotfi Bouchnak da Insaf Ben Ghalia suka fassara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Satumba 2018: maido da taken ''Gabbar'' na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] a yayin taron ''Essmaani 1'' wanda kungiyar masu bincike kan cutar daji ta shirya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ "Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend !"]. ''Musicien Tunisie'' (in French). 2018-09-18. Archived from [https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ the original] on 2020-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Oktoba 2018: girmamawa ga Hassan Dahmani tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Janairu 2019: ''La Mélodie de la Révolution'' concert '': fassara nufin mutane zuwa kiɗa!'' Kungiyar kade-kade ta kasar Tunisiya ta bayar tare da mawakiya Leïla Hjaiej a lokacin bikin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da aka shirya a Cité de la Culture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2019: bako mai ban mamaki na mawaki Latifa Arfaoui wanda tare da shi ya yi ''Ahimou Bi Tounes El Khadhra'' a kan dandalin bikin Carthage na kasa da kasa . * Agusta 2019: duet tare da Eya Daghnouj a lokacin bikin kaddamar da bugu na farko na Nuits du Théâtre de l'Opéra a Hammamet, tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Lassoued. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=أحمد الرباعي: لم أشارك في ذا فويس بسبب عمي صابر الرباعي |url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/990171/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=مجلة سيدتي |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2020: nunin da aka gabatar a bikin cika shekaru 63 na shelar Jamhuriyar da interpété ta kungiyar kade-kade ta Symphony ta Tunisiya, karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Bouslama, kungiyar mawakan Opera na Tunis, kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya kuma mawaki Abir Derbel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 21nnivebdz6oyrri1f833nhrr52m9uy 880025 880024 2026-07-10T09:00:42Z Nnamadee 31123 880025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmed Rebai''' ( Arabic ), da cikakken sunansa Ahmed Ben Wajdi Rebai (أحمد بن وجدي الرباعي), an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1997, a [[Tunisiya|Tunis]], mawaƙin [[Tunisiya]] ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> Ya fito daga dangin mawaƙa daga Sfax, shi ne ɗan'uwan mawaƙa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Yarantaka da horo === Ahmed Rebai, an haife shi a shekara ta 1997 a Tunis a cikin dangin mawaƙa, tare da mahaifinsa Wajdi, ƙwararren mawaki, da kawun sa Saber, sanannen mawaƙi. Mahaifinsa ya fahimci cewa ɗansa yana da basira kuma dole ne a tallafa masa a matakan farko kuma musamman taimaka masa ya bunkasa aikinsa. [2] Da wuri, ya ƙarfafa shi ya koyi kiɗa da buga violin a makarantu na musamman, kamar National Conservatory of Music a Tunis. Ahmed Rebai ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara sha daya. Bayan samun digirinsa, ya bi karatun jami'a a Higher Institute of Music of Tunis, inda ya sami lasisi na asali a fannin kiɗa da kiɗa a cikin 2019. A cikin 2020, ya biyo bayan karatun masters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Sana'a === * Tushen wahayinsa shine kawun sa [[Sabar Rebai|Saber Rebaï]], amma kuma [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Ali Riahi da Dhikra Mohamed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About me – Ahmed Rebai |url=https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ahmedrebai.com/about-me/ "About me – Ahmed Rebai"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * A watan Disambar 2016, yana da shekaru 19, ya fitar da wakarsa ta farko, ''Abati'' (أبتي ko ''Babana''), wanda Bachir Lakkani ya rubuta kuma Najib Meslmani ya yi.<ref name=":0" /> * A cikin Satumba 2018 ya saki ''Nhebbek Men Ghir Tfalsif guda ɗaya.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * A watan Yuni 2019, ya fito a talabijin a cikin nunin ''Fekrat Sami Fehri'' kuma ya ba da sanarwar sakin kundi na farko mai suna ''Waad'', wanda waƙarsa ta farko ta haɗu da mawaƙin Hossam Said, mawaki Osman Gad da mai shiryawa. Ahmed Magdy; faifan bidiyon waƙar darakta Seif El Saher ne ya jagoranci. * A cikin Yuni 2020, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar aikin fasaha na talla don Banque Zitouna, tare da waƙa mai suna ''Ahna Tejmaana Al Kiyam'' kuma Lotfi Bouchnak da Insaf Ben Ghalia suka fassara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Satumba 2018: maido da taken ''Gabbar'' na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] a yayin taron ''Essmaani 1'' wanda kungiyar masu bincike kan cutar daji ta shirya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend ! |url=https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=Musicien Tunisie |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081812/https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ "Ahmed Rebai : Un bel avenir l'attend !"]. ''Musicien Tunisie'' (in French). 2018-09-18. Archived from [https://www.musicien.tn/interview/ahmed-rebai-un-bel-avenir-lattend/ the original] on 2020-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Oktoba 2018: girmamawa ga Hassan Dahmani tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Janairu 2019: ''La Mélodie de la Révolution'' concert '': fassara nufin mutane zuwa kiɗa!'' Kungiyar kade-kade ta kasar Tunisiya ta bayar tare da mawakiya Leïla Hjaiej a lokacin bikin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da aka shirya a Cité de la Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2019: bako mai ban mamaki na mawaki Latifa Arfaoui wanda tare da shi ya yi ''Ahimou Bi Tounes El Khadhra'' a kan dandalin bikin Carthage na kasa da kasa. * Agusta 2019: duet tare da Eya Daghnouj a lokacin bikin kaddamar da bugu na farko na Nuits du Théâtre de l'Opéra a Hammamet, tare da rakiyar kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Lassoued.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=أحمد الرباعي: لم أشارك في ذا فويس بسبب عمي صابر الرباعي |url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/990171/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=مجلة سيدتي |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=مبتدا |date=2019-10-16 |title=فيديو{{!}} على خطى عمه.. أحمد الرباعى يطرح "حكايتى أنا" |url=https://www.mobtada.com/details/878516 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.mobtada.com |language=ar}}</ref> * Yuli 2020: nunin da aka gabatar a bikin cika shekaru 63 na shelar Jamhuriyar da interpété ta kungiyar kade-kade ta Symphony ta Tunisiya, karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Bouslama, kungiyar mawakan Opera na Tunis, kungiyar kade-kade ta Tunisiya kuma mawaki Abir Derbel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=احمد الرباعي {{!}} المنبر التونسي |url=https://www.almanber-ettounsi.com/tag/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] hzjo19mm314lf81bcmf6yabw1clu3qt 0 122633 879619 791608 2026-07-09T14:43:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgette Elise Bauerdorf''' (6 ga Mayu, 1924 - 12 ga Oktoba, 1944) 'yar Amurka ce kuma magajin mai wanda aka shake a gidanta da ke West Hollywood, California. Har yanzu ba a warware kisan nata ba.<ref>"Miss Bauerdorf, Oil Man's Daughter, Slain By Strangler in Her Hollywood Apartment". ''The New York Times''. Vol. 93, no. 91. The Associated Press. 14 October 1944. p. 15. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</ref> == A shekarun farko == An haifi Georgette Bauerdorf a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da aka haifa wa mai sayar da mai George Frederick Bauerdorf da matarsa, Constance Dannhauser.<ref>"US, World War II Draft Registration Cards (entry: George Frederick Bauerdorf)". Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2018 – via Ancestry.com.</ref><ref>"California, Death Index (entry: Georgette Elise Bauerdorf)". Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2018 – via Ancestry.com.</ref><ref>Katz, Hélèna (2010). "Georgette Bauerdorf: The Mysterious Death of an Oil Executive's Daughter (1944)". ''Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America'' (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, California, United States of America: Greenwood (ABC-CLIO, LLC). pp. 177–182. ISBN <bdi>978-0-313-37692-4</bdi> – via Google Books.</ref> Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Constance (wanda aka sani da Connie). Georgette ta fara zuwa Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St. Agatha a birnin New York;[5] bayan da iyalan suka koma Los Angeles a shekarar 1935, ta halarci Makarantar Marlborough da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Westlake.[6] Mutuwar mahaifiyar Georgette ta riga ta zama mace ta farko da ta ƙaura. Georgette ta yi burin zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta koma West Hollywood a watan Agusta 1944.[4] Ta ɗauki gida a El Palacio Apartments da ke lamba 8493 Fountain Avenue kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin ƙaramar mai masaukin baki a Hollywood Canteen, inda ta yi rawa tare da ma'aikatan da aka ɗauka aiki.[7][8] Kwana ɗaya kafin mutuwarta, Georgette ta karɓi cekin $175 ta sayi tikitin jirgin sama zuwa El Paso, [[Texas]], akan $90. Ta gaya wa abokanta cewa za ta je can don yin ganawa da saurayinta, soja. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, Pvt. Jerome M. Brown, wani mai horar da jiragen yaƙi da ke aiki a sansanin Callan, hukumomin Fort Bliss sun gano shi a matsayin mutumin da Georgette ta shirya ziyarta. Brown ya shaida wa jami'an sojoji cewa sun haɗu a Hollywood Canteen a daren 13 ga Yuni.[7] Ya tafi El Paso kwanaki da yawa bayan ganawarsu, amma ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasiƙa ta wasiƙa.[9] == Kisan Kai == A daren 11 ga Oktoba, 1944, Georgette ta bar aiki a Hollywood Canteen da misalin ƙarfe 11:15 na dare. Ta shafe sa'o'i da dama tana rawa a wani kulob na gida mai suna Palladium, ta tafi da misalin karfe 2 na safe. Tana tukin mota zuwa gida, Georgette ta dauki wani sajan soja mai suna Gordon Aadland, wanda shi ma ya tafi Palladium; ta kuma shaida wa Aadland cewa tana sauri zuwa gida don karbar kiran waya daga saurayinta a Texas. Wannan shi ne karo na karshe da aka gan ta da rai.[8] A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, ma'aikatan gidan yari sun zo gidan Georgette suka ga gawarta tana shawagi a cikin wani baho mai cike da ruwa.[10] Ana kyautata zaton wani mutum ne ya kai wa Georgette hari wanda ke jiran ta a cikin gidan. Sufeto William Penprase na Sashen Sheriff na Gundumar Los Angeles ya bayyana cewa an cire wata fitilar dare ta atomatik a bakin kofar gidan don ta yi duhu; ana kyautata zaton mai kisan ya tsaya a kan kujera don isa ga fitilar kusan ƙafa takwas daga ƙasa. An sami alamun yatsa a kan kwan fitilar. An ƙarfafa ka'idar wani mai kutse ta hanyar gwangwanin wake da aka yi da kuma wasu tarkacen kankana a cikin kwandon shara a ɗakin girkin Georgette. Masu bincike sun yi tunanin cewa ta ci wani abun ciye-ciye kafin ta sauka a sama zuwa ɗakin kwananta. Binciken cikinta ya nuna cewa ta ci wake mai kauri kimanin awa ɗaya kafin mutuwarta. Ba a sace kayan adonta da sauran kayayyaki masu daraja ba, kodayake an ɗauki kusan dala 100 daga [[jakarta]]. Akwai tarin kuɗi na dala 2 da kuma dubban azurfa na azurfa a cikin akwati a buɗe. An ɓata wata mota kirar Oldsmobile ta 1936, wacce aka yi wa rijista da sunan 'yar'uwar Georgette, a wurin. Lokacin da aka gano motar, akwai rauni a ɗaya daga cikin shingen. Injiniyoyin sun ce lalacewar ta faru ne kwanan nan kuma wataƙila sakamakon karo da wata mota ce. An gano motar Oldsmobile da aka yi watsi da ita a kan titin East 25th, kusa da titin San Pedro, inda da alama man fetur ya ƙare. Georgette ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai da mai kai mata hari. Wani bincike da likitan tiyata na gundumar Los Angeles, Frank R. Webb, ya gudanar ya gano raunuka da raunuka da yawa, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an yi mata fyaɗe. An yi wa ƙusoshin hannun dama na Georgette rauni kuma an yi musu rauni. Akwai babban rauni a gefen dama na kanta da kuma wani a cikinta, wataƙila sakamakon duka daga dunkule-dunkule. An shaƙe ta da wani abu da aka saka a makogwaronta. Webb ta ce cinyarta ta dama ta nuna alamar rauni na hannu "har ma da alamun farce da suka huda fata".[11] == Bincike == Sake gina kisan ya bai wa masu bincike ra'ayin cewa mai laifin ya shiga gidan Georgette ta hanyar makullin sirri ya kwanta a ƙasa har sai ta shirya kwanciya. Wata yiwuwar kuma ita ce ya buga ƙararrawar ƙofar bayan ta yi ritaya. Penprase ta yi imanin cewa ba zai yiwu ba cewa wani soja ya raka Georgette gida. Ta iya haɗuwa da wani a gidan abinci wanda ya tuka ta zuwa gida ya bar ta a ƙofar, sannan daga baya ya dawo ya kashe ta bayan ta shirya kwanciya. Bango da ƙofofin ginin gidan Georgette an kare su daga sauti;[12] duk da haka, wani maƙwabci, wanda ya nemi a sakaya sunansa, ya shaida wa Kyaftin Gordon Bowers na Sashen Sheriff cewa ihu ya tashe shi da misalin ƙarfe 2:30 na safe. Da farko ya ji ihu wanda ya sa shi zaune a tsaye a kan gado, sai kuma muryar mace tana ihu, "Dakata, tsaya, kana kashe ni!" Ya ce ihun ya lafa nan da nan. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1924]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1944]] 4i9w1i4sw3minvvpxijx9b2jbcim35t 0 122850 880012 745797 2026-07-10T07:41:16Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 880012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Kisan Michelle Martinko ya faru ne a Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Amurka, a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1979. Shari'ar ta kasance mai zafi har zuwa 2018, lokacin da DNA na iyali ya gano wanda ake zargi shekaru 39 bayan laifin wanda aka tuhume shi, aka yi masa shari'a aka kuma yanke masa hukunci kan kisanta.[2] A shekara ta 2006, wani mai bincike kan shari'ar sanyi ya gano jinin da ba a san ko waye ba, wanda ake kyautata zaton na mai kisan ne, yayin da yake duba fayilolin shari'ar. An ƙirƙiri bayanin DNA daga wannan shaidar kuma aka shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Haɗakar DNA na ƙasa (CODIS), amma ba a sami wani daidaito ba. A shekara ta 2017, an ɗauki wani kamfani da ya ƙware a fannin ƙirƙirar DNA don samar da sabon kimantawar bayyanar mai kisan bisa ga samfurin DNA kawai. A shekara ta 2018, kamfanin ya shigar da bayanan DNA daga shari'ar zuwa gidan yanar gizon tarihin jama'a na GEDmatch, inda ya sami daidaiton DNA na iyali. A watan Oktoban 2018, an tattara DNA daga wani mutum a Iowa, Jerry Lynn Burns, kuma an gano cewa ya yi daidai da samfurin da aka gano a jikin rigar Martinko.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4" /> An kama Burns kuma, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2020, an same shi da laifin kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Martinko. A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2020, an yanke wa Burns hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da an yi masa afuwa ba.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Spoerre|first=Anna|date=February 24, 2020|title='This is Michelle's day': Jury convicts Iowa man of first-degree murder in 1979 slaying of Cedar Rapids teen|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2020/02/24/jerry-lynn-burns-trial-michelle-martinko-murder-iowa-cold-case-verdict/4855807002/|access-date=February 24, 2020|website=[[Des Moines Register]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mehaffey|first=Trish|date=February 24, 2020|title=Jerry Burns found guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Michelle Martinko|url=https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/public-safety/jerry-burns-found-guilty-of-first-degree-murder-in-the-death-of-michelle-martinko-20200224|access-date=February 24, 2020|website=[[The Gazette (Cedar Rapids)|The Gazette]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=August 7, 2020|title=BREAKING: Jerry Burns, convicted of killing Michelle Martinko, officially sentenced to life in prison|url=http://kwwl.com/2020/08/07/watch-live-sentencing-of-jerry-burns-convicted-of-killing-michelle-martinko/|access-date=August 7, 2020|publisher=[[KWWL (TV)|KWWL]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayani == Michelle Martinko Michelle Martinko An haifi Michelle Marie Martinko 6 ga Oktoba, 1961 Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Amurka Ta rasu a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1979 (tana da shekaru 18) Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Amurka Musabbabin mutuwa Ana soka Wurin hutu Cedar Memorial Park Makabartar Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Amurka 42.023°N 91.634°W An haifi Michelle Marie Martinko (6 ga Oktoba, 1961 - 19 ga Disamba, 1979) a Cedar Rapids, Iowa.[7] Martinko ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu na Albert F. Martinko da Janet Martinko (ɗan Zillig).[8][9] Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cedar Rapids Kennedy, inda ta kasance ɗaliba mafi girma kuma jami'an makaranta suna girmama ta sosai.[10][11] Ta kuma kasance ƙwararriyar mai wasan kwaikwayo, ta shiga ƙungiyar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take ƙarama, kuma ta yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaka da kuma shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.[2] Ba ta da abokai ko abokan amintattu da yawa, wanda aka yi hasashen cewa kishi ne ya haifar da shi daga wasu ɗalibai game da kyawunta da tufafinta masu kyau[11] ko kuma rikici kan wani yaro da ta yi soyayya da shi.[12] Martinko, wacce take babbar sakandare a lokacin da aka kashe ta, tana da shirin zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Iowa don yin karatun ƙirar ciki.[2] == Jerry Lynn Burns == Jerry Lynn Burns (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1953[13]) yana da shekaru 25 lokacin da ya kashe Michelle Martinko a watan Disamba 1979. Ya girma a Manchester, Iowa, kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta West Delaware a shekarar 1972. Ya zauna a Manchester a lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 2018 kuma yana da kasuwancin shafa foda a birnin. Ya yi aiki a John Deere kuma ya mallaki tasha tare da manyan motoci. Burns ya taɓa auren Patricia Burns, wacce ta mutu a shekarar 2008 sakamakon kashe kanta.[14] Ɗan uwan ​​Burns, Brian Burns, ya ɓace a ranar tunawa da kisan Michelle (Disamba 19, 2013), kuma an gano gawarsa a watan Nuwamba 2023.[15] Duk da cewa kama Burns a shari'ar Martinko ya haifar da tambayoyi game da abubuwan biyu, 'yan sanda ba su yarda cewa Burns yana da hannu a cikin ɗayan biyun ba.[16] == Kisa da bincike == Kisa Westdale Mall a 2006 Wata Buick Electra ta 1972 mai kama da motar da aka gano an kashe Martinko a ciki A yammacin ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1979, Martinko ta halarci wani liyafa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kennedy Concert a Sheraton Inn da ke Cedar Rapids.[10] Ta saka riga mai launin baƙi da mayafi baƙi, tiyo mai launin baƙi da diddige, da kuma jaket mai launin fari da launin ruwan kasa mai tsawon kugu, kuma tana ɗauke da jaka mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa.[9] Bayan taron, ta tambayi ƙawarta da abokin aikinta na ƙungiyar da ke zagaye ko tana son ta haɗu da ita a wani tafiya ta siyayya zuwa Westdale Mall, wanda aka buɗe kwanan nan, kuma inda Martinko ke aiki. Kawarta ta ƙi. Daga nan Martinko ta nemi wani abokinta ya tafi kasuwa tare da ita; wannan ƙawar ta ce eh da farko amma daga baya ta canza ra'ayinta. Daga nan Martinko ta tafi kasuwa ita kaɗai, tana ɗauke da dala $180 kuma tana da niyyar kammala siyan sabuwar rigar hunturu da ke kan layi.[2] Da ta isa, ta bincika shagunan kuma ta yi magana da abokai da sauran mutanen da ta san suna aiki a can.[9] An gan ta a ƙarshe kusan ƙarfe 9 na dare a wajen wani shagon kayan ado a cikin kasuwa.[2][17] Da ƙarfe 2 na safe, tunda Martinko bai dawo gida ba, mahaifinta ya ba da rahoton ɓacewarta. Ya fara nemanta, kamar yadda 'yan sanda suka yi. Da ƙarfe 4 na safe, 'yan sanda sun sami Buick Electra na dangin Martinko mai launin ruwan kasa da kore na 1972 a kusurwar arewa maso gabas na filin ajiye motoci na babban kanti ta JCPenney.[9] An sami Martinko a ciki ya faɗi a kan kujerar fasinja aka kuma daba mata wuka har lahira.[2] An daba wa Martinko wuka sau 29 a fuska, wuya, da ƙirjinta.[2][5] Hannuwanta sun ji raunuka masu kariya, wanda 'yan sanda suka ce ya nuna cewa ta yi faɗa da wanda ya kashe ta.[2] 'Yan sanda sun gano daga rashin jini a wajen motar cewa an kashe Martinko yayin da take cikin motar, kuma daga baya mai binciken lafiya ya kiyasta cewa ta mutu tsakanin ƙarfe 8 zuwa 10 na dare.[18] Makamin kisan kai "mai kaifi ne" amma ba wuka ba ne, kuma mai binciken lafiya bai iya tantance girmansa ba.[9] Mai kisan bai bar wani yatsa ba, wanda ya sa 'yan sanda suka yi imanin cewa sun saka safar hannu.[2] Mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya ce "abin da kowa ke ji shi ne ya ce namiji ne", amma ba su da tabbas game da jinsin mai kisan.[17] Dangane da kuɗin da aka samu a cikin jakar Martinko, 'yan sanda sun kammala da cewa ba a yi mata fashi ba.[9] Tana da cikakken sutura, kuma mai binciken lafiya ya gano cewa ba a yi mata fyade ba.[10] 'Yan sanda sun dauki kisan a matsayin "na sirri" bisa ga adadin raunukan da aka samu da kuma wurin da aka ji musu rauni.[9][2] == Binciken farko == 'Yan sanda ba su da bayanai da yawa kuma sun yi kira ga jama'a don neman shawarwari.[10] Wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya kiyasta cewa a mako guda bayan kisan Martinko, mutane sama da 200 sun amsa roƙon da jami'an tsaro suka yi a labarai don neman bayanai game da lamarin. 'Yan sanda sun yi hira da mutane da yawa, kuma an wanke da yawa daga zargi ta hanyar amfani da rubutun polygraph. An yi hira da wata matashiya da aka samu dauke da wuka kuma an cire ta daga cikin kisan nata, haka nan ma'aikaciyar cibiyar kasuwanci wacce ta shaida wa 'yan sanda cewa tana jin daɗin bin mata da kuma yin amfani da manhajojin shagon. Jita-jita ta fara yaɗuwa game da laifin. Wasu sun yi tunanin cewa Martinko ta sami kiran waya mai tayar da hankali kafin mutuwarta,amma 'yan sanda sun bayyana cewa ba su yi tunanin haka ba.[17] Wani jita-jita ya sake bayyana cewa an sake daba wa Martinko wuka a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa kuma 'yan sanda suna ɓoye shi, wanda 'yan sanda suka musanta.[19] Na wani lokaci, babban wanda ake zargi da kisan Martinko shi ne wani mutum wanda, wata daya da ya gabata, ya shiga gidan Cedar Rapids, ya yi wa wata mata fyade da wuka, sannan ya yi barazanar kashe 'ya'yanta. Ba a taba tuhumarsa da kisan Martinko ba, ya musanta zargin, kuma shaidar DNA, da aka samu daga baya, ba ta yi daidai da DNA dinsa ba. A shekarar 2012, yayin da yake zaman daurin rai da rai saboda wani hari da ba shi da alaƙa da shi, mutumin ya mutu a gidan yari sakamakon cutar kansar hanji.[19][20] Cece-cice ta taso watanni biyar bayan kisan bayan wata mata da ke tuki a wurin ajiye motoci a babban shagon a safiyar ranar 20 ga Disamba ta fito da bayanai. Ta duba wurin ajiye motoci yayin da take wucewa don duba motar 'yarta saboda 'yarta tana aiki a babban shagon kuma tana da tarihin matsalar mota. Ta yi ikirarin cewa ta ga motoci biyu a cikin filin, ɗaya daga cikinsu na Martinko ne, da kuma wani mutum da ke tsaye kusa da ƙofar direban da aka buɗe ta motar Martinko. Ba ta da tabbacin cewa bayananta za su yi amfani domin ta karanta cewa kisan ya faru ne tsakanin ƙarfe 10 na dare zuwa tsakar dare, kuma ƙarfe 2 na safe ne lokacin da ta wuce. Matar ta isar da bayananta ga 'yar sakataren Kwamishinan Tsaron Jama'a kuma ta yi imanin cewa za a mika su ga 'yan sanda idan yana da mahimmanci. 'Yan sanda ba su taɓa samun bayanan ba, kuma matar ba ta tuntuɓi 'yan sanda ba sai bayan watanni, lokacin da suka sake kiran duk wani bayani da ya shafi kisan. Masu bincike sun yi la'akari da tuhumar Kwamishinan da rashin isar da bayanan ga 'yan sanda, amma ba a ci gaba da tuhumar ba.[21] A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1980, 'yan sanda sun fitar da wani zane mai cike da mutum da ake kyautata zaton ya kashe Martinko, wanda suka samo asali daga bayanin da shaidu biyu suka bayar a ƙarƙashin hypnosis.[11] Sun bayyana wani mutum farar fata a ƙarshen shekarunsa na matasa ko farkon shekarun 20, tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa shida kuma yana da nauyin kilo 165–175, mai idanu launin ruwan kasa da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai lanƙwasa.[11][19] A shekarar da ta gabata bayan kisan, adadin mutanen da 'yan sanda suka yi wa tambayoyi ya kai ɗaruruwa, kuma an yi wa mutane har 30 tambayoyi a ƙarƙashin kulawar hypnosis.[11] Yayin da binciken ya ragu, an bayar da lada na dala $10,000 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da zai kai 'yan sanda ga wanda ya kashe shi.[22] An kuma tuntuɓi masu ilimin halin ɗan adam tun da farko a binciken.[11] == Shari'ar sanyi == Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, shari'ar ta yi sanyi.[4] A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mahaifin Martinko ya shigar da ƙara a kan masu Westdale Mall kuma ya yi iƙirarin sakaci wajen rashin samar da "tsaro mai ma'ana" a daren kisan. An ɗaukaka ƙara kuma daga ƙarshe Kotun Koli ta Iowa ta yanke hukunci don kare masu shagon.[2] Mahaifin Martinko, Albert, ya mutu a shekarar 1995. Mahaifiyarta, Janet, ta rasu a shekarar 1998.[2] == Manazarta == mbegkbwzcfc1vl4xit450zgix9zwui1 880013 880012 2026-07-10T07:42:27Z BnHamid 12586 880013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kisan Michelle Martinko ya faru ne a Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Amurka, a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1979. Shari'ar ta kasance mai zafi har zuwa 2018, lokacin da DNA na iyali ya gano wanda ake zargi shekaru 39 bayan laifin wanda aka tuhume shi, aka yi masa shari'a aka kuma yanke masa hukunci kan kisanta.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2006, wani mai bincike kan shari'ar sanyi ya gano jinin da ba a san ko waye ba, wanda ake kyautata zaton na mai kisan ne, yayin da yake duba fayilolin shari'ar. An ƙirƙiri bayanin DNA daga wannan shaidar kuma aka shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Haɗakar DNA na ƙasa (CODIS), amma ba a sami wani daidaito ba. A shekara ta 2017, an ɗauki wani kamfani da ya ƙware a fannin ƙirƙirar DNA don samar da sabon kimantawar bayyanar mai kisan bisa ga samfurin DNA kawai. A shekara ta 2018, kamfanin ya shigar da bayanan DNA daga shari'ar zuwa gidan yanar gizon tarihin jama'a na GEDmatch, inda ya sami daidaiton DNA na iyali. A watan Oktoban 2018, an tattara DNA daga wani mutum a Iowa, Jerry Lynn Burns, kuma an gano cewa ya yi daidai da samfurin da aka gano a jikin rigar Martinko.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4" /> An kama Burns kuma, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2020, an same shi da laifin kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Martinko. A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2020, an yanke wa Burns hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da an yi masa afuwa ba.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Spoerre|first=Anna|date=February 24, 2020|title='This is Michelle's day': Jury convicts Iowa man of first-degree murder in 1979 slaying of Cedar Rapids teen|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2020/02/24/jerry-lynn-burns-trial-michelle-martinko-murder-iowa-cold-case-verdict/4855807002/|access-date=February 24, 2020|website=[[Des Moines Register]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mehaffey|first=Trish|date=February 24, 2020|title=Jerry Burns found guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Michelle Martinko|url=https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/public-safety/jerry-burns-found-guilty-of-first-degree-murder-in-the-death-of-michelle-martinko-20200224|access-date=February 24, 2020|website=[[The Gazette (Cedar Rapids)|The Gazette]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=August 7, 2020|title=BREAKING: Jerry Burns, convicted of killing Michelle Martinko, officially sentenced to life in prison|url=http://kwwl.com/2020/08/07/watch-live-sentencing-of-jerry-burns-convicted-of-killing-michelle-martinko/|access-date=August 7, 2020|publisher=[[KWWL (TV)|KWWL]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayani == An haifi Michelle Marie Martinko (6 ga Oktoba, 1961 - 19 ga Disamba, 1979) a Cedar Rapids, Iowa.[7] Martinko ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu na Albert F. Martinko da Janet Martinko (ɗan Zillig).[8][9] Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cedar Rapids Kennedy, inda ta kasance ɗaliba mafi girma kuma jami'an makaranta suna girmama ta sosai.[10][11] Ta kuma kasance ƙwararriyar mai wasan kwaikwayo, ta shiga ƙungiyar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take ƙarama, kuma ta yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaka da kuma shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.[2] Ba ta da abokai ko abokan amintattu da yawa, wanda aka yi hasashen cewa kishi ne ya haifar da shi daga wasu ɗalibai game da kyawunta da tufafinta masu kyau[11] ko kuma rikici kan wani yaro da ta yi soyayya da shi.[12] Martinko, wacce take babbar sakandare a lokacin da aka kashe ta, tana da shirin zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Iowa don yin karatun ƙirar ciki.[2] == Jerry Lynn Burns == Jerry Lynn Burns (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1953[13]) yana da shekaru 25 lokacin da ya kashe Michelle Martinko a watan Disamba 1979. Ya girma a Manchester, Iowa, kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta West Delaware a shekarar 1972. Ya zauna a Manchester a lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 2018 kuma yana da kasuwancin shafa foda a birnin. Ya yi aiki a John Deere kuma ya mallaki tasha tare da manyan motoci. Burns ya taɓa auren Patricia Burns, wacce ta mutu a shekarar 2008 sakamakon kashe kanta.[14] Ɗan uwan ​​Burns, Brian Burns, ya ɓace a ranar tunawa da kisan Michelle (Disamba 19, 2013), kuma an gano gawarsa a watan Nuwamba 2023.[15] Duk da cewa kama Burns a shari'ar Martinko ya haifar da tambayoyi game da abubuwan biyu, 'yan sanda ba su yarda cewa Burns yana da hannu a cikin ɗayan biyun ba.[16] == Kisa da bincike == Kisa Westdale Mall a 2006 Wata Buick Electra ta 1972 mai kama da motar da aka gano an kashe Martinko a ciki A yammacin ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1979, Martinko ta halarci wani liyafa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kennedy Concert a Sheraton Inn da ke Cedar Rapids.[10] Ta saka riga mai launin baƙi da mayafi baƙi, tiyo mai launin baƙi da diddige, da kuma jaket mai launin fari da launin ruwan kasa mai tsawon kugu, kuma tana ɗauke da jaka mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa.[9] Bayan taron, ta tambayi ƙawarta da abokin aikinta na ƙungiyar da ke zagaye ko tana son ta haɗu da ita a wani tafiya ta siyayya zuwa Westdale Mall, wanda aka buɗe kwanan nan, kuma inda Martinko ke aiki. Kawarta ta ƙi. Daga nan Martinko ta nemi wani abokinta ya tafi kasuwa tare da ita; wannan ƙawar ta ce eh da farko amma daga baya ta canza ra'ayinta. Daga nan Martinko ta tafi kasuwa ita kaɗai, tana ɗauke da dala $180 kuma tana da niyyar kammala siyan sabuwar rigar hunturu da ke kan layi.[2] Da ta isa, ta bincika shagunan kuma ta yi magana da abokai da sauran mutanen da ta san suna aiki a can.[9] An gan ta a ƙarshe kusan ƙarfe 9 na dare a wajen wani shagon kayan ado a cikin kasuwa.[2][17] Da ƙarfe 2 na safe, tunda Martinko bai dawo gida ba, mahaifinta ya ba da rahoton ɓacewarta. Ya fara nemanta, kamar yadda 'yan sanda suka yi. Da ƙarfe 4 na safe, 'yan sanda sun sami Buick Electra na dangin Martinko mai launin ruwan kasa da kore na 1972 a kusurwar arewa maso gabas na filin ajiye motoci na babban kanti ta JCPenney.[9] An sami Martinko a ciki ya faɗi a kan kujerar fasinja aka kuma daba mata wuka har lahira.[2] An daba wa Martinko wuka sau 29 a fuska, wuya, da ƙirjinta.[2][5] Hannuwanta sun ji raunuka masu kariya, wanda 'yan sanda suka ce ya nuna cewa ta yi faɗa da wanda ya kashe ta.[2] 'Yan sanda sun gano daga rashin jini a wajen motar cewa an kashe Martinko yayin da take cikin motar, kuma daga baya mai binciken lafiya ya kiyasta cewa ta mutu tsakanin ƙarfe 8 zuwa 10 na dare.[18] Makamin kisan kai "mai kaifi ne" amma ba wuka ba ne, kuma mai binciken lafiya bai iya tantance girmansa ba.[9] Mai kisan bai bar wani yatsa ba, wanda ya sa 'yan sanda suka yi imanin cewa sun saka safar hannu.[2] Mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya ce "abin da kowa ke ji shi ne ya ce namiji ne", amma ba su da tabbas game da jinsin mai kisan.[17] Dangane da kuɗin da aka samu a cikin jakar Martinko, 'yan sanda sun kammala da cewa ba a yi mata fashi ba.[9] Tana da cikakken sutura, kuma mai binciken lafiya ya gano cewa ba a yi mata fyade ba.[10] 'Yan sanda sun dauki kisan a matsayin "na sirri" bisa ga adadin raunukan da aka samu da kuma wurin da aka ji musu rauni.[9][2] == Binciken farko == 'Yan sanda ba su da bayanai da yawa kuma sun yi kira ga jama'a don neman shawarwari.[10] Wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya kiyasta cewa a mako guda bayan kisan Martinko, mutane sama da 200 sun amsa roƙon da jami'an tsaro suka yi a labarai don neman bayanai game da lamarin. 'Yan sanda sun yi hira da mutane da yawa, kuma an wanke da yawa daga zargi ta hanyar amfani da rubutun polygraph. An yi hira da wata matashiya da aka samu dauke da wuka kuma an cire ta daga cikin kisan nata, haka nan ma'aikaciyar cibiyar kasuwanci wacce ta shaida wa 'yan sanda cewa tana jin daɗin bin mata da kuma yin amfani da manhajojin shagon. Jita-jita ta fara yaɗuwa game da laifin. Wasu sun yi tunanin cewa Martinko ta sami kiran waya mai tayar da hankali kafin mutuwarta,amma 'yan sanda sun bayyana cewa ba su yi tunanin haka ba.[17] Wani jita-jita ya sake bayyana cewa an sake daba wa Martinko wuka a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa kuma 'yan sanda suna ɓoye shi, wanda 'yan sanda suka musanta.[19] Na wani lokaci, babban wanda ake zargi da kisan Martinko shi ne wani mutum wanda, wata daya da ya gabata, ya shiga gidan Cedar Rapids, ya yi wa wata mata fyade da wuka, sannan ya yi barazanar kashe 'ya'yanta. Ba a taba tuhumarsa da kisan Martinko ba, ya musanta zargin, kuma shaidar DNA, da aka samu daga baya, ba ta yi daidai da DNA dinsa ba. A shekarar 2012, yayin da yake zaman daurin rai da rai saboda wani hari da ba shi da alaƙa da shi, mutumin ya mutu a gidan yari sakamakon cutar kansar hanji.[19][20] Cece-cice ta taso watanni biyar bayan kisan bayan wata mata da ke tuki a wurin ajiye motoci a babban shagon a safiyar ranar 20 ga Disamba ta fito da bayanai. Ta duba wurin ajiye motoci yayin da take wucewa don duba motar 'yarta saboda 'yarta tana aiki a babban shagon kuma tana da tarihin matsalar mota. Ta yi ikirarin cewa ta ga motoci biyu a cikin filin, ɗaya daga cikinsu na Martinko ne, da kuma wani mutum da ke tsaye kusa da ƙofar direban da aka buɗe ta motar Martinko. Ba ta da tabbacin cewa bayananta za su yi amfani domin ta karanta cewa kisan ya faru ne tsakanin ƙarfe 10 na dare zuwa tsakar dare, kuma ƙarfe 2 na safe ne lokacin da ta wuce. Matar ta isar da bayananta ga 'yar sakataren Kwamishinan Tsaron Jama'a kuma ta yi imanin cewa za a mika su ga 'yan sanda idan yana da mahimmanci. 'Yan sanda ba su taɓa samun bayanan ba, kuma matar ba ta tuntuɓi 'yan sanda ba sai bayan watanni, lokacin da suka sake kiran duk wani bayani da ya shafi kisan. Masu bincike sun yi la'akari da tuhumar Kwamishinan da rashin isar da bayanan ga 'yan sanda, amma ba a ci gaba da tuhumar ba.[21] A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1980, 'yan sanda sun fitar da wani zane mai cike da mutum da ake kyautata zaton ya kashe Martinko, wanda suka samo asali daga bayanin da shaidu biyu suka bayar a ƙarƙashin hypnosis.[11] Sun bayyana wani mutum farar fata a ƙarshen shekarunsa na matasa ko farkon shekarun 20, tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa shida kuma yana da nauyin kilo 165–175, mai idanu launin ruwan kasa da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai lanƙwasa.[11][19] A shekarar da ta gabata bayan kisan, adadin mutanen da 'yan sanda suka yi wa tambayoyi ya kai ɗaruruwa, kuma an yi wa mutane har 30 tambayoyi a ƙarƙashin kulawar hypnosis.[11] Yayin da binciken ya ragu, an bayar da lada na dala $10,000 ga duk wanda ya ba da bayanai da zai kai 'yan sanda ga wanda ya kashe shi.[22] An kuma tuntuɓi masu ilimin halin ɗan adam tun da farko a binciken.[11] == Shari'ar sanyi == Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, shari'ar ta yi sanyi.[4] A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mahaifin Martinko ya shigar da ƙara a kan masu Westdale Mall kuma ya yi iƙirarin sakaci wajen rashin samar da "tsaro mai ma'ana" a daren kisan. An ɗaukaka ƙara kuma daga ƙarshe Kotun Koli ta Iowa ta yanke hukunci don kare masu shagon.[2] Mahaifin Martinko, Albert, ya mutu a shekarar 1995. Mahaifiyarta, Janet, ta rasu a shekarar 1998.[2] == Manazarta == i0tzp0pmgsy22u9h2fws3v3dwpy0u4x 0 122910 879666 746035 2026-07-09T17:04:50Z BnHamid 12586 879666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''UyiNene''' "Nene" '''Mrwetyana''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakeng |first=Mamokgethi |author-link=Mamokgethi Phakeng |date=2 September 2018 |title=Remembering Nene |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-09-02-remembering-nene |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref> (20 Afrilu 2000 - 24 Agusta 2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Funeral notice: UYINENE (UTHIXO) MRWETYANA |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/classifieds/2019-09-04-funeral-notice-uyinene-uthixo-mrwetyana/ |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Daily Dispatch]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanya Ferber |date=3 September 2019 |title=Post office where UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was killed closes its doors after walk-in |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-03-post-office-where-uct-student-uyinene-mrwetyana-was-killed-closes-its-doors-after-walk-in/ |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> ya kasance dalibi ne na Afirka ta Kudu a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] . A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2019, an yi mata fyade kuma an kashe ta a unguwar [[Claremont, Cape Town]] . Kisan da aka yi mata ya nuna babbar matsalar kasa ta tashin hankali da [[Femicide|Kisan mata]] a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an yaba da "canja hankalin jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu" da kuma "ƙone motsi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogoatlhe |first=Lerato |date=2 September 2019 |title=Uyinene Mrwetyana's Death Shows South Africa's Femicide Crisis |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uyinene-mrwetyana-gender-violence-south-africa/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Global Poverty Project#Global Citizen|Global Citizen]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Marvin |last2=Ishmail |first2=Sukaina |date=4 September 2019 |title=Anger and frustration grips SA over gender-based violence |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/anger-and-frustration-grips-sa-over-gender-based-violence-31809029 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[Cape Argus]] |language=en |oclc=848273689}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyman |first=Aron |last2=Meyer |first2=Dan |date=4 September 2019 |title='We want Cyril', gender-violence protesters chant at WEF |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-04-watch-we-want-cyril-gender-violence-protesters-chant-at-wef/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |language=en-ZA |issn=1996-5516}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Jamil |date=12 September 2019 |title=Reforming your own humanity first, is key solution |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2019-09-12-reforming-your-own-humanity-first-is-key-solution/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[The Sowetan]] |language=en-ZA |oclc=660155591}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=#IamNene: How Uyinene Mrwetyana's murder ignited a movement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sTPRoCLHyU |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Mrwetyana a Gabashin London, Gabashin Cape ga iyayen Noma da Philip Mrwetyana . Ta girma a unguwar Beacon Bay a Gabashin Landan kuma ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Hudson Park a [Vincent], inda ta jagoranci majalisar dalibai ta makarantar kuma an ba ta kyautar "Hudsonian of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Funeral notice: UYINENE (UTHIXO) MRWETYANA |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/classifieds/2019-09-04-funeral-notice-uyinene-uthixo-mrwetyana/ |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Daily Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanya Ferber |date=3 September 2019 |title=Post office where UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was killed closes its doors after walk-in |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-03-post-office-where-uct-student-uyinene-mrwetyana-was-killed-closes-its-doors-after-walk-in/ |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> Mrwetyana ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Kingswood inda ta kammala karatu a shekarar 2018, bayan mutuwarta ta sami lambar yabo ta Neil Aggett Memorial Award a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogoatlhe |first=Lerato |date=2 September 2019 |title=Uyinene Mrwetyana's Death Shows South Africa's Femicide Crisis |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uyinene-mrwetyana-gender-violence-south-africa/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Global Poverty Project#Global Citizen|Global Citizen]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Marvin |last2=Ishmail |first2=Sukaina |date=4 September 2019 |title=Anger and frustration grips SA over gender-based violence |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/anger-and-frustration-grips-sa-over-gender-based-violence-31809029 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[Cape Argus]] |language=en |oclc=848273689}}</ref> Ta fara karatun fim da kafofin watsa labarai a Jami'ar Cape Town jim kadan bayan kammala karatun sakandare.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Dan |date=2 September 2019 |title=Missing UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was 'bludgeoned with a scale' in post office |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-02-breaking-missing-uct-student-was-bludgeoned-with-a-scale-in-post-office/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma shari'a == === Kisan kai da bacewar === A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2019, wani mai kula da gidan waya da kuma mai kisan ta na gaba, Luyanda Botha, ya gaya wa Mrwetyana cewa jakarta ba ta shirya don tattarawa ba kuma ya kamata ta dawo daga baya da rana, duk da cewa ofishin gidan waya ya rufe da karfe 1 na yamma. Botha ya shirya harin da ya kai a gaba, ya shirya tare da abokin aikinsa na gidan waya, Soraya Abdullah don ta bar aiki a baya. Lokacin da Mrwetyana ta isa bayan lokacin rufewa na hukuma, Botha ta kulle ƙofar a bayanta kuma ta fara keta ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakeng |first=Mamokgethi |author-link=Mamokgethi Phakeng |date=2 September 2018 |title=Remembering Nene |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-09-02-remembering-nene |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Funeral notice: UYINENE (UTHIXO) MRWETYANA |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/classifieds/2019-09-04-funeral-notice-uyinene-uthixo-mrwetyana/ |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Daily Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanya Ferber |date=3 September 2019 |title=Post office where UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was killed closes its doors after walk-in |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-03-post-office-where-uct-student-uyinene-mrwetyana-was-killed-closes-its-doors-after-walk-in/ |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> Ya yi mata fyade kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya maƙure ta, kafin a ƙarshe ya buge ta har ya mutu tare da nauyin kilo biyu da ke kaiwa kanta kuma a ƙarshe ya buga ta ba tare da sanin komai ba. Ya dawo washegari don dawo da jikinta kuma ya tuka zuwa wani filin da ke kusa inda ya zuba jikinta da man fetur kuma ya ƙone shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |date=15 November 2019 |title=Luyanda Botha handed 3 life terms for raping, killing Uyinene and defeating the ends of justice. Mrwetyana |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/luyanda-botha-pleads-guilty-to-raping-killing-uyinene-mrwetyana-20191115 |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en |oclc=44230895}}</ref> An ga Mrwetyana na karshe a Claremont yana barin karamin taksi a waje da Ofishin Jakadancin Clareinch jim kadan kafin mutuwarta. Ta ɓace na kwana tara kuma ta sami babban adadin kafofin watsa labarai da kuma kulawar jama'a a Cape Town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakeng |first=Mamokgethi |author-link=Mamokgethi Phakeng |date=2 September 2018 |title=Remembering Nene |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-09-02-remembering-nene |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Funeral notice: UYINENE (UTHIXO) MRWETYANA |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/classifieds/2019-09-04-funeral-notice-uyinene-uthixo-mrwetyana/ |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Daily Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=HORROR. HORROR.: Murder Confession arrives with a thud – but Uyinene Mrwetyana is still officially missing |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-03-murder-confession-arrives-with-a-thud-but-uyinene-mrwetyana-is-still-officially-missing/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[Daily Maverick]] |language=en |oclc=1117734205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanya Ferber |date=3 September 2019 |title=Post office where UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was killed closes its doors after walk-in |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-03-post-office-where-uct-student-uyinene-mrwetyana-was-killed-closes-its-doors-after-walk-in/ |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ne hashtag #BringNeneHome ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogoatlhe |first=Lerato |date=2 September 2019 |title=Uyinene Mrwetyana's Death Shows South Africa's Femicide Crisis |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uyinene-mrwetyana-gender-violence-south-africa/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Global Poverty Project#Global Citizen|Global Citizen]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Marvin |last2=Ishmail |first2=Sukaina |date=4 September 2019 |title=Anger and frustration grips SA over gender-based violence |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/anger-and-frustration-grips-sa-over-gender-based-violence-31809029 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[Cape Argus]] |language=en |oclc=848273689}}</ref> An gano gawar Mrwetyana a cikin rami kusa da hanyar jirgin kasa da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a gari Lingelethu West a Khayelitsha.<ref name="Cruywagen">{{Cite web |last=Cruywagen |first=Vincent |date=3 September 2019 |title=Chilling evidence of Uyinene Mrwetyana's last moments and how she fought back |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/chilling-evidence-of-uyinene-mrwetyanas-last-moments-and-how-she-fought-back-31755766 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |language=en |oclc=36296821}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Dan |date=2 September 2019 |title=Missing UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was 'bludgeoned with a scale' in post office |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-02-breaking-missing-uct-student-was-bludgeoned-with-a-scale-in-post-office/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> An gano shi a ranar 26 amma an gano shi ne kawai bayan 'yan kwanaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyman |first=Aron |last2=Meyer |first2=Dan |date=4 September 2019 |title='We want Cyril', gender-violence protesters chant at WEF |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-04-watch-we-want-cyril-gender-violence-protesters-chant-at-wef/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |language=en-ZA |issn=1996-5516}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakeng |first=Mamokgethi |author-link=Mamokgethi Phakeng |date=2 September 2018 |title=Remembering Nene |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-09-02-remembering-nene |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref> === Shari'a === An kama wani wanda ake zargi, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya Luyanda Botha, kuma ya furta wa Kotun Majalisa ta Wynberg cewa ya aikata kisan a ofishin gidan waya a Claremont.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=HORROR. HORROR.: Murder Confession arrives with a thud – but Uyinene Mrwetyana is still officially missing |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-03-murder-confession-arrives-with-a-thud-but-uyinene-mrwetyana-is-still-officially-missing/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[Daily Maverick]] |language=en |oclc=1117734205}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Dan |date=2 September 2019 |title=Missing UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana was 'bludgeoned with a scale' in post office |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-09-02-breaking-missing-uct-student-was-bludgeoned-with-a-scale-in-post-office/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |issn=1996-5516}}</ref> Bayan kama shi da kuma ikirarin da ya biyo baya, an gano Botha ya yi mata fyade kuma ya maƙure ta, kafin a ƙarshe ya buge ta har ya mutu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |date=15 November 2019 |title=Luyanda Botha handed 3 life terms for raping, killing Uyinene and defeating the ends of justice. Mrwetyana |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/luyanda-botha-pleads-guilty-to-raping-killing-uyinene-mrwetyana-20191115 |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en |oclc=44230895}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2019, Luyanda Botha ta sami hukuncin rai da rai uku saboda fyade da kisan Mrwetyana . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phakeng |first=Mamokgethi |author-link=Mamokgethi Phakeng |date=2 September 2018 |title=Remembering Nene |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-09-02-remembering-nene |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Zai cancanci a sallami bayan ya yi shekaru 25 na hukuncinsa.<ref name=":1" /> == Amsa == [[Fayil:Cape_Town_anti-femicide_demonstration_05.jpg|thumb|An yi zanga-zanga game da cin zarafin jinsi da kisan mata a waje da Gidajen majalisa bayan labarin mutuwar Mrwetyana]] === Halin kasa === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iqidpxuns8mdoc39vxl94f207k35lwe 0 123189 879625 794587 2026-07-09T14:47:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na Aluva''' wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001 a garin Aluva a jihar [[Kerala]], Indiya. Dukkanin 'yan uwa shida, ciki har da wata tsohuwa da yara biyu, na gidan Manjooran a tsakiyar gari an kashe su. Bayan bincike da yawa, 'yan sanda na yankin sun kammala cewa Antony, wanda dangi ne na dangin kuma baƙo ne na yau da kullun a gidansu, ya aikata kisan. Daga baya aka mika karar ga CBI, bayan zanga-zangar da dangin wadanda abin ya shafa suka yi. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, kotun CBI ta yanke wa Antony hukuncin kisa kuma a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, Babban Kotun ta tabbatar da hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an sauya hukuncin mutuwar Antony zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> == Kisan kai == A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an kashe mambobi shida na gidan Manjooran da ke kan [[Aluva]]_railway_station" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aluva railway station">Hanyar tashar jirgin kasa a Aluva. Augustine, mai mallakar Manjooran Hardwares, wanda ke aiki a kan hanyar tashar jirgin kasa, matarsa Baby, yara Jaymon da Divya, mahaifiyar Augustine Clara da 'yar'uwar Kochurani sune wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Antony Manjooran, dangi mai nisa kuma aboki na iyali na Augustine shine mai kisan kai. An ba Antony aiki a kasashen waje kuma yana buƙatar kuɗi. A daren da ake tambaya, Antony ya zo gida don neman kudi. A wannan lokacin Kochurani da Clara ne kawai suka kasance a gida yayin da Augustine, matarsa da yara biyu suka tafi kallon fim. Antony ya tambayi Kochurani (mai shekaru 42) don kudi kuma lokacin da bai samu ba, sai ya kashe ta. Clara (mai shekaru 74), wacce ta ga wannan, ita ma an kashe ta. Kamar yadda Augustine Manjooran ya san cewa yana ziyartar gidansu, Antony ya fahimci cewa za a kama shi, don haka ya ɓoye a gidan don sauran dangin su dawo. Augustine mai shekaru 47, matarsa mai shekaru 42 Baby, 'ya'yansa masu shekaru 14 da 12 Jaymon da Divya Antony ya kashe su bayan sun dawo gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike, shari'a da hukunci == === 'Yan sanda na Kerala === Bayan kisan, ofishin 'yan sanda na Aluva ya karɓi kira da misalin karfe 11 na yamma washegari bayan kisan. 'Yan sanda sun sami alamar [[kibiya]] da aka zana da jini a bangon kusa da gawarwakin Augustine da Baby. A karkashin kulawar Ernakulam mai kula da yankunan karkara na 'yan sanda M Sethuraghavan, an kafa ƙungiyar bincike da ta kunshi jami'ai 30. Kungiyar bayan bincike da yawa ta gano cewa Antony, wanda dangin Agusta ne kuma baƙo na yau da kullun a gidansu shine mai kisan kai. Antony ya kasance direba na wucin gadi a cikin gari. Ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a hanyar cocin [[Siriya]] ta Aluva . A halin yanzu, ya sami damar yin aiki a kasashen waje. Kochurani ya yi alkawarin kudi don wannan, amma bai biya ba. Jami'an binciken sun kammala cewa ƙiyayya da ke da alaƙa da wannan shine dalilin kisan kiyashi. Sa'an nan kuma reshen aikata laifuka, wanda ya gudanar da bincike, ya tabbatar da wannan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Daga rahoton bayan mutuwar, an fahimci cewa an kashe dukkansu a daren da ya gabata. Daga tambayoyin dangi da wadanda ke kusa, ya bayyana a fili cewa Antony ya aikata kisan. A daren da ake tambaya, Antony, wanda ya tafi [[Mumbai]] daga tashar Aluva, ya shiga Dammam. 'Yan sanda sun tafi Mumbai kuma an gano cewa Antony ne ya sayar da kayan ado na zinariya da wadanda abin ya shafa suka sa a can.[1] Sa'an nan 'yan sanda suka nemi wasu hanyoyi. Babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Indiya da Saudi Arabia don fitar da masu laifi. 'Yan sanda sun sanya Jamma a karkashin sa ido don hana shi yin magana da Antony Jamma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun zo Mumbai kuma sun sadu da Arun Memon, mai mallakar Cosmos Travel, wanda ya kai Antony zuwa Saudi Arabia. Matarsa ta zo ofishin a Mumbai tana neman a dawo da shi, kuma zai dauki nauyin kuɗin, mai tallafawa Saudiyya ya tura Antony gida. Daga baya, 'yan sanda sun kama Antony a filin jirgin sama na SAHAR. Kungiyar 'yan sanda ta isa Filin jirgin saman Karipur tare da Antony. Duk da cewa yana faɗin ƙarya da yawa, Anthony ya furta laifin lokacin da 'yan sanda suka samar da shaida.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> === Babban Ofishin Bincike === Wasu daga cikin dangin wadanda abin ya shafa sun zo gaba suna nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da binciken reshen aikata laifuka. Sun yi zargin cewa akwai wasu wadanda ake zargi. Daga nan aka mika karar ga CBI. Koyaya, sun kuma kai ga Antony da kansa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, kotun musamman ta CBI ta yanke wa Antony hukunci kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa]]. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2006, Babban Kotun ta amince da hukuncin kisa amma a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, Kotun Koli ta dakatar da hukuncin. A shekara ta 2009, an sake amincewa da hukuncin kisa. An kuma yi watsi da karar da ta biyo baya. An yi roƙon jinƙai ga Shugaban kasa a cikin 2010 ba tare da amfani ba. Sa'an nan kuma an fara aiwatar da rataye Antony a gidan yarin Poojappura. A lokacin binciken, 'yan sanda sun dawo da kayan ado na zinariya daga gidan da akwatin ajiyar banki. Ko da yake shari'ar ta ƙare yanzu, masu da'awar ba su sayi ta ba, don haka ana kiyaye ta a kotu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == Canjin hukuncin == A cikin 2014, umarnin Babban Alkalin R.M Lodha ya soke hukuncin Antony. Ya ba da umarnin cewa ya kamata a saurari karar sake dubawa game da hukuncin kisa a kotun da aka bude. A cikin 2018, kotun ta sauya hukuncin kisa na Anthony zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. A wannan lokacin, Antony ya kwashe shekaru 13 a cikin kurkuku bayan an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Daga baya, hukumomin gidan yarin Poojappura sun yi ƙoƙari uku don sake shi yayin da aka kammala hukuncinsa na kurkuku. Amma 'yan sanda na Aluva ba su gabatar da rahoto ba don goyon bayan Antony kuma yunkurinsa na sallama tun daga 2018 bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Koyaya, a watan Yunin 2022, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar ba da izini ga mutane 23 waɗanda suka kasance a kurkuku shekaru da yawa kuma an hana su izini saboda rahoton 'yan sanda. An haɗa Antony a cikin jerin kuma an ba shi izinin kwana 30.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Halin fim din mai ban tsoro na Malayalam na 2004 ''Sethurama Iyer CBI'' kisan kiyashi ne a cikin gida. Mawallafin fim din S.N Swamy ya ce akwai ɗan wahayi daga gare ta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kisan Chandini == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kisan Kiyashi]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8vapfgznc5kepj9x4feud3109z7vyve 0 123612 879618 749069 2026-07-09T14:42:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Tabram''' (née White; 10 Mayu 1849 - 7 Agusta 1888) wata mace ce ta Ingila da aka kashe a cikin kisan gilla a ciki da kewayen gundumar Whitechapel ta Gabashin London tsakanin 1888 da 1891. Wataƙila ita ce ta farko da aka azabtar da ita ta hanyar Mai kisan gilla wanda ba a san shi ba Jack the Ripper . Kodayake ba ɗaya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe ba ne wadanda masana tarihi suka amince da su, an dauke ta dan takara na gaba. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Tabram Martha White a Southwark, London, a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1849. Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara biyar da Charles Samuel White, mai ajiya, da matarsa, Elisabeth Dowsett suka haifa. A cikin tsari na haihuwa, 'yan uwanta hudu sune Henry, Stephen, Esther da Mary Ann . Tana da tsayi 5 feet 3 inci (160 cm) kuma tana da gashi mai duhu.&nbsp; A watan Mayu 1865, iyayen Tabram sun rabu; watanni shida bayan haka, mahaifinta ya mutu ne sakamakon halitta yana da shekaru 59. A cewar 'yarsa Mary Ann, mahaifinta bai iya aiki ba watanni da yawa kafin mutuwarsa.<ref>Her name is sometimes misspelt in the press as "Martha Tabran" (e.g. ''[[The Times]]'', 24 August 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 18) and she was at other times known as "Emma" or "Martha Turner", taking the last name of the man with whom she had most recently lived.</ref> == Aure == A ranar [[Kirsimeti]] ta 1869, Martha ta auri wani foreman mai shirya kayan aiki mai suna Henry Samuel Tabram . An gudanar da hidimar a Cocin Triniti a St. Mary's Parish, Newington . A shekara ta 1871, ma'auratan sun koma gidan da ke kusa da gidan yarinta na Martha. Ita da Henry suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Frederick John Tabram (an haife shi a watan Fabrairun 1871) da Charles Henry Tabram (a haife shi Disamba 1872). Saboda shan giya na Martha, wanda ya isa ya haifar da maye, auren Tabrams ya kasance cikin matsala. Mijin Martha ya bar ta a shekara ta 1875. Kimanin shekaru uku ya biya ta alawus na shillings 12 a mako, sannan ya rage wannan zuwa shillings biyu da sixpence lokacin da ya ji cewa tana zaune tare da wani mutum. Tabram ta zauna tare da Henry Turner, masassaƙi, daga kimanin 1876 har zuwa makonni uku kafin mutuwarta. Wannan dangantakar ta kuma damu da shan giya da kuma wani lokaci kasancewa a waje duk dare. Ita, da 'ya'yanta maza, an lissafa su a matsayin fursunoni na dare ɗaya a gidan aiki na Whitechapel Union a titin Thomas <ref>Her name is sometimes misspelt in the press as "Martha Tabran" (e.g. ''[[The Times]]'', 24 August 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 18) and she was at other times known as "Emma" or "Martha Turner", taking the last name of the man with whom she had most recently lived.</ref> a daren ƙidayar shekara ta 1881. <ref>Her name is sometimes misspelt in the press as "Martha Tabran" (e.g. ''[[The Times]]'', 24 August 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 18) and she was at other times known as "Emma" or "Martha Turner", taking the last name of the man with whom she had most recently lived.</ref> A shekara ta 1888 Turner ya fita daga aiki na yau da kullun kuma ma'auratan sun sami kudin shiga ta hanyar sayar da kayan ado da sauran ƙananan abubuwa a kan tituna, yayin da suke zama kusan watanni huɗu a 4 Star Place, a kan Hanyar Kasuwanci a Whitechapel. A farkon watan Yuli, sun bar ba zato ba tsammani, saboda biyan haya, kuma sun rabu a karo na karshe game da tsakiyar wannan watan. Tabram ya koma gidan zama na kowa a 19 George Street, Spitalfields . A lokacin mutuwarta, yanayin tattalin arzikin Tabram ya zama mai matukar damuwa har aka tilasta mata cinikin jima'i don kudi a kan tituna. == 6 ga watan Agusta 1888 == [[Fayil:George-yard-buildings.jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|George Yard An gano gawar Martha Tabram a wannan wuri a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1888]] A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1888, da daddare kafin a kashe ta, Tabram tana shan giya da rum tare da wata mace, kuma wani lokaci karuwa, Mary Ann Connelly, wanda aka fi sani da "Pearly Poll", da sojoji biyu a cikin Gidan jama'a, Mala'ika da Crown, kusa da George Yard Buildings . Hudu daga cikinsu sun haɗu, sun bar gidan jama'a kuma sun rabu da misalin karfe 11:45 na yamma, kowace mace tare da abokin ciniki. Martha da abokin ciniki sun tafi George Yard, wani karamin hanya na arewa maso kudu wanda ke haɗa titin Wentworth da Whitechapel High Street, sun shiga daga titin Whitechapel ta hanyar hanyar da aka rufe kusa da White Hart Inn. George Yard Buildings, wani tubalan gidaje da aka gina a 1876, sun kasance a gefen yammacin titin, kusa da ƙarshen arewa zuwa bayan Toynbee Hall. {{Refn|This location is now named Gunthorpe Street. Residential flats stand on the site of George Yard Buildings}} Pearly Poll da abokin ciniki sun tafi Angel Alley.&nbsp; === Kisan kai === [[Fayil:The_Illustrated_Police_News_-_August_18,_1889_-_Martha_Tabram.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Hoton Labaran 'yan sanda na ganowar gawar Martha Tabram a George Yard]] Da sassafe na washegari, wani mazaunin Ginin, wata Mrs. Hewitt, ta farka da kuka na "Kisan kai!", amma tashin hankali na gida da kuka na wannan yanayin sun zama ruwan dare a yankin kuma ta yi watsi da hayaniya. Da karfe 2:00 na safe, wasu mazauna biyu, miji da mata Joseph da Elizabeth Mahoney, sun koma Ginin kuma ba su ga kowa a kan matakala ba. A lokaci guda, jami'in sintiri, PC Thomas Barrett, ya tambayi wani grenadier da ke yawo a kusa, wanda ya amsa cewa yana jiran aboki. Da karfe 3:30 na safe, mazaunin Albert George Crow ya dawo gida bayan aikin dare a matsayin direban taksi kuma ya lura da jikin Tabram yana kwance a kan saukowa sama da jirgin farko na matakala. Saukowa ta kasance mai haske sosai har ya yi kuskuren cewa ita mawakin barci ne kuma ba sai kafin karfe 5:00 na safe ba ne wani mazaunin da ke saukowa daga matakala a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ma'aikacin tashar Jirgin ruwa John Saunders Reeves, ya fahimci cewa ta mutu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reeves ya kawo Barrett, wanda ya aika da Dokta Timothy Robert Killeen don bincika jikin. Killeen ya isa da misalin karfe 5:30 na safe kuma ya kiyasta cewa Tabram ya mutu kusan awanni 3. Wanda ya kashe ta ya yi mata wuka sau 39 a jiki da wuyansa, ciki har da sau tara a makogwaro, biyar a huhu na hagu, biyu a huhu na dama, daya a zuciya, biyar a hanta, biyu a cikin hanta, da shida a cikin ciki, har ma da raunata ta ciki da al'aura. Tana kwance a bayanta kuma an ɗaga tufafinta zuwa tsakiya, yana fallasa rabinta, wanda ya nuna jikinta yana cikin matsayi na jima'i. Killeen, duk da haka, ba zai iya ba da wata shaida ta jima'i ba.<ref name="Evans and Rumbelow, p. 51" /> Shaidar mazauna da Dokta Killeen sun nuna cewa an kashe Tabram tsakanin karfe 2:00 na safe da 3:30 na safe. Mazauna ba su ga kuma sun ji wani abu ba daidai ba tsakanin waɗannan lokutan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Bincike == Sufeto na gida na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Metropolitan, Edmund Reid na H Division Whitechapel, yana kula da binciken. Ya shirya PC Barrett ya ziyarci Hasumiyar [[Landan]] a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta da fatan cewa Barrett zai iya gano mutumin da ya gani yana tsaye a kan titi. Barrett bai gane kowanne daga cikin mutanen ba. An shirya fareti na dukkan sojoji da ke hutu a daren kisan a Hasumiyar a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, kuma a wannan lokacin PC Barrett ya zaɓi mutum. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya sake bincika zaɓinsa, Barrett ya ɗauki wani mutum, kuma an yarda na farko ya tafi. Barrett ya bayyana Yankin zuciyarsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa mutumin da ya gani a George Yard ba shi da lambobin yabo, yayin da mutumin da ya zaɓa da farko ya yi. Zaɓin Barrett na biyu, John Leary, ya yi iƙirarin cewa a daren kisan ya tafi shan giya a Brixton tare da aboki, Private Law. A cewar Leary, sun rasa juna a lokacin rufewa kuma ya tafi tafiya kafin ya sadu da Law in the Strand da misalin karfe 4:30 na safe, inda suka sake shan giya a Billingsgate kafin su koma Hasumiyar. An yi hira da Law, daban daga Leary, kuma fasalinsa na abubuwan da suka faru a daren ya dace daidai da na Leary. A kan ƙarfin maganganun da suka tabbatar da su kuma saboda rashin tabbas na Barrett, an kori Leary da Law daga binciken. Wani soja daga Hasumiyar, Corporal Benjamin, wanda ba ya nan ba tare da izini ba, an kuma kore shi daga binciken bayan ya bayyana cewa yana ziyartar mahaifinsa a Kingston-upon-Thames.&nbsp; Connelly bai ba da hadin kai ga 'yan sanda ba kuma ya ɓoye tare da dan uwansa na ɗan lokaci kusa da Drury Lane, ba ya zuwa gaba har zuwa 9 ga Agusta. Ta rasa wani fareti na ainihi da aka shirya a Hasumiyar don 10 ga watan Agusta, amma ta halarci wanda aka sake tsarawa a ranar 13. Connelly ya kasa gane abokan ciniki kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen da suka sa fararen kaya a wannan dare. Kamar yadda irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka sa kawai daga Coldstream Guards, maimakon Grenadier Guards a Hasumiyar, an kai Connelly zuwa wani fareti na ainihi a Wellington Barracks a ranar 15, inda ta zaɓi sojoji biyu, amma dukansu suna da kyakkyawar shaidar. Ɗaya ya kasance a gida tare da matarsa, yayin da ɗayan ya kasance a cikin barikin. Jikin Tabram ya bayyana a hukumance daga mijinta a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana sanye da baƙar fata, dogon baki, takalma mai duhu, takalma masu launin ruwan kasa da takalma, da takalma masu gefen bazara da ke nuna lalacewa mai yawa. Tana da tsayi {{Convert|5|ft|3|in}} feet 3 kuma tana da gashi mai duhu. Binciken game da mutuwarta ya kammala ta hanyar mataimakin mai bincike na Kudu maso Gabashin Middlesex George Collier a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a Cibiyar Ma'aikata, Whitechapel Road, tare da hukuncin kisan kai da mutum ko mutanen da ba a sani ba. Babu wanda aka kama wanda ake zargi da kisan Tabram. == Jack mai satar == Rahotanni na jaridu na zamani da aka buga a farkon watan Satumba sun danganta kisan Tabram da na Emma Elizabeth Smith a ranar 3 ga Afrilu da Mary Ann Nichols a ranar 31 ga Agusta, kodayake kafin ta mutu, Smith ta gaya wa 'yan sanda cewa wata kungiya ta kai mata hari. Kisan da aka yi wa [[Annie Chapman]] a ranar 8 ga Satumba, na Elizabeth Stride da Catherine Eddowes a ranar 30 ga Satumba da na Mary Jane Kelly a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba suma suna da alaƙa a lokacin da Tabram. Kisan gilla biyar da aka ambata yanzu ana kiransu "masu cin gashin kansu biyar" na Jack the Ripper. Dukkanin kisan mata mata masu talauci ne da wuka a cikin gundumomin Whitechapel da Spitalfields, galibi ana yin su cikin duhu a cikin ƙananan sa'o'i na safe, a cikin wani wuri mai ɓoye wanda jama'a za su iya samun dama, kuma wanda ya faru a kan ko kusa da karshen mako ko hutu. {{Refn|Tabram's murder occurred in the early hours of 7 August. 6 August was a [[bank holiday]]}} 'Yan sanda ba su haɗa kisan da na Smith ba, amma sun haɗa mutuwarta da kisan gilla biyar da suka biyo baya. Daga baya daliban kisan kiyashi na Ripper sun fi cire Tabram daga jerin wadanda aka kashe na Ripper, musamman saboda ba a yanke makogwaronta a hanyar wadanda aka kashe daga baya ba, kuma ba a cire ta ba. Sir Melville Macnaghten, Mataimakin Babban Kwamishinan Sashen Binciken Laifuka na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Metropolitan, wanda ya nuna cewa wani soja ko sojoji da ba a san su ba ne suka kashe Tabram a cikin wata yarjejeniya ta 1894 game da kisan. Dokta Killeen, wanda ya yi bayan mutuwar a kan Tabram, ya ƙarfafa wannan imani tare da ra'ayinsa cewa an yi amfani da makamai biyu - daya daga cikin raunukan Tabram, wanda ya shiga cikin kashin kirji, an yi shi da makami mai tsawo da tsayi fiye da sauran, wuka ko mai yiwuwa bayonet, yayin da sauran aka yi musu da gajeren wuka. Rahotanni da yawa na ilimin halayyar dan adam na ƙarni na 20 sun ɗauka Mary Ann Nichols ta kasance wanda aka fara azabtar da Jack the Ripper, amma sun kara da cewa kisan da ta yi ba zai yiwu ba ya zama hari na farko. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa mai satar na iya kashe Tabram kafin ya kammala yadda yake aiki na mamayewa da yanke makogwaro na wadanda ya kashe. Sauran masu bincike, duk da haka, kamar su Philip Sugden a cikin ''Cikakken Tarihin Jack the Ripper'', da Sean Day a cikin Peter Underwood's Jack the Rippers: Shekaru Ɗari na Mystery, suna kallon Tabram a matsayin mai yiwuwa wanda aka azabtar da Ripper. Sir Melville Macnaghten ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin binciken kisan gillar Whitechapel tsakanin 1889 da 1891; don haka, bayanansa suna nuna ra'ayoyin wasu jami'an 'yan sanda a lokacin kuma sun haɗa da kurakurai da yawa a cikin bayanan da aka gabatar game da masu yiwuwa. An san masu kisan gilla da canza makaman kisan gashin kansu, amma musamman don bunkasa yadda suke aiki a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda Ripper ya yi tare da karuwar mummunan rauni. Duk da yake kisan kiyashi guda biyar na Ripper sun kasance a arewa, kudu, gabas da yammacin Whitechapel, kisan Tabram ya faru ne kusa da cibiyar su. Yana yiwuwa cewa kisan ta na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da Ripper ya aikata kafin ya zaɓi hanyar da ya yi daga baya.[1] A cikin 1998 wani mai bincike na Australiya, Ted Linn, ya samar da bincikensa a cikin wani ɗan littafin da ake kira The Case of the Redhanded Copycat, inda ya bayyana shari'arsa cewa mijin Martha, Henry Samuel Tabram, shine ainihin Ripper. Ya kafa wannan a kan alamun cryptographic da ya yi iƙirarin ya samu a cikin wasiƙu da Ripper ya rubuta da sauran shaidu. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin sanyi * Jerin masu kisan kai kafin 1900 * Kisan da ba a warware ba a Ƙasar Ingila == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ptduya6maufldtov0wd3gqxcfsbjlx2 0 123789 879988 749534 2026-07-10T07:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rajao_MMA.jpg|thumb|Dokta Raoni Rajão yayin sauraron a Majalisar Dattijan Brazil]] '''Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1981) masanin kimiyyar muhalli ne na Brazil kuma mataimakin farfesa a fannin kula da muhalli da nazarin zamantakewar kimiyya da fasaha a Sashen Injiniyan Fasaha a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Minas Gerais (UFMG) a Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipe – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção |url=https://www.dep.ufmg.br/equipe_d/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.dep.ufmg.br}}</ref> Shi memba ne mai alaƙa da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Brazil (ABC), Majalisar Duniya ta Makomar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão – ABC |url=http://www.abc.org.br/membro/raoni-guerra-lucas-rajao/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |language=pt-BR |archive-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110160152/http://www.abc.org.br/membro/raoni-guerra-lucas-rajao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma tsohon ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson (Cibiyar Wilson) a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão – WEF |url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/global-future-council-on-forest-economy/member-details/raoni-rajao/001TG00000CgzeYYAR |access-date=2025-06-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Rajão |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/raoni-rajao |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Ma'aikatar Siyasa don Kashe daji da Kula da Wutar Ma'aikatu na Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi, a Brazil, tsakanin Janairu 2023 da Disamba 2024, yana da alhakin shirye-shiryen sarrafa Kashe daji le REDD + ajanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diário Oficial da União |title=Portarias de 31 de Março de 2023 |url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portarias-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474552743}}</ref> Rajão tana da digiri a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Milano-Bicocca (2005), a Italiya, Jagora a Fasahar Bayanai, Gudanar da Canji (2007) da Ph.D. a cikin Ƙungiya, Aiki da Fasaha (2011) duka daga Jami'an Lancaster, a Ingila.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 2011, ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Minas Gerais . A can ne ya kafa, a cikin 2012, Laboratory of Environmental Services Management (LAGESA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipe – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção |url=https://www.dep.ufmg.br/equipe_d/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.dep.ufmg.br}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya zama mataimakin mai tsarawa na Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi (CSR) a UFMG . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão – WEF |url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/global-future-council-on-forest-economy/member-details/raoni-rajao/001TG00000CgzeYYAR |access-date=2025-06-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Rajão kuma farfesa ne a shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a cikin Injiniyan samarwa da Bincike da Misali na Tsarin Muhalli a UFMG .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Rajão |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/raoni-rajao |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Diário Oficial da União |title=Portarias de 31 de Março de 2023 |url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portarias-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474552743}}</ref> Tun daga shekarunsa a matsayin dalibi na Jagora, aikinsa yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya, fasaha da manufofin jama'a, musamman ma wadanda suka shafi batutuwan muhalli kamar yanayi da sare daji.<ref name=":0"/> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2022, Rajão da abokan aiki goma sha ɗaya sun sami kyautar Amílcar Herrera na Latin-American Association of Social Studies of Science and Technology (ESOCITE) don labarin "Hatsarin rikice-rikice na karya ga manufofin muhalli na Brazil".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipe – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção |url=https://www.dep.ufmg.br/equipe_d/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.dep.ufmg.br}}</ref> Kungiyar ta gano shaidu cewa ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin Evaristo de Miranda suna haifar da rikice-rikicen kimiyya na ƙarya wanda ya shafi mummunar tasiri ga manufofin muhalli da kiwon lafiya na Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão – WEF |url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/global-future-council-on-forest-economy/member-details/raoni-rajao/001TG00000CgzeYYAR |access-date=2025-06-10 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoni Rajão |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/raoni-rajao |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Dandalin SeloVerde wanda Profs suka kirkira. Rajão, Britaldo Soares-Filho da tawagar su a UFMG an ba su lambar yabo ta Fasaha ta Duniya ta FAO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipe – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção |url=https://www.dep.ufmg.br/equipe_d/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.dep.ufmg.br}}</ref> An san shi a matsayin manyan masu bincike 50 na Brazil da suka fi tasiri ga manufofin jama'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=DIA |first=Do HOJE EM |date=2025-11-07 |title=UFMG é destaque em lista de pesquisadores brasileiros mais influentes em políticas públicas no mundo |url=https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/educacao/ufmg-e-destaque-em-lista-de-pesquisadores-brasileiros-mais-influentes-em-politicas-publicas-no-mundo-1.1092027 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Hoje em Dia |language=pt-BR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] k2u8oewctscgng6sow87z6f57unc9tg 0 123929 879617 820468 2026-07-09T14:42:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Anne ta Denmark (1574-1619) ita ce sarauniya ta Scotland daga aurenta ta hanyar wakili ga Sarki James VI a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1589 kuma sarauniya ta Ingila da Ireland daga sauka a ranar 24 ga watan Maris 1603 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1619. Lokacin da Anne ta yi niyyar tafiya zuwa Scotland a shekara ta 1589 jirgin ta ya jinkirta saboda mummunan yanayi. Cutar zamani ta zargi jinkirin tafiyarta da sauran masifu a kan "iska daban-daban" da maita ta kira. Akwai gwajin maita a Denmark da Scotland. Dan uwan Sarki, Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell ya shiga cikin tuhuma. Shugaban kasar Scotland [[Thirlestane Castle|Thirlestane]]" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane">John Maitland na Thirlestane, wanda ake zaton abokin gaba ne na Bothwell, an yi masa ba'a a cikin waka Rob Stene's Dream, kuma Anne na Denmark ta sanya Maitland abokin gaba. Masana tarihi suna ci gaba da bincika waɗannan abubuwan. == Anne ta Denmark ta tashi daga Copenhagen == Anne ta Denmark ta tashi a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1589 tare da Peder Munk da Henrik Knudsen Gyldenstierne, admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa, da jiragen ruwa 18. Rundunar sojojin Danish sun hada da ''Gidyon'', ''''Josaphat'''' ko Josafat flagship din su, ''Samson'', ''Joshua'', ''Dragon'', ''Raphael'', ''St Michael'', Gabriel, Little Sertoun (''Lille Fortuna''), Mouse, ''Rose'', ''Falcon na Birren'', Blue Lion, ''Blue Dove'' (''Blaa Due'') da ''White Dove'' (Hvide Due). Lokacin da suke kawai mil daga fadar Kronborg, iska mai iska ta hana ci gaba na kwana biyu. Jirgin ruwa na Anne ya tashi zuwa yamma amma iska ta gaza su kuma sun shiga Flekkerøy ko Flekkerøya, tsibiri a bakin tekun [[Norway]], inda Peder Munk ya sami damar shirya biki na maraba. Iska mai saurin iska ta rushe yunkurin ci gaba daga Flekkerøy.[1] Gidyon ya fara ɓoyewa. Peder Munk ya gaya wa Anne cewa riƙewar ta cika da ruwa, duk da bukatar malaman biyu da jami'an diflomasiyya Paul Knibbe da Niels Krag. Jiragen ruwa guda biyu, Parrot da Fighting Cock sun warwatse daga rundunar.[2] Peder Munk da manyan mutanen Denmark sun tattauna zaɓin su don komawa Denmark ko zuwa [[Oslo]] tare da wakilin Scotland, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal . [3] Jirgin Ubangiji Dingwall ya isa Stonehaven tare da labarin guguwar da kuma fargabar cewa Sarauniya tana cikin haɗari a cikin teku. James VI ya rubuta wa Earl Marischal, abokin Anne, (wanda ya kira "Ƙaramin naman alade mai kitse"), a ranar 28 ga Satumba yana neman labarai, kuma yana damuwa game da "tsawon lokaci" da "rashin daidaituwa na iskõki". Yayinda yake jiran amaryarsa a Fadar Seton, James VI na iya fara jerin waƙoƙin soyayya a cikin Scots yanzu da aka sani da ''Amatoria''. Wani kwafin rubutun hannu na goma sha ɗaya na ''Amatoria'' sonnets a cikin British Library ya ba wa waka ta farko taken, "Kotu game da akasin haka Wyndes wanda ya hana Queene zuwa Scotland daga Denmarke", kodayake shaidar ciki ta nuna cewa an kammala waƙoƙin daga baya. == James VI da ƙudurin Flekkerøy == Sarki James ya yanke shawarar zuwa Norway da kansa bayan ya karbi wasiƙu daga Anne na Denmark yana cewa an jinkirta ta tashi kuma ba za ta sake gwadawa ba. Jami'an diflomasiyya Steen Bille da Andrew Sinclair sun isar da wasikun ga Sarki James a ranar 10 ga Oktoba. Anne ta Denmark ta rubuta wasiƙu biyu daga Flekkerøy kusa da Oslo a Norway, a cikin Faransanci ta koyi don shirya aurenta. Ta sanya hannu kan wata wasika a matsayin "Anne" kuma wata a matsayin "Annas". Wasikar "Anna" ta haɗa da wannan magana, game da hanyoyin hawan iska; Anne na Denmark mahaifiyar Sophie na Mecklenburg-Güstrow da ɗan'uwanta Christian IV sun aika da irin waɗannan wasikun. James VI ya yanke shawara a Craigmillar Castle. Shugaban kasar Scotland, [[Thirlestane Castle|Thirlestane]]" id="mwvw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane">John Maitland na Thirlestane, wanda a baya ya ba da shawarar cewa Sarki ya auri amarya ta Protestant ta Faransa, Catherine na Bourbon, yanzu ta goyi bayan auren Danish. A cewar David Moysie, lokacin da ya karbi labarin daga Flekkerøy, James VI, cikin rikice-rikice, nan da nan ya tashi daga Craigmillar zuwa Leith. == Maƙaryaci da ake zargi da Denmark == Anne na Denmark ya zauna a Flekkerøy an zarge shi da maita. A cewar jami'in diflomasiyya James Melville na Halhill, wanda aka nada shi ya zama Gentleman na Anne na ɗakin Denmark a Scotland a cikin 1590 kuma ya rubuta Memoir, mata da ake zargi da maita a Denmark sun furta cewa sun tayar da "Wyndis mai guguwa" wanda ya kori rundunar zuwa Norway. Melville ya ji dalilin su shine "kuff" ko bugawa da Admiral na Denmark ya ba Baillie na Copenhagen, wanda matarsa ta nemi fansa ta hanyar tuntuɓar abokan hulɗa a cikin fasahar maita don tayar da guguwar. == James VI ya tashi zuwa Norway da Denmark == Saboda "sundrie contrarious windis" wanda ya jinkirta rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Denmark, a ranar 11 ga Oktoba James VI ya nemi masu aikin jirgin ruwa na gabas da masu kula da jirgin ruwa su zo Leith. James VI ya yi tafiya tare da jiragen ruwa shida ciki har da James da aka hayar daga Robert Jameson na Ayr . Patrick Vans na Barnbarroch ya hayar da ''Falcon na Leith'' daga John Gibson. Sarki James ya ɗauki John Scrimgeour, ministan Kinghorn, wani Ikklisiya kusa da teku a Fife, da David Lindsay, ministan Leith. Jirginsa ya sami ganga takwas na ruwan inabi daga ɗakunan ajiya na jakar Holyrood, bututu na jaka, da galan shida na Madeira. Jirgin sarki ya jinkirta saboda guguwa har zuwa yammacin 22 ga Oktoba. A ƙarshe, ya tashi ya tashi zuwa Flekkerøy, ya gamu da guguwa a hanya. Ya sauka a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba kuma ya kwanta a cikin gidan gona guda a tsibirin kamar yadda Anne ke da shi. Steen Bille ya tashi don kawo sabon zuwansa zuwa [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], kuma akwai mummunan hatsari. Lokacin da aka harba bindigogi don gaishe da tafiyarsa wani matashi mai jirgin ruwa ya nakasa ko ya mutu. Dan kasuwa William Hunter ya rubuta cewa: Bayan bikin auren, jam'iyyar ta zauna a Oslo na ɗan lokaci, kuma a ranar 15 ga Disamba manyan mutanen Denmark Steen Brahe da Steen Bille sun tashi zuwa Denmark. Kafin su tafi, James VI ya ba su da Axel Gyldenstierne kyaututtuka na farantin azurfa. Kanal William Stewart ya koma Edinburgh tare da umarni don dawowar sarauta a cikin bazara, da labarai na muhawara tsakanin Chancellor Maitland da George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal da danginsa William Keith na Delny, a kan fifiko da sadakar Sarauniya. Bayan wasu wasiku tare da surukinsa, Sophie na Mecklenburg, ƙungiyar sarauta ta Scotland ta yi tafiya zuwa Varberg kuma ta haye daga Helsingborg zuwa Elsinore, ko Helsingør, a Denmark don shiga kotun sarauta ta Denmark. An ce James ya yi "gude cheir kuma ya sha stoutlie har zuwa springtyme". Andrew Sinclair ya shirya gina sabon jirgi ga rundunar Sarki. == Tafiyar zuwa Scotland == [[Fayil:Elizabeth_of_Denmark,_Duchess_of_Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.jpg|right|thumb|Sarki da Sarauniya na Scotland sun halarci bikin auren Elisabeth ta Denmark.]] Chancellor Maitland ya rubuta wa ministan kirk na St Giles' a Edinburgh, Robert Bruce, cewa ana buƙatar "masu aikin jirgin ruwa da ƙwararrun matukan jirgi" don komawa ruwan Scotland. Sarki James ya aika da masanin aikin sarauta, William Schaw zuwa Edinburgh don yin shiri don dawowa. Ya nemi Provost na Edinburgh, John Arnot, ya samar da Schaw da "masu sana'a masu kyau da yawa" da ake buƙata don kammala gyare-gyare a Fadar Holyroodhouse. A Kronborg a watan Afrilu, yana sane da rashin tabbas na yanayi a teku, James VI ya rubuta "a cikin mafi kyawun kwanciyar hankali kun san kwatsam da haɗari da iska za su tashi". Anne ta rubuta a Faransanci, a cikin kundin amicorum na Dietrich Bevernest, "Duk wani abu yana cikin hannun Allah". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 07fsjipewlwcs5kprfppn47wy74mfnf 0 123942 880007 749919 2026-07-10T07:35:39Z BnHamid 12586 880007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Okpella''' wani yare ne na yarukan Edoid a [[Najeriya]] . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] rsvd7exj146lk7793panwgbwt6d2tvk 0 124546 879785 751707 2026-07-09T19:47:17Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pan Yue''' (Chinese: 潘岳; pinyin: Pān Yuè; An haife shi a wata [[afrilu]] 1960) is a Chinese government official who is the current director of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission and a deputy head of the United Front Work Department. An san shi a matsayin mai fafutukar kare muhalli wanda ya jagoranci sanannun kamfen don jaddada tsananin canjin yanayi ta hanyar kalubalantar manyan masu jefa kuri'a na gurɓata iska da hayaki. Ya ba da shawarar ci gaban fasaha da albarkatu don magance matsalolin muhalli. A shekara ta 2003, Pan zai zama mataimakin darakta na farko a Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha (SEPA) wanda zai ci gaba da zama [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli da wuri|Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sources |first=Other News |date=2007-01-23 |title=At the centre of China's environmental storm: Interview with 'Hurricane Pan' |url=https://journal.probeinternational.org/2007/01/23/centre-chinas-environmental-storm-interview-hurricane-pan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053120/https://journal.probeinternational.org/2007/01/23/centre-chinas-environmental-storm-interview-hurricane-pan/ |archive-date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Probe International |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an nada Pan a matsayin mataimakin sakataren Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli, matsayin da ba shi da komai tun 2007. Pan daga baya zai bar wannan mukamin ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na Cibiyar Socialism ta Tsakiya, matsayin da zai yi daga 2016 zuwa 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= |title=China Vitae : Biography of Pan Yue |url=https://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Pan_Yue/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529035332/https://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Pan_Yue/full |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Pan Yue a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1960 a Birnin Nanjing, Jiangsu, daya daga cikin manyan biranen kasar Sin masu cin gashin kansu kuma gida ne ga daya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a duniya, ga {{Interlanguage link|Pan Tian|zh|潘田}} , tsohon mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata kuma babban injiniya na Kwamandan Railway Corps, rundunar sojan kasar Sin, da likitan soja Zhou Lan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=laitimes |date=2021-10-26 |title=Pan Yue, an alternate member of the Central Committee, took up the post of united front work department of the cpc Central Committee |url=https://www.laitimes.com/en/article/5i9f_5iyp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012018/https://www.laitimes.com/en/article/5i9f_5iyp.html |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=laitimes |language=en}}</ref> == Yunkurin siyasa da muhalli na farko == A shekara ta 2003, Pan ya rarraba wani takarda na ciki mai taken Tunanin kan Canji daga Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin zuwa Jam'iyyar da ke cikin iko a Ofishin Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Majalisar Jiha]]. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=Return of maverick thinker Pan Yue {{!}} South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/414762/return-maverick-thinker-pan-yue |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623004938/https://www.scmp.com/article/414762/return-maverick-thinker-pan-yue |archive-date=2021-06-23 |access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref> Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun soki takardar cikin gida ta Pan saboda rashin sake tantance zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square ta 1989 yayin da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka lakafta shi a matsayin "[[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] na kasar Sin" don rushe tsarin siyasar jam'iyya.<ref name=":32" /> === Sake fitowar siyasa === A shekara ta 2010 Pan ya karbi lambar yabo ta Ramon Magsaysay "saboda gwagwarmayarsa ta gaba da shirin muhalli na kasa, yana dagewa kan lissafin jihohi da masu zaman kansu, yana ƙarfafa tattaunawar 'yan ƙasa da jihohi, da kuma tayar da muhalli a matsayin batun damuwa na gaggawa na kasa."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sources |first=Other News |date=2007-01-23 |title=At the centre of China's environmental storm: Interview with 'Hurricane Pan' |url=https://journal.probeinternational.org/2007/01/23/centre-chinas-environmental-storm-interview-hurricane-pan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053120/https://journal.probeinternational.org/2007/01/23/centre-chinas-environmental-storm-interview-hurricane-pan/ |archive-date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Probe International |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] b3wf76uabkaytwadcc3eh0v7qad87zc 0 126186 880049 756570 2026-07-10T09:27:44Z ~2026-39060-06 46821 880049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar ɗabi'a''' tana nufin ɗora alhakin yanke shawara na ɗabi'a ga wasu ƙungiyoyi na waje, galibi algorithms . Kalmar sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a cikin tattaunawa kan kimiyyar kwamfuta da adalci na algorithms, amma tana iya aiki ga duk wani yanayi da mutum zai iya roƙon wakilan waje don ya 'yantar da kansa daga alhakin ayyukansu. A cikin wannan mahallin, wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar ɗabi'a tana nufin musamman yanayin da al'umma ke ɗora wa fasaha laifi, maimakon waɗanda suka ƙirƙira ta ko masu amfani da ita, saboda kowace illa da za ta iya haifarwa. == Ma'anar == Dr. Rumman Chowdhury ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar "waje mai kyau" a matsayin hujjar kimiyya, masanin bayanai da ke da alaƙa da haɗakar [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar kere-kere]] da al'amuran zamantakewa. Chowdhury ya yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana fargabar da ke tasowa game da abin da ake kira " Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Huɗu " bayan haɓakar fasahar kere-kere. Masana fasaha galibi suna amfani da hanyar samar da kayayyaki ta hanyar ɗabi'a don su guji ɓangaren da suke da shi wajen gina kayayyakin da ba su dace ba. A cikin shirinta na TED Talk, Chowdhury ta ba da misali na wani mai ƙirƙira yana ba da uzuri ga aikinsu ta hanyar cewa kawai suna yin aikinsu ne. Wannan lamari ne na samar da kayayyaki ta hanyar ɗabi'a da rashin ɗaukar alhakin sakamakon halitta. Idan ana maganar AI, fitar da kayayyaki daga waje yana bawa masu ƙirƙira damar yanke shawara lokacin da na'urar take ɗan adam da kuma lokacin da take kwamfuta - yana mai da alhakin matsalolin ɗabi'a daga masana fasaha zuwa ga fasaha. Tattaunawa game da AI da son zuciya da tasirinta suna buƙatar ɗaukar nauyi don kawo sauyi. Yana da wuya a magance waɗannan tsarin son zuciya idan masu ƙirƙirar su suka yi amfani da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki daga waje don guje wa ɗaukar alhakin matsalar. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na fitar da ɗabi'a shine fushin da aka yi wa injuna don "karɓar ayyuka daga mutane" maimakon kamfanoni don amfani da wannan fasaha da kuma jefa ayyukan cikin haɗari da farko. Kalmar "wayar da ke aiki a matsayin mai kyau" tana nufin manufar wayar da ke aiki a matsayin mai kyau, ko kuma a yi aiki a matsayin mai kyau don kammala takamaiman aiki ga wata ƙungiya. A yanayin wayar da ke aiki a matsayin mai kyau, ana sa ran wata ƙungiya za ta gudanar da aikin warware matsalolin ɗabi'a ko yin zaɓi bisa ga ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rumman |title=Moral Outsourcing: Finding the Humanity in Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rummanchowdhury/2017/10/13/moral-outsourcing-2/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen Duniya na Gaskiya == A fannin likitanci, AI tana ƙara shiga cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara game da waɗanda za a yi wa magani, da kuma yadda za a yi musu magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Sonia Jawaid |date=2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Process-Outcome Divide in Perspectives on Moral Decision-Making |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2884/paper_122.pdf |journal=Symposium on AI for Social Good}}</ref> Nauyin da ke kan likita na yanke shawara mai kyau game da abin da ya fi dacewa ga marasa lafiyarsa ana ba shi ne ta hanyar amfani da algorithm. An kuma lura da cewa tausayi muhimmin ɓangare ne na aikin likitanci; wani ɓangaren da basirar wucin gadi, a bayyane, ba ta nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farhud |first=Dariush D. |last2=Zokaei |first2=Shaghayegh |date=2021-10-27 |title=Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare |url=https://publish.kne-publishing.com/index.php/ijph/article/view/7600 |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=i-v |doi=10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600 |issn=2251-6093 |pmc=8826344 |pmid=35223619}}</ref> Wannan nau'in samar da ayyukan ɗabi'a babban abin damuwa ne a cikin al'ummar likita. Wani fanni na fasaha wanda ake yawan kawo batun fitar da kayayyaki daga waje shi ne motocin da ke da kansu . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-28 |title=How will driverless cars make life-or-death decisions? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-will-driverless-cars-make-life-or-death-decisions |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> Farfesa Keith Abney na Jami'ar Jihar California Polytechnic ya gabatar da misali: "A ce muna da wasu matasa [masu kawo matsala], kuma suka ga wata mota mai cin gashin kanta, sai su tuka ta kai tsaye. Sun san motar mai cin gashin kanta za ta kauce daga hanya ta bar wani dutse, amma ya kamata ta yi?" <ref name=":3" /> Shawarar ko za a sadaukar da motar mai cin gashin kanta (da duk wani fasinja a ciki) ko motar da ke zuwa wurinta za a rubuta ta cikin algorithms da ke bayyana halayen motar. A yanayin fitar da kayayyaki daga waje, alhakin duk wani lalacewa da hatsari ya haifar za a iya danganta shi da motar mai cin gashin kanta, maimakon waɗanda suka rubuta yarjejeniyar da motar za ta yi amfani da ita don "yanke shawara" abin da za ta yi. Ana kuma amfani da hanyar samar da yanayi na ɗabi'a don tura sakamakon tsarin aikin sa ido ga fasaha, maimakon masu ƙirƙira ko 'yan sanda. Akwai damuwa da ɗabi'a da yawa game da tsarin aikin sa ido saboda gaskiyar cewa yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na 'yan sanda ga ƙananan al'ummomi da ƙananan al'ummomi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Sonia Jawaid |date=2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Process-Outcome Divide in Perspectives on Moral Decision-Making |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2884/paper_122.pdf |journal=Symposium on AI for Social Good}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.tekrevol.com/healthcare-ai-automation Healthcare AI Automation solution]</ref>A cikin mahallin tsarin samar da yanayi na ɗabi'a, an danganta tsarin mayar da martani mai kyau na aika rundunar 'yan sanda marasa daidaito zuwa ƙananan al'ummomi ga tsarin aikin da bayanai da ake ciyarwa cikin wannan tsarin - maimakon masu amfani da masu ƙirƙirar fasahar aikin sa ido. == A waje da Fasaha == === Addini === Ana kuma ganin fitar da ɗabi'a a cikin roƙon [[addini]] don ba da hujjar [[wariya]] ko cutarwa. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''What It Means to be Moral,'' masanin zamantakewa Phil Zuckerman ya saba wa ra'ayin addini da ya shahara cewa ɗabi'a ta fito daga Allah. Sau da yawa ana ambaton addini a matsayin tushe na ɗabi'a ba tare da wata alaƙa ta zahiri tsakanin imanin addini da matsayin mutum ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Sonia Jawaid |date=2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Process-Outcome Divide in Perspectives on Moral Decision-Making |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2884/paper_122.pdf |journal=Symposium on AI for Social Good}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan lokuta, mutanen addini za su "ba da" imaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa sun samo asali ne daga asalin addininsu. Ana ganin wannan inda aka ambaci addini a matsayin abin da ke haifar da imani na siyasa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farhud |first=Dariush D. |last2=Zokaei |first2=Shaghayegh |date=2021-10-27 |title=Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare |url=https://publish.kne-publishing.com/index.php/ijph/article/view/7600 |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=i-v |doi=10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600 |issn=2251-6093 |pmc=8826344 |pmid=35223619}}</ref> imanin likita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Sonia Jawaid |date=2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Process-Outcome Divide in Perspectives on Moral Decision-Making |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2884/paper_122.pdf |journal=Symposium on AI for Social Good}}</ref> kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali uzuri na tashin hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farhud |first=Dariush D. |last2=Zokaei |first2=Shaghayegh |date=2021-10-27 |title=Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare |url=https://publish.kne-publishing.com/index.php/ijph/article/view/7600 |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=i-v |doi=10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600 |issn=2251-6093 |pmc=8826344 |pmid=35223619}}</ref> === Masana'antu === Ana iya ganin ayyukan samar da kayayyaki na ɗabi'a a duniyar kasuwanci ta fuskar kera kayayyaki da kuma guje wa alhakin muhalli. Wasu kamfanoni a Amurka za su mayar da tsarin samar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje tare da manufofin muhalli masu sassauƙa don guje wa dokokin gurɓataccen iska da ke akwai a Amurka. Wani bincike da Harvard Business Review ta gudanar ya gano cewa "a cikin ƙasashen da ke da tsauraran ƙa'idojin muhalli, kamfanoni suna da ƙarancin hayakin da ke cikin gida da kashi 29% a matsakaici. A gefe guda kuma, irin wannan tsauraran ƙa'idoji yana haifar da ƙarin hayakin da kashi 43% a ƙasashen waje." Sakamakon ƙaruwar gurɓataccen iska ana danganta shi da ƙa'idodi marasa tsari a waɗannan ƙasashe, maimakon kamfanonin da kansu waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa waɗannan yankuna da gangan don guje wa tsauraran ƙa'idojin gurɓataccen iska. == Rumman Chowdhury == Chowdhury yana da babbar murya a cikin tattaunawar game da haɗuwa da ɗabi'a da AI. An haɗa ra'ayinta a cikin The Atlantic, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Sonia Jawaid |date=2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Process-Outcome Divide in Perspectives on Moral Decision-Making |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2884/paper_122.pdf |journal=Symposium on AI for Social Good}}</ref> Forbes, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rumman |title=Moral Outsourcing: Finding the Humanity in Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rummanchowdhury/2017/10/13/moral-outsourcing-2/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChowdhury">Chowdhury, Rumman. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/rummanchowdhury/2017/10/13/moral-outsourcing-2/ "Moral Outsourcing: Finding the Humanity in Artificial Intelligence"]. ''Forbes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> MIT Technology Review, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farhud |first=Dariush D. |last2=Zokaei |first2=Shaghayegh |date=2021-10-27 |title=Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare |url=https://publish.kne-publishing.com/index.php/ijph/article/view/7600 |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=i-v |doi=10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600 |issn=2251-6093 |pmc=8826344 |pmid=35223619}}</ref> da Harvard Business Review. === Bayanan da aka ambata === [[Rukuni:Fasaha]] lx1dby5sfu87wlc12h4fxk86pu0rkm7 0 126420 879610 784543 2026-07-09T14:36:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An zaɓi Babban Birnin Al'adu na Larabawa na 2008 ya zama [[Damascus]], Siriya. Babban Birnin Al'adu na Larabawa wani shiri ne da [[UNESCO]] ta dauka, [1] a karkashin Shirin Al'adu, don ingantawa da bikin Al'adun Larabawa da ƙarfafa hadin kai a Yankin Larabawa. Shirye-shiryen bikin ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 2007 tare da kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa. Abubuwan da suka faru a bikin sun hada da: === Janairu === * ''Naseeb'', kide-kide na Abed Azrie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Fabrairu === * ''Sah al-Nom'', wani kiɗa ne na almara mai suna [[Fairuz|Fairouz]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Doxbox: Bikin Fim na Kundin Labarai, bikin fim na farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Opera of Carmen, na Georges Bizet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001133/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * An Anouar Brahem ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na oud . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=22#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001128/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=22#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Maris === * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orchestra na Mari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Bahok'', wasan kwaikwayo na rawa na Akram Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Gidan Cinema, bikin fim na Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Ranar Waƙoƙi ta Duniya'', jerin bitar waƙoƙi don bikin Ranar Waƙar Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001133/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Afrilu === * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Italiya I Solisti Veneti . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Mayu === * Mata suna raira waƙa... Muryarsu ta Converse, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa ta mata mawaƙa na Larabawa a [[Fadar Al-Azm|Fadar Azm]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Yuni === * ''Komawar Ali Bey'', gidan wasan kwaikwayo na titi da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa game da Ali Bey al-Abbasi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Sai kawai Flamenco, wasan kwaikwayon Flamenco na [[Isabel Bayon]] na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''A cikin girmamawa ga Ranar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya'', kide-kide na Naseer Shamma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Yuli === * World Music Nights, jerin kide-kide na kungiyoyi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, tare da mai da hankali kan kiɗa na kabilanci. Kayan kide-kide sun hada da Dhafer Youssef, Pink Martini, Faudel, [[Johnny Clegg]], Angelique Kidjo, Lena Chamamyan da Tinariwen. * Classical Music Nights, jerin kide-kide na kiɗa na gargajiya don girmama Solhi al-Wadi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Falcon: Abdulrahman al-Dakhel'', wasan kwaikwayo na rawa ta ƙungiyar rawa ta Siriya Inana game da Abd ar-Rahman I, Khalifancin Umayyad na farko a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Julio Iglesias yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa na Bosra . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Agusta === * Jerin kide-kide da mawaƙin Lebanon Ziad Rahbani ya yi a Citadel na Damascus . Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Rahbani ya yi a Siriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * An gudanar da ''Bikin Oak na Mallajeh'', karo na 12 na wannan bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara a karkashin kulawar bikin Al'adu na Babban Birnin Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Satumba === * Kwanakin Kiɗa na Ruhaniya, jerin kide-kide da dama na gargajiya da na ruhaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Memory Club ta dauki bakuncin Colette Khoury, wani taron da kuma jawabin da marubucin Siriya ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Oktoba === * ''Zenobia'', wasan kwaikwayo na Luca Antonio Predieri game da Zenobia, sarauniyar Siriya ta Palmyra . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Jerin kide-kide da ɗan wasan Lebanon Julia Boutros ya yi a Citadel na Damascus . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * Gabas ta Gabas: Claude Shaeffer da Fadar Sarauta ta Ugarit, nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Damascus . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Nuwamba === * World Ceramics: Masterpieces daga Victoria da Albert Museum, nune-nunen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * An gudanar da bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Damascus, a cikin bugu na 16 a karkashin kulawar bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Yarjejeniya'', wasan kwaikwayo na rawa ta Myosotis Dance Theatre Group . <ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001133/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=26#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> === Disamba === * Wani gyare-gyare na A Streetcar Named Desire wanda Ghassan Massoud ya jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Aramel a kan keke'', wasan kwaikwayon Jawad al-Assadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010444/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=1&day=15#event1 |archive-date=2008-03-20 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> * ''Kuma muna son rayuwa... girmamawa ga Mahmoud Darwish'', jerin kide-kide da mawaƙin Lebanon Marcel Khalife ya yi. Wannan yawon shakatawa ya haɗa da kide-kide na Damascus a cikin biranen Latakia, Homs da [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=برنامج الاحتفالية |url=http://damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404001123/http://www.damascus.org.sy/index.php?m=258&action=dayview&year=2008&month=2&day=21#event1 |archive-date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2009-01-23}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129191915/http://damascus.org.sy/index.php Official Website of Damascus Arab Capital of Culture 2008] [[Category: Al'adar Larabawa]] [[Category: Bukukuwa a Siriya]] [[Category:Damascus]] dtvk3kp1r7z6zh82fo8sbqhaol3zkku 0 127544 879616 799917 2026-07-09T14:41:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexis T. Belonio''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1960) farfesa ne, injiniya, masanin kimiyya, mai kirkiro kuma mai kirkiro daga [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Shi ne ''"Filipino na farko da ya karbi [[Rolex]]_Award_for_Enterprise" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rolex Award for Enterprise">Kyautar Rolex don Kasuwanci"'' a cikin 2008 don kirkirar [[Stove|murhu]] [[shinkafa]] mai tsada da muhalli mai kyau.<ref name="MT">Sampan, Johanna M. ''[http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/jan/25/yehey/weekend/20090125week3.html The Filipino Champion, Turning Rice Husks into Treasure] {{Webarchive}}'', The Sunday Times Weekend, ManilaTimes.net, January 25, 2009</ref> Kamfanin Rolex ya haɗa Belonio a cikin jerin sunayen masu kirkiro 10 a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen Injiniyan Noma da Gudanar da Muhalli na Jami'ar Philippine ta Tsakiya . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Belonio kuma ta girma a Muñoz, Nueva Ecija . <ref name="heroes">{{Cite web |title=Alexis Belonio: grassroots innovator |url=http://www.wuheroesforbetter.org/the-heroes/alexis-belonio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085628/http://www.wuheroesforbetter.org/the-heroes/alexis-belonio/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=Heroes For Better |publisher=Western Union Philippines}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan noma da digiri na Master of Science daga Jami'ar Jihar Luzon ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Graduate Studies: List of Faculty Members |url=http://cpu.edu.ph/dep/gs/new/Faculty.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101012242/http://cpu.edu.ph/dep/gs/new/Faculty.htm |archive-date=1 November 2016 |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=Central Philippine University}}</ref> Ya kasance mai bincike ga Cibiyar Nazarin Rice ta Duniya kafin ya koma Jami'ar Philippine ta Tsakiya . <ref name="heroes" /><ref name="Rolex">{{Cite web |title=Alexis Belonio: Profile |url=http://www.rolexawards.com/profiles/associate_laureates/alexis_belonio/profile |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=Rolex Awards for Enterprise |publisher=Rolex |archive-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031211910/http://www.rolexawards.com/profiles/associate_laureates/alexis_belonio/profile |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinsa na farfesa a fannin injiniyan noma a Jami'ar Philippine ta Tsakiya, ya sami $ 50,000 da kuma ma'auni daga kamfanin Rolex don an haɗa shi cikin Mataimakan Laureates guda biyar na Rolex Award for Enterprise. Belonio yana da shekaru 48 lokacin da ya karbi kyautar, kuma ya ce zai yi amfani da kuɗin da ya karɓa wajen ingantawa da yada fasaharsa ga wasu mutane ba tare da neman wani abu ba, ta hanyar buga bayanai game da kirkirar da kuma kafa Cibiyar Fasahar Rice Husk a Iloilo, Philippines, ta farko a irin ta a kasar. <ref name="BW">Morales, Neil Jerome C., ''[http://www.bworldonline.com/BW012209/content.php?id=121 Filipino inventor to set up rice husk center]{{Dead link|date=July 2017}}'', Agribusiness, Vol. XXII, No. 122, BusinessWorld Online, Bworldonline.com, Manila, Philippines, January 22, 2009</ref> An gudanar da ainihin amincewar Belonio ta Rolex a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Filipino na farko na Kyautar Rolex a The [[Manila]] Peninsula a Birnin Makati a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2009. <ref name="MT"/> == Gishiri mai amfani da shinkafa == === Tarihi === Belonio ya fara aiki da ya shafi shinkafa a shekara ta 2003, a lokacin da akwai farashin man fetur. A matsayinsa na gwani, ya riga ya tsara na'urori talatin kamar masu bushewa da famfo na ruwa wanda manoma masu karamin karfi na Filipino zasu iya amfani da su. Belonio ya mayar da hankali kan kirkirar murhun shinkafa duk da cewa manufar ba sabon abu ba ce, saboda an riga an sami abin da ake kira Lo Trao daga [[Vietnam]]. Bambanci shi ne cewa kirkirar Belonio ba ta samar da hayaki kuma tana da wuta mai ɗorewa ba tare da raguwar tar ba. Belonio ya yi amfani da injiniya mai kyau da isasshen iska don murhunsa, wanda ke nuna ƙaramin fan wanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ko batir, wanda ke samar da ƙonewar shinkafa. Fursunonin farko na Belonio sun kai $ 100 (ko kusan 15,000 [1]) kowannensu amma, saboda ci gaba da ci gaba da bincike, ya sami damar rage farashin zuwa $ 25 (ko kusa da 1,250 [2]) kowannensa. Kudin da ake tsammani kawai ga mai amfani da Sanya zai zama 20 cents a kowace rana don gudanar da fan ɗin da aka gina a cikin murhu.[3] Kamfanoni a Philippines, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], da Cambodia ne ke samar da kirkirar, duk suna ba da hadin kai tare da ayyukan Belonio. A cewar Belonio murhunsa zai iya adana dangin manoma na shinkafa $ 150 a kowace shekara a cikin kuɗin man fetur. Ya kuma kara da cewa tan na shinkafa yana dauke da makamashi daidai da lita 415 na man fetur (ko lita 378 na kerosene). Stove na Belonio yana rage hayaki mai guba da hayaki wanda ke shafar muhalli kuma yana rage iskar gas. Za'a iya amfani da ragowar shinkafa da aka ƙone daga baya a matsayin taki na ƙasa ko a cikin yin ƙananan tubalan maye gurbin kwal.[2] === Bayyanawa === Gidan shinkafa na Belonio ƙaramin silinda ne wanda aka sanye shi da fan a cikin tushe, wanda ke ba da iska yayin jujjuya shinkafa zuwa gas. An tsara shi azaman na'urar da za a iya sarrafawa cikin sauƙi. Ana iya dafa kifi a cikin minti goma sha biyar ta amfani da murhu. Gidan yana cinye kilo 2 na shinkafa a kowace awa. Ba ya samar da hayaki kuma har yanzu ana iya amfani da shinkafa da aka ƙone a matsayin kwal da kuma a matsayin mai rufewa ga murhun gargajiya da itace ke amfani da itace. Shirye-shiryen murhu suna samuwa kyauta daga intanet. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] e0ij52dvnev7gn32zm7zgksqi720lxe 0 127691 879621 790148 2026-07-09T14:45:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kwarewa ta ARC don Tarihin motsin rai''' ('''CHE''') Cibiyar bincike ce ta Australiya wacce ke gudanar da bincike a tarihin motsin rai. An kafa Cibiyar ne a cikin 2011 tare da babban kudade daga Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya (ARC), babban hukumar Gwamnatin Australiya don rarraba kudaden bincike ga malamai da masu bincike a jami'o'in Australiya. Cibiyar Kwarewa don Tarihin Motsin rai tana amfani da ilimin tarihi daga [[Tarihin Turai|Turai ta zamani]] da farkon zamani don fahimtar yadda al'ummomi suka fahimta, suka samu, suka bayyana kuma suka yi motsin rai a Turai ta zamani, da kuma yadda wannan dogon tarihi ya shafi [[Asturaliya|Australia]] ta zamani. == Tsarin ƙungiya == Hedikwatar Cibiyar tana zaune ne a Jami'ar Yammacin Australia da ke Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya, Ostiraliya، tare da wasu nodes a kusa da Ostiraliya a jami'o'in Adelaide, [[Melbourne]], New England, Queensland, da [[Sydney]], a Jami'in Katolika na Australia, Jami'ar Macquarie da Jami'ar Western Sydney. Cibiyar tana da shirye-shirye huɗu: Ma'ana, Canji, Ayyuka, da Siffar zamani. Membobinta sun hada da manyan masu bincike goma sha huɗu, sama da 'yan wasa 38 na cikakken lokaci, dalibai 37 da suka kammala karatun digiri da kuma masu bincike sama da 100 a jami'o'i a kusa da Ostiraliya.<ref name="welcome">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Director's welcome |url=http://www.historyofemotions.org.au/about-the-centre/directors-welcome/ |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=About the Centre |publisher=ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118223104/http://historyofemotions.org.au/about-the-centre/directors-welcome/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar tana da abokan bincike na kasa da kasa goma daga manyan cibiyoyi a Burtaniya, Turai da Kanada: Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta London, Jami'ar Southampton da Jami'ar Durham, Jami'an Newcastle da Jami'an Bristol (Ingila); Freie Universität Berlin (Jamus), Jami'ar Fribourg (Switzerland) da Jami'a Umeå (Sweden); Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal da Jami'iyyar Western (Kanada). Cibiyar kuma tana da alaƙa ta al'ada tare da Cibiyar Arizona don Nazarin Medieval da Renaissance (Amurka) da [[University of York|Jami'ar York]] (Ingila). CHE ta dauki bakuncin baƙi sama da 50 na ilimi na kasa da kasa a kan tsarin zumunci na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ta janyo hankalin (kuma ta ci gaba da janyo hankalin) da yawa zuwa tarurrukanta da haɗin gwiwa a kowace shekara, daga masu karatun digiri zuwa farfesa, kuma CHE ta haɗa kai kan manyan abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a Jamus, Italiya, Burtaniya, China, Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka da Kanada.<ref name="welcome2">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Director's welcome |url=http://www.historyofemotions.org.au/about-the-centre/directors-welcome/ |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=About the Centre |publisher=ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118223104/http://historyofemotions.org.au/about-the-centre/directors-welcome/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mutane == === Daraktoci === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Na yau da kullun !Mai rike da ofishin !Taken !Farawar lokaci !Ƙarshen lokaci !Lokaci a ofis |- | align="center" |1 |Filibus Maddern |Daraktan Gidauniyar da Babban Mai Bincike | align="center" |2011 | align="center" |2014 | align="right" |Shekaru 2-3 |- | align="center" |2 |Andrew Lynch |Darakta da Babban Mai Bincike | align="center" |2014 | align="center" |2018 | align="right" |Shekaru 3-4 |- | align="center" |3 |Susan Broomhall |Darakta da Babban Mai Bincike | align="center" |2018 | align="center" |2018 | align="right" |Shekaru 0 |- | align="center" |4 |Kirk Essary |Darakta da Babban Mai Bincike | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |''mai mulki'' | align="right" |Shekaru 6-7 |} == Manazarta == 7p1wrcdegrbhkpjkqqbdnkdcu9nkt7u 0 127813 879915 787149 2026-07-10T01:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Philip David Radford''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1976) ɗan asalin Amurka ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan kiyayewa wanda shi ne shugaban kasa kuma Shugaba na Rahotanni na Abokin Ciniki, ƙungiyar ba da riba da ke aiki tare da masu amfani don inganta gaskiya, gaskiya, da adalci a kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phil Radford |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/about-us/our-people/our-leadership/phil-radford/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phil Radford Named President & CEO of Consumer Reports |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/media-room/press-releases/2025/01/phil-radford-named-president-ceo-of-consumer-reports/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> Radford ya fara aikinsa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar su Public Interest Research Group da Public Citizen, yana mai da hankali kan kariya ga masu amfani, cinikayya mai kyau, da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="Fund for the Public Interest"/> A cikin aikinsa, tsarin Radford na ƙirƙirar canji ya samo asali ne daga gwagwarmaya zuwa tsarin haɗin gwiwa, ba na jam'iyya ba, wanda ya fara fitowa zuwa ƙarshen wa'adinsa yana jagorantar Greenpeace kuma ya sami nasara a Rahotanni na Abokin Ciniki. Duk da yake da farko ya sami shahara ta hanyar dabara da aka yi niyyar matsawa kamfanoni da masu tsara manufofi, Radford ya sake dawowa ga hanyoyin da ba na jam'iyya ba da kuma gina hadin gwiwa, wanda ya dogara da imaninsa cewa duk Amurkawa suna da sha'awar kasancewa lafiya, lafiya, da wadata. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Radford ya fara aikinsa na jama'a a matsayin dalibi na makarantar sakandare a Oak Park da River Forest High School a Oak Park, wani yanki na Chicago, yana ba da gudummawa a kan kamfen ɗin kiwon lafiya na jama'ar don dakatar da gina masu ƙone shara a West Side na Chicago kusa da gidan Oak Park na iyalinsa.<ref name="Oak Park and River Forest High School Tradition of Excellence Past Award Recipients">{{Cite web |title=Oak Park and River Forest High School Tradition of Excellence Past Award Recipients |url=http://www.oprfhs.org/alumni/Past-Award-Recipients-TOE.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170212/http://www.oprfhs.org/alumni/Past-Award-Recipients-TOE.cfm |archive-date=August 28, 2018 |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=[[Oak Park and River Forest High School]]}}</ref> Ayyukansa na farko a cikin al'umma shine yin bincike kofa zuwa kofa ga Illinois PIRG wanda ba na jam'iyya ba. Yayinda yake karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis, ya jagoranci kamfen da kuma zane-zane a lokacin bazara don Asusun Binciken Jama'a ga abokan ciniki ciki har da PIRGIM da Ohio PIRG . <ref name="Fund for the Public Interest"/> Radford ya ɗauki lokaci daga makaranta don yin aiki ga Jama'a a kan batutuwan kasuwanci na duniya. Bayan kammala karatunsa a kwaleji a shekarar 1998, Radford ya zama jagora mai shirya a Green Corps, makarantar filin don shirya muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phil Radford |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/about-us/our-people/our-leadership/phil-radford/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> Radford ya sami B.A. daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis a shekarar 1998. <ref name="Washington University">{{Cite web |title=Washington University in St. Louis Magazine, Classmates Issue |url=http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/Fall09/Classmates.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117031445/http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/fall09/Classmates.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis Magazine}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Daraktan filin Ozone Action === Daga 1999 zuwa 2001 Radford ya kasance darektan filin na Ozone Action, ƙungiyar da aka sadaukar don yin aiki a kan barazanar yanayi na dumamar duniya da ƙarancin ozone. A matsayinsa na darektan filin, Radford ya shirya kuma ya aiwatar da kamfen da yawa, gami da kamfen a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa na 2000, wanda shine farkon motsi ga Sanata John McCain yana tallafawa Dokar Kula da Yanayi.<ref name="Canvassing Works">{{Cite web |title=Canvassing Works |url=http://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=Canvassing Works |archive-date=2019-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035431/https://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Living on Earth">{{Cite web |title=McCain on Climate Change |url=http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=07-P13-00049&segmentID=3 |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=[[Living on Earth]]}}</ref> Rad[[Ford]] kuma ya gudanar da tattara jama'a don Kamfen ɗin Warming Divestiture na Duniya, wanda ya haifar da Ford, General Motors, Texaco, da sauran kamfanoni da ke kawo ƙarshen kudaden su na Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Duniya, wanda ke yada bayanan da ba daidai ba game da dumamar duniya. A cewar The New York Times, sakamakon kamfen ɗin shine "a sabon alamar rarrabuwa a cikin masana'antu masu nauyi game da yadda za a amsa ga dumamar duniya". === Wanda ya kafa Canjin Mulki === A shekara ta 2001, Radford ya kafa Power Shift, <ref name="Fund for the Public Interest">{{Cite web |title=Phillip D. Radford, Greenpeace, Executive Director |url=http://www.fundforthepublicinterest.org/jobs/alumni/profiles/phillip-d.-radford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601223141/http://fundforthepublicinterest.org/jobs/alumni/profiles/phillip-d.-radford |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=[[Fund for the Public Interest]]}}</ref> wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don fitar da nasarorin kasuwar [[Makamashi mai ɗorewa|makamashi mai tsabta]] da kuma gina tushen tushe don dakatar da dumamar duniya. <ref name="Power Shift">{{Cite web |title=Power Shift |url=http://www.volunteermatch.org/search/org22033.jsp |access-date=2013-08-26 |publisher=Volunteermatch.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban darakta na Power Shift, Radford ya yi aiki tare da biranen [[San Diego]], [[Chola vista|Chula Vista, California]], da Berkeley, California, kazalika da wasu kananan hukumomi tara, don tabbatar da saka hannun jari don shigar da tsarin makamashi na hasken rana da aiwatar da matakan inganta makamashi a cikin gine-ginen birni.<ref name="Fund for the Public Interest"/> Radford ya kuma taimaka wajen shawo kan Citigroup don karɓar sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai tsabta don shigar da iska da hasken rana wanda ya sa su kasance masu araha ga matsakaicin Amurkawa. [[Fayil:Phil_Radford,_Executive_Director_of_Greenpeace_USA,_is_Arrested_in_front_of_White_House.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Radford arrested outside the [[White House]] during the [[Keystone XL]] Pipeline protest}}]] A shekara ta 2009, yana da shekaru 33, an zabi Radford a matsayin darektan zartarwa mafi ƙanƙanta na [[Greenpeace]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phil Radford |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/about-us/our-people/our-leadership/phil-radford/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2009 |title=Greenpeace USA's Phil Radford |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/29/interview-greenpeace-phil-radford |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki a Greenpeace Amurka, Radford ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni sama da 100 don inganta ayyukansu na muhalli, yana mai da hankali kan kokarin hadin gwiwa don inganta dorewa da alhakin kamfanoni. , yana ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na kungiyar da kashi 80%; yana ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar da ke shirya da haɓaka shirye-shiryen zane-zane; <ref name="Paper Giant Pledges to Leave the Poor Rainforest Alone. Finally. Asia Pulp & Paper—the notorious destroyer of pristine tiger and orangutan habitat—says it's changing its ways.">{{Cite web |title=Paper Giant Pledges to Leave the Poor Rainforest Alone. Finally. Asia Pulp & Paper—the notorious destroyer of pristine tiger and orangutan habitat—says it's changing its ways. |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/02/asia-pulp-paper-greenpeace-indonesia-rainforest |access-date=2013-11-27 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> kuma yana aiki a matsayin wanda ya kafa Shirin Dimokuradiyya, <ref name="Greenpeace">{{Cite web |title=Greenpeace Executive Director Philip Radford to Step Down; Leaves legacy of corporate victories and organizational growth |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/Greenpeace-Executive-Director-Philip-Radford-to-Step-Down/ |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=[[Greenpeace USA]] |archive-date=2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703030435/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/Greenpeace-Executive-Director-Philip-Radford-to-Step-Down/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> hadin gwiwa da ke da niyyar inganta shiga cikin dimokuradiyya da nuna gaskiya, yana aiki a sassa daban-daban don tallafawa rajistar masu jefa kuri'a na duniya da sake fasalin kuɗi na kamfen.<ref name="Source Watch">{{Cite web |title=Phil Radford |url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Phil_Radford |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=[[Source Watch]]}}</ref><ref name="Democracy Initiative">{{Cite web |title=Revealed: The Massive New Liberal Plan to Remake American Politics |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/01/democracy-initiative-campaign-finance-filibuster-sierra-club-greenpeace-naacp |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2013, Radford ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sauka a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2014, da zarar ya kammala shekaru biyar na aiki a matsayin babban darektan. Mai ba da rahoto na ''[[New York Times]]'' Andrew Revkin ya yi magana game da kamfen ɗin Greenpeace a lokacin mulkin Radford a matsayin "Activism at Its Best". Ben Jealous, tsohon shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na NAACP da kuma co-kafa Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya tare da Radford, ya bayyana Radford a matsayin jagorancin Greenpeace a matsayin "babban gine-gine na zamani. Ya gina hadin gwiwa daban-daban don karfafa fadace-fadace don muhalli da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a. A cikin tsari ya nuna kansa ba tare da ya dace ba wajen tattara mutane na yau da kullun don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin su kai tsaye. "Shugaban muhalli [[Bill McKibben]] ya bayyana cewa: "A lokacin da Radford ke da tushen muhalli, Greenpeace yana taimakawa duk motsi na gida, yana taimakawa duk canjin muhalli".<ref name="Greenpeace"/> Kafin ya zama babban darakta na Greenpeace USA, Radford ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Shirin Grassroots na kungiyar.[1] A wannan matsayin, ya ba da umarni kuma ya haɓaka zane-zanen titin kungiyar sosai kuma ya ƙaddamar da kuma ba da umarnin zane-zanin ƙofa-ƙofa, ƙungiyar shirya kan layi-zuwa-ƙasa, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai, Cibiyar Nazarin Greenpeace, da Greenpeace Semester.[2] A karkashin Radford, shirye-shiryen zane-zane na titi da ƙofa-ƙofa sun girma don haɗawa da kusan masu zane-zane 400 a kusan birane 20 a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma suna da alhakin ninka kasafin kuɗin kungiyar.[2] == Bayanan littattafai == === Labarai (ƙananan jerin) === * "The Case for Cooperation" Mayu 15, 2025, Fast Company''Kamfanin da ya yi sauri'' * "Palama a matsayin Greenpeace Way" Mayu 7, 2009, ''Washington Times'' * "Tsarin Ƙarfafa Taimako don Advocacy Nonprofit", Phil Radford, Garin LaMarche, da Sonal Shah, Maris 2020, Tarihin Philanthropy''Tarihin Taimako'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oubj7n91qp2s277sryxbl24glfmsaee 0 129437 879761 765151 2026-07-09T19:07:28Z Nnamadee 31123 879761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yanayin tattalin arziki''' shine ɓangaren Yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin ayyukan tattalin arziki da abubuwan da ke shafar shi. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin yanki ko hanya a cikin tattalin arziki.<ref>Clark, Gordon L.; Feldman, Maryann P.; Gertler, Meric S.; Williams, Kate (10 July 2003). The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. OUP Oxford. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-925083-7</nowiki>.</ref> Yanayin tattalin arziki yana ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga batutuwa daban-daban, gami da wurin masana'antu, tattalin arzikin ƙauyuka (wanda aka fi sani da "haɗin kai"), [[Yanayin sufuri|sufuri]], cinikayya ta dukiya, ci gaba, ƙasa, gentrification, tattalin arzikashin kabilanci, tattalin arzobin jinsi, ka'idar tsakiya, tattalin arzukan birane, alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da tattalin arziki (haɗe cikin dogon tarihin masu ilimin ƙasa da ke nazarin hulɗar al'adu da muhalli), da duniya. == Tushen ka'idoji da tasiri == Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban a fannin ka'idar wuri. Masu ilimin wuri na Neoclassical, suna bin al'adar Alfred Weber, galibi suna mai da hankali kan wurin masana'antu kuma suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga. Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 1970s, manyan martani guda biyu game da hanyoyin neoclassical sun sake fasalin horo. Ɗaya shine tattalin arzikin siyasa na Marxist, wanda ya samo asali ne daga gudummawar malamai kamar David Harvey, wanda ke ba da hangen nesa game da tattalin arzikin sararin samaniya. Sauran shine sabon yanayin tattalin arziki, wanda ke la'akari da abubuwan zamantakewa, al'adu, da ma'aikata tare da bangarorin tattalin arziki wajen fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru. Masana tattalin arziki kamar Paul Krugman da Jeffrey Sachs sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga nazarin yanayin tattalin arziki. Krugman, musamman, ya yi magana game da aikace-aikacen tunanin sararin samaniya ga Ka'idar cinikayya ta duniya a matsayin "sabon yanayin tattalin arziki," wanda ke gabatar da hangen nesa ga irin wannan tsarin da ake kira a cikin ilimin ƙasa. Wannan haɗuwa a cikin ƙamus na iya haifar da rikicewa. A matsayin madadin, wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar "tattalin arzikin ƙasa" don rarrabe tsakanin hanyoyin biyu. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:ElSalvadorfairtradecoffee.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwancin kofi masana'antu ce ta duniya.]] Ana samun hanyoyin farko na yanayin tattalin arziki a cikin taswirar kasar Sin guda bakwai na Jihar Qin, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 4 BC da kuma a cikin masanin ilimin ƙasa na Girka Strabo, wanda aka tattara kusan shekaru 2000 da suka gabata. Yayinda zane-zane ya ci gaba, masu ilimin ƙasa sun haskaka fannoni da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a yau a fagen; taswirar da aka kirkira ta manyan kasashen Turai sun bayyana albarkatun da za a iya samu a yankunan Amurka, Afirka, da Asiya. Jaridu na farko na tafiye-tafiye sun haɗa da bayanin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yanayi, wuri mai faɗi, da yawan aiki na wurare daban-daban. Wadannan asusun farko sun karfafa ci gaban tsarin cinikayya na duniya kuma sun gabatar da zamanin mercantilism. Lindley M. Keasbey ya rubuta a cikin 1901 cewa babu wani horo na yanayin tattalin arziki, tare da malamai ko dai suna yin yanayin ƙasa ko tattalin arziki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Keasbey |first=Lindley M. |date=1901 |title=The Study of Economic Geography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2140442 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.2307/2140442 |issn=0032-3195 |jstor=2140442 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Keasbey ya yi jayayya don horo na yanayin tattalin arziki, rubuce-rubuce, <ref name=":0" /> Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ba da gudummawa ga yaɗuwar ilimin ƙasa gabaɗaya, kuma farfaɗowar tattalin arziki da ci gaban bayan yaƙi sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimin ƙasa a matsayin fanni. A lokacin shahararriyar ma'aunin muhalli, Ellsworth Huntington da ka'idarsa ta ƙaddara yanayi, duk da cewa daga baya sun yi suka sosai, sun yi tasiri sosai a fannin. Gudummawa masu mahimmanci sun kuma fito ne daga masana ka'idar wuri kamar Johann Heinrich von Thünen ko Alfred Weber . Sauran ka'idoji masu tasiri sun haɗa da ka'idar Walter Christaller ta [[Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya|Tsakiyar wuri]], ka'idar tsakiya da ta gefe. === Sabon Yanayin Tattalin Arziki === Tare da tasowa na [[New Economy|Sabon Tattalin Arziki]], rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki yana ƙaruwa a sararin samaniya. Sabon Tattalin Arziki, wanda aka fi sani da duniya, karuwar amfani da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa, ci gaban kayan ilimi, da kuma mata, ya ba masu ilimin tattalin arziki damar nazarin rarrabuwar zamantakewa da sararin samaniya wanda ya haifar da Sabon Taron Arziki mai tasowa, gami da rarrabuwar dijital. == Manazarta == 95dfk50za55r65n3mscpcry8svl05lj 0 129532 880090 822520 2026-07-10T10:50:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter, son of Töre''' (Hungarian: Töre fia Péter; executed in 1213) was a Hungarian lord who served as judge royal in 1198 during the reign of King Emeric. An san shi da jagorantar ƙungiyar manyan 'yan [[Hungariya|Hungary]] da ke da alhakin kisan Gertrude na Merania a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1213. == Ayyuka == Peter ɗan Töre ne (wanda kuma Turoy ne, Turwey, ko Toraj).[1] A cewar takardun da ba na gaske ba, ya yi aiki a matsayin ispán na Pozsony County daga 1193 zuwa 1195 a lokacin mulkin Sarki Béla III na ƙarshe.[2] An ambaci shi a matsayin ispán na [[Bihar]] County a 1197.[3] Sarki Emeric ya naɗa shi Alkali a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya maye gurbin Esau.[4] Baya ga haka, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ispán na Szolnok County.[5] A shekara ta 1199, ya rasa manyan mutane biyu, inda Mika Ják da Ampud (ɗan Palatine Ampud) suka maye gurbinsu.[4][5] Yankin sa suna cikin Syrmia da kudancin Bács County . Cibiyar dukiyarsa ita ce Pétervárad - a yau Petrovaradin, wani ɓangare na ƙauyen Novi Sad, [[Serbiya|Serbia]] - wanda aka sanya masa suna. A cikin 1201, ya rike matsayin ispán na Sopron County . == Kashe Sarauniya Gertrude == Lokacin da Andrew II ya bar Hungary don sabon kamfen akan Galicia, ƙungiyar iyayengiji na Hungary, suna amfani da rashin Sarki, sun kama kuma sun kashe Sarauniya Gertrude da yawancin ma'aikatanta a cikin Pilis Hills a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1213. Jikin Gertrude ya fashe, yayin da ɗan'uwanta Berthold, Babban bishop na Kalocsa, da Leopold VI, Duke na [[Austriya|Austria]] suka tsere. An binne Gertrude a cikin Pilis Abbey . A cewar rahotanni na zamani, Bitrus da kansa ya kashe Sarauniya, yayin da Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán, 'Yan uwan Kacsics (Simon da Michael), da sauran iyayengiji suma suna da hannu a cikin makircin. Dalilin da ke bayan kisan ba shi da tabbas. Daga baya al'adar ta nuna cewa ɗan'uwan Sarauniya Gertrude (Berthold) ya yi wa matar Bánk fyade, kuma Bánk ya kashe Sarauniya saboda ya ji cewa ta karfafa ɗan'uwanta. Wannan sigar ta bayyana a cikin Chronicon rhythmicum Austriacum a kusa da 1270, kuma an sake maimaita ta cikin tarihin Hungary na ƙarni na 14 (Chronica Hungarorum, Annales Posonienses da sauransu). Masanin harshe János Horváth a baya ya yi jayayya cewa marubutan a zahiri sun yi magana game da yunkurin kisan gillar Felician Záh (1330) a kan Charles I na Hungary yayin da yake kwatanta mutuwar Gertrude. József Katona's ''Bánk bán'' (wanda Ferenc Erkel ya saita waƙoƙi), inda Bitrus ya bayyana a matsayin ''Ban Petur'', ya kuma kiyaye kuma ya yada wannan sigar. Ƙarin rubuce-rubuce daga karni na 15, bisa ga ''De fundatoribus monasterii Diessensis'', sun nuna cewa an kashe Gertrude ba tare da laifi ba saboda ba ta san niyyar Berthold da laifinta ba. Wani dalili mai yiwuwa shine cewa iyayengijin Hungary karkashin jagorancin Peter, masu fushi da fifiko na Sarauniya Gertrude ga magoya bayanta na Jamus, sun ji tsoron rasa matsayinsu na kotu da tasiri. 'Yan uwan Gertrude guda biyu, Ekbert, Bishop na Bamberg, da Henry II, Margrave na Istria, sun gudu zuwa Hungary a cikin 1208 bayan an zarge su da shiga cikin kisan Philip, Sarkin Jamus. Berthold na Kalocsa (tun daga 1206) an kuma nada shi Ban na Slavonia a cikin 1209 kuma daga baya Voivode na Transylvania a cikin 1212 ta hanyar korar Bánk Bár-Kalán da Michael Kacsics bi da bi. Andrew ya ba da karimci ga dangin matarsa na Jamus da ma'aikatan gidansa a bayyane ya sa iyayengijin Hungary ba su gamsu ba. Marubucin da ba a san shi ba na ''Gesta Hungarorum'' ya kuma ambaci Jamusawa daga [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] lokacin da ya haɗa da wata magana ta sarcastic cewa "yanzu ... Romawa suna kallon kayan Hungary. " Wasu kafofin kuma sun ambaci John, Archbishop na Esztergom sanannen wasika (''Reginam occidere''). Masanin tarihi Tamás Körmendi ya ba da shawarar cewa Bitrus yana da wani dalili na kansa a bayan kisan. == Kashewa == Lokacin da Andrew II ya ji labarin kisan matarsa, sai ya katse yakin a Galicia kuma ya koma gida. Ya ba da umarnin a kashe Peter, ɗan Töre, wanda An rataye shi a cikin kaka na 1213, kuma an kwace ƙasashensa.[1] Dangane da ci gaba da tarihin Magnus von Reichersberg, an kashe Peter tare da matarsa da dukan iyalinsa.[2] Koyaya, abokan hulɗa na Bitrus, gami da Palatine Bánk, ba su sami hukunci mai tsanani ba, mai yiwuwa saboda yanayin siyasa da ikon Andrew.[1] Bánk ya riƙe matsayi mai tasiri har ma bayan kisan.[3] Duke Béla ne kawai, ɗan Andrew da Gertrude, ya nemi fansa bayan an nada shi Duke na Transylvania kuma ya fara sake duba manufofin mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1228, ya kwace dukiyar Bánk da 'yan uwan Kacsics, wadanda ya zarge su da yin makirci a kan mahaifiyarsa. Tamás Körmendi ya ba da shawarar cewa sun kasance wadanda ke fama da rikice-rikicen siyasa da tsarkakewa, ana zargin su da makirci saboda dalilai na siyasa kawai. Dangane da wata takardar shaidar sarauta da aka bayar a cikin 1237, Béla IV, yanzu a matsayin sarki, ya ba da kyautar tsoffin ƙasashen Bitrus ga sabuwar Cistercian Bélakút Abbey, wanda ke cikin Archdiocese na Kalocsa . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aswhrkwjuq4zb3nl3ox1mxjj32lbi3u 0 129535 880050 786461 2026-07-10T09:28:45Z Nnamadee 31123 880050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Hartmann House''' (ko '''Hartmann House''', wanda kuma ake kira '''HH''' ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, ta shirye-shirye , ga yara maza a [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1957 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan Fr Hartmann SJ, wani limamin cocin Pioneer Column wanda ke zaune a Kwalejin St. George, Harare.<ref name="HH History">{{Cite web |title=Hartmann House Prep |url=http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174639/http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=Hartmann House Preparatory School}}</ref> Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Hartmann House memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Makarantun Amintattu (ATS) kuma Shugaban memba ne na [[Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe|Taron Shugabannin Makarantun Masu Zaman Kansu a Zimbabwe]] (CHISZ).<ref name="ATS Directory">{{Cite web |title=ATS CHISZ Primary » » Schools Directory |url=http://www.atschisz.co.zw/schools-directory/wpbdp_category/primary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405032940/http://www.atschisz.co.zw/schools-directory/wpbdp_category/primary/ |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=ATS CHISZ}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1957, kimanin shekaru 30 bayan Kwalejin St George ta koma Salisbury (yanzu [[Harare]] ), an yanke shawarar gina wata makarantar shiri daban a sabon filin da aka samu kusa da Titin Borrowdale. An fahimci cewa yara ƙanana suna da buƙatar salon koyarwa da kulawa daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da yara ƙanana. An buɗe wani kyakkyawan gini a matsayin Hartmann House a shekarar 1957. Yana da firistocin Jesuit guda uku a cikin ma'aikatansa - Fr Farwell a matsayin mai kula da gida tare da Fr Nixon da Fr Walsh tare da wasu malamai na yau da kullun.<ref name="HH History2">{{Cite web |title=Hartmann House Prep |url=http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174639/http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=Hartmann House Preparatory School}}</ref> Akwai azuzuwa 6 na yara maza 25 kowannensu a cikin Mataki na 4 da 5 tare da 100 daga cikinsu a cikin bene na sama. Masu kula da gidaje 100 galibi sun fito ne daga [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da yankunan noma. A Independence, matsin lamba na wuraren kwana na makaranta ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu. An dakatar da masaukin kwana don maye gurbin ɗakin aji a shekarar 1980. An rufe masaukin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1993. Hartmann House ya ci gaba da bunkasa sosai, inda aka gina gine-gine da dama daga baya, ciki har da Golden Jubilee Hall da aka kammala kwanan nan.<ref name="HH History"/> == Alamar == Kwalejin Sarauta ta Heralds ce ta bayar da kyautar makamai a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1931, kuma an yi nufin gane manyan halaye guda uku: * Na farko yana nuna harsashin da kuma kula da Hartmann House ta hannun Jesuits, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar haɗa kerkeci baƙaƙe biyu da kaskon, kamar yadda aka ɗauko daga dangin Iyalin Loyola, St. Ignatius Loyola shine wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Yesu ko Ubannin Jesuit, kuma a cikin Basque "loy" yana nufin kerkeci kuma "olla" yana nufin kaskon.<ref name="HH Crest">{{Cite web |title=Hartmann House Crest |url=http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House/Hartmann__House_Crest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222182124/http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/About_Hartmann__House/Hartmann__House_Crest |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=Hartmann House Preparatory School}}</ref> * Halayya ta biyu, wato wurin da kwalejin take a Rhodesia a wancan lokacin da kuma wasan kwaikwayo kan kalmar Girkanci Rhoden, ma'ana fure, ita ce alamar fure mai kyau wadda take wanzuwa a cikin siffofi daban-daban, launuka da turare. Tana da ƙarfi kuma tana iya bunƙasa kusan ko'ina daidai saboda tana da nau'ikan iri da yawa.<ref name="HH Crest" /> * Halaye na uku shine sadaukarwa ga Father Hartmann, mai kula da Makarantar, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar haɗa Red Cross daga tutarsa da kuma ɗaga takobin yana kallon sama. Wannan yana nuna nasarar Waliyi kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta Kiristanci, a kan ikon mugunta (kamar yadda fikafikan dragon suka wakilta) da fansar mutum ta hanyar mutuwar Yesu Kiristi.<ref name="HH Crest" /> * Taken da ke kan gungura yana nufin "Daga Imani ne Ake Samun Aminci".<ref name="HH Crest" /> == Gidaje == An sanya wa gidajen da ke Hartmann House suna ne bayan fitattun 'yan Jesuit guda huɗu, waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Kwalejin St. George da ke [[Bulawayo]]. * Fr. Marc Barthelemy SJ – Rector na farko (1896–1913)- Rigunan kore masu duhu. * Fr. Thomas Gardner SJ – ɗan Ingila na farko da ya zama Jesuit, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma zakaran 'yan Cadets – Red Vests. * Fr. Andrew Hartmann SJ – Limamin coci zuwa ga Jerin Majagaba a 1890 – Rigunan Shuɗi Masu Duhu. * Fr. Francis Johanny SJ – Shugaban Jami'a na Biyu a shekarar 1914 – Rigunan Rawaya. == Ci gaba == Hartmann House ta faɗaɗa yawan ɗalibanta ta hanyar haɗa aji 0 zuwa 7 a cikin wata makarantar shiri. A shekarar 2017 an fara azuzuwan aji 0 da aji 1. A wannan shekarar ne makarantar ta fara shirin firamare na Cambridge, wanda Jarrabawar Cambridge International Examinations ta tsara kuma ta duba.<ref name="HH Academics">{{Cite web |title=Academics |url=http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/Dear__Parents |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=Hartmann House Preparatory School |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181125/http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/Dear__Parents |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HH Growing Down">{{Cite web |title=Hartmann House "Growing Down" |url=http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/Dear__Parents |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=Hartmann House Preparatory School |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222181125/http://www.hartmannhouse.co.zw/Dear__Parents |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == bmwa0ospowugxx5kymkccenspsjpqwo 0 129538 880051 765378 2026-07-10T09:30:23Z Nnamadee 31123 880051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kweku Budu-Acquah''' ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Ghana na farko a [[Somaliya]] kuma Ministan ƙasar Ghana da ke zaune a [[Gini|Guinea]] daga 1962 zuwa 1964. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Musamman na Al'ada da kuma Ministan Plenipontentary daga 1964 zuwa 1966 lokacin da aka hambarar da [[gwamnatin Nkrumah]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Budu-Acquah a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1932 a Akobima, wani gari kusa da [[Saltpond]]. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Bekwai Methodist a [[yankin Ashanti]], sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a [[Kwalejin Adisadel]], [[Cape Coast|Cape Coast.]]<ref name=":02" /> Daga nan ya tafi Burtaniya inda ya yi karatun Ilimin zamantakewa, Kimiyyar Siyasa da Ilimin Dan Adam a [[Jami'ar Hull]], da Ci gaban Ka'idar Zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin Farfesa [[Morris Ginsberg|Ginsberg]] a [[London School of Economics and Political Science|Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London]].<ref name=":02" /> Ya kuma yi karatun Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya a ƙarƙashin Farfesa [[Charles Manning|Manning]] na tsawon shekara guda a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London.<ref>Budu-Acquah, K. (1961). Ghana, the Morning After: From the Time of Gold and Slave Traders to the Days of Africa's First Independent Nation. Goodwin Press Limited.</ref><ref name=":12" /> == Siyasa da Aiki == Kafin ya koma Birtaniya don ƙarin karatu, Budu-Acquah ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a Ashanti Sentinel, Accra Evening News da kuma Kakakin Afirka. A matsayinsa na memba na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren farfagandar jam'iyyar.<ref>Budu-Acquah, K. (1961). Ghana, the Morning After: From the Time of Gold and Slave Traders to the Days of Africa's First Independent Nation. Goodwin Press Limited.</ref> Bayan dawowarsa zuwa [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Budu-Acquah ya shiga Cibiyar Akidar Kwame Nkrumah a matsayin ma'aikacin koyarwa. A can, ya koyar da Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa, sannan daga baya ya yi aiki da Hukumar Harkokin Waje ta Ghana. A shekarar 1961, an nada shi jakadan Ghana na farko a [[Somaliya|Somalia]], inda ya kuma kula da sauran yankunan da ke Gabashin Afirka har sai da suka sami 'yancin kai. Waɗannan ƙasashe sune; [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tsawon shekaru, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Ghana da Somalia ta yi rauni, kuma a shekarar 1962, gwamnatin Somalia ta nemi a dawo da jakadan Ghana a Somalia zuwa Ghana. Daga nan aka mayar da Budu-Acquah zuwa [[Gini|Guinea]] a matsayin Ministan Ghana da ke zaune a Guinea, ya maye gurbin Stephen Allen Dzirasa wanda aka mayar da shi Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a matsayin na biyu a cikin kwamanda (Mataimakin Minista). Bayan shekaru biyu yana aiki a Guinea, an mayar da Budu-Acquah zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a matsayin Jakadan Musamman na Musamman kuma Ministan Gabaɗaya. DK Kulevome ya gaje shi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] d7qq0i2jzwm0n02dznftrzwvpnucxnr 0 130297 879665 767367 2026-07-09T17:04:15Z BnHamid 12586 879665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jafananci a matsayin harshen waje''' ana nazarin shi ta baƙi a Japan da waɗanda ba na asali ba a duk duniya, gami da waɗanda ke da asalin Jafananci. Yawancin manyan jami'o'i a duk duniya suna ba da darussan yaren Jafananci, kuma yawancin makarantun sakandare har ma da firamare a duk duniya ke ba da darussa a cikin yaren. == Tarihi == {{Reflist}} Sha'awar kasa da kasa game da harshen Jafananci ya samo asali ne daga karni na 19 amma ya zama mafi yawa bayan Tattalin arzikin Japan na shekarun 1980 da kuma shahararren al'adun Jafananci na duniya (kamar wasan kwaikwayo da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]) tun daga shekarun 1990. A shekara ta 1940, Amurkawa 65 ne kawai wadanda ba 'yan asalin Jafananci ba suka iya karatu, rubutu da fahimtar yaren. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, sama da mutane miliyan 3.6 sun yi nazarin yaren a duk duniya, da farko a Gabas da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.<ref name="Japanese as Foreign Language">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Survey Report on Japanese-Language Education Abroad |url=https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/survey/result/dl/survey_2015/Report_all_e.pdf |access-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=Japan Foundation}}</ref> Kusan Sinanci miliyan ɗaya, 'yan Indonesiya 745,000, 'yan Koriya ta Kudu 556,000 da' yan [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] 357,000 sun yi karatun Jafananci a ƙananan cibiyoyin ilimi.<ref name="Japanese as Foreign Language" /> Tsakanin 2012 da 2015, ci gaban masu koyo ya samo asali ne a Ostiraliya (20.5%), Thailand (34.1%), Vietnam (38.7%) da [[Filipin|Philippines]] (54.4%). <ref name="Japanese as Foreign Language" /> Ya zuwa 2017, fiye da daliban kasashen waje 267,000 suna karatu a jami'o'in Jafananci da makarantun yaren Jafananci, ciki har da 107,260 Sinanci, 61,670 Vietnamese da 21,500 Nepalese.[1] Bugu da kari, kananan hukumomi da wasu kungiyoyin NPO suna ba da darussan yaren Jafananci kyauta ga mazauna kasashen waje, gami da 'yan Japan na Brazil da baƙi da suka auri' yan ƙasar Japan. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, nazarin harshen Jafananci yana tallafawa ta Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Nazarin Jafananci. A Ireland, ana ba da Jafananci a matsayin yare a cikin Takardar shaidar barin a wasu makarantu.[2] == Gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa == Gwamnatin Japan tana ba da gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa don auna fahimtar magana da rubuce-rubuce na Jafananci ga masu koyon harshe na biyu; mafi shahara shine gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci (JLPT), wanda ke nuna matakai biyar na jarrabawa (canji daga matakai huɗu a cikin 2010), daga firamare (N5) zuwa ci gaba (N1). Ana ba da JLPT sau biyu a shekara. Kungiyar Ciniki ta waje ta Japan JETRO ta shirya gwajin ƙwarewar Kasuwancin Jafananci wanda ke gwada ikon mai koyo na fahimtar Jafananci a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. Gidauniyar Gwajin Kanji ta Japan, wacce ta karɓi BJT daga JETRO a cikin 2009, ta sanar a watan Agustan 2010 cewa za a dakatar da gwajin a cikin 2011 saboda matsin kuɗi a kan Gidauni. Koyaya, tun daga lokacin ya fitar da wata sanarwa cewa gwajin zai ci gaba da kasancewa sakamakon tallafi daga gwamnatin Japan.<ref>[[Beate Sirota Gordon]] commencement address at [[Mills College]], 14 May 2011. [http://www.c-span.org/Events/Sotomayor-Denzel-Washington-GE-CEO-Speak-to-Graduates/10737421758-10/ "Sotomayor, Denzel Washington, GE CEO Speak to Graduates,"] {{Webarchive}} C-SPAN (US). 30 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-30</ref><ref>[[Beate Sirota Gordon]] commencement address at [[Mills College]], 14 May 2011. [http://www.c-span.org/Events/Sotomayor-Denzel-Washington-GE-CEO-Speak-to-Graduates/10737421758-10/ "Sotomayor, Denzel Washington, GE CEO Speak to Graduates,"] {{Webarchive}} C-SPAN (US). 30 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-30</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Koriya a matsayin harshen waje * Sinanci a matsayin harshen waje == Manazarta == 2a5icr5kqhj7jmpbm5k5tz4piy5fv5s 0 130842 879990 768420 2026-07-10T07:22:38Z BnHamid 12586 879990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jyotindra Nath Dixit''' (8 ga watan Janairun 1936 - 3 ga watan Janairu 2005) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyya Indiya na Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Indiya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Indiya ga Firayim Minista Manmohan Singh kuma galibi ana tunawa da shi saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tattaunawa a cikin rikice-rikice da Pakistan da China. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje (1991-1994), matsayi mafi girma a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . <ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-01/2005-01-03-voa10.cfm?moddate=2005-01-03 J.N. Dixit, Indian Security Adviser, Dies]{{Dead link|date=April 2025}} VOA News, By Anjana Pasricha. New Delhi, 3 January 2005.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Madras (a yau [[Chennai]], Indiya) ga iyayen Malayali Nair, sanannen marubucin Malayali Munshi Paramu Pillai da Retnamayi Devi . Ya sami sunansa, ''Dixit'', daga mahaifinsa Sitaram Dixit, mai fafutukar 'yanci kuma ɗan jarida.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204143037/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/05/stories/2005010505321100.htm J.N. Dixit – a tribute]. By Gopal Gandhi, [[The Hindu]], 5 January 2005.</ref> Ya yi karatunsa a tsakiyar Indiya, Rajasthan da Delhi. Bayan haka ya yi digiri na BA a fannin Falsafa, Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa a Kwalejin Zakir Husain ta Jami'ar Delhi (1952 Batch), sannan ya yi digiri a fannin shari'ar kasa da kasa da alakar kasa daga Jami'ar Delhi, kuma ya bi karatu don digiri na Doctoral a Makarantar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Indiya, yanzu wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Shri_J.N._Dixit_on_his_arrival_at_South_Block_to_take_charge_as_'National_Security_Adviser'_in_New_Delhi_on_May_27,_2004.jpg|right|thumb|Dixit a lokacin da ya isa Kudancin Block don ya dauki nauyin a matsayin 'Mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa' a New Delhi a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2004]] Dixit ya shiga Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Indiya a 1958, kuma ya yi aiki a [[Vienna]], Austria. Ya zama Mataimakin Babban Kwamishinan Indiya a Bangladesh (1971-74) bayan an sake shi. Daga baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin a Tokyo da Washington, sannan Jakadan a Chile, Mexico (1960-1961 Sakatare na 3), Japan, Australia, Afghanistan (1980-85); Babban Kwamishinan Sri Lanka (1985-89) da Pakistan (1989-91). Ya kasance Babban mai kula da taimakon Indiya a Bhutan . Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Indiya daga 1991 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya daga aikin Gwamnati a 1994. Ya kuma kasance wakilin Indiya a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin]] Ƙungiya, UNIDO, [[UNESCO]], ILO da Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Tsaro na Kasa na farko. Ya kuma kasance marubucin littattafai da yawa. Ya kasance Babban Kwamishina a [[Kolombo|Colombo]] a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Indiya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da gwamnatin Sri Lanka kuma ta tura rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Indiya (IPKF) zuwa yankin Tamil a tsibirin tsibirin a lokacin rikicin kabilanci. Ya gaji mukamin Mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa a shekara ta 2004. Ginshiƙansa kan harkokin kasa da kasa da na yanki, sun ''Bayani'' a kai a kai a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban ciki har da Outlook da ''Indian Express''. Ya kasance malami mai ziyara a cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Dixit ya mutu a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, a New Delhi, bayan ya kamu da ciwon zuciya. Ya auri Vijaya Lakshmi Dixit (née Sundaram) kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyar, Ashok Dixit ya auri Mandakini Dixit (ne Haldipurkar), Rahul Dixit ya yi aure da Rupa Dixit (naye Thakkar), Aabha Dixit ya aure V. B Anand Dhavle, Dipa Dixit ya auren Rajiv Shakdher da marigayi Dhruv Dixit, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2002. Jikansa sune Sanghamitra Dixit, Sumiran da Sagiri Dixit, Jaidev da Abhishek Dhavle da Vasudhaa Shakdher . Ya yi aure a karo na biyu. Shi ne mai ba da shawara na farko na Tsaro na Kasa wanda ya mutu a ofis.[1][2] == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Kyautar farar hula ta biyu mafi girma a Indiya, Padma Vibhushan, an ba da ita bayan mutuwarta a J N Dixit a shekara ta 2005. == Ayyuka == * ''Kai a cikin kaka'', 1982 (tarin waƙoƙi) * ''Anatomy of a Flawed Inheritance: Binciken Dangantakar Indo-Pak 1970-94'', Konark Publishers, 1995 * ''Shekaru na Kudu'', masu bugawa na UBS * [Hasiya] An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin nan. * ''A fadin iyakoki: Shekaru hamsin na Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Indiya'', PICUS Publishers. 1998. * Liberation and Beyond: Dangantakar Indo-Bangladesh 1971-99, Konark Publishers. 1999. * An Afghom: Diary-Zahir Shah zuwa Taliban, Konark Publishers, 2000. * ''Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Indiya da Makwabtanta'', Gyan Books, New Delhi, 2001. .{{ISBN|81-212-0726-6}} * ''Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Indiya - ƙalubalen Ta'addanci Fashioning Interstate Equations'', ta Gyan Books, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/81-212-0785-1|<bdi>81-212-0785-1</bdi>]]{{ISBN|81-212-0785-1}}&nbsp; * ''Harkokin waje''. Littafin Roli Books, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/81-7436-264-9|<bdi>81-7436-264-9</bdi>]].{{ISBN|81-7436-264-9}}&nbsp; * ''Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Indiya: Tarihi da Ƙalubalen'' . [Hasiya] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/81-220-0694-9|<bdi>81-220-0694-9</bdi>]].{{ISBN|81-220-0694-9}}&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa * Navtej Sarna * Taranjit Singh Sandhu * Harsh Vardhan Shringla == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8x4k5bslhv9vim9xaolwooexpgz0fi1 0 131705 879725 821977 2026-07-09T18:22:09Z Bikhrah 15061 879725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lafiyar hankali a cikin ilimi shine tasirin da lafiyar hankali (ciki har da motsin rai, tunanin mutum, da jin daɗi jama'a) ke da shi akan aikin ilimi. Sau da yawa ana kallon Lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin batun manya, amma a zahiri, kusan rabin matasa a Amurka suna fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma kusan kashi 20% daga cikin waɗannan ana rarraba su a matsayin "mai tsanani". [1] Batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya haifar da babbar matsala ga ɗalibai dangane da nasarar ilimi da zamantakewa a makaranta. [2] Tsarin ilimi a duniya yana bi da wannan batun daban, kai tsaye ta hanyar manufofin hukuma da kuma kai tsaye ta hanyoyin al'adu game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da jin daɗi. Wadannan darussan suna nan don gano cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa yadda ya kamata da kuma magance su ta amfani da magani, magani, ko wasu kayan aikin sauƙaƙewa. Lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin ɗalibai suna da goyon baya sosai daga makarantu. Makarantu suna ƙoƙarin inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da albarkatu. Makarantu na iya taimaka wa waɗannan ɗalibai tare da tsoma baki, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da warkewa. Wadannan albarkatun na iya taimakawa wajen rage mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Makarantu na iya ƙirƙirar azuzuwan tilas bisa la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda zai iya taimaka musu su ga alamun cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa.[2] [[Fayil:Primary_school_children_in_classroom.jpg|thumb|Yara na makarantar firamare a cikin aji]] == Yaduwar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matasa == A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa, kusan kashi 46% na matasa na Amurka masu shekaru 13-18 za su sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan rikicewar hankali. Kimanin kashi 21% za su sha wahala daga wata cuta da aka rarraba a matsayin "mai tsanani," ma'ana cewa cuta tana lalata aikin su na yau da kullun, [1] amma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan matasa ba za su sami tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. [2] A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, matsalolin jiki, motsin rai, da zamantakewa kamar talauci, cin zarafi, ko Rashin hankali yana sa ɗalibai su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. An kiyasta daya cikin bakwai (14.3%) na yara masu shekaru 10-19 suna fuskantar yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ba a san shi ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. Mafi yawan nau'ikan cututtuka tsakanin matasa kamar yadda NIMH ta ruwaito sune cututtukan damuwa (ciki har da cututtukan damuwa, Tsoro, cututtukani na damuwa, cututsin damuwa, da sauransu), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na kusan 25% a cikin matasa masu shekaru 13-18 da 6% na waɗancan lokuta ana rarraba su a matsayin masu tsanani.[3] Na gaba shine rikice-rikice na yanayi (babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki, rikice-ƙaryace na dysthymic, da / ko rikice-rubuce na bipolar), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na 14% da 4.7% don mummunar yanayi a cikin matasa.[4] Irin wannan cuta ta yau da kullun ita ce Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), wanda aka rarraba shi azaman cuta ta yara amma sau da yawa yana kaiwa cikin balaga da balaga. Yaduwar ADHD a cikin matasa na Amurka shine 9%, da kuma 1.8% don cututtuka masu tsanani.[5] Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ADHD matsala ce mai tsanani ba kawai ga yara ba har ma da manya. Lokacin da yara ke da ADHD wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa na iya fitowa daga abin da zai iya shafar iliminsu kuma ya hana su cin nasara.[6] A cewar Mental Health America, fiye da 10% na matasa suna nuna alamun baƙin ciki da ya isa ya lalata ikon su na aiki a makaranta, a gida, ko yayin gudanar da dangantaka.[1] Wani binciken da NIMH ta gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gudanar ya danganta kashi 31.4% na mutuwar kashe-kashen da cutar ta hankali, wadanda suka fi dacewa da cutar rashin kulawa / rashin aiki (ADHD) ko baƙin ciki.[1] Kisan kai shine karo na biyu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10-29 a Amurka a lokacin 2011-2019.[2] Yawancin matasa da matasa suna mutuwa daga kashe kansu fiye da ciwon daji, cutar zuciya, [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], lahani na haihuwa, bugun jini, cutar huhu, mura, da cututtukan huhu masu tsanani.[3] Akwai matsakaicin yunkurin sama da 3,470 da dalibai suka yi a cikin maki 9-12.[4] A cewar APA, yawan dalibai da ke neman shawarar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta kwaleji yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tare da damuwa a matsayin abin da ya fi dacewa, baƙin ciki a matsayin na biyu, damuwa a matsayin na uku, batutuwan iyali a matsayin na huɗu, da kuma aikin ilimi da matsalolin dangantaka a matsayin na biyar da na shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Tasirin cututtukan yau da kullun akan masana kimiyya da rayuwar makaranta == Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya shafar ilmantarwa a cikin aji, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Problems at School |url=http://www.acmh-mi.org/get-help/navigating/problems-at-school/ |access-date=March 22, 2022 |website=Association for Children's Mental Health (ACMH) |language=en-US |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010174912/http://www.acmh-mi.org/get-help/navigating/problems-at-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kamar rashin halarta, matsaloli tare da aikin ilimi, rashin haɗin kai na zamantakewa, matsala wajen daidaitawa zuwa makaranta, matsaloli tare le ka'idojin halayyar, da kuma kula da kuma mayar da hankali, dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga nasarar ɗalibin gaba ɗaya. Ba wai kawai cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna shafar rayuwar mutum ba, har ma da kasuwar aiki ta gasa. Daliban da ba su iya yin aiki a makaranta ba za su iya yin wasa a cikin ma'aikata ba. Daliban makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke nuna tabbatacce don rashin aiki na zamantakewa suna ba da rahoton sau uku fiye da kwanakin da ba su nan da na baya kamar ɗaliban da ba su gano rashin aiki ba. Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar raguwa sosai da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi gaba ɗaya. A Amurka, kashi 40 cikin 100 ne kawai na dalibai da ke fama da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar mutum, da lafiyar kwakwalwa suka kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 76.<ref name=":3" /> Binciken dalibai 40,350 daga cibiyoyi 70 da Posselt da Lipson suka yi ya gano cewa suna da damar 37% mafi girma na ci gaba da baƙin ciki da kuma damar 69% mafi girma ta ci gaba da damuwa idan sun fahimci yanayin ajiyar su a matsayin gasa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Damuwa === Dalibai da ke fama da rikice-rikicen damuwa ba su da damar halartar kwaleji fiye da waɗanda ba su da shi. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fama da tsoron zamantakewa suna da sau biyu da za su kasa samun digiri ko kuma ba za su gama makarantar sakandare ba idan aka kwatanta da dalibai ba tare da yanayin ba.<ref name="Teen Screen PDF2">{{Cite web |title=Youth Mental Health and Academic Achievement |url=https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/.../mental-health-and-academic-achievement-2-24-12.pdf |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Center for Mental Health Checkups at Columbia University}} {{Dead link|date=March 2020}} [[Rukuni:Articles with dead external links from March 2020]] [[Rukuni:Articles with permanently dead external links]] </ref> Rashin damuwa yawanci yana da wuyar ganewa fiye da rikice-rikice na halayyar rikice-rikicen, kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], saboda alamun suna cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Damuwa na iya bayyana a matsayin tsoro da damuwa game da sassan yau da kullun na rayuwar yau da kullun, guje wa ayyukan, makaranta, ko hulɗar jama'a. Damuwa na iya tsoma baki tare da ikon mayar da hankali da koyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Akwai takamaiman hali wanda mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ke nunawa sau da yawa. Mutanen da ke fama da damuwa suna fuskantar damuwa da tsoro akai-akai game da yanayin yau da kullun. Hakanan ana iya gano damuwa a matsayin jin tsoro ko tsoro na kwatsam wanda zai iya kaiwa mafi girma cikin minti kaɗan. Wadannan alamun damuwa yawanci suna tasowa a lokacin ƙuruciya ko shekarun matasa kuma suna iya ci gaba zuwa balaga. Wasu misalai na alamun sun haɗa da: jin tsoro, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko damuwa, jin daɗi na haɗari mai zuwa, tsoro, ko lalacewa, samun karuwar bugun zuciya, numfashi da sauri, gumi, rawar jiki, jin rauni ko gajiya, matsala ta mai da hankali ko tunani game da wani abu banda damuwa ta yanzu, samun matsala ta barci, fuskantar matsalolin gastrointestinal, samun wahalar sarrafa damuwa, ko kuma samun sha'awar kauce wa abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan damuwa da yawa waɗanda kowannensu ke nuna alamomi na musamman. Mafi yawan damuwa shine Ciwon Damuwa na Gabaɗaya, wanda ke nuna damuwa mai tsanani wanda ke tsoma baki cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, jin daɗi / gajiya, damuwa game da abubuwan yau da kullun. Rashin lafiyar tsoro, wanda ke nuna hare-haren tsoro na maimaitawa wanda ya kunshi bugun zuciya, gumi, rawar jiki, gajeren numfashi, ciwon kirji, damuwa, da tsoron mutuwa, na iya haifar da damuwa ta jiki da ta tunani. Mutanen da ke fama da tsoro suna fuskantar tsananin abubuwa ko yanayi waɗanda ba su da lahani. Tsoro ya wuce gona da iri, wanda marasa lafiya suka sani. Misalan tsoro na iya haɗawa da magana a fili, gizo-gizo, ko tashi. Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa yanayin ne inda mutane ke da matukar damuwa game da jin kunya, don haka za su guje wa yanayin da zai iya haifar da kunya. Misali na halin da za a guje shi shine cin abinci ko shan giya a fili. A ƙarshe, rikicewar damuwa ta rabuwa ana nuna ta da tsoro ko damuwa game da rabuwa wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin aiki. Mutane na iya damuwa game da barin wasu kuma suna iya samun matsalolin haɗi. Magunguna don damuwa na iya haɗawa da magunguna, kamar su antidepressants, magungunan rigakafin damuwa, sedatives (kamar benzodiazepines), da beta blockers. Wadannan magunguna suna aiki don sauƙaƙa damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma ba a nufin a yi amfani da su azaman mafita na dogon lokaci ba. Magungunan halayyar fahimta shine mafi inganci na magani kuma ana amfani dashi azaman magani na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan maganin yana mai da hankali kan koyar da takamaiman ƙwarewa don jimrewa don inganta alamun. Wannan na iya haɗawa da maganin fallasawa, wanda ke ƙara fallasawa ga abubuwan da ke iya haifar da su kuma ana amfani da su don magance tsoro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Mawuyacin hali === Mawuyacin hali na iya sa dalibai su sami matsaloli a cikin aji, daga kammala aikinsu, har ma da halartar aji kwata-kwata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A cikin 2020, kusan kashi 13% na matasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 17 sun sami Babban abin baƙin ciki (MDE) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, tare da kashi 70% da suka rage ba tare da magani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa a Jami'ar Columbia, "An haɗa ƙididdigar baƙin ciki mai zurfi tare da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi, damuwa mai zurfi, ƙaruwar dakatarwar makaranta, da ƙaran da iyawa ko sha'awar kammala aikin gida, mai da hankali, da halartar azuzuwan". [[Babban rashin damuwa|Alamun baƙin ciki]] na iya sa ya zama ƙalubale ga ɗalibai su ci gaba da nauyin darasi, ko ma su sami makamashi don yin shi ta hanyar cikakken ranar makaranta. <ref name="Teen Screen PDF2"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=How does mental illness affect my school performance? |url=https://cpr.bu.edu/resources/reasonable-accommodations/jobschool/how-does-mental-illness-affect-my-school-performance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001101624/https://cpr.bu.edu/resources/reasonable-accommodations/jobschool/how-does-mental-illness-affect-my-school-performance |archive-date=October 1, 2016 |access-date=November 25, 2017 |website=Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation |publisher=Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College |language=en-US}}</ref> Za'a iya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin cuta mai matsala da ke shafar yadda mutum yake ji, tunani, da kuma aiki. Alamomin baƙin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice tare da hulɗa, zamantakewa, da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wannan daga baya zai iya haifar da samun matsaloli iri-iri na motsin rai da na jiki. Wannan kuma na iya rage ikon yin aiki a hankali da jiki. Wasu misalai na alamun baƙin ciki sune jin bakin ciki, rashin sha'awa, canje-canje a cikin sha'awace-sha'awace, matsalar barci, asarar kuzari, karuwa a cikin ayyukan jiki marasa ma'ana, jin rashin amfani, wahalar tunani, mai da hankali, ko yanke shawara, da tunanin mutuwa ko kashe kansa. Wadannan alamun dole ne su kasance makonni biyu kuma suna wakiltar canji a cikin aiki don ganowar baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Magunguna don baƙin ciki na iya haɗawa da magungunan normothymic, magungunan antidepressant (waɗanda ke da mahimman sakamako masu illa), warware rikice-rikice marasa warwarewa, shakatawa, maganin haske, maganin hana barci, maganin lantarki, da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta. Magungunan baƙin ciki suna buƙatar a yi niyya don magani na dogon lokaci saboda baƙin ciki na iya sake faruwa idan ba a kula da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Magunguna sune mafi kyawun maganin gajeren lokaci, yayin da ake amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta a matsayin magani na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Matasa da manya masu tsufa da ke cikin haɗari don ƙarancin girman kai (Rashin lafiya) ana iya yin hasashen su bisa ga matakin iliminsu, tsoron rasawa, kimantawa da ra'ayi na zamani na zamani, gamsuwa da rayuwa, baƙin ciki, da kuma jan hankali na kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Rashin kulawa === Rashin kulawar hankali sune manyan masu tsinkaya na raguwar nasarorin ilimi. Dalibai da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsala wajen sarrafa halayen da ayyukan da tsarin ilimi na jama'a ke buƙata daga gare su a Amurka, kamar ikon zama a hankali ko kuma yin amfani da kansu ga aikin da aka mayar da hankali na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> ADHD na iya nufin cewa ɗalibai suna da matsaloli na mai da hankali, tace abubuwan da ke jan hankali na waje, da ganin manyan ayyuka har zuwa kammalawa. Wadannan dalibai na iya gwagwarmaya tare da gudanar da lokaci da tsari.<ref name=":02"/> Alamomin ADHD na iya haɗawa da rashin kulawa, hyperactivity, impulsivity, da sauran alamun ciki, kamar baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> ADHD yana tsaye ne don rashin kulawa / rikicewar yawan aiki. Ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullun ga yara, duk da haka yana shafar manya da yawa. Wasu misalai na alamun ba sa kula da cikakkun bayanai da yin kurakurai mara kulawa, suna da matsalolin kasancewa da aka mayar da hankali kan ayyukan, ba za a iya ganin su a matsayin sauraro ba, suna da matsaloli wajen tsarawa, guje wa ayyuka, da manta da ayyukan yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haifar da rikici a cikin ilimin ɗalibin da abin ya shafa da sauran ɗalibai a cikin aji. Magunguna don ADHD na iya haɗawa da maganin halayyar, magunguna (duka masu motsawa da marasa motsawa), ilimi game da ADHD, da kuma horar da iyaye kan yadda za a kula da yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Sauran gwagwarmaya na yau da kullun ga matasa == === Shan giya === Fiye da kashi 90 cikin dari na duk abin sha mai barasa da matasa ke sha ana cinye su ta hanyar shan giya, wanda zai iya haifar da maye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Shan giya na iya shafar lafiyar hankali ta hanyar dogaro da shi, sanya shan giya kafin aikin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Mutanen da ke shan barasa kafin su kai shekara goma sha huɗu suna iya shan giya sau da yawa ba tare da yin tunani game da sakamakon daga baya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Daliban da ke shan barasa na iya fuskantar sakamako kamar haɗarin kashe kansa, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da rashin amfani da wasu kwayoyi. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa kashi 30% na daliban makarantar sakandare sun sha barasa kuma kashi 14% na daliban sakandare sun bugu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Cin zarafi a makarantu na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ɗalibai. Sakamakon ilimi ga matasa masu cin zarafi yawanci ba su da al'ada. Cin zarafin yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin maki (GPA), ƙarancin ƙimar gwajin nasara, da ƙarancin aikin ilimi na malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Dalibai da suka zama wadanda ake zaluntawa na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da aiki na zamantakewa da motsin rai kuma suna da wahalar samun abokai. Wannan kuma yana haifar da mummunan dangantaka tare da takwarorinsu da abokan aji wanda zai iya sa su ji kaɗaici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Jin kamar wanda aka fitar, jin kaɗaici, da kuma rufewa daga kungiyoyin abokai na iya sa ɗalibai su ji warewa, wanda zai iya haifar da damuwa da baƙin ciki. Wadannan yanayi sun zo tare da nasu ma'ana na musamman har zuwa makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> === Kashe kansa === A cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta California akwai kashe-kashen mutane 2,210 a cikin 2019 a cikin shekarun Amurka na 15-19 da jimlar kashe-kashin mutane 6,500 daga shekaru 5-25. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun kiyasta cewa tsakanin masu shekaru 15-24, akwai kusan yunkurin kashe kansa 100-200 ga kowane kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Kisan kai na matasa na iya zama samfurin matsayi na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke nuna ko dai keɓewar dangi ko rashin daidaituwa na tsari da kuma karuwar bincike da ke danganta keɓewar zamantakewa da kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Yawancin kashe-kashen da aka ruwaito a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] daga 1963 zuwa 1965 sun nuna cewa sun kasance masu zaman kansu (ba su buga wasanni ba, ba su da abubuwan sha'awa, kuma ba su cikin kowane kulob ba). Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa rabin waɗannan ɗalibai sun kasa ko kusan sun kasa a lokacin mutuwarsu. Wadannan lokutan gazawar da takaici sun rage ra'ayin mutum zuwa wani batu inda ba su da ma'anar darajar kansu.<ref name="Reese 19682">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reese FD |date=February 1968 |title=School Age Suicide and the Educational Environment |journal=Theory into Practice |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10–13 |doi=10.1080/00405846809542105 |jstor=1475581}}</ref> A zahiri, ɗaliban da suka fahimci aikin su na ilimi a matsayin "rashin nasara" suna iya ƙoƙarin kashe kansu sau uku fiye da waɗanda suka ga aikin su ya dace.<ref name="Teen Screen PDF2"/> Koyaya, gazawar ilimi a makaranta ba shine kawai dalilin kashe kansa a makarantu ba. Cin zarafi, warewa, da batutuwan da suka faru a gida duk dalilan ne da ya sa dalibai suka kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> === Dangantaka === Dangantaka tana taimakawa wajen tsara lafiyar hankali na matasa a lokacin matakan ci gaba. Dangantaka mai kyau na iya samar da matasa da goyon baya, amincewa da kuma jin dadin zama, wanda saboda haka yana taimakawa tare da rage damuwa da inganta girman kansu. A cewar labarin Dangantaka da lafiyar hankali ta Dziemianko, da kuma dangantakar Klaudi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> da ke ƙarfafa irin waɗannan halaye na iya taimakawa a matsayin tushen ta'aziyya da ƙarfafa halaye masu lafiya. Dangantaka mara lafiya a gefe guda kamar waɗanda ke da matsin lamba, inda akwai rikice-rikice da yawa, ko kishi, ko rashin sadarwa duk na iya haifar da baƙin ciki, damuwa, bakin ciki da jin kaɗaici. <references /> Gidauniyar Kaiser Family ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56% na Amurkawa sun jimre aƙalla mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa da ke da alaƙa da barkewar cutar.<ref name="Kam_2020">{{Cite web |title=Mental Health an Emerging Crisis of COVID Pandemic |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200508/mental-health-emerging-crisis-of-covid-pandemic |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Wannan na iya fitowa kamar karuwar barasa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ciwon kai akai-akai, matsalar barci da cin abinci, ko gajeren fushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a watan Mayu 2020, Well Being Trust ya ba da rahoton cewa annobar na iya haifar da ƙarin "mutuwa na fidda rai" 75,000 daga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa ko kashe kansa daga rashin aikin yi, warewar jama'a, da damuwa game da kwayar cutar.<ref name="Kam_2020" /> Don haka, kodayake tun daga shekarar 2020 babu bukatun tarayya a wurin, ana sa ran karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da amincewa da manufofi bayan [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref name="Kam_2020" /> "Cutar COVID-19 ta haifar da kulle-kulle a duniya da rufe makarantu, wanda ya sanya nauyin lafiyar kwakwalwa mai yawa ga yara da ɗaliban koleji. Ta hanyar bincike na tsarin wallafe-wallafen a kan PubMed da Collabovid na karatun da aka buga Janairu 2020-Yuli 2021, binciken binciken binciken biyar akan yara 16 a kan ɗaliban kolejin sun gano cewa duka kungiyoyin sun ba da suka ba da rahoton jin damuwa, baƙin ciki, ga damuwa da suka gabata ga cututtukan cutar COVID-19, yara, matasa, da kwaleji suna haifar da damuwa da damuwa da keɓewa ta gaba, saboda yawan jama'a, ɗaliban kolehio, saboda yawan rayuwa mai tsanani, suna haifar da keɓewar cutar, ɗalibai suna haifar da kanta, ƙaran suna haifar da ƙarancin rayuwa, ƙarancin hali, ƙaranci, ƙaranwararrun yara, ƙarancen da ƙaranci da ƙaranwarwararrun ɗalibai, ƙaranfin jiki, ƙaranciyar rayuwa, ƙwarewa, ƙaranƙara, ƙaran ga ɗalibai, suna haifar, ƙaranchaya, ƙarancewararrun ƙarancin ilimi, ƙaranjin suna fuskantar dogon<ref name="Prevalence and correlates of depres">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lin C, Tong Y, Bai Y, Zhao Z, Quan W, Liu Z, Wang J, Song Y, Tian J, Dong W |date=2022-04-14 |title=Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=4 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1767081L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0267081 |pmc=9009639 |pmid=35421199 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="A scoping review to map the research on the mental health of students and graduates during their university-to-work transitions">{{Cite journal |last=Edmonds |first=David Matthew |last2=Zayts-Spence |first2=Olga |last3=Fortune |first3=Zoe |last4=Chan |first4=Angus |last5=Chou |first5=Jason Shang Guan |display-authors= |date=2024-03-04 |title=A scoping review to map the research on the mental health of students and graduates during their university-to-work transitions |journal=BMJ Open |volume=14 |issue=3 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076729 |pmc=11146370 |pmid=38443080 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid35893354">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kavvadas D, Kavvada A, Karachrysafi S, Papaliagkas V, Cheristanidis S, Chatzidimitriou M, Papamitsou T |date=July 2022 |title=Stress, Anxiety and Depression Prevalence among Greek University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Two-Year Survey |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=11 |issue=15 |page=4263 |doi=10.3390/jcm11154263 |pmc=9332455 |pmid=35893354 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Manufofin a makarantun gwamnati == === Amurka === Game da manufofin jihohin Amurka har zuwa 2020, jihohi uku sun amince da tsarin karatun kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. A watan Yulin 2018, New York da [[Virginia]] sun zartar da dokar da ta sanya koyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta zama tilas a cikin ilimin jama'a.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |date=June 25, 2018 |title=New York, Virginia officially mandate MH education in schools |journal=Mental Health Weekly |volume=28 |issue=25 |page=8 |doi=10.1002/mhw.31503 |s2cid=242083551}}</ref> New York ta sanya shi tilas ga dalibai daga Kindergarten zuwa aji na 12 don yin karatun lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":12" /> Bayan ya fuskanci mummunan hali na kashe kansa tare da ɗansa, Sanata na Virginia Creigh Deeds ya yi tunanin ya zama dole a koyar da alamun gargadi ga ɗalibai na 9th da 10th don su iya kula da lafiyar takwarorinsu da kansu.<ref name=":12" /> kwamitin ilimi yana da alhakin tattaunawar cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin karatun amma sanata yana fatan cewa malamai za su sami horo a kan alamun gargadi. Kodayake saka hannun jari a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai taɓa zama mafi girma ba, majalisar dokoki ta jihar har yanzu ba ta amince da ƙarin kudade don aiwatar da tsarin karatun ba.<ref name=":12" /> A watan Yulin 2019, kwamitin ilimi na [[Florida]] ya sanya sa'o'i 5 na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya zama dole ga maki 6 zuwa 12, yana mai da shi jihar ta uku da ta amince da irin wannan umarni.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin ƙasa, an yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka ilimi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a. A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka ta ba da tallafin Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Makarantar ga hukumomin ilimi na jihohi 6 (SEAs) don kara yawan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na hankali (watau, lasisi, takaddun shaida, ko ƙwarewa) waɗanda ke ba da sabis ɗin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta ga ɗalibai a cikin hukumomin ilimi (LEAs) tare da nuna buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> An sami karuwar shahara tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta a cikin tsarin makarantun jama'a na Amurka, inda makarantun ke rufe ɗaliban su don kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Mutane, a cikin gida da kuma matakin tarayya, a duk fadin jihohi suna daukar matakai don sake tsara tsarin da ya fi dacewa ga ɗalibai. Wannan ya haɗa da mayar da hankali kan samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a gare su. Wannan ra'ayi yana da damar ba da damar ɗalibai su sami damar yin amfani da sabis wanda zai iya taimaka musu su fahimci kuma suyi aiki ta hanyar duk wani damuwa da za su iya fuskanta a cikin makarantarsu, da kuma damar shiga tsakani ga waɗancan ɗaliban da ke buƙatar shi. A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 an gano cewa kusan kashi 20% na daliban koleji a Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe kansu. Wani rahoto daga Healthy Minds a cikin 2021 ya bayyana cewa kashi 5% na dalibai sun ba da rahoton cewa sun shirya kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. Akwai nau'ikan ɗalibai daban-daban a ko'ina. Wasu na iya buƙatar ƙarin tallafi fiye da wasu, kuma wasu na iya koyo da sauri fiye da wasu. Yana da mahimmanci a ƙirƙiri yanayi mai haɗa kai ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Kanada === A Kanada, dabarun kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna nuna muhimmancin inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rage wulakanci, da kuma fahimtar matsalolin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu don zama fifiko (Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta kwakwalwa, 2012). Ontario tana gudanar da bincike a kowace shekara don lura da yadda manufofi ke da tasiri ga makarantun jama'a. Wanda People for Education ke gudanarwa, rahoton shekara-shekara na 2022-23 ya ba da haske game da rashin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ɗalibai da kuma yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba kawai ga ɗalibai ba, har ma da malamai. Wadannan binciken bayanai ne masu amfani wajen yanke shawara game da yadda za a iya kashe kudi a makarantun jama'a da kuma waɗanne manufofi ya kamata ko bai kamata a aiwatar da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta ba da shawarar aiwatar da cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya ta makaranta da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan sakandare waɗanda ke inganta kiwon lafiyar hankali da rigakafi ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Bhutan === In Bhutan, efforts toward developing education began in 1961 thanks to Ugyen Wangchuck and the introduction of the First Development Plan, which provided free primary education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> By 1998, 400 schools were established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Students' tuition, books, supplies, equipment, and food were all free for boarding schools in the 1980s, and some schools also provided their students with clothing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizations' World Food Programme allowed free midday meals in some primary schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> This governmental assistance is important to note in the country's Gross National Happiness (GNH), which is at the forefront of developmental policies and is the responsibility of the government. Article 9 of the Constitution of Bhutan states that "the state shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness."<ref name="Tobgay 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tobgay T, Dophu U, Torres CE, Na-Bangchang K |date=2011 |title=Health and Gross National Happiness: review of current status in Bhutan |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare |volume=4 |pages=293–298 |doi=10.2147/JMDH.S21095 |pmc=3155859 |pmid=21847351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Farin cikin kasa ==== GNH a Bhutan ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji huɗu: ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da daidaito, kiyaye muhalli, adanawa da inganta al'adu, da kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tsarin mulki ya ba da umarnin cewa jihar za ta samar da damar samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya mai matakai uku wanda ke ba da kariya, ingantawa, da kuma warkarwa. Saboda wannan manufofin, Bhutan ta sami damar kawar da matsalar karancin iodine a shekara ta 2003, kuturta a shekara ta 1997, kuma ta sami rigakafin yara ga dukkan yara a shekara ta 1991. Ya zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta taba sigari a shekara ta 2004, kuma shari'ar zazzabin cizon sauro ta ragu daga shari'o'i 12,591 a 1999 zuwa shari'o-tafiye 972 a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Tobgay 2011"/> Cire waɗannan cututtukan da kuma turawa mai ƙarfi ga GNH yana bawa dukkan mutane (ciki har da matasa waɗanda aka ba su abubuwa da yawa da ake buƙata da ilimi kyauta) damar rayuwa mai farin ciki fiye da yadda suka kasance. === Ƙasar Ingila === Ma'aikatar Ilimi a Ƙasar Ingila tana aiki a kan haɓaka tsarin ƙungiya don tallafawa lafiyar hankali da ilimin halayyar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani rahoto na hadin gwiwa na Oktoba 2017 daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Lafiya ya tsara wannan hanyar dangane da horar da ma'aikata, wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da yara ke fuskanta, da kuma shigar iyaye da iyalai cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta dalibai. An ƙaddamar da yunkurin farko na shirin aiwatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara da matasa a cikin 2018. An kafa ƙungiyoyin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa 58 a makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin waɗanda ke da shekaru 5 - 18. Wani kimantawa a kan wannan fitowar farko ya sami gamsuwa tare da shirin tsakanin makarantu, kwalejoji da matasa da suka sami tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Singapore === REACH wani shiri ne a Singapore wanda ke neman samar da tsoma baki ga ɗaliban da ke fama da rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani magana daga shafin yanar gizon REACH ya karanta, "Yawancin yara da matasa ba sa fama da rashin lafiya. Koyaya, lokacin da aka gano ɗalibi, mai ba da shawara ga makaranta, tare da shawarwari daga ƙungiyar kula da shari'ar makarantar, zai bincika kula da kula da ɗalibin. Lokacin da ya cancanta, ƙwararrun masu jagora da masu ilimin halayyar ilimi daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi za su ba da ƙarin tallafi. In 2010, the Voluntary Welfare Organizations (VWOs), in collaboration with the National Council of Social Service (NCSS), have also been invited to join this network to provide community and clinical support to at-risk children.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Students and children with severe emotional and behavioral problems may need more help. The REACH team collaborates with school counselors/VWOs to provide suitable school-based interventions to help these students. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Mahangar da ba son rai|<span title="This statement is possibly biased. (February 2022)">neutrality</span>]]&#x20;is disputed''&#x5D;</sup> Such school/VWO based interventions often provide the requisite, timely help that these students and children need. Further specialized assessment or treatment may be necessary for more severe cases. The student or child may be referred to the Child Guidance Clinic after assessment by the REACH team for further psychiatric evaluation and intervention. These interventions may include medications, psychotherapy, group or family work and further assessments."   === Mexico === Traditionally, mental health was not considered a part of public health in Mexico because of other health priorities, lack of knowledge about the true magnitude of mental health problems, and a complex approach involving the intervention of other sectors in addition to the public health sector. Among the key documents anticipating the policy change was a report presented by the Mexican Health Foundation in 1995, which opened a very constructive debate. It introduced basic tenets for health improvement, elements for an analysis of the health situation related to the burden of disease approach, and a strategic proposal with concurrent recommendations for reforming the system. Mexico has an extensive legal frame of reference dealing with health and mental health. The objectives are to promote a healthy psychosocial development of different population groups, and reduce the effects of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. This should be achieved through graded and complementary interventions, according to the level of care, and with the coordinated participation of the public, social, and private sectors in municipal, state, and national settings. The strategic lines consider training and qualification of human resources, growth, rehabilitation, and regionalization of mental health service networks, formulation of guidelines and evaluation. All age groups as well as specific sub-populations (indigenous groups, women, street children, populations in disaster areas), and other state and regional priorities are considered.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Japan === In [[Japan]] and China, the approach to mental health is focused on the collective of students, much like the national aims of these Asian countries. Much like in the US, there is much research done in the realm of student mental health, but not many national policies in place to prevent and aid mental health problems students face. Japanese students face considerable academic pressure as imposed by society and school systems. In 2006, [[Hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa (Japan)|Japanese police]] gathered notes left from students who had committed suicide that year and noted overarching school pressures as the primary source of their problems. Additionally, the dynamic of collective thinking—the centripetal force of Japan's society, wherein individual identity is sacrificed for the functioning benefit of a greater collective—results in the stigmatization of uniqueness. As child psychiatrist Dr. Ken Takaoka explained to [[CNN]], schools prioritize this collectivism, and "children who do not get along in a group will suffer."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} === China === Al'ummar kasar Sin sun yarda da cewa halartar manyan makarantu na iya haifar da ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi da farin ciki na dogon lokaci ga yara. Duk da haka, a cikin bin waɗannan manufofi, yawancin iyalai na kasar Sin a halin yanzu suna fama da ƙalubalen damuwa game da ilimi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Xu-Hao |last2=Yu |first2=Hong-Jie |last3=Liu |first3=Ming-Wei |last4=Zhang |first4=Jie |last5=Tang |first5=Bo-Wen |last6=Yuan |first6=Shuai |last7=Gasevic |first7=Danijela |last8=Paul |first8=Kelly |last9=Wang |first9=Pei-Gang |last10=He |first10=Qi-Qiang |date=August 17, 2020 |title=The impact of a health education intervention on health behaviors and mental health among Chinese college students |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583659 |journal=Journal of American College Health |language=en |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=587–592 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2019.1583659 |issn=0744-8481 |pmid=30849021 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Nazarin Dalibai na Duniya (PISA, 2018) sun nuna cewa ɗaliban kasar Sin sun sami matsayi mai girma a duniya a cikin masana kimiyya, suna jagorantar karatu, lissafi, da kimiyya. Koyaya, ƙimar gamsuwa da rayuwarsu, muhimmiyar ma'auni na lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna da ƙanƙanta. Wannan halin yana nuna yanayin da karuwar gasa ta ilimi ba kawai yana haɓaka saka hannun jari na kuɗi da lokaci a ilimi ba har ma yana ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar koyarwa ta waje da kuma muhimmiyar aikin ilimi ga ɗalibai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bincike da yawa na tsarin da ke nazarin bayyanar alamun bakin ciki tsakanin ɗalibai a China sun gano cewa, a matsakaita, kashi 17.2% na ɗaliban makarantar firamare da kashi 28.4% na ɗaliban jami'ar kasar Sin sun nuna alamun baƙin cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A kasar Sin, an nuna mayar da hankali kan lafiyar yara da matasa a cikin tsarin manufofi guda uku masu alaƙa: na farko, ana gane lafiyarsu ta hankali a cikin manyan manufofi na kasa; na biyu, babban mayar da hankali ne a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara; kuma na uku, takamaiman manufofi an sadaukar da su ne kawai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na wannan matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Nazarin ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin kokarin da ya fi tasiri a cikin shirye-shirye na inganta kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1"/> An yi ƙoƙari don magance damuwa ta ilimi, tare da shirye-shiryen kwanan nan da nufin rage nauyin da ke kan ɗalibai da inganta yanayin ilimi mafi lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, an gabatar da "Manufar Ragewa Biyu", wanda ke ba da umarni ga makarantu su rage yawan aikin gida da horar da harabar makarantar, wanda zai iya rage matsin lamba na ilimi da inganta lafiyar ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Tare da shirin ilimi na tilas na Shekaru tara na kasar Sin, makarantun firamare suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ingantawa da inganta lafiyar kwakwalwar yara, suna aiki a matsayin wurare masu kyau don isar da ayyukan da suka shafi.<ref name=":1"/> Dangane da 'Tsarin Aiki don Lafiya ta Zuciya a China (2011-2020) ', an zaɓi kashi 85% na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin manufa a makarantun firamare na birane da kashi 70% a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Work Plan for Mental Health in China (2011–2020) |url=http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/jkj/s5888/200805/81047a30f3c34141b12481de35930d78.shtml |website=National Health and Family Committee of the People's Republic of China |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118150537/http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/jkj/s5888/200805/81047a30f3c34141b12481de35930d78.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ya yi jayayya don kimanta yaduwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da kuma kara wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa daga 30%-40% a 2005 zuwa 80% ta 2015. Shirin ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin samar da bayanai masu sauƙi game da rigakafin rikicewar kwakwalwa da kuma tantancewa ta hanyar likitocin kulawa ta farko.<ref name=":2" /> Kamar yadda aka sake sabunta 'Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin' wacce aka kafa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, an gabatar da tanadi da yawa game da lafiyar hankali na yara da matasa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=H. |last2=Phillips |first2=M. |last3=Cheng |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Q. |last5=Chen |first5=X. |last6=Fralick |first6=D. |last7=Zhang |first7=Y. |last8=Liu |first8=M. |last9=Huang |first9=J. |last10=Bueber |first10=M. |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China (English translation with annotations) - Shanghai Carchives of Psychiatry |url=https://shanghaiarchivesofpsychiatry.org/en/2012.06.001.html |journal=Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=305–321 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.06.001 |pmc=4198897 |pmid=25324635 |access-date=March 27, 2024}}</ref> Ana ba da umarnin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ba da shawara su kasance a makarantu a kowane mataki don magance matsalolin hankali da batutuwan halayyar mutum. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin ilimi na makarantar sakandare dole ne su gudanar da nau'ikan ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru ko wasu abubuwan damuwa, makarantu suna da alhakin tara kwararru da samar da shawarwari na tunanin mutum da tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara da ke cikin bukata.<ref name=":32" /> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ma'aikatu 22 da kwamitocin, gami da Hukumar Lafiya da Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Kasa da sauransu, sun fito da 'Gaskiya Ra'ayoyin kan Karfafa Ayyukan Lafiya na Zuciya' ('Opinions'). Ya jaddada muhimmancin inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a cikin ilimi, yana ba da shawara don kafa cibiyoyin ba da shawara da kasancewar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a duk nau'ikan cibiyoyin ilimi, daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i zuwa makarantun sakandare. <ref name=":4" /> === Koriya ta Kudu === [[Koriya ta Kudu|South Korea]] has traditionally placed much value on education. As a nation that has a degree of enthusiasm like no other for education has created an environment where children are pressured to study more than ever. When mental health issues affect students there are very few resources available to help students cope. The nation's general view of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression or thoughts of suicide, is that they are believed to be a sign of personal weakness that could bring shame upon a family if a member would be discovered to have such an illness. This is true if the problem arises in a social, educational or family setting. Rather than perceiving mental health issues as a medical condition and concern requiring treatment especially in students, a majority of Korea's population has perceived them as a cultural stigma. A study found when surveying over 600 Korean citizens from the age of 20-60+ years in 2008, most of the older people, many of whom are parents, shared similar and negative views on mental health issues such as depression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> The older adults generally were also found to have a negative view of mental health services, including those offered through the educational system, as they are deeply influenced by the cultural stigma around the topic. This negative view of mental health services in education has provided implications for students who are struggling emotionally, as many do not know what, if any, help might be available in the facilities of education. However, this does not mean no mental health services exist in the world or in the educational setting. The [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2006 collected data <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> regarding Korea's mental health system. The goal of collecting this information was to attempt to improve the mental health system and to provide a baseline for monitoring the change. Despite Korea having a low budget for mental health services compared to other developed countries, it has taken steps to create long term mental health plans to advance its national health system such as raising more awareness for mental health, creating communities for students, and removing the cultural stigma around mental health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Sauƙaƙewa da haɓaka daidaitawa == === Rigakafi === The pressures of school, extracurricular activities, work and relationships with friends and family can be a lot for an individual to manage and at times can be overwhelming. In order to prevent these overwhelming feelings from turning into a mental health problem, taking measures to prevent these emotions from escalating is essential. School-based programs that help students with emotional-regulation, stress management, conflict resolution, and active coping and cognitive restructuring are a few suggested ways that give students resources that can promote their mental health (Mental Health Commission, 2012).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke karɓar lafiyar zamantakewa da ta hankali za su sami damar samun ƙarin nasarorin ilimi. Tunda yawancin yara suna ciyar da babban ɓangare na rana a makaranta, kimanin awanni 6, makarantu sune wuri mai kyau ga ɗalibai don karɓar ayyukan da suke buƙata. Lokacin da ba a magance lafiyar kwakwalwa ba, wannan na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da haifar da jan hankali ga abokan ɗalibai da malamai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 43% na masu binciken ilimi an tsananta musu ko kuma an zalunta su a wurin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Yawancin masu amsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin aikinsu ya hana bincike. A cewar wata kasida ta 2019 game da ma'aikatan zamantakewar makaranta, fagen ma'aikatan jama'a a makarantu yana ci gaba da girma. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 9,000 kawai a makarantu. Wannan ya karu zuwa tsakanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 20,000 zuwa 22,000. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, Ofishin Kididdigar Ayyuka, an kiyasta filin zai ci gaba da girma daga 2016 zuwa 2026 saboda karuwar ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da ake buƙata a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Kasancewa === Kasancewa a cikin yanayin makaranta na iya zama mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da suka dace da ke shafar aikin ɗalibai a cikin yanayin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Matsalar da ta shafi makaranta da karuwar tsammanin ilimi na iya kara damuwa da ta shafi makarantar kuma hakan ya shafi aikin su na ilimi. Rashin karɓar jama'a an nuna shi don haifar da raguwar sha'awa da shiga saboda ɗalibai suna da wahalar ci gaba da shiga cikin mahalli inda ba sa jin darajar da maraba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Jin kasancewa yana haifar da buffer tsakanin ɗalibai da alamun baƙin ciki kuma yana rage jin damuwa a makaranta. Sauran abubuwan da ba na kasancewa ba na iya shafar jin daɗin ɗalibai na kasancewa, wanda ya haɗa da ba a wakilce su da launin fata, ƙabilu, ko rashin wakilcin ƙarni na farko a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani batu da ke fuskantar a cikin al'ummarmu a yau shine zalunci wanda zai iya faruwa a makaranta ko ma a cikin aji. Cin zarafi na iya haifar da matsaloli ga ɗalibai kamar dogaro da sinadarai, lahani na jiki, da raguwar aikin ilimi. A cewar NASP, babban kashi, kusan kashi 70%-80%, na mutane sun fuskanci zalunci a shekarun makarantarsu inda ɗalibin zai iya zama mai zalunci, wanda aka azabtar, ko ma mai kallo. Don ma'aikata a makarantu su fahimci yadda za a lura da Manyan a matsayin matsala da abin da za a yi don warware shi, NASP tana ba da shawara don jagorantar shugabanni a yadda za a warware waɗannan batutuwan da kuma samar da bayanai game da shirye-shiryen da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 da kungiyar ba da riba ta Burtaniya Ditch The Label ta gano cewa daga cikin mutanen da aka zalunta a wannan shekarar kashi 36% sun ba da rahoton baƙin ciki, kashi 33% suna da tunanin kashe kansu, kuma kashi 27% sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ttie2mzx6w2skr71kfcr2uu7cagvjg 0 131814 880087 857894 2026-07-10T10:49:10Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Rhys Thomas''' AM (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931) masanin tarihin fasaha ne na ƙasar [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], mai kula da fasaha, marubuci, mai sukar fasaha, kuma darektan gidan tarihi.<ref name="Austlit">{{Cite web |title=Austlit — Daniel Rhys Thomas |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A34009 |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=Austlit |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531112138/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A34009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Daniel Thomas a Latrobe, kusa da Devonport, Tasmania a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1931, kuma yana da shekaru takwas, an buga wasiƙarsa a sashen yara na Madubin Matar Australiya mai suna 'Piccaninnies Pages'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Daniel |date=2 January 1940 |title=Pickaninnie's Pages: "I received your letter" |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-529892449 |journal=Australian Woman's Mirror |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=44 |via=TROVE}}</ref> Ya ƙaura zuwa babban yankin ƙasar kuma ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong|Makarantar Grammar Geelong]], inda Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack, wani mai fasaha na Bauhaus wanda ya zo Ostiraliya a matsayin baƙo a <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Dunera</i></nowiki> ya koyar da shi. Ya tuna malaminsa a fitowar ''Fasaha da Ostiraliya ta hunturu ta 1993:''<blockquote>Mutumin mai natsuwa da shiru - mai adalci har ya haskaka da hasken tsarkaka a cikin tagogi masu launi - yana wucewa. Wata rana ina kallon wani littafi game da Paul Klee. Hirschfeld ya lura, kuma ya yi aikin sa kai cewa ya san, kuma ya yi aiki, tare da Klee, da kuma Kandinsky, wanda na san shi wani ƙwararren zamani ne. Na yi farin ciki sosai. Ba zato ba tsammani ganin alaƙar salo tsakanin fasahar Klee, wacce aka zana a cikin littattafai, da launin ruwan Hirschfeld-Mack da aka rataye a ƙofar gidansa, wani abu ne da ya faru a tarihin fasaha, na kwararar siffofi da ra'ayoyi ta lokaci da wuri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Daniel |date=2 January 1940 |title=Pickaninnie's Pages: "I received your letter" |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-529892449 |journal=Australian Woman's Mirror |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=44 |via=TROVE}}</ref></blockquote>A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Thomas ya ziyarci Tsakiyar Ostiraliya inda ya haɗu da zane-zane na First Nations kuma ya haɗu da mai zane-zanen ruwa Albert Namatjira. Bayan karatunsa na sakandare, a shekarar 1952 Thomas ya ƙaura zuwa Ingila ya yi karatun tarihin zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1956. Wannan horon tarihi, maimakon nazarin tarihi na fasaha, ya samar da harsashin aikinsa na gaba a fannin tsara zane-zane da gudanarwa. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == A shekarar 1958, an naɗa Thomas a matsayin mataimakin mai kula da [[Gidan zane-zane na New South Wales|gidajen tarihi na New South Wales]], naɗinsa ya yi daidai da cire "National" daga sunan gidan tarihi. Daga baya Thomas ya lura cewa a wannan lokacin, Gidan Tarihi na NSW ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu amfani, ciki har da matsalolin ababen more rayuwa da ƙuntatawa na tattarawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran gidajen tarihi na jihar. Thomas ya ci gaba a cikin makarantar, a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta, kuma Babban Mai Kula da Fasaha kuma daga ƙarshe aka naɗa shi Mai Kula da Fasaha ta Australiya. Misali na farko na aikin jarida na fasaha, wani tarihin rayuwar Lionel Lindsay, ya bayyana a ''Hemisphere: Mujallar Asiya-Australian.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Daniel |date=2 January 1940 |title=Pickaninnie's Pages: "I received your letter" |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-529892449 |journal=Australian Woman's Mirror |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=44 |via=TROVE}}</ref> A shekarar 1966 ya ziyarci Amurka a kan wata 9 na Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship don yin nazarin fasahar zamani a can, ya haɗu da Clement Meadmore, kuma ya ziyarci gidajen tarihi a Rasha, Ingila, da Scandinavia, wanda ya kai ga shirya wani baje kolin yawon buɗe ido na Shekaru ''Biyu'' ''na Zane-zanen Amurka 1945-1965'', a Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales daga 26 ga Yuli zuwa 9 ga Agusta 1967. Thomas, wanda a lokacin ya kasance mai sukar fasaha a [[Sydney]] Morning Herald, ya tallata wasan kwaikwayon da himma, wanda aka yaba da gabatar da masu sauraron Australiya ga zane-zane na geometric da Abstract Expressionism kuma a matsayin bayanin Green:<blockquote>''Shekaru 20'' sun fi faruwa ne sakamakon tsarin duniya na mutane uku masu ra'ayin duniya: darektan [[Gidan Tarihi na Victoria|NGV]], Eric Westbrook ; jami'in baje kolinsa, John Stringer; da Daniel Thomas, wani matashi mai kuzari a AGNSW. Ba tare da tsarin duniya ba, karatu mai faɗi da tafiye-tafiye na kewaye, da ba a ga wannan baje kolin ba: sun yi aiki a cikin yanar gizo na hulɗar ƙasashen waje. Babban mai shiga tsakani shine mai sassaka ɗan ƙasar Australiya, Clement Meadmore, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa New York a 1963.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Daniel |date=2 January 1940 |title=Pickaninnie's Pages: "I received your letter" |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-529892449 |journal=Australian Woman's Mirror |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=44 |via=TROVE}}</ref></blockquote>A lokacin da yake aiki a shekarar 1972, Thomas ya shirya Tashar Zane-zane ta New South Wales ta Farko ta Duniya da aka Gudanar, zuwa ga gidajen tarihi da tarin kayan tarihi a Amurka, [undefined] ya fara tattara hotunan da aka naɗa Gael Newton a matsayin mai kula da gidauniya a shekarar 1974, [undefined] kuma a shekarar 1975, matsayinsa na mai kula da Landscape na Australiya 1802-1975 ya haifar da musayar al'adu lokacin da ya yi rangadin zuwa China: "mun sake rubuta tarihin shimfidar wurare na Australiya a cikin wannan baje kolin," an ruwaito yana cewa.[1] An fitar da Tsarin Zane-zane na Australiya: Tarin Joseph Brown a shekarar 1973 kuma lokacin da a shekarar 1982 Richard Haese ya sake duba bugu na biyu a cikin Art and Australia ya yi tambaya: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 97g1u5ubbkyycg3wrpajxsgbyghar4a 0 132230 880062 797719 2026-07-10T10:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Hossack''' (an haife ta a watan Oktoba 1955), ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a London, wacce aka haifa a Ostiraliya, wacce ta taimaka wajen gabatar da zane-zanen 'yan asalin Ostiraliya ga masu sauraro na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Museum Collection - BIOG Rebecca Hosssack |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG13556}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarta ƙwararriya ce a fannin zane-zanen 'yan asalin Ostiraliya, al'adun 'yan asalin Ostiraliya da al'adun fasaha marasa na Yamma, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickel |first=John |date=11 September 2008 |title=Indigenous Australian Art from Torres Strait on show in London |url=https://statements.qld.gov.au/statements/53539 |website=Queensland Government Australia |page=Media Statements}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Traces: a Celebration of Contemporary Australian Aboriginal Art, April 2003-May 2003 |url=http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/whats-on/gallery/gallery-exhibitions-2003/dream-traces-a-celebration-of-contemporary-australian-aboriginal-art |website=University of Brighton, Arts/Culture Exhibition, Symposium and Publication |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123184100/http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/whats-on/gallery/gallery-exhibitions-2003/dream-traces-a-celebration-of-contemporary-australian-aboriginal-art |url-status=dead }}</ref> wacce ita ce ta farko da ta gabatar da yawancin masu fasaha [['Yan asalin Australiya|na 'yan asalin Ostiraliya]] zuwa Turai, ciki har da Emily Kame Kngwarreye da Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Hossack at SF Fine Art Fair |url=https://aboriginalartdirectory.com/san-francisco-rebecca-hossack-art-gallery-at-sf-fine-art-fair |website=Aboriginal Art Directory |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-date=2026-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214225705/https://aboriginalartdirectory.com/san-francisco-rebecca-hossack-art-gallery-at-sf-fine-art-fair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hossack |first=Rebecca |date=29 May 2020 |title=The Wonders of Australian Aboriginal Art |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vYv3nfMmFU |website=YouTube, TedxOxford}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Hossack Talk |url=https://www.ted.com/search?q=Rebecca+Hossack |website=TexOxford}}</ref> Tana kuma kula da [[Fasahar Afirka|zane-zanen Afirka]] da zane-zanen 'yan asalin ƙasar daga wasu ƙasashe kamar [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Charles |title=Review. Kauage's Visions: Art from Papua New Guinea at The Horniman Museum 2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40793824 |journal=The Journal of Museum Ethnography |issue=18 |jstor=40793824}}</ref> Ta kafa Rebecca Hossack Gallery a shekarar 1988. Janet McKenzie, edita mai haɗin gwiwa a Studio International ta ce, "Hossack kusan ta gabatar da fasahar 'yan asalin Australiya zuwa Birtaniya da Turai." A shekarar 1989, Hossack ta ƙaddamar da farkon lokutan ''Songlines'' na fasahar 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ke gudana daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba kowace shekara. An sanya wa baje kolin suna don girmama abokin Hossack Bruce Chatwin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga sanannen littafinsa game da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, The Songlines. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hossack kuma ta girma a Hawthorne, Melbourne, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na likitan tiyata Donald W. Hossack da matarsa Joan.[1] [2] An ba mahaifinta lambar yabo ta OBE saboda binciken da ya yi kan bel ɗin mota, wanda a shekarar 1970, ya sa Victoria ta zama hukuma ta farko a duniya da ta ba da umarnin sanya bel ɗin mota.[3] Mahaifinta ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa yana da shekaru 90.[4] [5] [6] [7] Hossack ta halarci Makarantar St Catherine da ke Melbourne, <ref>{{Cite web |title=British Museum Collection - BIOG Rebecca Hosssack |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG13556}}</ref> [[Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong|Makarantar Grammar Geelong]], <ref>{{cite news |last1=Barkham |first1=Patrick |date=7 April 2008 |title=Tales of Belonging: 1980s, Australia, Rebecca Hossack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/07/britishidentity.immigration |work=[[The Guardian]] |page=British Identity and Society}}</ref> sannan ta ci gaba da karatun lauya a Jami'ar Melbourne, <ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=John |date=26 March 1998 |title=Rebecca Queen of the Desert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/rebecca-queen-of-the-desert-1152931.html |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickel |first=John |date=11 September 2008 |title=Indigenous Australian Art from Torres Strait on show in London |url=https://statements.qld.gov.au/statements/53539 |website=Queensland Government Australia |page=Media Statements}}</ref> baya ga ɗaukar digirin Tarihi na Fasaha a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Canberra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Traces: a Celebration of Contemporary Australian Aboriginal Art, April 2003-May 2003 |url=http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/whats-on/gallery/gallery-exhibitions-2003/dream-traces-a-celebration-of-contemporary-australian-aboriginal-art |website=University of Brighton, Arts/Culture Exhibition, Symposium and Publication |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123184100/http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/whats-on/gallery/gallery-exhibitions-2003/dream-traces-a-celebration-of-contemporary-australian-aboriginal-art |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance shugabar reshen Burtaniya na tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Melbourne na tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] n23gbpu4tdy80a1kw5lrr306hlrl23v 0 132609 879597 772491 2026-07-09T14:21:51Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} Katherine Ruth Gallagher (; an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1970) 'yar siyasar Australiya ce wacce ke aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi, Ministan Mata, Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa a Gwamnatin [[Albaniya|Albania]] tun daga shekara ta 2022 kuma tun daga shekara de 2025 a matsayin Minista na Ayyukan Gwamnati. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Minista na 6 na Babban Birnin Australiya daga 2011 zuwa 2014. Ta kasance Sanata na Babban Birnin Australiya tun lokacin Zaben tarayya na 2019, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) bayan da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai daga 2015 zuwa 2018. Gallagher ya girma a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] kuma ya kasance ma'aikacin zamantakewa da mai shirya ƙungiyar tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jama'a (CPSU) kafin ya shiga siyasa. An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Babban Birnin Australiya a shekara ta 2001, tana wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a na Molonglo . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> An sanya ta minista a karkashin Jon Stanhope a shekara ta 2002, kuma an nada ta Mataimakin Babban Minista a shekara ta 2006. Gallagher ta zama Babban Minista a shekara ta 2011 bayan Stanhope ta yi ritaya, kuma ta jagoranci jam'iyyarta zuwa karo na huɗu a jere a Babban zaben 2012. Ta yi murabus a shekarar 2014 don neman zaben zuwa Majalisar Dattijai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, an nada Gallagher don cika gurbin da ya haifar da ritaya na Sanata Kate Lundy.[1] An nada ta a Ma'aikatar inuwa ta Bill Shorten daga baya a cikin shekarar, kuma an zabe ta a Majalisar Dattijai a cikin nata dama a Zaben tarayya na 2016. Daga baya aka zabe ta Manajan Kasuwancin adawa a Majalisar Dattijai. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, a lokacin Rikicin cancantar majalisa, an tura Gallagher zuwa Babban Kotun. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 cewa an hana ta zama a Majalisar Dattijai saboda rashin yin watsi da 'yancin zama na Burtaniya kafin a zabi ta don zaben a shekara ta 2016. [2] Ta koma kujerar Majalisar Dattijai ta baya a zaben tarayya na 2019. [3] == Shekaru na farko da ilimi == An haifi Katherine Ruth Gallagher [1] a ranar 18 ga Maris 1970 [2] a Waramanga, wani yanki a cikin gundumar Weston Creek ta Canberra, ga Betsy da Charles Gallagher . An haifi mahaifinta a Stoke-on-Trent, Ingila, kuma mahaifiyarta a Guayaquil, [[Ecuador]] . Dukansu 'yan Burtaniya ne waɗanda daga baya suka zama' yan [[Asturaliya|Australia]] bayan isowarsu daga Ingila ta hanyar New Zealand a shekarar 1969. [1] [1][3] Tana da 'yar'uwa mai suna Clare, tare da' yan uwanta maza biyu da aka karbe su, Richard da Matthew . [4] Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekarar 1995 daga Ciwon daji na huhu kuma mahaifiyarta a shekarar 2005 tare da ciwon daji.[5] Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Firamare ta Duffy, Makarantar Sakandare ta Melrose da Kwalejin Canberra (wanda aka fi sani da Kwaleji ta Phillip), Gallagher ta kammala karatunta ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Harkokin Siyasa da Harkokin Jama'a a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a shekarar 1990.<ref name="ACT Labor People-2010">{{Cite web |title=Katy Gallagher |url=http://www.actlabor.org.au/people/KatyGallagher.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221122318/http://www.actlabor.org.au/people/KatyGallagher.html |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=21 August 2010 |website=ACT Labor People |publisher=[[Australian Labor Party (ACT Branch)]]}}</ref> Ta kuma sami horo a matsayin mai kunnawa, kuma ta yi wasa tare da Kungiyar matasa ta Canberra . <ref name="Curtis-2021">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Katina |date=22 October 2021 |title=When your kid gets COVID at school: Katy Gallagher on being prepared |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/when-your-kid-gets-covid-at-school-katy-gallagher-on-being-prepared-20211018-p590s5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715112911/https://www.smh.com.au/national/when-your-kid-gets-covid-at-school-katy-gallagher-on-being-prepared-20211018-p590s5.html |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == Gallagher da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikacin zamantakewa, yana taimakawa tare da aikin ƙwarewar rayuwar al'umma da aiki tare da yara masu nakasa. Daga 1994 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga People First ACT, ƙungiyar tallafi da ba da shawara don nakasassu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997, an kashe ango na Gallagher, Brett Seaman, a hatsarin keke a Merimbula . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> A lokacin, Gallagher tana da makonni 13 da ciki da 'yarta ta farko. Wata mace mai shekaru 86 mai ritaya ta tsere wa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda tuki mai haɗari da rashin kulawa saboda hadarin. Kungiyar kwadago ta taimaka wa Gallagher tare da jana'izar da shari'ar kotu da ta biyo bayan hadarin. Gallagher ta bar aikinta na baya kuma an ba ta aikin gudanarwa a Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jama'a (CPSU), inda Seaman ya yi aiki. Margaret Gillespie ce ta ba da aikin, wacce daga baya ta zama shugaban ma'aikatan Gallagher a lokacin da take 'yar siyasa.[1] A wannan lokacin ne ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, ta ci gaba da zama mai shirya ƙasa tare da ƙungiyar bayan ta yi ciki. [2][3] == Siyasa ta ACT == === Farkon aiki === Tallafin da Jam'iyyar Labor da ƙungiyar kwadago suka ba Gallagher ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don yin takara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar Labour don masu jefa kuri'a na Molonglo don Babban zaben ACT na 2001. A lokacin, Labor tana da mambobi biyu a cikin Majalisar da ke wakiltar Molonglo. Michael Moore mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa ya yi ritaya a zaben. Zaben ya ga Labor ta zo mulki, karkashin jagorancin Jon Stanhope. Duk da cewa Gallagher ya lashe kashi 4.38% na kuri'un farko, bayan rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so, an zabi Gallagher a matsayin memba na biyar zuwa kujerar mambobi bakwai, a bayan [[Gary Humphries|Humphries]], Tucker, Corbell, da Quinlan. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> An nada Gallagher a tsari na biyu na ma'aikatar Stanhope ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, [1] lokacin da aka ba ta fayilolin ilimi, matasa da sabis na iyali; mata; da alaƙar masana'antu. Wani karamin canji a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2004 ya ga ma'aikatar Gallagher ta ilimi, matasa da ayyukan iyali sun kasu kashi daban-daban.[2] A babban zaben ACT na shekara ta 2004, Gallagher ya yi kuri'a sosai, inda ya samu kashi 11.59% na kuri'un da aka fi so na farko <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> kuma shi ne dan takarar farko da aka zaba don wakiltar Molonglo a Majalisar, a gaban abokan aiki biyu, Quinlan da Corbell. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar Sirri == Gallagher a baya ta yi alkawarin aure ga Brett Seaman, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin hanya a shekarar 1997 lokacin da take da ciki da ɗanta na farko. Ita da abokin aikinta Dave Skinner suna kiwon yara uku. Gallagher mai cin ganyayyaki ne <ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Members of the Fifth Assembly (2001-2004) |url=https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714084351/https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/members/members-of-the-assembly/previous-assemblies/fifth-assembly |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=[[ACT Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> kuma mai horar da kayan gargajiya ne, wanda ya kasance yana wasa tare da Kungiyar matasa ta Canberra . <ref name="Curtis-2021">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Katina |date=22 October 2021 |title=When your kid gets COVID at school: Katy Gallagher on being prepared |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/when-your-kid-gets-covid-at-school-katy-gallagher-on-being-prepared-20211018-p590s5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715112911/https://www.smh.com.au/national/when-your-kid-gets-covid-at-school-katy-gallagher-on-being-prepared-20211018-p590s5.html |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> * Ma'aikatar Gallagher ta farko * Ma'aikatar Gallagher ta Biyu * Ma'aikatar Albania * Jerin shugabannin mata na gwamnati a Ostiraliya * Jerin mata na farko da suka rike mukamai na siyasa a Oceania == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4zxkv3zjsbhpi250s7ibr7womnys2dp 0 133065 879997 773455 2026-07-10T07:28:53Z BnHamid 12586 879997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anthony Norman Albanese (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1963) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 31 na Australiya tun shekara ta 2022.{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|b|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z|i}} {{respell|AL|bə|NEE|zee}} or {{IPAc-en|pron|ˈ|æ|l|b|ə|n|iː|z}} {{respell|AL|bə|neez}}; {{IPA|it|al.baˈne.ze|lang}}. Both pronunciations have been used by Albanese himself during his life; they have both been in common use among other speakers at various stages. While Albanese always used {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|ə|n|iː|z}} throughout his early life,{{sfn|Middleton|2016|p=240}} he later began using {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|b|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z|i}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-30/anthony-albanese-how-to-pronounce-his-name/11160982 |title=Anthony Albanese can't decide how to pronounce his name, so don't ask him |last=Webb |first=Tiger |date=30 May 2019 |website=ABC News |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601233621/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-30/anthony-albanese-how-to-pronounce-his-name/11160982 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Labor Party tun daga 2019 kuma memba na majalisa (MP) na ƙungiyar Grayndler ta New South Wales tun daga 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Albanese a [[Sydney]], ta halarci Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary kuma ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Sydney . Yayinda yake dalibi, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labor kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in jam'iyya da jami'in bincike kafin ya shiga majalisa. An zabi Albanese a Majalisar Wakilai a Zaben 1996, inda ya lashe kujerar Grayndler a New South Wales . Simon Crean ne ya fara nada shi a cikin ministocin inuwa a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a wurare da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya zama Manajan Kasuwancin adawa a shekara ta 2006. Bayan nasarar da Labor ta samu a Zaben 2007, an nada Albanese a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar, kuma an sanya shi Ministan Ci gaban Yankin da Karamar Hukumar da Ministan Infrastructure da Sufuri. A cikin rikice-rikicen jagoranci da suka biyo baya tsakanin Kevin Rudd da Julia Gillard daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Albanese ya soki halin da ake ciki a fili, yana kira ga hadin kan jam'iyya. Bayan ya goyi bayan Rudd a zaben shugabanci na karshe tsakanin su biyu a watan Yunin 2013, an zabi Albanese a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Labor kuma ya rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakiyar Firayim Minista washegari, matsayin da ya rike kasa da watanni uku, yayin da aka ci Labor a Zaben 2013. Bayan wannan, Albanese ya tsaya don jagorancin Jam'iyyar Labor a kan Bill Shorten a Zaben shugabanci. Kodayake Albanese ya sami rinjaye mai yawa na membobin, Shorten ya sami ƙarin goyon baya daga 'yan majalisa kuma ya zama jagora. Shorten daga baya ya nada Albanese a cikin Shadow Cabinet. Bayan da aka yi nasara da Labor a Zaben 2019, Shorten ya yi murabus a matsayin jagora, tare da Albanese ya zama mutum daya tilo da aka zaba a Zaben shugabanci don maye gurbinsa; daga baya aka zabe shi ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labor, ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref> Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar zuwa Zaben 2022, inda ta ci nasara a kan Scott Morrison's Liberal-National Coalition . <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Aussie PM and his Italian heritage |url=http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629152650/http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Italianinsider.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese on becoming first Australian-Italian Prime Minister |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/anthony-albanese-on-becoming-first-australianitalian-prime-minister/news-story/2853b658e21b3da6676b70b9af9ab397 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref> An rantsar da shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2022. A cikin wa'adinsa na farko, Albanese ya jagoranci martani na gwamnatinsa game da rikicin kudin rayuwa na Ostiraliya wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na 2021-2023, ya gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama mara nasara don tsarkake Muryar 'yan asalin ƙasar ga Majalisar a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, <ref name="abc.net.au">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Indigenous Voice to Parliament Referendum |url=https://abc.net.au/news/voice-to-parliament-referendum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016133632/https://www.abc.net.au/news/voice-to-parliament-referendum |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> ya sabunta burin yanayi na Ostiralia don isa ga tsaka-tsaki na masana'antu a shekara ta 2050, ya kafa manyan canje-canje ga dokokin da aka yi a cikin manufofin masana'antu na gaba da aka yi da aka biya a Ostiraliya, ya kirkiro Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da cin hankula ta kasa, ya gabatar da kuma ya gabatar da ita ga haramta wa yara a karkashin shekaru shida daga amfani da kuma ya fadada damar yin amfani da yara a cikin tsarin kula da yara a karkashin kula da yara. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, Albanese ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da tallafawa Ukraine don taimakawa tare da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙarfafa dangantaka a yankin Pacific, kuma ya kula da sauƙaƙe tashin hankali da ƙuntatawa na kasuwanci da China ta sanya wa Australia. Ya kuma gudanar da farawar yarjejeniyar tsaro ta AUKUS tsakanin Ostiraliya, Amurka, da Ingila, kuma ya jagoranci martani na Ostiraliya ga Yaƙin Gaza. Duk da sau da yawa yana samun ƙarancin amincewa, an sake zabar gwamnatinsa a cikin nasara mai yawa a Zaben 2025, wanda ya haifar da ɗayan manyan gwamnatocin Labor a tarihin Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Aussie PM and his Italian heritage |url=http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629152650/http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Italianinsider.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese on becoming first Australian-Italian Prime Minister |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/anthony-albanese-on-becoming-first-australianitalian-prime-minister/news-story/2853b658e21b3da6676b70b9af9ab397 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref> A karo na biyu, Albanese ya rage kudaden ilimi na jami'a, ya fadada shirye-shirye don yaki da rikicin gidaje na Ostiraliya, ya kafa manufofi na farko na rage fitar da hayaki na 2035 kuma ya amsa ga harbi na Bondi Beach na 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali da asalinsa === An haifi Albanese a ranar 2 ga Maris 1963 a Asibitin St Margaret a yankin Sydney na Darlinghurst . [1] [1] Shi ne ɗan Carlo Albanese da Maryanne Ellery (1936-2002). [undefined][3][2] Mahaifiyarsa Australiya ce, yayin da mahaifinsa ɗan Italiya ya fito ne daga Barletta, Apulia . Iyayensa sun hadu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1962 a kan tafiya daga Sydney zuwa Southampton, Ingila, a kan Sitmar Line's TSS Fairsky, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida, amma bai ci gaba da dangantakarsu ba bayan haka, suna tafiya hanyoyi daban-daban.[4][5][6] Mahaifiyar Albanese ta ɗauki sunan mahaifiyar Carlo don kanta kuma ta ba da suna Anthony bayan dan uwansa Anthony Howett, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin mota a Arewacin New South Wales shekaru hudu da suka gabata.[1][7] Yayinda yake girma, an gaya wa Albanese cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu a hatsarin mota; bai sadu da mahaifinsa ba, wanda a zahiri har yanzu yana da rai, har zuwa shekara ta 2009.<ref name="middleton2">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=Book Extract From Albanese: Telling It Straight By Karen Middleton |url=https://anthonyalbanese.com.au/book-extract-from-albanese-telling-it-straight-by-karen-middleton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612180539/https://anthonyalbanese.com.au/book-extract-from-albanese-telling-it-straight-by-karen-middleton |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref> Ya tuntubi mahaifinsa a shekara ta 2009, ya ziyarce shi sau da yawa a Italiya, kuma ya dauki iyalinsa a can. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 2014. Daga baya ya gano cewa yana da 'yan uwa biyu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Anthony Albanese's long-held family secret |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-23/anthony-albanese-search-finds-father-he-thought-was-dead/7776918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719013439/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-23/anthony-albanese-search-finds-father-he-thought-was-dead/7776918 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=The long way back |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/the-long-way-back-for-anthony-albanese/news-story/0d93bdddf6b304334da9824a5aeedfaf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215203925/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/the-long-way-back-for-anthony-albanese/news-story/0d93bdddf6b304334da9824a5aeedfaf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[The Australian]]}}</ref> A lokacin rikicin cancantar 'yan majalisa na Australiya na 2017, an lura cewa, kodayake haihuwar mahaifin Italiya zai ba da' yan ƙasa ta hanyar zuriya, Albanese ba shi da mahaifin da aka rubuta a takardar shaidar haihuwarsa kuma ta haka ne ya cika bukatun cancantar 'yar majalisa na sashi na 44 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. === Yaronta da ilimi === Albanese grew up with his mother and maternal grandparents in a Sydney City Council home in the Inner West suburb of Camperdown, opposite the Camperdown Children's Hospital.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} His grandfather died in 1970, and the following year his mother married James Williamson. He was given his stepfather's surname, but the marriage lasted only ten weeks, as Williamson proved to be an abusive alcoholic.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese's mother worked part-time as a cleaner but suffered from chronic [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|rheumatoid arthritis]], with the family living on her disability pension and his grandmother's age pension.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St Joseph a Camperdown <ref name="ALP website">{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese |url=http://www.alp.org.au/federal-government/labor-people/anthony-albanese/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205083249/http://www.alp.org.au/federal-government/labor-people/anthony-albanese/ |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=Australian Labor Party}}</ref> sannan kuma Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Yayinda yake makaranta, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci yana sayar da jaridu.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Ya jagoranci St Mary's a lokuta da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo na yara It's Academic a shekarar 1978.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) a 1979 yana da shekaru 15, a matsayin memba na Young Labor. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen gano kungiyar kwadago a makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Bayan kammala makaranta, Albanese ya yi aiki a takaice a Bankin Commonwealth kafin ya shiga digiri na tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Sydney.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} A can, ya shiga cikin siyasar dalibai kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Dalibai (SRC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name="student">{{Cite web |last=Cervini |first=Erica |title=Rise of the campus pollies |url=http://blogs.theage.com.au/thirddegree/archives/2010/07/rise_of_the_campus_pollies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003931/http://blogs.theage.com.au/thirddegree/archives/2010/07/rise_of_the_campus_pollies.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |website=The Age}}</ref> Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba don shugabancin SRC a 1983, ya sha kashi a hannun Belinda Neal.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Har ila yau, a can ne ya fara tashi a matsayin babban dan wasa a kungiyar ALP ta Labor Left . <ref name="crikey">{{Cite web |date=October 2010 |title=Crikey List: which MPs were involved in student politics? |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/10/01/crikey-list-which-mps-were-involved-in-student-politics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231060651/http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/10/01/crikey-list-which-mps-were-involved-in-student-politics/ |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=[[Crikey]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake cikin siyasar dalibai, Albanese ya jagoranci wata kungiya a cikin Matasan Ma'aikata wacce ta haɗa kai da ƙungiyar hagu ta "Hard Left", wanda ɗan siyasan Australiya Andrew Leigh ya ce yana riƙe da "haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin hagu masu yawa, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya, People for Nuclear Disarmament da African National Congress".<ref name="factions&fractions">{{Cite journal |last=Leigh |first=Andrew |year=2000 |title=Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party |url=http://andrewleigh.org/pdf/Factions(AJPS).pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Australian Journal of Political Science]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=427–448 |doi=10.1080/713649348 |s2cid=144601220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612180621/http://andrewleigh.org/pdf/Factions%28AJPS%29.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 9sn018sjarxf39zej98oysoz6zvru7u 879998 879997 2026-07-10T07:29:29Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 879998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anthony Norman Albanese (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1963) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 31 na Australiya tun shekara ta 2022.{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|b|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z|i}} {{respell|AL|bə|NEE|zee}} or {{IPAc-en|pron|ˈ|æ|l|b|ə|n|iː|z}} {{respell|AL|bə|neez}}; {{IPA|it|al.baˈne.ze|lang}}. Both pronunciations have been used by Albanese himself during his life; they have both been in common use among other speakers at various stages. While Albanese always used {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|ə|n|iː|z}} throughout his early life,{{sfn|Middleton|2016|p=240}} he later began using {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|b|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z|i}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-30/anthony-albanese-how-to-pronounce-his-name/11160982 |title=Anthony Albanese can't decide how to pronounce his name, so don't ask him |last=Webb |first=Tiger |date=30 May 2019 |website=ABC News |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601233621/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-30/anthony-albanese-how-to-pronounce-his-name/11160982 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Labor Party tun daga 2019 kuma memba na majalisa (MP) na ƙungiyar Grayndler ta New South Wales tun daga 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Albanese a [[Sydney]], ta halarci Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary kuma ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Sydney . Yayinda yake dalibi, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labor kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in jam'iyya da jami'in bincike kafin ya shiga majalisa. An zabi Albanese a Majalisar Wakilai a Zaben 1996, inda ya lashe kujerar Grayndler a New South Wales . Simon Crean ne ya fara nada shi a cikin ministocin inuwa a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a wurare da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya zama Manajan Kasuwancin adawa a shekara ta 2006. Bayan nasarar da Labor ta samu a Zaben 2007, an nada Albanese a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar, kuma an sanya shi Ministan Ci gaban Yankin da Karamar Hukumar da Ministan Infrastructure da Sufuri. A cikin rikice-rikicen jagoranci da suka biyo baya tsakanin Kevin Rudd da Julia Gillard daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Albanese ya soki halin da ake ciki a fili, yana kira ga hadin kan jam'iyya. Bayan ya goyi bayan Rudd a zaben shugabanci na karshe tsakanin su biyu a watan Yunin 2013, an zabi Albanese a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Labor kuma ya rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakiyar Firayim Minista washegari, matsayin da ya rike kasa da watanni uku, yayin da aka ci Labor a Zaben 2013. Bayan wannan, Albanese ya tsaya don jagorancin Jam'iyyar Labor a kan Bill Shorten a Zaben shugabanci. Kodayake Albanese ya sami rinjaye mai yawa na membobin, Shorten ya sami ƙarin goyon baya daga 'yan majalisa kuma ya zama jagora. Shorten daga baya ya nada Albanese a cikin Shadow Cabinet. Bayan da aka yi nasara da Labor a Zaben 2019, Shorten ya yi murabus a matsayin jagora, tare da Albanese ya zama mutum daya tilo da aka zaba a Zaben shugabanci don maye gurbinsa; daga baya aka zabe shi ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labor, ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref> Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar zuwa Zaben 2022, inda ta ci nasara a kan Scott Morrison's Liberal-National Coalition . <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Aussie PM and his Italian heritage |url=http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629152650/http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Italianinsider.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese on becoming first Australian-Italian Prime Minister |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/anthony-albanese-on-becoming-first-australianitalian-prime-minister/news-story/2853b658e21b3da6676b70b9af9ab397 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref> An rantsar da shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2022. A cikin wa'adinsa na farko, Albanese ya jagoranci martani na gwamnatinsa game da rikicin kudin rayuwa na Ostiraliya wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na 2021-2023, ya gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama mara nasara don tsarkake Muryar 'yan asalin ƙasar ga Majalisar a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, <ref name="abc.net.au">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Indigenous Voice to Parliament Referendum |url=https://abc.net.au/news/voice-to-parliament-referendum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016133632/https://www.abc.net.au/news/voice-to-parliament-referendum |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> ya sabunta burin yanayi na Ostiralia don isa ga tsaka-tsaki na masana'antu a shekara ta 2050, ya kafa manyan canje-canje ga dokokin da aka yi a cikin manufofin masana'antu na gaba da aka yi da aka biya a Ostiraliya, ya kirkiro Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da cin hankula ta kasa, ya gabatar da kuma ya gabatar da ita ga haramta wa yara a karkashin shekaru shida daga amfani da kuma ya fadada damar yin amfani da yara a cikin tsarin kula da yara a karkashin kula da yara. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, Albanese ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da tallafawa Ukraine don taimakawa tare da Yakin Russo-Ukrainian, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙarfafa dangantaka a yankin Pacific, kuma ya kula da sauƙaƙe tashin hankali da ƙuntatawa na kasuwanci da China ta sanya wa Australia. Ya kuma gudanar da farawar yarjejeniyar tsaro ta AUKUS tsakanin Ostiraliya, Amurka, da Ingila, kuma ya jagoranci martani na Ostiraliya ga Yaƙin Gaza. Duk da sau da yawa yana samun ƙarancin amincewa, an sake zabar gwamnatinsa a cikin nasara mai yawa a Zaben 2025, wanda ya haifar da ɗayan manyan gwamnatocin Labor a tarihin Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Aussie PM and his Italian heritage |url=http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629152650/http://www.italianinsider.it/?q=node/11021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Italianinsider.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese on becoming first Australian-Italian Prime Minister |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/federal-election/anthony-albanese-on-becoming-first-australianitalian-prime-minister/news-story/2853b658e21b3da6676b70b9af9ab397 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref> A karo na biyu, Albanese ya rage kudaden ilimi na jami'a, ya fadada shirye-shirye don yaki da rikicin gidaje na Ostiraliya, ya kafa manufofi na farko na rage fitar da hayaki na 2035 kuma ya amsa ga harbi na Bondi Beach na 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali da asalinsa === An haifi Albanese a ranar 2 ga Maris 1963 a Asibitin St Margaret a yankin Sydney na Darlinghurst . [1] [1] Shi ne ɗan Carlo Albanese da Maryanne Ellery (1936-2002). [undefined][3][2] Mahaifiyarsa Australiya ce, yayin da mahaifinsa ɗan Italiya ya fito ne daga Barletta, Apulia . Iyayensa sun hadu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1962 a kan tafiya daga Sydney zuwa Southampton, Ingila, a kan Sitmar Line's TSS Fairsky, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida, amma bai ci gaba da dangantakarsu ba bayan haka, suna tafiya hanyoyi daban-daban.[4][5][6] Mahaifiyar Albanese ta ɗauki sunan mahaifiyar Carlo don kanta kuma ta ba da suna Anthony bayan dan uwansa Anthony Howett, wanda ya mutu a hatsarin mota a Arewacin New South Wales shekaru hudu da suka gabata.[1][7] Yayinda yake girma, an gaya wa Albanese cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu a hatsarin mota; bai sadu da mahaifinsa ba, wanda a zahiri har yanzu yana da rai, har zuwa shekara ta 2009.<ref name="middleton2">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=Book Extract From Albanese: Telling It Straight By Karen Middleton |url=https://anthonyalbanese.com.au/book-extract-from-albanese-telling-it-straight-by-karen-middleton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612180539/https://anthonyalbanese.com.au/book-extract-from-albanese-telling-it-straight-by-karen-middleton |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref> Ya tuntubi mahaifinsa a shekara ta 2009, ya ziyarce shi sau da yawa a Italiya, kuma ya dauki iyalinsa a can. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 2014. Daga baya ya gano cewa yana da 'yan uwa biyu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Anthony Albanese's long-held family secret |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-23/anthony-albanese-search-finds-father-he-thought-was-dead/7776918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719013439/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-23/anthony-albanese-search-finds-father-he-thought-was-dead/7776918 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=The long way back |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/the-long-way-back-for-anthony-albanese/news-story/0d93bdddf6b304334da9824a5aeedfaf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215203925/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/the-long-way-back-for-anthony-albanese/news-story/0d93bdddf6b304334da9824a5aeedfaf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[The Australian]]}}</ref> A lokacin rikicin cancantar 'yan majalisa na Australiya na 2017, an lura cewa, kodayake haihuwar mahaifin Italiya zai ba da' yan ƙasa ta hanyar zuriya, Albanese ba shi da mahaifin da aka rubuta a takardar shaidar haihuwarsa kuma ta haka ne ya cika bukatun cancantar 'yar majalisa na sashi na 44 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. === Yaronta da ilimi === Albanese grew up with his mother and maternal grandparents in a Sydney City Council home in the Inner West suburb of Camperdown, opposite the Camperdown Children's Hospital.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} His grandfather died in 1970, and the following year his mother married James Williamson. He was given his stepfather's surname, but the marriage lasted only ten weeks, as Williamson proved to be an abusive alcoholic.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese's mother worked part-time as a cleaner but suffered from chronic [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|rheumatoid arthritis]], with the family living on her disability pension and his grandmother's age pension.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St Joseph a Camperdown <ref name="ALP website">{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese |url=http://www.alp.org.au/federal-government/labor-people/anthony-albanese/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205083249/http://www.alp.org.au/federal-government/labor-people/anthony-albanese/ |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=Australian Labor Party}}</ref> sannan kuma Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Yayinda yake makaranta, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci yana sayar da jaridu.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Ya jagoranci St Mary's a lokuta da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo na yara It's Academic a shekarar 1978.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Albanese ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) a 1979 yana da shekaru 15, a matsayin memba na Young Labor. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen gano kungiyar kwadago a makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Bayan kammala makaranta, Albanese ya yi aiki a takaice a Bankin Commonwealth kafin ya shiga digiri na tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Sydney.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} A can, ya shiga cikin siyasar dalibai kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Dalibai (SRC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=David |date=22 May 2022 |title=Five Labor MPs to be immediately sworn in ahead of key Quad trip |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114655/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/anthony-albanese-penny-wong-richard-marles-jim-chalmers-katy-gallagher-to-be-sworn-in-first-ahead-of-quad-meeting/news-story/002bf7e9acc07ede11353d4202c0081a |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Albanese – Australian Labor Party |url=https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216082434/https://www.alp.org.au/anthony_albanese |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.alp.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name="student">{{Cite web |last=Cervini |first=Erica |title=Rise of the campus pollies |url=http://blogs.theage.com.au/thirddegree/archives/2010/07/rise_of_the_campus_pollies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003931/http://blogs.theage.com.au/thirddegree/archives/2010/07/rise_of_the_campus_pollies.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |website=The Age}}</ref> Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba don shugabancin SRC a 1983, ya sha kashi a hannun Belinda Neal.{{Sfn|Middleton|2016}} Har ila yau, a can ne ya fara tashi a matsayin babban dan wasa a kungiyar ALP ta Labor Left . <ref name="crikey">{{Cite web |date=October 2010 |title=Crikey List: which MPs were involved in student politics? |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/10/01/crikey-list-which-mps-were-involved-in-student-politics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231060651/http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/10/01/crikey-list-which-mps-were-involved-in-student-politics/ |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=[[Crikey]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake cikin siyasar dalibai, Albanese ya jagoranci wata kungiya a cikin Matasan Ma'aikata wacce ta haɗa kai da ƙungiyar hagu ta "Hard Left", wanda ɗan siyasan Australiya Andrew Leigh ya ce yana riƙe da "haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin hagu masu yawa, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya, People for Nuclear Disarmament da African National Congress".<ref name="factions&fractions">{{Cite journal |last=Leigh |first=Andrew |year=2000 |title=Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party |url=http://andrewleigh.org/pdf/Factions(AJPS).pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Australian Journal of Political Science]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=427–448 |doi=10.1080/713649348 |s2cid=144601220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612180621/http://andrewleigh.org/pdf/Factions%28AJPS%29.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] pfkvg9v4lj5e6qw1fmpijrnhha82t4z 0 133246 879954 855538 2026-07-10T05:46:08Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na kasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da matsala ba daga nan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q10ot0h4zo3luyznnwhcrkvpg8a0pc1 879955 879954 2026-07-10T05:46:42Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da matsala ba daga nan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] srea1sdl4gl9aufmm2ug213azzxgdd5 879956 879955 2026-07-10T05:47:58Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba daga nan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5psfeky8uh9glfymncpn0y6abm5u57 879957 879956 2026-07-10T05:49:10Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba a gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mqusjiju57l3uh4u4ck8nqmjvi448mc 879958 879957 2026-07-10T05:49:48Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t67qn2erglw2jsn00wqafctng71vevq 879959 879958 2026-07-10T05:50:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar ƙasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9mzalk28mqvflcl9gr05puv4h7hhbrb 879960 879959 2026-07-10T05:51:43Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar ƙasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dwsckrx8sbhztfz8hy8uhd5wk1umkht 879961 879960 2026-07-10T05:52:33Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar ƙasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chzw03oyajfshklmvybvpo4bgbn12i3 879962 879961 2026-07-10T05:53:07Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar ƙasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o93mxv71cqoyzk084o47s6tutyj5f2n 879963 879962 2026-07-10T05:54:23Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku 3 a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. == Ayyukan majalisa == [[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]] Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na ƙasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da wata matsala ba anan gaba. Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar ƙasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1] == Karramawa == A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don "hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dc5yl6kvk7ay3fgqqvpit3z78yuuvtc 0 133442 879605 828023 2026-07-09T14:32:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Padua''' Kwalejin sakandare ce ta [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] wacce ke Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . Kwalejin ta samo asali ne daga Saint Anthony na Padua ( 1195–1231 ). Harabar Mornington kaɗai tana da kimanin ɗalibai 1,921 daga faɗin yankin Mornington. Kwalejin kuma tana da ƙananan harabar jami'o'i guda biyu waɗanda ke kula da ɗalibai 'yan shekara 7-9 a Rosebud da Tyabb. Harabar Rosebud tana da kimanin ɗalibai 300 kuma Harabar Tyabb tana da kimanin ɗalibai 300. Kayayyakin da ke cikin harabar Mornington sun haɗa da sabuwar cibiyar koyon manyan makarantu ta Whyte da kuma 'Cibiyar Fasaha ta St Clare', fatun tsuntsaye da wuraren dausayi/dazuzzuka, wurin kiwo, ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakunan fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai, wurin motsa jiki, chapel, ɗakin karatu, ɗakunan kiɗa, filayen wasan tennis, filayen ƙwallon kwando, ɗakunan fasahar abinci, cibiyar noma/noman lambu da kuma manyan lambuna guda biyu, tare da gina sabuwar Cibiyar Shekara ta 7 da 8.[1] == Tarihi == A shekarar 1898, ' Yan'uwa Mata Masu Jinƙai suka buɗe '''Makarantar Koyon Aikin Kwaleji ta Our Lady of the Sea don Matasa Mata''' a Tanti Avenue, Mornington. A shekara mai zuwa, 'Yan'uwa Mata sun kafa wata makaranta daban, '''Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Padua House don Ƙananan Yara Maza''' . An fara amfani da sunan 'Padua College' a shekarar 1950, inda aka ƙarfafa 'yan'uwa mata su ɗauki ƙarin yara maza na kwana ɗaya, kuma Padua tana aiki ne kawai a matsayin makarantar kwana ta yara maza na ƙarami. Zuwa shekarar 1960, ba a sake buƙatar makarantar kwana ga kowane jinsi ba. Wani muhimmin rana a tarihin Kwalejin Padua ita ce shekarar 1968 lokacin da aka raba sashen farko don zama Makarantar Firamare ta St Macartan. Duk makarantun biyu sun ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma a shekarar 1973 an tsara tsare-tsare don mayar da Kwalejin Padua zuwa Titin Oakbank, Mornington, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1975. An gudanar da bikin buɗewa a hukumance daga baya, a watan Fabrairun 1977. Yayin da yawan masu rajista ya ƙaru, an kafa harabar jami'a ta biyu a Inglewood Crescent, Rosebud a shekarar 1987 da kuma ta uku a Tyabb a shekarar 2014. Hukumar gudanarwa ta Kwalejin ta koma daga 'Yan'uwa Mata na Rahama a shekarar 1976 zuwa manyan malamai, ciki har da Bernard McDowell (1977–1983), Peter Gurry (1984–1995), Patricia Cowling (1996–2000), Christopher Houlihan (2001–2015) da Anthony Banks (2016–2022). Shugabar Kwalejin '''Kelly McGurn''' ta fara aiki a watan Yunin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Future Planning |url=https://www.padua.vic.edu.au/about-us/future-planning |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Padua |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gidaje == {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |'''Ƙungiyar Cocin Australiya (JA)''' | '''Ƙungiyar Cocin Zamani (KORE)''' | '''Ƙungiyar Gidan Franciscan (ZINARIYA)''' | '''Ƙungiyar Mercy House (SHUDI)''' |- | rowspan="2" | '''Makarantar Manyan Makarantun Mornington (Shekara ta 10–12)''' | Mackillop | Yohanna na 23 | Francis | Rahama |- | Djeembana | Merton | Elizabeth | Bernard |- | rowspan="2" | '''Cibiyar Ƙaramin Mornington (Shekara ta 7–9)''' | Chisholm | Kolbe | Assisi | Frayne |- | Mannix | Romero | Clare | Sebastian |- | '''Rosebud Junior Campus (Shekaru 7-9)''' | Gold | Teresa | Anthony | McAuley |- | '''Tyabb Junior Campus (Shekara ta 7–9)''' | McCormack | Cardijn | Geoghegan | Doyle |} == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Ned Cahill, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Essendon. * Liz Cambage (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991), 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando a gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Isra'ila * Christopher Chung, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Hunter Clark, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta St. Kilda * Simon Cook, ɗan wasan [[kurket]] na ƙasar Australiya * Luke Davies-Uniacke, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta North Melbourne * Paul Dempsey, mawaƙi kuma mai rubuta waƙa, mawaƙi kuma mai guitar, ''Wani abu ga Kate'' * Sam De Koning, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Geelong * Tom De Koning, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta St Kilda * Mitch Hallahan, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar Gold Coast Suns * Will Hamill, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Adelaide * Lee Harding, mawaƙi * Bridie Kennedy, 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta AFLW a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carlton * Tom Lynch, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL na Richmond Football Club kuma ɗan wasan Premiership na 2019, 2020 * Darren Minchington, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta St Kilda * Myles Poholke, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Adelaide * Toby Thurstans, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na AFL a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Port Adelaide * Nicky Whelan, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai tallan kayan kawa == Manazarta == olb2ekuzuriqznp1vkp27jg4jdgjwqe 0 133918 879781 775077 2026-07-09T19:45:02Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Tselaridou''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: ; An haife ta ne a ranar 26 ga watan [[Maris]] na shekara ta 1981 a Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR) 'yar wasan judoka ce ta Girka, wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite sports-reference|title=Maria Tselaridou|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ts/maria-tselaridou-1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081720/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ts/maria-tselaridou-1.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 April 2020|accessdate=10 December 2014}}</ref> Tsayawa da 'yan ƙasa biyu don yin gasa a duniya, Tselaridou ta karɓi babban taken Girka na 2009 a cikin ƙungiyarta, kuma ta wakilci ƙasarsu ta Girka a gasar Olympics ta 2004 a [[Athens]]. Tselaridou kuma cikakken memba ne na ƙungiyar judo ta AC Victoria Thessaloniki . Tselaridou ta cancanci tawagarta ta Girka a cikin rabin nauyin mata (52 kg) a [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]] ta bazara ta 2004 a Athens, ta hanyar cika shigarwa ta Tarayyar Judo ta Duniya da Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Helenanci, yayin da Girka ta sami damar kai tsaye don kasancewa kasar da ta karbi bakuncin.[1] Tselaridou ta sami gaisuwa a zagaye na farko, amma ta fadi da wuri a cikin shan kashi ga Raffaella Imbriani na Jamus ta hanyar Ippon tare da sakan arba'in da biyar kawai da suka rage a wasan farko.[2][3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e4xvo61ky8zmnsebfzwumxw2z4inhl1 0 134166 879981 775564 2026-07-10T07:16:11Z BnHamid 12586 879981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spyros Kontoulis''' (Girkanci: ; 1915 - 1944) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Girka wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spyros Kontoulis |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe114275/spiros-kontoulis/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:AEK_PAOK_1939.jpg|left|thumb|'Yan wasan AEK Athens da PAOK kafin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin 1939]] Ya zo a 1935 daga Amyna Kokkinia na gida, Kotoulis ya koma AEK Athens kuma ya sami nasarar yin wasanni 83 kuma ya yi bikin zakarun biyu, Kofin da zakarun Athens. AEK ta ɗora kanta a kan abokan hamayyarsu, ta lashe gasar zakarun biyu da suka gabata kafin a katse ayyukan kwallon kafa, saboda mamayewar Girka ta Italiya. Kontoulis ya katse Aikin kwallon kafa don ya yi yaƙi a yaƙin. Ya ci gaba da buga wa AEK wasa a lokacin The Occupation yana shiga cikin gasa ba bisa ka'ida ba, har sai da Nazis suka kama shi kuma suka kashe shi a 1944. [1] == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Kotoulis ya buga wasanni uku a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Girka a shekarar 1938. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spyros Kontoulis |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe114275/spiros-kontoulis/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tawagar Girka don wasanninsu na cancanta don gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1938. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spyros Kontoulis |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe114275/spiros-kontoulis/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A lokacin yaƙi ya ji rauni sosai a kafa, amma ya tsira. Ya tsere daga fagen yaƙi, amma bai "tsere" daga tsakiyar Athens a lokacin The Occupation ba. Da yake tafiya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944 a cikin Pedion tou Areos zuwa gidan mahaifiyarsa don kula da rauni daga wasan kwallon kafa, sojojin da suka mamaye suka kama Kotoulis. An kai shi sansanin Haidari, inda ya sadu da ɗan'uwansa, Vasilis, da abokin aikinsa, Kostas Christodoulou (wanda aka azabtar da shi, amma daga ƙarshe ya sami damar tsira). Saboda watanni biyu bayan kama shi, a watan Yuni, Kontoulis ya fuskanci abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba. Ana kai shi tare da wasu masu fafatawa da aka kama zuwa Kaisariani don a kashe shi. Da yake ƙoƙari ya yaudari mutuwa, sai ya yi tsalle daga motar. Abin takaici, ya ji rauni sosai don ya tsere. An yi masa duka don ya gudu. An kashe shi da bindiga a tsakiyar titin a Metz. An san labarin ne saboda godiya ga mai ba da gudummawa na AEK, Kountouris wanda ya kasance mai shaida kuma ya ba da mummunan labari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spyros Kontoulis |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe114275/spiros-kontoulis/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spyros Kontoulis |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe114275/spiros-kontoulis/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Daraja == * Gasar Cin Kofin Panhellenic: 1938-39, 1939-401939–40 * Kofin Girka: 1931-32, 1938-391938–39 * Athens FCA League: 1940 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t59ny1zgru7zzst0ooqv5whxmfmvc7q 0 134371 880006 775918 2026-07-10T07:35:05Z BnHamid 12586 880006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:SpiritOfAmerica_CraigBreedlove.jpg|thumb|Ruhun Amurka da farko a kan nuni a Gidan Tarihi da Masana'antu a Birnin Chicago]] '''Norman Craig Breedlove Sr.'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Land Speed Legend Craig Breedlove, 86 |url=https://performanceracing.com/magazine/industry-news/04-10-2023/land-speed-legend-craig-breedlove-86 |access-date=February 16, 2025 |website=Performance Racing}}</ref> (Maris 23, 1937 - Afrilu 4, 2023) ya kasance ƙwararren direban mota na tseren Amurka mai riƙe da rikodin saurin ƙasa na duniya sau biyar. Shi ne mutum na farko a tarihi da ya kai {{Convert|500|mi/h|km/h}} mph (800 km / h), da {{Convert|600|mi/h|km/h}} mph (970 km / h, ta amfani da motocin turbojet da yawa, duk suna da ''Ruhun Amurka''.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Vaughn |first=Mark |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Craig Breedlove, First to Drive 500, 600 MPH, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/more-racing/a43521840/craig-breedlove-first-to-drive-500-600-mph-dies-at-86/ |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=Autoweek}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubucen saurin motar ƙasa == A shekara ta 1962, ya yi ƙoƙari na farko, a cikin keken tricycle mai zaman kansa (ba tare da la'akari da dokokin FIA da ke buƙatar ƙafafu huɗu ba, aƙalla biyu; a cikin taron, FIM da farin ciki ya karɓa) <ref name="Twite" /> wanda injin Janar Electric J47 turbojet ya ba da wutar lantarki. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1963, wannan Ruhu na farko ya yi ƙoƙari na farko na rikodin, ta amfani da kashi 90% kawai na ƙarfin da ake da shi don isa {{Convert|388.47|mph|km/h}} km / h) a kan ma'aunin mil.<ref name="Twite" /> Hanyar dawowa, a kan 95% na iko, <ref name="Twite" /> ya juya matsakaicin hanyoyi biyu na {{Convert|407.45|mph|km/h}} km / h). <ref name="Twite" /> ''Ruhun'' Amurka ya kasance mai haske a ƙasa cewa ba ya buƙatar canza taya daga baya.<ref name="Twite" /><ref name="Twite" /> A shekarar 1964, Breedlove ya fuskanci gasa daga Walt Arfons ' ''Wingfoot Express'' (wanda Tom Green ya jagoranta), da kuma daga ɗan'uwansa Art Arfons a cikin motarsa mai ƙafa huɗu, FIA-legal <nowiki><i id="mwUg">Green Monster</i></nowiki> . <ref name="Twite" /> Da ƙarin ƙarfin injin, Breedlove ya ƙara rikodin zuwa {{Convert|468.72|mph|km/h}} "[tare da] kusan sauƙin rashin kunya", <ref name="Twite" /> sannan zuwa {{Convert|526.28|mph|km/h}}, <ref name="Twite" /> wanda hakan ya sanya shi mutum na farko da ya wuce {{Convert|500|mph|km/h}} . <ref name="Twite" /> Wannan wucewa ba ta kasance ba tare da wani abin mamaki ba, domin ɗaya daga cikin layukan labulen parachute ɗinsa ya rabu, kuma ''Spirit of America'' ta ci gaba da gudu na tsawon {{Convert|5|mi|km}} kafin ya buga sandar telegraph ya kuma kwanta a cikin wani tafki. <ref name="Twite" /> Wannan rikodin ya tsaya duk tsawon kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin ''Green Monster'' ya karya shi, yana rikodin matsakaicin gudu biyu na {{Convert|536.71|mph|km/h}} . <ref name="Twite" /> A mayar da martani, Breedlove ya gina motar FIA mai ƙafa huɗu, Sonic I, wanda ke da wutar lantarki ta 15,000 pounds-force (67 kN) J79 turbojet.[1][2] Nuwamba 2, 1965, Breedlove ya shiga littafin rikodin FIA tare da matsakaicin gudu biyu na 555.483 miles per hour (893.963 km/h) km / h). [1] Wannan ya kasance har ma da ƙasa da baya, don Green Monster ya dawo bayan kwana biyar a 576.553 miles per hour (927.872 km/h) mph (927.872 km / h). [1] A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Breedlove ya amsa da rikodin 600.601 miles per hour (966.574 km/h) mph (966.574 km / h) (bayan ya juya cikin mai ban mamaki 608.201 miles per hour (978.805 km/h) mph (978.805 km / h), [1] wanda aka gudanar har zuwa 1970. [1] (Gary Gabelich's Blue Flame zai karya shi, wanda ya kai 630.388 miles per hour (1,014.511 km/h) mph (1,014.511 km / h). ) [1] Don dawo da rikodin, Breedlove ta shirya motar roka mai saurin gaske, "cikakke tare da wurin zama mai fitarwa. " [1] Hakanan a cikin 1965, matar Breedlove, Lee Breedlove. Ta zauna a Sonic 1, ta wuce hudu ta kai 308.506 miles per hour (496.492 km/h) mph (496.492 km / h), [1] ta sa ta zama mace mafi sauri da rai, kuma ta sanya su ma'aurata mafi sauri, wanda suka kasance da sauri. A cewar marubucin Rachel Kushner, Craig ya yi magana da Lee don ya fitar da motar don yin rikodin ƙoƙari na mallaki filayen gishiri na ranar kuma ya hana ɗaya daga cikin masu fafatawa daga yin rikodin rikodin A cikin shekara ta 1968, Lynn Garrison, Shugaban Craig Breedlove & Associates, ya fara shirya yarjejeniyar da ta ga Gwamnan Utah, Calvin Rampton, ya samar da kayan aiki don gina mota mai ƙarfi. Bill Lear, na Learjet sananne, ya ba da tallafi, tare da abokinsa Art Linkletter. Mujallar Playboy tana fatan a fentin motar baki, tare da fararen bunny a kan rudder. TRW tana samar da injin roka na wata. Canjin da aka yi a cikin sha'awar jama'a ya ga an ajiye ra'ayin na ɗan lokaci. Sun kuma tattauna don amfani da marigayi Donald Campbell mai sarrafawa ''Bluebird CN7'' mai karya rikodin. [[Fayil:Model_of_Donald_Campbell_Bluebird_used_in_Breedlove_promotion.png|thumb|Lynn Garrison, a matsayin Shugaban Craig Breedlove & Associates, ya sami izinin amfani da Bluebird a kan Utah Salt Flats. An yi amfani da wannan samfurin a talla]] Bayan doguwar hutu daga tarihin duniya da yin sunansa a matsayin wakilin ƙasa, Breedlove ya fara aiki a kan sabon Ruhu a cikin 1992, wanda ake kira ''Ruhun Amurka Formula Shell LSRV''. Motar tana da 44 ft. 10 in. tsawo, 8 ft. 4 in. fadi, kuma 5 ft. 10 in. high (13.67 m da 2.54 m da 1.78 m) kuma yana da nauyin {{Convert|9000|lb|kg|0}} , gini yana kan bututun ƙarfe ko sararin samaniya tare da jikin fata na Aluminium. Injin iri ɗaya ne da na Ruhu na biyu, J79, amma an gyara shi don ƙone Man fetur mara gubar kuma yana samar da matsakaicin ƙarfin 22,650 lbf (100.75 kN). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Land Speed Legend Craig Breedlove, 86 |url=https://performanceracing.com/magazine/industry-news/04-10-2023/land-speed-legend-craig-breedlove-86 |access-date=February 16, 2025 |website=Performance Racing}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Rubuce-rubucen jimiri da saurin AMC == [[Fayil:1968_AMX_Breedlove_Records_Champion_Plug_AD.jpg|right|thumb|Wani talla da ke inganta Breedlove yana fashewa da rikodin saurin a cikin samar da AMC AMX]] An sanya Breedlove a kan lissafin albashi a Kamfanin Motar Amurka (AMC) a cikin 1968 don shirya motar mota da motoci masu aiki, Javelin da AMX, don saurin sauri da jimiri. A watan Janairun 1968, wata daya kafin gabatarwar AMX, Breedlove, matarsa Lee, da Ron Dykes, sun kafa kungiyar mota ta Amurka (USAC) da Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) goma sha huɗu da aka tabbatar da rikodin saurin motoci na kowane girman injiniya, da kuma 106 na kasa da kasa da kuma rikodin sauri da jimiri don motoci tare da kasa da {{Convert|488|CID|L|1}} a (8.0 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Land Speed Legend Craig Breedlove, 86 |url=https://performanceracing.com/magazine/industry-news/04-10-2023/land-speed-legend-craig-breedlove-86 |access-date=February 16, 2025 |website=Performance Racing}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] 1mexzxtc2i9zv1dk47nffmeyw5ac29q 0 134960 879741 798843 2026-07-09T18:35:57Z Bikhrah 15061 879741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elder Arsenios the Cave Dhabliner (Girkanci: ; Samsun, 1886 - Dutsen Athos, 1983 <ref name="Pemptousia 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Elder Arsenios Spileotis (1886-1983) |url=https://pemptousia.com/2017/09/elder-arsenios-spileotis-1886-1983/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Pemptousia}}</ref>) ya kasance malamin Orthodox na Girka kuma dattijo. Ya kasance babban abokin St. Joseph the Hesychast na kimanin shekaru 40. Su biyun sun jagoranci ƙaramin ƙungiyar almajiran.<ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a matsayin Anastasios a shekarar 1886, ga Demetrius da Sotiria Galanopoulos, a Samsun, arewacin Anatolia . Lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, iyalinsa suka kai shi Caucasus saboda tsanantawar Turkiyya ga Helenawa na Pontic. A sakamakon asalinsa na Pontic Greek, ya yi magana da Pontic Greek maimakon misali Girkanci, da kuma Turkiyya da Rasha.<ref>Elder Ephraim Philotheitis (2008). ''My Elder Joseph the Hesychast and Cave Dweller (1897-1959)''. Arizona, U.S. {{ISBN|978-960-93-0580-8}}.</ref> A farkon kwanakinsa, Elder Arsenios ya yi aiki a Cocin Mai Tsarki da sauran wuraren ibada masu tsarki a Urushalima. Daga baya ya koma Dutsen Athos, inda ya zauna na 'yan shekaru a Masallacin Stavronikita . A lokacin da yake a Stavronikita, ya sadu da Joseph the Hesychast a taron kolin Dutsen Athos a lokacin Bikin Canji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Yusufu Hesychast ya zama abokinsa na dindindin.[1] Su biyun sun yi aikin Hesychast asceticism a kan gangaren Dutsen Athos. Tun da yake sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin koguna, dukansu an san su da sunan "mai zama a cikin kogon" (Girkanci: ); abokinsa Joseph the Hesychast kuma an san shi da "Joseph the Hesychust and Cave-Dhabler". [2] Elder Arsenios ya zauna tare da Joseph the Hesychast a Skete na St. Basil kusan kusan shekaru 20, sannan ya koma zama a Little St. Anne's Skete daga shekarar 1938 zuwa 1953. Bayan shekarar 1953, sun ci gaba da sauka zuwa New Skete . <ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar Joseph the Hesychast a 1959, Elder Arsenios ya ƙaura daga New Skete zuwa wani tantanin halitta a Masallacin Hilandar da aka sani da Burazeri, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 12. A shekara ta 1980, ya koma gidan ibada na Dionysiou . Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1983, (ko 2 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1983, bisa ga Kalandar Julian). <ref name="orthodoxia09">{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2022 |title=ΓΕΡΩΝΤΑΣ ΑΡΣΕΝΙΟΣ ΣΠΗΛΑΙΩΤΗΣ |url=https://orthodoxia09.webnode.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis/ |website=Orthodoxia09}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yusufu mai suna Hesychast == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ls7y8o25zwgy4rb15hj86b3v3pei4vi 879744 879741 2026-07-09T18:40:11Z Bikhrah 15061 879744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elder Arsenios the Cave Dhabliner (Girkanci: ; Samsun, 1886 - Dutsen Athos, 1983 <ref name="Pemptousia 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Elder Arsenios Spileotis (1886-1983) |url=https://pemptousia.com/2017/09/elder-arsenios-spileotis-1886-1983/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Pemptousia}}</ref>) ya kasance malamin Orthodox na Girka kuma dattijo. Ya kasance babban abokin St. Joseph the Hesychast na kimanin shekaru 40. Su biyun sun jagoranci ƙaramin ƙungiyar almajiran.<ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a matsayin Anastasios a shekarar 1886, ga Demetrius da Sotiria Galanopoulos, a Samsun, arewacin Anatolia . Lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, iyalinsa suka kai shi Caucasus saboda tsanantawar Turkiyya ga Helenawa na Pontic. A sakamakon asalinsa na Pontic Greek, ya yi magana da Pontic Greek maimakon misali Girkanci, da kuma Turkiyya da Rasha.<ref>Elder Ephraim Philotheitis (2008). ''My Elder Joseph the Hesychast and Cave Dweller (1897-1959)''. Arizona, U.S. {{ISBN|978-960-93-0580-8}}.</ref> A farkon kwanakinsa, Elder Arsenios ya yi aiki a Cocin Mai Tsarki da sauran wuraren ibada masu tsarki a Urushalima. Daga baya ya koma Dutsen Athos, inda ya zauna na 'yan shekaru a Masallacin Stavronikita . A lokacin da yake a Stavronikita, ya sadu da Joseph the Hesychast a taron kolin Dutsen Athos a lokacin Bikin Canji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Yusufu Hesychast ya zama abokinsa na dindindin.[1] Su biyun sun yi aikin Hesychast asceticism a kan gangaren Dutsen Athos. Tun da yake sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin koguna, dukansu an san su da sunan "mai zama a cikin kogon" (Girkanci: ); abokinsa Joseph the Hesychast kuma an san shi da "Joseph the Hesychust and Cave-Dhabler". [2] Elder Arsenios ya zauna tare da Joseph the Hesychast a Skete na St. Basil kusan shekaru 20, sannan ya koma zama a Little St. Anne's Skete daga shekarar 1938 zuwa 1953. Bayan shekarar 1953, sun ci gaba da sauka zuwa New Skete . <ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar Joseph the Hesychast a 1959, Elder Arsenios ya ƙaura daga New Skete zuwa wani tantanin halitta a Masallacin Hilandar da aka sani da Burazeri, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 12. A shekara ta 1980, ya koma gidan ibada na Dionysiou . Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1983, (ko 2 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1983, bisa ga Kalandar Julian). <ref name="orthodoxia09">{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2022 |title=ΓΕΡΩΝΤΑΣ ΑΡΣΕΝΙΟΣ ΣΠΗΛΑΙΩΤΗΣ |url=https://orthodoxia09.webnode.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis/ |website=Orthodoxia09}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yusufu mai suna Hesychast == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ru1736o72wxnv96dngg62kite8ij960 879745 879744 2026-07-09T18:40:31Z Bikhrah 15061 879745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elder Arsenios the Cave Dhabliner (Girkanci: ; Samsun, 1886 - Dutsen Athos, 1983 <ref name="Pemptousia 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Elder Arsenios Spileotis (1886-1983) |url=https://pemptousia.com/2017/09/elder-arsenios-spileotis-1886-1983/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Pemptousia}}</ref>) ya kasance malamin Orthodox na Girka kuma dattijo. Ya kasance babban abokin St. Joseph the Hesychast na kimanin shekaru 40. Su biyun sun jagoranci ƙaramin ƙungiyar almajiran.<ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a matsayin Anastasios a shekarar 1886, ga Demetrius da Sotiria Galanopoulos, a Samsun, arewacin Anatolia . Lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, iyalinsa suka kai shi Caucasus saboda tsanantawar Turkiyya ga Helenawa na Pontic. A sakamakon asalinsa na Pontic Greek, ya yi magana da Pontic Greek maimakon misali Girkanci, da kuma Turkiyya da Rasha.<ref>Elder Ephraim Philotheitis (2008). ''My Elder Joseph the Hesychast and Cave Dweller (1897-1959)''. Arizona, U.S. {{ISBN|978-960-93-0580-8}}.</ref> A farkon kwanakinsa, Elder Arsenios ya yi aiki a Cocin Mai Tsarki da sauran wuraren ibada masu tsarki a Urushalima. Daga baya ya koma Dutsen Athos, inda ya zauna na 'yan shekaru a Masallacin Stavronikita . A lokacin da yake a Stavronikita, ya sadu da Joseph the Hesychast a taron kolin Dutsen Athos a lokacin Bikin Canji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Yusufu Hesychast ya zama abokinsa na dindindin.[1] Su biyun sun yi aikin Hesychast asceticism a kan gangaren Dutsen Athos. Tun da yake sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin koguna, dukansu an san su da sunan "mai zama a cikin kogon" (Girkanci: ); abokinsa Joseph the Hesychast kuma an san shi da "Joseph the Hesychust and Cave-Dhabler". [2] Elder Arsenios ya zauna tare da Joseph the Hesychast a Skete na St. Basil kusan kusan shekaru 20, sannan ya koma zama a Little St. Anne's Skete daga shekarar 1938 zuwa 1953. Bayan shekarar 1953, sun ci gaba da sauka zuwa New Skete . <ref name="monastiriaka">{{Cite web |title=Γέροντας Αρσένιος Σπηλαιώτης |url=https://www.monastiriaka.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis-n-10230.html |website=Monastiriaka - Mount Athos}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar Joseph the Hesychast a 1959, Elder Arsenios ya ƙaura daga New Skete zuwa wani tantanin halitta a Masallacin Hilandar da aka sani da Burazeri, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 12. A shekara ta 1980, ya koma gidan ibada na Dionysiou . Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1983, (ko 2 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1983, bisa ga Kalandar Julian). <ref name="orthodoxia09">{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2022 |title=ΓΕΡΩΝΤΑΣ ΑΡΣΕΝΙΟΣ ΣΠΗΛΑΙΩΤΗΣ |url=https://orthodoxia09.webnode.gr/gerontas-arsenios-spilaiotis/ |website=Orthodoxia09}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Yusufu mai suna Hesychast == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ls7y8o25zwgy4rb15hj86b3v3pei4vi 0 135017 879991 777146 2026-07-10T07:23:12Z BnHamid 12586 879991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pat McCormick''' (30 ga Yuni, 1927 – 29 ga Yuli, 2005) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin barkwanci ɗan Amurka wanda aka sani da rawar Big Enos Burdette a cikin ''Smokey and the Bandit'' da kuma jerin fina-finansa guda biyu. Ya yi wa wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Red Skelton, Phyllis Diller da Johnny Carson rubut da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Get Smart'' . McCormick ya yi kama da wani abu na musamman, tsawonsa ya kai inci 6 da inci 7, yana da nauyin kilo 250 kuma yana da gashin baki mai launin walrus . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCormick a Lakewood, Ohio, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1927. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Rocky River a shekarar 1945. == Sana'a == Cormick ɗan wasa ne na makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Daga nan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a kaka ta 1947 inda ya buga ƙwallon kwando a wannan shekarar. Daga baya ya daina ƙwallon kwando don mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen hanya. Ya daina daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard don yin aikin talla, amma ya yi watsi da wannan aikin lokacin da ya fara rubuta barkwanci ga masu barkwanci a talabijin da kuma 'yan barkwanci, ciki har da Jonathan Winters . Daga ƙarshe, ya zama marubuci ga The Jack Paar Show. . Ya yi rubutu don Get Smart, The Danny Kaye Show kuma ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a Candid Camera . Shi ma memba ne na ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen I've Got a Secret a farkon shekarun 1960. McCormick shi ne mai sanarwa kuma mutum na kai tsaye ga Don Rickles a shirin ''The Don Rickles Show'' a shekarar 1968. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin ''The New Bill Cosby Show'' a shekarar 1972. A bayan fage, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan shirin ''The Tonight Show'' wanda ke rubuta labaran da suka fi shahara. Ya rubuta layin "Saboda girgizar kasa ta yau, an soke taron God is Dead." A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Jonathan Winters McCormick, a matsayin mai barkwanci a kotu, ya yi wa Winters mai sanye da kayan sarauta "Shin wannan sandar hannu ce a aljihunka, ko kuma kawai kana farin cikin ganina?" wani layi mai haɗari ga talabijin na farkon shekarun 1970. Fim ɗinsa na farko a fim shine ''The Shaggy DA'' a shekarar 1976. Ya taka rawar Shugaba Grover Cleveland a cikin fim ɗin Robert Altman mai suna ''Buffalo Bill da Indians, ko kuma Sitting Bull's History Lesson'' a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1977, ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Smokey da Bandit'' kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a shekarar 1980 da 1983, tare da Paul Williams a matsayin manyan mayaƙan Big da Little Enos Burdette bi da bi. Pat ya fito a cikin fim ɗin TV na 1982 ''mai suna Rooster'', wanda shi ma Williams ya fito a cikinsa. A shekarar 1984, ya fito tare a cikin shirin TV na George Carlin HBO ''mai suna Apt.'' ''2C'' wanda shirin gwaji ne kawai aka taɓa yi. Ya fito a matsayin Ghost of Christmas Present a cikin wani shiri na TV a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Murray ''mai suna Scrooged'' a shekarar 1988, inda fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin ''Ted &amp;amp; Venus'' . <ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1974, an katse tattaunawar Johnny Carson ta shirin Tonight Show saboda McCormick yana ta yawo a kan dandamali, yana yin fare tare da sauran ma'aikatan rubutu. == Ritaya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1996, McCormick ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1998 bayan ya shanye wani ɓangare na jikinsa sakamakon [[bugun jini]]. A cewar abokin aikinsa Mark Evanier, McCormick yana tuki zuwa Otal ɗin Beverly Hilton lokacin da ya shanye wani abu mai kama da bugun jini kuma ya jefa motarsa a bango na siminti. Motar ta kama da wuta, amma wata mata mai suna Danielle Villegas ta ja shi ta ja shi zuwa aminci kafin motar ta fashe. An kwantar da McCormick a Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital da ke Woodland Hills, California, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a can shekaru bakwai bayan haka, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Forest Lawn Memorial Park da ke Hollywood Hills. Ya bar ɗa ɗaya, Ben, da jikoki biyu. == Fim ɗin fim == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] scr3kelnk72kvsscdyw9d3d6ssg0sdy 879992 879991 2026-07-10T07:25:14Z BnHamid 12586 879992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pat McCormick''' (30 ga Yuni, 1927 – 29 ga Yuli, 2005) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin barkwanci ɗan Amurka wanda aka sani da rawar Big Enos Burdette a cikin ''Smokey and the Bandit'' da kuma jerin fina-finansa guda biyu. Ya yi wa wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Red Skelton, Phyllis Diller da Johnny Carson rubut da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Get Smart'' . McCormick ya yi kama da wani abu na musamman, tsawonsa ya kai inci 6 da inci 7, yana da nauyin kilo 250 kuma yana da gashin baki mai launin walrus . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCormick a Lakewood, Ohio, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1927. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Rocky River a shekarar 1945. == Sana'a == Cormick ɗan wasa ne na makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Daga nan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a kaka ta 1947 inda ya buga ƙwallon kwando a wannan shekarar. Daga baya ya daina ƙwallon kwando don mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen hanya. Ya daina daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard don yin aikin talla, amma ya yi watsi da wannan aikin lokacin da ya fara rubuta barkwanci ga masu barkwanci a talabijin da kuma 'yan barkwanci, ciki har da Jonathan Winters . Daga ƙarshe, ya zama marubuci ga The Jack Paar Show. . Ya yi rubutu don Get Smart, The Danny Kaye Show kuma ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a Candid Camera . Shi ma memba ne na ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen I've Got a Secret a farkon shekarun 1960. McCormick shi ne mai sanarwa kuma mutum na kai tsaye ga Don Rickles a shirin ''The Don Rickles Show'' a shekarar 1968. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin ''The New Bill Cosby Show'' a shekarar 1972. A bayan fage, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan shirin ''The Tonight Show'' wanda ke rubuta labaran da suka fi shahara. Ya rubuta layin "Saboda girgizar kasa ta yau, an soke taron God is Dead." A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Jonathan Winters McCormick, a matsayin mai barkwanci a kotu, ya yi wa Winters mai sanye da kayan sarauta "Shin wannan sandar hannu ce a aljihunka, ko kuma kawai kana farin cikin ganina?" wani layi mai haɗari ga talabijin na farkon shekarun 1970. Fim ɗinsa na farko a fim shine ''The Shaggy DA'' a shekarar 1976. Ya taka rawar Shugaba Grover Cleveland a cikin fim ɗin Robert Altman mai suna ''Buffalo Bill da Indians, ko kuma Sitting Bull's History Lesson'' a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1977, ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Smokey da Bandit'' kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a shekarar 1980 da 1983, tare da Paul Williams a matsayin manyan mayaƙan Big da Little Enos Burdette bi da bi. Pat ya fito a cikin fim ɗin TV na 1982 ''mai suna Rooster'', wanda shi ma Williams ya fito a cikinsa. A shekarar 1984, ya fito tare a cikin shirin TV na George Carlin HBO ''mai suna Apt.'' ''2C'' wanda shirin gwaji ne kawai aka taɓa yi. Ya fito a matsayin Ghost of Christmas Present a cikin wani shiri na TV a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Murray ''mai suna Scrooged'' a shekarar 1988, inda fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin ''Ted &amp;amp; Venus'' . <ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1974, an katse tattaunawar Johnny Carson ta shirin Tonight Show saboda McCormick yana ta yawo a kan dandamali, yana yin fare tare da sauran ma'aikatan rubutu. == Ritaya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1996, McCormick ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1998 bayan ya shanye wani ɓangare na jikinsa sakamakon [[bugun jini]]. A cewar abokin aikinsa Mark Evanier, McCormick yana tuki zuwa Otal ɗin Beverly Hilton lokacin da ya shanye wani abu mai kama da bugun jini kuma ya jefa motarsa a bango na siminti. Motar ta kama da wuta, amma wata mata mai suna Danielle Villegas ta ja shi ta ja shi zuwa aminci kafin motar ta fashe. An kwantar da McCormick a Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital da ke Woodland Hills, California, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a can shekaru bakwai bayan haka, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Forest Lawn Memorial Park da ke Hollywood Hills. Ya bar ɗa ɗaya, Ben, da jikoki biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Shekara ! Suna ! Matsayi ! Bayanan Kula |- |1970|| ''[[The Phynx]]'' || Father O'Hoolihan || |- |1975|| ''[[If You Don't Stop It... You'll Go Blind]]'' || Himself - Awards Emcee || |- |1976|| ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson]]'' || [[Grover Cleveland]] || |- |1976|| ''[[The Shaggy D.A.]]'' || Bartender || |- |1977|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1977|| ''[[Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?]]'' || Himself || |- |1978|| ''[[A Wedding (1978 film)|A Wedding]]'' || Mackenzie Goddard || |- |1979|| ''[[Hot Stuff (1979 film)|Hot Stuff]]'' || Man with Cigars || |- |1979|| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]'' || Carnival Barker || |- |1979|| ''[[Mr. Horn]]'' || John Noble || |- |1980|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1980|| ''[[The Gong Show Movie]]'' || Himself || |- |1981|| ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'' || Plumbing Salesman - The Roman Empire || |- |1981|| ''[[Under the Rainbow]]'' || Tiny || |- |1983|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit Part 3]]'' || Big Enos Burdette || |- |1983|| ''Likely Stories, Vol. 3'' || Doctor || |- |1984|| ''E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind'' || Sonny Patterson || |- |1985|| ''[[Doin' Time (film)|Doin' Time]]'' || Fallis || |- |1985|| ''Bombs Away'' || The Dispatcher || |- |1988|| ''[[Rented Lips]]'' || Winky || |- |1988|| ''[[Scrooged]]'' || Ghost of Christmas Present (TV) || |- |1988|| ''[[Beverly Hills Vamp]]'' || Prof. Sommerset || |- |1990|| ''Nerds of a Feather'' || Professor || |- |1990|| ''[[Chinatown Connection]]'' || Flynn || |- |1991|| ''[[Ted & Venus]]'' || Marcia's Elderly Boyfriend || |- |1992|| ''[[Broadway Bound]]'' || Announcer || Voice |- |1992|| ''Take It Back'' || Judge || |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 7lrxogp6v6pzkosgt4ecy7wdwkhktgg 879994 879992 2026-07-10T07:26:30Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 879994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pat McCormick''' (30 ga Yuni, 1927 – 29 ga Yuli, 2005) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin barkwanci ɗan Amurka wanda aka sani da rawar Big Enos Burdette a cikin ''Smokey and the Bandit'' da kuma jerin fina-finansa guda biyu. Ya yi wa wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Red Skelton, Phyllis Diller da Johnny Carson rubut da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Get Smart'' . McCormick ya yi kama da wani abu na musamman, tsawonsa ya kai inci 6 da inci 7, yana da nauyin kilo 250 kuma yana da gashin baki mai launin walrus . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCormick a Lakewood, Ohio, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1927. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Rocky River a shekarar 1945. == Sana'a == Cormick ɗan wasa ne na makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Daga nan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a kaka ta 1947 inda ya buga ƙwallon kwando a wannan shekarar. Daga baya ya daina ƙwallon kwando don mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen hanya. Ya daina daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard don yin aikin talla, amma ya yi watsi da wannan aikin lokacin da ya fara rubuta barkwanci ga masu barkwanci a talabijin da kuma 'yan barkwanci, ciki har da Jonathan Winters . Daga ƙarshe, ya zama marubuci ga The Jack Paar Show. . Ya yi rubutu don Get Smart, The Danny Kaye Show kuma ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a Candid Camera . Shi ma memba ne na ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen I've Got a Secret a farkon shekarun 1960.<ref name=hickey>Hickey, William. "Pat McCormick: Jolly Green Giant", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', September 13, 1968, PD Action Tab magazine section, p. 3.</ref><ref>"McCormick Giving Radio Static", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', October 23, 1977, Section 5, p. 17.</ref><ref name=nytimesobit>Heffernan, Virginia. (August 2, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/arts/television/02mccormick.html "Pat McCormick, 78, Comedian and Writer for 'Tonight Show', Dies"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref name=latimesobit>Thurber, Jon (July 30, 2005). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-30-me-mccormick30-story.html "Pat McCormick, 78; Comedy Writer Had a Gift for Wacky Humor"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> McCormick shi ne mai sanarwa kuma mutum na kai tsaye ga Don Rickles a shirin ''The Don Rickles Show'' a shekarar 1968. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin ''The New Bill Cosby Show'' a shekarar 1972. A bayan fage, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan shirin ''The Tonight Show'' wanda ke rubuta labaran da suka fi shahara. Ya rubuta layin "Saboda girgizar kasa ta yau, an soke taron God is Dead." A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Jonathan Winters McCormick, a matsayin mai barkwanci a kotu, ya yi wa Winters mai sanye da kayan sarauta "Shin wannan sandar hannu ce a aljihunka, ko kuma kawai kana farin cikin ganina?" wani layi mai haɗari ga talabijin na farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name=hickey/><ref name=nytimesobit/><ref name=latimesobit/> Fim ɗinsa na farko a fim shine ''The Shaggy DA'' a shekarar 1976. Ya taka rawar Shugaba Grover Cleveland a cikin fim ɗin Robert Altman mai suna ''Buffalo Bill da Indians, ko kuma Sitting Bull's History Lesson'' a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1977, ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Smokey da Bandit'' kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a shekarar 1980 da 1983, tare da Paul Williams a matsayin manyan mayaƙan Big da Little Enos Burdette bi da bi. Pat ya fito a cikin fim ɗin TV na 1982 ''mai suna Rooster'', wanda shi ma Williams ya fito a cikinsa. A shekarar 1984, ya fito tare a cikin shirin TV na George Carlin HBO ''mai suna Apt.'' ''2C'' wanda shirin gwaji ne kawai aka taɓa yi. Ya fito a matsayin Ghost of Christmas Present a cikin wani shiri na TV a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Murray ''mai suna Scrooged'' a shekarar 1988, inda fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin ''Ted &amp;amp; Venus'' . <ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1974, an katse tattaunawar Johnny Carson ta shirin Tonight Show saboda McCormick yana ta yawo a kan dandamali, yana yin fare tare da sauran ma'aikatan rubutu. == Ritaya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1996, McCormick ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1998 bayan ya shanye wani ɓangare na jikinsa sakamakon [[bugun jini]]. A cewar abokin aikinsa Mark Evanier, McCormick yana tuki zuwa Otal ɗin Beverly Hilton lokacin da ya shanye wani abu mai kama da bugun jini kuma ya jefa motarsa a bango na siminti. Motar ta kama da wuta, amma wata mata mai suna Danielle Villegas ta ja shi ta ja shi zuwa aminci kafin motar ta fashe. An kwantar da McCormick a Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital da ke Woodland Hills, California, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a can shekaru bakwai bayan haka, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Forest Lawn Memorial Park da ke Hollywood Hills. Ya bar ɗa ɗaya, Ben, da jikoki biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Shekara ! Suna ! Matsayi ! Bayanan Kula |- |1970|| ''[[The Phynx]]'' || Father O'Hoolihan || |- |1975|| ''[[If You Don't Stop It... You'll Go Blind]]'' || Himself - Awards Emcee || |- |1976|| ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson]]'' || [[Grover Cleveland]] || |- |1976|| ''[[The Shaggy D.A.]]'' || Bartender || |- |1977|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1977|| ''[[Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?]]'' || Himself || |- |1978|| ''[[A Wedding (1978 film)|A Wedding]]'' || Mackenzie Goddard || |- |1979|| ''[[Hot Stuff (1979 film)|Hot Stuff]]'' || Man with Cigars || |- |1979|| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]'' || Carnival Barker || |- |1979|| ''[[Mr. Horn]]'' || John Noble || |- |1980|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1980|| ''[[The Gong Show Movie]]'' || Himself || |- |1981|| ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'' || Plumbing Salesman - The Roman Empire || |- |1981|| ''[[Under the Rainbow]]'' || Tiny || |- |1983|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit Part 3]]'' || Big Enos Burdette || |- |1983|| ''Likely Stories, Vol. 3'' || Doctor || |- |1984|| ''E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind'' || Sonny Patterson || |- |1985|| ''[[Doin' Time (film)|Doin' Time]]'' || Fallis || |- |1985|| ''Bombs Away'' || The Dispatcher || |- |1988|| ''[[Rented Lips]]'' || Winky || |- |1988|| ''[[Scrooged]]'' || Ghost of Christmas Present (TV) || |- |1988|| ''[[Beverly Hills Vamp]]'' || Prof. Sommerset || |- |1990|| ''Nerds of a Feather'' || Professor || |- |1990|| ''[[Chinatown Connection]]'' || Flynn || |- |1991|| ''[[Ted & Venus]]'' || Marcia's Elderly Boyfriend || |- |1992|| ''[[Broadway Bound]]'' || Announcer || Voice |- |1992|| ''Take It Back'' || Judge || |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] lm04r548rrqa84498chl3ofkm4upxbl 879995 879994 2026-07-10T07:27:29Z BnHamid 12586 /* Rayuwar farko */ 879995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pat McCormick''' (30 ga Yuni, 1927 – 29 ga Yuli, 2005) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin barkwanci ɗan Amurka wanda aka sani da rawar Big Enos Burdette a cikin ''Smokey and the Bandit'' da kuma jerin fina-finansa guda biyu. Ya yi wa wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Red Skelton, Phyllis Diller da Johnny Carson rubut da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Get Smart'' . McCormick ya yi kama da wani abu na musamman, tsawonsa ya kai inci 6 da inci 7, yana da nauyin kilo 250 kuma yana da gashin baki mai launin walrus . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCormick a Lakewood, Ohio, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1927. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Rocky River a shekarar 1945.<ref>Although Allmovie.com and IMDB.com have reported that McCormick was born in Rocky River, Ohio, this is not supported by his obituaries in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times (cited below), nor by stories in the ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]'' during his lifetime (cited below) that stated he was born in [[Lakewood, Ohio]], and then grew up in [[Rocky River, Ohio]], a neighboring town to Lakewood.</ref> == Sana'a == Cormick ɗan wasa ne na makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Daga nan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a kaka ta 1947 inda ya buga ƙwallon kwando a wannan shekarar. Daga baya ya daina ƙwallon kwando don mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen hanya. Ya daina daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard don yin aikin talla, amma ya yi watsi da wannan aikin lokacin da ya fara rubuta barkwanci ga masu barkwanci a talabijin da kuma 'yan barkwanci, ciki har da Jonathan Winters . Daga ƙarshe, ya zama marubuci ga The Jack Paar Show. . Ya yi rubutu don Get Smart, The Danny Kaye Show kuma ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a Candid Camera . Shi ma memba ne na ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen I've Got a Secret a farkon shekarun 1960.<ref name=hickey>Hickey, William. "Pat McCormick: Jolly Green Giant", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', September 13, 1968, PD Action Tab magazine section, p. 3.</ref><ref>"McCormick Giving Radio Static", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', October 23, 1977, Section 5, p. 17.</ref><ref name=nytimesobit>Heffernan, Virginia. (August 2, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/arts/television/02mccormick.html "Pat McCormick, 78, Comedian and Writer for 'Tonight Show', Dies"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref name=latimesobit>Thurber, Jon (July 30, 2005). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-30-me-mccormick30-story.html "Pat McCormick, 78; Comedy Writer Had a Gift for Wacky Humor"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> McCormick shi ne mai sanarwa kuma mutum na kai tsaye ga Don Rickles a shirin ''The Don Rickles Show'' a shekarar 1968. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin ''The New Bill Cosby Show'' a shekarar 1972. A bayan fage, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan shirin ''The Tonight Show'' wanda ke rubuta labaran da suka fi shahara. Ya rubuta layin "Saboda girgizar kasa ta yau, an soke taron God is Dead." A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Jonathan Winters McCormick, a matsayin mai barkwanci a kotu, ya yi wa Winters mai sanye da kayan sarauta "Shin wannan sandar hannu ce a aljihunka, ko kuma kawai kana farin cikin ganina?" wani layi mai haɗari ga talabijin na farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name=hickey/><ref name=nytimesobit/><ref name=latimesobit/> Fim ɗinsa na farko a fim shine ''The Shaggy DA'' a shekarar 1976. Ya taka rawar Shugaba Grover Cleveland a cikin fim ɗin Robert Altman mai suna ''Buffalo Bill da Indians, ko kuma Sitting Bull's History Lesson'' a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1977, ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Smokey da Bandit'' kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a shekarar 1980 da 1983, tare da Paul Williams a matsayin manyan mayaƙan Big da Little Enos Burdette bi da bi. Pat ya fito a cikin fim ɗin TV na 1982 ''mai suna Rooster'', wanda shi ma Williams ya fito a cikinsa. A shekarar 1984, ya fito tare a cikin shirin TV na George Carlin HBO ''mai suna Apt.'' ''2C'' wanda shirin gwaji ne kawai aka taɓa yi. Ya fito a matsayin Ghost of Christmas Present a cikin wani shiri na TV a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Murray ''mai suna Scrooged'' a shekarar 1988, inda fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin ''Ted &amp;amp; Venus'' . <ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1974, an katse tattaunawar Johnny Carson ta shirin Tonight Show saboda McCormick yana ta yawo a kan dandamali, yana yin fare tare da sauran ma'aikatan rubutu. == Ritaya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1996, McCormick ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1998 bayan ya shanye wani ɓangare na jikinsa sakamakon [[bugun jini]]. A cewar abokin aikinsa Mark Evanier, McCormick yana tuki zuwa Otal ɗin Beverly Hilton lokacin da ya shanye wani abu mai kama da bugun jini kuma ya jefa motarsa a bango na siminti. Motar ta kama da wuta, amma wata mata mai suna Danielle Villegas ta ja shi ta ja shi zuwa aminci kafin motar ta fashe. An kwantar da McCormick a Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital da ke Woodland Hills, California, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a can shekaru bakwai bayan haka, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Forest Lawn Memorial Park da ke Hollywood Hills. Ya bar ɗa ɗaya, Ben, da jikoki biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Shekara ! Suna ! Matsayi ! Bayanan Kula |- |1970|| ''[[The Phynx]]'' || Father O'Hoolihan || |- |1975|| ''[[If You Don't Stop It... You'll Go Blind]]'' || Himself - Awards Emcee || |- |1976|| ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson]]'' || [[Grover Cleveland]] || |- |1976|| ''[[The Shaggy D.A.]]'' || Bartender || |- |1977|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1977|| ''[[Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?]]'' || Himself || |- |1978|| ''[[A Wedding (1978 film)|A Wedding]]'' || Mackenzie Goddard || |- |1979|| ''[[Hot Stuff (1979 film)|Hot Stuff]]'' || Man with Cigars || |- |1979|| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]'' || Carnival Barker || |- |1979|| ''[[Mr. Horn]]'' || John Noble || |- |1980|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1980|| ''[[The Gong Show Movie]]'' || Himself || |- |1981|| ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'' || Plumbing Salesman - The Roman Empire || |- |1981|| ''[[Under the Rainbow]]'' || Tiny || |- |1983|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit Part 3]]'' || Big Enos Burdette || |- |1983|| ''Likely Stories, Vol. 3'' || Doctor || |- |1984|| ''E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind'' || Sonny Patterson || |- |1985|| ''[[Doin' Time (film)|Doin' Time]]'' || Fallis || |- |1985|| ''Bombs Away'' || The Dispatcher || |- |1988|| ''[[Rented Lips]]'' || Winky || |- |1988|| ''[[Scrooged]]'' || Ghost of Christmas Present (TV) || |- |1988|| ''[[Beverly Hills Vamp]]'' || Prof. Sommerset || |- |1990|| ''Nerds of a Feather'' || Professor || |- |1990|| ''[[Chinatown Connection]]'' || Flynn || |- |1991|| ''[[Ted & Venus]]'' || Marcia's Elderly Boyfriend || |- |1992|| ''[[Broadway Bound]]'' || Announcer || Voice |- |1992|| ''Take It Back'' || Judge || |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] ocrgbjcbjnlsfdmtak7vasn1fmtbwpb 879996 879995 2026-07-10T07:28:07Z BnHamid 12586 879996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pat McCormick''' (30 ga Yuni, 1927 – 29 ga Yuli, 2005)<ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin barkwanci ɗan Amurka wanda aka sani da rawar Big Enos Burdette a cikin ''Smokey and the Bandit'' da kuma jerin fina-finansa guda biyu. Ya yi wa wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Red Skelton, Phyllis Diller da Johnny Carson rubut da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Get Smart'' . McCormick ya yi kama da wani abu na musamman, tsawonsa ya kai inci 6 da inci 7, yana da nauyin kilo 250 kuma yana da gashin baki mai launin walrus . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCormick a Lakewood, Ohio, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1927. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Rocky River a shekarar 1945.<ref>Although Allmovie.com and IMDB.com have reported that McCormick was born in Rocky River, Ohio, this is not supported by his obituaries in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times (cited below), nor by stories in the ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]'' during his lifetime (cited below) that stated he was born in [[Lakewood, Ohio]], and then grew up in [[Rocky River, Ohio]], a neighboring town to Lakewood.</ref> == Sana'a == Cormick ɗan wasa ne na makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Daga nan ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a kaka ta 1947 inda ya buga ƙwallon kwando a wannan shekarar. Daga baya ya daina ƙwallon kwando don mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen hanya. Ya daina daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard don yin aikin talla, amma ya yi watsi da wannan aikin lokacin da ya fara rubuta barkwanci ga masu barkwanci a talabijin da kuma 'yan barkwanci, ciki har da Jonathan Winters . Daga ƙarshe, ya zama marubuci ga The Jack Paar Show. . Ya yi rubutu don Get Smart, The Danny Kaye Show kuma ya rubuta kuma ya bayyana a Candid Camera . Shi ma memba ne na ma'aikatan shirye-shiryen I've Got a Secret a farkon shekarun 1960.<ref name=hickey>Hickey, William. "Pat McCormick: Jolly Green Giant", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', September 13, 1968, PD Action Tab magazine section, p. 3.</ref><ref>"McCormick Giving Radio Static", ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', October 23, 1977, Section 5, p. 17.</ref><ref name=nytimesobit>Heffernan, Virginia. (August 2, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/arts/television/02mccormick.html "Pat McCormick, 78, Comedian and Writer for 'Tonight Show', Dies"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref name=latimesobit>Thurber, Jon (July 30, 2005). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-30-me-mccormick30-story.html "Pat McCormick, 78; Comedy Writer Had a Gift for Wacky Humor"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> McCormick shi ne mai sanarwa kuma mutum na kai tsaye ga Don Rickles a shirin ''The Don Rickles Show'' a shekarar 1968. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin ''The New Bill Cosby Show'' a shekarar 1972. A bayan fage, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan shirin ''The Tonight Show'' wanda ke rubuta labaran da suka fi shahara. Ya rubuta layin "Saboda girgizar kasa ta yau, an soke taron God is Dead." A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na Jonathan Winters McCormick, a matsayin mai barkwanci a kotu, ya yi wa Winters mai sanye da kayan sarauta "Shin wannan sandar hannu ce a aljihunka, ko kuma kawai kana farin cikin ganina?" wani layi mai haɗari ga talabijin na farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name=hickey/><ref name=nytimesobit/><ref name=latimesobit/> Fim ɗinsa na farko a fim shine ''The Shaggy DA'' a shekarar 1976. Ya taka rawar Shugaba Grover Cleveland a cikin fim ɗin Robert Altman mai suna ''Buffalo Bill da Indians, ko kuma Sitting Bull's History Lesson'' a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1977, ya fito a cikin fim ''ɗin Smokey da Bandit'' kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finai a shekarar 1980 da 1983, tare da Paul Williams a matsayin manyan mayaƙan Big da Little Enos Burdette bi da bi. Pat ya fito a cikin fim ɗin TV na 1982 ''mai suna Rooster'', wanda shi ma Williams ya fito a cikinsa. A shekarar 1984, ya fito tare a cikin shirin TV na George Carlin HBO ''mai suna Apt.'' ''2C'' wanda shirin gwaji ne kawai aka taɓa yi. Ya fito a matsayin Ghost of Christmas Present a cikin wani shiri na TV a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Murray ''mai suna Scrooged'' a shekarar 1988, inda fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin ''Ted &amp;amp; Venus'' . <ref>Although media reports of his death state he was 78, Allmovie.com states that he was born on July 17, 1934. The Social Security Death Index lists a Patrick B. McCormick born June 30, 1927, who died July 29, 2005.</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1974, an katse tattaunawar Johnny Carson ta shirin Tonight Show saboda McCormick yana ta yawo a kan dandamali, yana yin fare tare da sauran ma'aikatan rubutu. == Ritaya da mutuwa == A shekarar 1996, McCormick ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1998 bayan ya shanye wani ɓangare na jikinsa sakamakon [[bugun jini]]. A cewar abokin aikinsa Mark Evanier, McCormick yana tuki zuwa Otal ɗin Beverly Hilton lokacin da ya shanye wani abu mai kama da bugun jini kuma ya jefa motarsa a bango na siminti. Motar ta kama da wuta, amma wata mata mai suna Danielle Villegas ta ja shi ta ja shi zuwa aminci kafin motar ta fashe. An kwantar da McCormick a Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital da ke Woodland Hills, California, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. Ya mutu a can shekaru bakwai bayan haka, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Forest Lawn Memorial Park da ke Hollywood Hills. Ya bar ɗa ɗaya, Ben, da jikoki biyu. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Shekara ! Suna ! Matsayi ! Bayanan Kula |- |1970|| ''[[The Phynx]]'' || Father O'Hoolihan || |- |1975|| ''[[If You Don't Stop It... You'll Go Blind]]'' || Himself - Awards Emcee || |- |1976|| ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson]]'' || [[Grover Cleveland]] || |- |1976|| ''[[The Shaggy D.A.]]'' || Bartender || |- |1977|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1977|| ''[[Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?]]'' || Himself || |- |1978|| ''[[A Wedding (1978 film)|A Wedding]]'' || Mackenzie Goddard || |- |1979|| ''[[Hot Stuff (1979 film)|Hot Stuff]]'' || Man with Cigars || |- |1979|| ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]'' || Carnival Barker || |- |1979|| ''[[Mr. Horn]]'' || John Noble || |- |1980|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit II]]'' || Big Enos || |- |1980|| ''[[The Gong Show Movie]]'' || Himself || |- |1981|| ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'' || Plumbing Salesman - The Roman Empire || |- |1981|| ''[[Under the Rainbow]]'' || Tiny || |- |1983|| ''[[Smokey and the Bandit Part 3]]'' || Big Enos Burdette || |- |1983|| ''Likely Stories, Vol. 3'' || Doctor || |- |1984|| ''E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind'' || Sonny Patterson || |- |1985|| ''[[Doin' Time (film)|Doin' Time]]'' || Fallis || |- |1985|| ''Bombs Away'' || The Dispatcher || |- |1988|| ''[[Rented Lips]]'' || Winky || |- |1988|| ''[[Scrooged]]'' || Ghost of Christmas Present (TV) || |- |1988|| ''[[Beverly Hills Vamp]]'' || Prof. Sommerset || |- |1990|| ''Nerds of a Feather'' || Professor || |- |1990|| ''[[Chinatown Connection]]'' || Flynn || |- |1991|| ''[[Ted & Venus]]'' || Marcia's Elderly Boyfriend || |- |1992|| ''[[Broadway Bound]]'' || Announcer || Voice |- |1992|| ''Take It Back'' || Judge || |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 6dla8we9xjax3zp927hgmo30jj7vp33 0 135519 880093 802122 2026-07-10T10:55:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gary P. Brinson''' tsohon mai saka hannun jari ne kuma manajan kuɗi. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin '''Brinson Partners,''' wani kamfanin kula da kadarori da ke [[Chicago]], wanda Swiss Bank Corporation, wanda ya gabaci UBS, da Adams Street Partners suka samu a shekarar 1994. Kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2000, Brinson zai jagoranci sashen kula da kadarori na Swiss Bank Corporation sannan daga baya ya jagoranci UBS Global Asset Management . Shi ne wanda ya rubuta littattafai biyu kan zuba jari a duniya kuma ya rubuta labarai da dama kan batutuwa daban-daban na zuba jari. An kira Brinson ɗaya daga cikin "Living Legends" na fannin zuba jari tare da masu zuba jari kamar George Russell, Jr., [[Warren Buffett]], da [[Bill H. Gross|Bill Gross]] . == Sana'a == An haifi Brinson a [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] a shekarar 1943. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a matsayin direban bas, mahaifiyarsa kuma tana aiki a Sears a matsayin magatakarda. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Seattle a shekarar 1966, kuma ya ci gaba da samun digiri na MBA daga Jami'ar Jihar Washington a shekarar 1968. Brinson ya shiga harkar gudanar da zuba jari a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 a matsayin manazarci a Kamfanin Inshorar Travelers . A shekarar 1979, Brinson ya bar Travelers ya shiga sashen aminci na First National Bank of Chicago a matsayin babban jami'in zuba jari. A shekarar 1981, Brinson ya tattara ƙungiyar da za ta zama First Chicago Investment Advisors sannan daga baya ta zama Brinson Partners. Kamfanin First Chicago Investment Advisors ya zama wani kamfani na daban na kula da kuɗi a shekarar 1983. A cikin shekarun 1980, Brinson ya kafa kansa a matsayin majagaba a fannin haɓaka ka'idar raba kadarori . Brinson ya yi ƙoƙarin raba hannun jari a hannun jari, shaidu, kuɗi, gidaje, jarin kamfani da sauran azuzuwan kadarori ta amfani da dabarun saka hannun jari masu sauƙi masu rahusa. Wannan ya zama hikima ta al'ada tsakanin manajojin kuɗi a shekarun 1990. A shekarar 1989, Brinson ya jagoranci dala 100 na Amurka. Kamfanin First Chicago Corporation ya sayi kamfaninsa da miliyoyin daloli, inda ya sayi kusan kashi 75% na kamfanin tare da babban rukunin abokan hulɗa da masu zuba jari. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, ya tara kamfanin zuwa kusan dala 36 na Amurka. biliyoyin kadarori da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa . Brinson ya mayar da hankali kan samar da damar shiga kasuwannin duniya ga cibiyoyin Amurka. Kamfanin, wanda kuma ke kula da jerin asusun haɗin gwiwa, ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan manajojin tsare-tsaren fansho a Amurka. A shekarar 1994, Swiss Bank Corporation tana tsakiyar jerin saye-saye da suka haɗa da O'Connor &amp;amp; Associates, SG Warburg &amp;amp; Co., Dillon Read &amp;amp; Co. kuma suka kai ga haɗewar bankin da Union Bank of [[Switzerland]] a shekarar 1998. Swiss Bank ta sanar da sayen Brinson Partners kuma ta kawo Brinson don gudanar da sashin kula da kadarorin bankin. Swiss Bank Corporation ta biya dala $750&nbsp;miliyan don mallakar Brinson Partners, wanda ya haifar da ribar dala $460 ga Brinson da abokan hulɗarsa&nbsp;miliyan kan sayar da hannun jarinsu na kashi 75% a kamfanin. Bayan mallakar Brinson Partners, Gary Brinson ne ke gudanar da harkokin gudanar da kadarorin Bankin Swiss, kuma bayan haɗewar da UBS, an naɗa Brinson a matsayin babban jami'in saka hannun jari na UBS Global Asset Management . Brinson ya yi ritaya daga UBS a farkon shekarar 2000 jim kaɗan kafin faduwar kumbon dot-com . Brinson ya rasa 'yancin yin amfani da damarsa a shekarun baya saboda kumbon intanet da ya gudu da kuma rabuwa da muhimman abubuwa da kuma saka hannun jari a cikin ƙima . == Tasiri kan zuba jari da kuɗi == An yaba wa Brison saboda taimakawa wajen kafa harsashin jarin da ya shafi Performance Attribution ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin Brinson, ta hanyar kasidu biyu da Brinson da Fachler (1985) da Brinson, Hood, da Beebower (1986) suka rubuta. <ref>[http://www.spauldinggrp.com/products/49-gary-brinson-cfa-interview.html Gary Brinson] {{Webarchive}}. CFA Journal Interview, 1999</ref> === Wasu alaƙa === Brinson ya kafa Gidauniyar Brinson a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wadda ke mai da hankali kan tallafawa shirye-shiryen bincike na ilimi, lafiyar jama'a, da kimiyya. <ref>[http://www.spauldinggrp.com/products/49-gary-brinson-cfa-interview.html Gary Brinson] {{Webarchive}}. CFA Journal Interview, 1999</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje == * <cite id="Brinson1985">Brinson, Gary P., da Nimrod Fachler, “Auna Ayyukan Fayil ɗin Hannun Jari Ba na Amurka ba,” Mujallar Gudanar da Fayil, bazara 1985, shafi na 73-76.</cite> * <cite id="Brinson1986">Brinson, Gary P., Randolph Hood, da Gilbert Beebower, “Masu ƙayyade aikin fayil,” Mujallar Masu Nazarin Kuɗi, 1986, vol.</cite> <cite id="Brinson1986">42, lamba 4 (Yuli–Agusta), shafi na 39-44.</cite> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dohgm9utswqf0mjm63mahxldg9hbunq 0 135920 879756 802162 2026-07-09T18:58:01Z 90nikos 45246 879756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sokratis Famellos (Girkanci: ; an haife shi 27 Maris 1966) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma tsohon injiniyan sinadarai wanda ya kasance shugaban Syriza tun 2024 zuwa 2026.Ya taba aiki a matsayin jagora na doka na Jam'iyyar adawa ta hukuma a majalisar dokokin Hellenic daga 2023 zuwa 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == An haifi Sokratis Famellos a ranar 27 ga Maris 1966 a [[Athens]], amma an haife shi a Thessaloniki . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sokratis Petrou Famellos CV |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouleftes/Viografika-Stoicheia/?MPId=ba66f008-ae84-4d5a-ad10-a434014470a0 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Hellenic Parliament}}</ref> Ya sami difloma daga Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki, da kuma Jagora na Kimiyya a [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli]] da Gudanarwa daga Jami'a ta Hellenic Open; daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan sinadarai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sokratis Famellos - Circle the Med Forum |url=https://www.circlethemed.com/persons/sokratis-famellos |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.circlethemed.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Famellos a majalisar dokokin Hellenic wakiltar Thessaloniki B a shekarar 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sokratis Petrou Famellos CV |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouleftes/Viografika-Stoicheia/?MPId=ba66f008-ae84-4d5a-ad10-a434014470a0 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Hellenic Parliament}}</ref> An sake zabarsa a mazabar a shekarar 2019 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Muhalli da Makamashi daga Nuwamba 2016 zuwa Yuli 2019. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sokratis Famellos - Circle the Med Forum |url=https://www.circlethemed.com/persons/sokratis-famellos |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.circlethemed.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan shan kashi na Syriza a Zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na Yuni 2023 da kuma murabus din Alexis Tsipras a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya, a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023 an zabi Famellos a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Syriza. [1] Kafin Zaben shugabancin Syriza na 2023, akwai hasashe cewa Famellos zai zama dan takara, wanda ya musanta.[1] A karkashin sabon shugaban, Stefanos Kasselakis, Famellos ya ci gaba da matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar 'yan majalisa. Ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Majalisar Hellenic, saboda Kasselakis ba dan majalisa ba ne.[2] A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2024, an sallami Famellos daga mukamin bayan ya ki yin murabus.[3] Famellos ya tsaya a Zaben shugabancin Syriza na 2024 kuma an zabe shi shugaban kasa a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba bayan ya jagoranci zagaye na farko tare da 49.41% na kuri'un.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=Φάμελλος: Θα σταθούμε όρθιοι και θα δουλέψουμε για το συμφέρον της κοινωνικής πλειοψηφίας |url=https://www.in.gr/2023/07/03/politics/kommata/famellos-tha-stathoume-orthioi-kai-tha-doulepsoume-gia-symferon-tis-koinonikis-pleiopsifias/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=in.gr |language=Greek}}</ref> Firayim Minista Kyriakos Mitsotakis ya taya shi murna a zabensa a matsayin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=Φάμελλος: Θα σταθούμε όρθιοι και θα δουλέψουμε για το συμφέρον της κοινωνικής πλειοψηφίας |url=https://www.in.gr/2023/07/03/politics/kommata/famellos-tha-stathoume-orthioi-kai-tha-doulepsoume-gia-symferon-tis-koinonikis-pleiopsifias/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=in.gr |language=Greek}}</ref> == Rayuwar Sirri == Famellos ta auri Popi Karagiannidou har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-18 |title="Έφυγε" από τη ζωή η Πόπη Καραγιαννίδου, σύζυγος του Σωκράτη Φάμελλου |url=https://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/762316/efuge-apo-ti-zoi-i-popi-karagiannidou-suzugos-tou-sokrati-famellou/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> Sun haifi ɗa guda tare.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2eueh5jwy3940mvndog9okmm944vylm 0 136419 879989 779632 2026-07-10T07:22:05Z BnHamid 12586 879989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Mawlawi|Maulvi]] Gul Zarin Kochi''' (Pashto) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ma'aikatar iyakoki da Harkokin Ƙabilar tun daga 23 ga Nuwamba 2021 tare da Haji Gul Mohammad da [[Bararoji|nomad]] Taha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Interim cabinet expanded; corps commanders named |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/23/interim-cabinet-expanded-corps-commanders-named/ |via=pajhwok.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اسلامي امارت ۲۷ نورو څوکیو ته چارواکي په دنده وګومارل |url=https://tolonews.com/pa/afghanistan-175574 |website=طلوع‌نیوز}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban expand interim cabinet, 27 new members named |url=https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/taliban-expand-interim-cabinet-27-new-members-named-431429 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Taliban govt remains non-inclusive and all-male after Sept 21 expansion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/taliban-govt-remains-non-inclusive-and-all-male-after-sept-21-expansion-101632487611749.html |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[Independent General Directorate of Kochi|Babban Daraktan Kochi mai zaman kansa]] (motsa jiki). <ref>{{Cite web |title=د سرحدونواوقبایلوچارو وزارت نوي معین او د کوچیانو چارو نوي لوې ریس په کار پیل وکړ! &#124; د سرحدونو او قبایلوچارو وزارت |url=https://mobta.gov.af/ps/%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%93 |website=mobta.gov.af}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jic0h3l3qcd277u0otabovktj93cinn 0 136605 879660 779903 2026-07-09T17:01:14Z BnHamid 12586 879660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Metropolitan Gennadios''' (Italian: Gennadios Zervós, {{IPA|it|dʒenˈnaːdjoz dzerˈvɔs|pron}}{{IPA|it|dʒenˈnaːdjoz dzerˈvɔs|pron}}{{IPA|it|dʒenˈnaːdjoz dzerˈvɔs|pron}}; secular name '''Tsampikos Zervos''', Greek: Τσαμπίκος Ζερβός; 8 July 1937, Rhodes – 16 October 2020, [[Venezia|Venice]]) was the metropolitan bishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy, a diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople covering [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Malta]], and [[San Marino]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=È morto Gennadios, Arcivescovo Ortodosso e Metropolita d'Italia - Gente Veneta |url=https://www.genteveneta.it/attualita/e-morto-gennadios-arcivescovo-ortodosso-e-metropolita-ditalia/}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a cikin Dodecanese na Italiya, an naɗa Zervos a matsayin mai hidima a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1960, yana ɗaukar sunan Gennadios, kuma firist a ranar 28 ga Afrilu. Ya gudanar da dogon aikin fastoci a Italiya, a matsayin bishop na Krateia tare da kujerarsa a Naples daga 26 ga Nuwamba, 1970, kuma ya kasance malami a jami'o'in Italiya daban-daban: saboda wannan ya sami lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Italiya. Ya kasance wakilin Shugaban Constantinople a Italiya na dogon lokaci. Ya kasance Metropolitan na Archdiocese na Orthodox na Girka na Italiya da Malta daga 26 ga Agusta 1996. Bishop na farko na Orthodox a Italiya tun lokacin Babban Cisma na 1054, a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1970 an zabe shi gaba ɗaya bisa ga shawarar Patriarch Athenagoras . [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t29fzbygs15zz1rvr8aw4minkdvz7q8 0 136724 879986 780107 2026-07-10T07:21:22Z BnHamid 12586 879986 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Huey Pierce''' " '''Piano''' " '''Smith''' (Janairu 26, 1934 - Fabrairu 13, 2023) ɗan wasan piano ne na Amurka kuma mawaƙin zaman waka wanda sautinsa ya yi tasiri wajen haɓaka wasan piano na rock and roll . Waƙar piano da ya buga ta haɗa da salon buga boogie-woogie na Pete Johnson, Meade Lux Lewis, da Albert Ammons, salon jazz na Jelly Roll Morton da salon R&B na Fats Domino . [1] Steve Huey na AllMusic ya lura cewa "A lokacin da yake kan gaba a wasansa, Smith ya nuna salon buga R&B na New Orleans a mafi yaɗuwa da kuma ban mamaki, kamar yadda aka nuna a waƙar sa ta gargajiya, " Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu ". == Sana'a == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Smith a unguwar Central City da ke New Orleans. Ayyukan Farfesa Longhair na kirkire-kirkire sun yi masa tasiri. Ya shahara da sauya piano da hannunsa na dama wanda ya yi tasiri ga sauran 'yan wasan Kudu. <ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Rick, and McNutt, Randy (1999). ''Little Labels—Big Sound''. Indiana University Press. pg. 132; {{ISBN|0-253-33548-5}}.</ref> Smith ya rubuta waƙarsa ta farko mai suna "Robertson Street Boogie", wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan titin da yake zaune, a kan piano, lokacin yana ɗan shekara takwas. Ya rera waƙar tare da wani abokinsa Percy Anderson, inda su biyun suka yi lissafin kansu a matsayin Slick da Doc. Smith ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Walter L. Cohen da ke New Orleans. Lokacin da Smith yake ɗan shekara 15, ya fara aiki a ƙungiyoyi da yin rikodi tare da abokin aikinsa mai hazaka, Eddie Jones, wanda ya shahara a matsayin Guitar Slim . <ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Rick, and McNutt, Randy (1999). ''Little Labels—Big Sound''. Indiana University Press. pg. 132; {{ISBN|0-253-33548-5}}.</ref> Lokacin da Smith yake ɗan shekara 18, a shekarar 1952, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar yin rikodi da Savoy Records, wanda ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko da aka sani, "You Made Me Cry". A shekarar 1953, Smith ya yi rikodi tare da Earl King . A shekarar 1955, Smith ya zama ɗan wasan piano tare da ƙungiyar mawakan Little Richard ta farko a zaman don Rikodin Musamman . <ref name="AMG">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p126338/biography|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma ya buga piano a zaman studio da dama ga wasu mawaka, kamar Lloyd Price . <ref name="AMG" /> Biyu daga cikin zaman sun haifar da waƙoƙin Earl King ("Those Lonely Lonely Nights") da Smiley Lewis (" I Hear You Knocking "). <ref name="AMG" /> A shekarar 1956, Smith ya yi rikodin waƙar Ace Records tare da Rhythm Aces. Bangaren A-gefen waƙar shine "Little Liza Jane", tare da "Everybody's Whalin'". A zaman, ban da Smith a kan piano, akwai sax man Lee Allen, Earl King a kan guitar, da Earl Palmer a kan ganguna. Rhythm Aces sun ƙunshi mawaƙa Dave Dixon, Roland Cook, da Issacher "Izzycoo" Gordon. Mac Rebennack, wanda aka fi sani da Dr. John, ya ce, "Kuma Huey yana kama layin 'Little Liza Jane' na gaske. Tabbas yana da kyawawan kuliyoyi suna yin sa, amma yana da wannan halin da zai sa ya sami sa. Kuma tare da Dave Dixon da Izzycoo (Gordon) suna rera waƙar a kai, kai, ba zai iya samun mafi kyau ba." <ref name="wirt" /> Gordon, wanda shi ma ya rera waƙa tare da wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta New Orleans mai suna The Spiders, ya rera waƙar Smith mai suna "Blow Wind Blow" mai suna "Junior" Gordon a shekarar 1956. <ref name="wirt" /> === Tare da Clowns a Ace Records === A shekarar 1957, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Huey "Piano" Smith da Clowns, tare da wani mawaƙi Bobby Marchan, <ref>Bogdanov, Vladimir, et al. (eds.) (2001). ''All Music Guide'' (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. pg. 372; {{ISBN|0-87930-627-0}}.</ref> kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila ta dogon lokaci da Ace Records, wanda tsohon mai shirya waƙoƙin Specialty Johnny Vincent ya wakilta. <ref name="AMG">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p126338/biography|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> Smith and the Clowns ya yi rikodin " Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu " tare da mawaƙa Sidney Rayfield (mai aski na Huey) da kuma "Scarface" John Williams mai shekaru 18 sun haɗu da shi a cikin waƙoƙi. Ba tare da kula da sautin muryarsa ba, Huey ya umurci Williams da ya matsa kusa da makirufo. "Ku kusanci, John," in ji shi. "Ina ƙoƙarin samun nasara daga wannan." An fitar da rikodin a matsayin "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu Part 1" a gefen A da kuma "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu Part 2" (wani kayan aiki ) a gefen Ace Records . An sayar da faifan fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa ya kai matsayin faifan zinare . Huey "Piano" Smith da 'Yan Clowns sun kai ga jadawalin ''Billboard'' tare da waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya da dama a jere. <ref name="AMG" /> John 'Scarface' Williams ne ya ba da gudummawar alamar kasuwanci " Mardi Gras " ga rikodin Huey Smith. Ya kasance memba na Apache Hunters, ƙabilar [[Indiyawan Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras ta Indiya]] . Ya rera waƙar jagora a cikin "Genevieve", "Tu-Ber-Cu-Lucas And The Sinus Blues", "Beatnik Blues", da "Quit My Job", kuma ya ba da gudummawar waƙoƙi ga "Don't You Just Know It", "Pop-Eye", "Just A Lonely Clown", da sauransu. Williams ya bar Clowns a shekarar 1959 ya kafa Tick Tocks. Mawakin New Orleans Aaron Neville ya ce "Na kasance kusa da Scarface lokacin da muke matasa. Ya rera waƙa tare da Huey 'Piano' Smith da Clowns a farkon shekarun 1950 sannan kuma tare da Tick Tocks - manyan ƙungiyoyin R&B a New Orleans. Ni da Scarface mun yi ta shaƙatawa sosai a Dew Drop Inn da ke kan titin LaSalle. Wata dare a watan Maris na 1972, an daba masa wuka yana ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗa a gaban wani kulob a kan titin Dryades. Mutuwarsa babban koma-baya ne, ba wai kawai saboda sanannen mawaƙi ba ne, har ma saboda shi ne Babban Shugaban Mafarauta na Mo Hawk (sic) kuma abokin kawunmu, Babban Shugaban Jolly, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilarsa ta Mardi Gras ta Indiya." Art Neville ya ƙara da cewa, "Ni da 'yan'uwana uku duk mawaƙa ne kuma mawaƙa, amma ba mu haɗu a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiya ba sai a shekarar 1976, lokacin da muka rera waƙar ' The Wild Tchoupitoulas' —kundin kawuna Jolly. An sanya masa suna ne saboda ƙabilarsa kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin kira da amsa na Mardi Gras na Indiya. Membobin ƙungiyar New Orleans Meters suna nan, kuma Allen Toussaint ne ya shirya shi. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da muka yi rikodin "Brother John" na Cyril. "A yanayin "Brother John", Cyril Neville ya lura, "Na rubuta waƙoƙin a farkon shekarun 1970 tare da Kawuna Jolly [George Landry]. Suna shirin yin waƙa mai salon Afirka wanda ya shahara a kowace ƙabilar Mardi Gras ta Indiya a lokacin. James "Sugar Boy" Crawford shine farkon wanda ya shahara da wannan salon a waƙar sa ta " Jock-a-mo " ta 1954. Na rubuta waƙoƙin "Brother John's" tare da kawuna don girmama wani abokina—John 'Scarface' Williams—wanda aka yi wa ado da shi. an kashe shi a baya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] q1ro5t9uxn8hfrob37rym1accccl5ku 879987 879986 2026-07-10T07:21:35Z BnHamid 12586 879987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Huey Pierce''' " '''Piano''' " '''Smith''' (Janairu 26, 1934 - Fabrairu 13, 2023) ɗan wasan piano ne na Amurka kuma mawaƙin zaman waka wanda sautinsa ya yi tasiri wajen haɓaka wasan piano na rock and roll . Waƙar piano da ya buga ta haɗa da salon buga boogie-woogie na Pete Johnson, Meade Lux Lewis, da Albert Ammons, salon jazz na Jelly Roll Morton da salon R&B na Fats Domino . [1] Steve Huey na AllMusic ya lura cewa "A lokacin da yake kan gaba a wasansa, Smith ya nuna salon buga R&B na New Orleans a mafi yaɗuwa da kuma ban mamaki, kamar yadda aka nuna a waƙar sa ta gargajiya, " Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu ". == Sana'a == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Smith a unguwar Central City da ke New Orleans. Ayyukan Farfesa Longhair na kirkire-kirkire sun yi masa tasiri. Ya shahara da sauya piano da hannunsa na dama wanda ya yi tasiri ga sauran 'yan wasan Kudu. <ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Rick, and McNutt, Randy (1999). ''Little Labels—Big Sound''. Indiana University Press. pg. 132; {{ISBN|0-253-33548-5}}.</ref> Smith ya rubuta waƙarsa ta farko mai suna "Robertson Street Boogie", wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan titin da yake zaune, a kan piano, lokacin yana ɗan shekara takwas. Ya rera waƙar tare da wani abokinsa Percy Anderson, inda su biyun suka yi lissafin kansu a matsayin Slick da Doc. Smith ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Walter L. Cohen da ke New Orleans. Lokacin da Smith yake ɗan shekara 15, ya fara aiki a ƙungiyoyi da yin rikodi tare da abokin aikinsa mai hazaka, Eddie Jones, wanda ya shahara a matsayin Guitar Slim . <ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Rick, and McNutt, Randy (1999). ''Little Labels—Big Sound''. Indiana University Press. pg. 132; {{ISBN|0-253-33548-5}}.</ref> Lokacin da Smith yake ɗan shekara 18, a shekarar 1952, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar yin rikodi da Savoy Records, wanda ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko da aka sani, "You Made Me Cry". A shekarar 1953, Smith ya yi rikodi tare da Earl King . A shekarar 1955, Smith ya zama ɗan wasan piano tare da ƙungiyar mawakan Little Richard ta farko a zaman don Rikodin Musamman . <ref name="AMG">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p126338/biography|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma ya buga piano a zaman studio da dama ga wasu mawaka, kamar Lloyd Price . <ref name="AMG" /> Biyu daga cikin zaman sun haifar da waƙoƙin Earl King ("Those Lonely Lonely Nights") da Smiley Lewis (" I Hear You Knocking "). <ref name="AMG" /> A shekarar 1956, Smith ya yi rikodin waƙar Ace Records tare da Rhythm Aces. Bangaren A-gefen waƙar shine "Little Liza Jane", tare da "Everybody's Whalin'". A zaman, ban da Smith a kan piano, akwai sax man Lee Allen, Earl King a kan guitar, da Earl Palmer a kan ganguna. Rhythm Aces sun ƙunshi mawaƙa Dave Dixon, Roland Cook, da Issacher "Izzycoo" Gordon. Mac Rebennack, wanda aka fi sani da Dr. John, ya ce, "Kuma Huey yana kama layin 'Little Liza Jane' na gaske. Tabbas yana da kyawawan kuliyoyi suna yin sa, amma yana da wannan halin da zai sa ya sami sa. Kuma tare da Dave Dixon da Izzycoo (Gordon) suna rera waƙar a kai, kai, ba zai iya samun mafi kyau ba." <ref name="wirt" /> Gordon, wanda shi ma ya rera waƙa tare da wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta New Orleans mai suna The Spiders, ya rera waƙar Smith mai suna "Blow Wind Blow" mai suna "Junior" Gordon a shekarar 1956. <ref name="wirt" /> === Tare da Clowns a Ace Records === A shekarar 1957, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Huey "Piano" Smith da Clowns, tare da wani mawaƙi Bobby Marchan, <ref>Bogdanov, Vladimir, et al. (eds.) (2001). ''All Music Guide'' (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. pg. 372; {{ISBN|0-87930-627-0}}.</ref> kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila ta dogon lokaci da Ace Records, wanda tsohon mai shirya waƙoƙin Specialty Johnny Vincent ya wakilta. <ref name="AMG">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p126338/biography|pure_url=yes}} |access-date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> Smith and the Clowns ya yi rikodin " Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu " tare da mawaƙa Sidney Rayfield (mai aski na Huey) da kuma "Scarface" John Williams mai shekaru 18 sun haɗu da shi a cikin waƙoƙi. Ba tare da kula da sautin muryarsa ba, Huey ya umurci Williams da ya matsa kusa da makirufo. "Ku kusanci, John," in ji shi. "Ina ƙoƙarin samun nasara daga wannan." An fitar da rikodin a matsayin "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu Part 1" a gefen A da kuma "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu Part 2" (wani kayan aiki ) a gefen Ace Records . An sayar da faifan fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa ya kai matsayin faifan zinare . Huey "Piano" Smith da 'Yan Clowns sun kai ga jadawalin ''Billboard'' tare da waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya da dama a jere. <ref name="AMG" /> John 'Scarface' Williams ne ya ba da gudummawar alamar kasuwanci " Mardi Gras " ga rikodin Huey Smith. Ya kasance memba na Apache Hunters, ƙabilar [[Indiyawan Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras ta Indiya]] . Ya rera waƙar jagora a cikin "Genevieve", "Tu-Ber-Cu-Lucas And The Sinus Blues", "Beatnik Blues", da "Quit My Job", kuma ya ba da gudummawar waƙoƙi ga "Don't You Just Know It", "Pop-Eye", "Just A Lonely Clown", da sauransu. Williams ya bar Clowns a shekarar 1959 ya kafa Tick Tocks. Mawakin New Orleans Aaron Neville ya ce "Na kasance kusa da Scarface lokacin da muke matasa. Ya rera waƙa tare da Huey 'Piano' Smith da Clowns a farkon shekarun 1950 sannan kuma tare da Tick Tocks - manyan ƙungiyoyin R&B a New Orleans. Ni da Scarface mun yi ta shaƙatawa sosai a Dew Drop Inn da ke kan titin LaSalle. Wata dare a watan Maris na 1972, an daba masa wuka yana ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗa a gaban wani kulob a kan titin Dryades. Mutuwarsa babban koma-baya ne, ba wai kawai saboda sanannen mawaƙi ba ne, har ma saboda shi ne Babban Shugaban Mafarauta na Mo Hawk (sic) kuma abokin kawunmu, Babban Shugaban Jolly, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilarsa ta Mardi Gras ta Indiya." Art Neville ya ƙara da cewa, "Ni da 'yan'uwana uku duk mawaƙa ne kuma mawaƙa, amma ba mu haɗu a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiya ba sai a shekarar 1976, lokacin da muka rera waƙar ' The Wild Tchoupitoulas' —kundin kawuna Jolly. An sanya masa suna ne saboda ƙabilarsa kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin kira da amsa na Mardi Gras na Indiya. Membobin ƙungiyar New Orleans Meters suna nan, kuma Allen Toussaint ne ya shirya shi. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da muka yi rikodin "Brother John" na Cyril. "A yanayin "Brother John", Cyril Neville ya lura, "Na rubuta waƙoƙin a farkon shekarun 1970 tare da Kawuna Jolly [George Landry]. Suna shirin yin waƙa mai salon Afirka wanda ya shahara a kowace ƙabilar Mardi Gras ta Indiya a lokacin. James "Sugar Boy" Crawford shine farkon wanda ya shahara da wannan salon a waƙar sa ta " Jock-a-mo " ta 1954. Na rubuta waƙoƙin "Brother John's" tare da kawuna don girmama wani abokina—John 'Scarface' Williams—wanda aka yi wa ado da shi. an kashe shi a baya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] jf6f31uc0rzeutgtatrbqbx716xhd9l 0 136945 879982 780450 2026-07-10T07:17:22Z BnHamid 12586 879982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nikolaos Kontopoulos''' (Girkanci: Νικόλαος Κοντόπουλος, 1889-1958) marubucin Girka ne. An haife shi a ƙauyen Lousika da ke Achaea, Girka. Ya yi karatu a Athens sannan daga baya ya yi karatu a matsayin ɗalibi kuma farfesa a makarantar fasaha ta polytechnical. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa. [ana buƙatar citation] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1958]] 6svcixxbk7ck7tzhnss2br4ye7wyt8o 879983 879982 2026-07-10T07:17:43Z BnHamid 12586 879983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikolaos Kontopoulos''' (Girkanci: Νικόλαος Κοντόπουλος, 1889-1958) marubucin Girka ne. An haife shi a ƙauyen Lousika da ke Achaea, Girka. Ya yi karatu a Athens sannan daga baya ya yi karatu a matsayin ɗalibi kuma farfesa a makarantar fasaha ta polytechnical. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa. [ana buƙatar citation] {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1958]] gman59iz7aeon5ojuolehsybriuxgbg 0 137052 880116 877815 2026-07-10T11:26:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Scott Fox''' marubuci ne na harkokin kuɗi da taimakon kai na Amurka, ƙwararre a fannin kasuwanci da shawarwari kan kamfanonin farawa. Shi ɗan kasuwa ne na intanet mai tsari, mai ba da shawara kan farawa, mai tsara kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai saka hannun jari a fannin mala'iku. Wanda ya kafa OC Startup Council, da Click Millionaire's MasterMinds Forum a ClickMillionaires.com, da RadioGuestList.com da sauran manyan kasuwancin yanar gizo, Fox ya fi shahara saboda littattafansa waɗanda aka fassara zuwa harsuna da yawa a duk duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Intanet Riches: The Simple Money-making Secrets of Online Millionaires'', ''E-Riches 2.0'', da ''Click Millionaires: Work Less, Live More with an Internet Business You Love'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Fox ya girma a tsakiyar birnin [[Detroit]] inda ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cass Technical . Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin gudanarwa daga Jami'ar [[Michigan]] kafin JP Morgan & Company ta ɗauke shi aiki zuwa New York. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin banki a Wall Street . Daga nan ya koma makaranta, inda ya sami digirin Doctor na Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Stanford kuma ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Digiri na Stanford a shekarun 1990. Ya shafe wani lokaci a matsayin lauya da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a masana'antar nishaɗi, wasu kuma suna aiki a kan kamfanoni masu tasowa a [[Silicon Valley]] kafin ya fara kamfanoninsa. A yau yana aiki a matsayin mai shirya al'umma don yanayin muhalli na kamfanoni masu tasowa ta yanar gizo da kuma a Kudancin [[California]] a matsayin Shugaba na Majalisar Startup ta Orange County, da kuma mai zuba jari a fannin mala'iku ta hanyar Tech Coast Angels da kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci na farko a duk duniya. == Rubutu == Scott Fox shine marubucin littattafai uku da suka fi sayarwa: Internet Riches, E-Riches 2.0, da Click Millionaires. [1] An rubuta kowanne daga cikin waɗannan littattafai ne don taimakawa sabbin 'yan kasuwa su yi amfani da software, kayan aikin tallan intanet, da kuma kasuwancin e-commerce don fara kasuwancin kan layi. * ''Arzikin Intanet: Sirrin Samun Kuɗi Mai Sauƙi na Masu Arzikin Intanet'' (2008) * ''E-Riches 2.0: Dabarun Talla ta Yanar Gizo na Gaba'' (2009) * ''Click Millionaires: Yi Aiki Kadan, Ka Yi Rayuwa Da Ƙari Tare Da Kasuwancin Salon Rayuwa Na Intanet Da Kake So'' (2012) == Sauran harkokin kasuwanci == Baya ga kasancewarsa marubuci, Fox mai ba da shawara ne kuma mai saka hannun jari a kamfanonin farawa, ɗan kasuwa mai tasowa a jere, babban jami'i, da kuma mai tallata shirye-shiryen podcast . Ya gina kasuwancin e-commerce na miliyoyin daloli tun daga manyan kamfanoni na kan layi, zuwa kamfanoni masu jarin jari [[Silicon Valley|na Silicon Valley]] da kuma shafukan yanar gizo na kamfanoni na Fortune 500, zuwa shafuka na shahararrun mutane kamar Bill O'Reilly da Larry King . == Dalilan sadaka == Ribar da aka samu daga littattafan Fox ana bayar da ita ne ga agaji. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A halin yanzu Fox yana zaune a California tare da iyalinsa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sva0ce1juibl0av4jdr313n147iz9xe 0 137123 879819 780867 2026-07-09T20:11:54Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879819 wikitext text/x-wiki Anastasia "Natasa" Gkotzi (Αναστασία Γκοτζή, An haife ta a ranar 4 ga [[Afrilu]], 1987) 'yar wasan ƙwallon Kwando ce ta Girka wacce ke buga wa Olympiacos . [1] Ta kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙasar Girka a cikin Eurobasket na 2015. [2] == Manazarta == * [http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Anastasia-Gkotzi/Greece/Greek-Women-National-Team/107486?Women=1& Bayanan martaba na Eurobasket.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629111955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/41930/sid/9464/tid/291/tid2/_/2015_EuroBasket_Women/index.html FIBA 2015 Bayanan mata na Eurobasket] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eoyi11xze44nbsr4nsnbpmfemj3wrrj 0 138294 879978 783136 2026-07-10T07:12:59Z BnHamid 12586 879978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexander Louis Jakubiak''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Jakubiak ya buga wasa shi kaɗai a Watford jim kaɗan kafin kammala karatunsa daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara na 2014. Tun daga lokacin ya yi wasannin aro a Braintree Town, Oxford United, Dagenham & Redbridge, Fleetwood Town, Wycombe Wanderers, Falkirk, Bristol Rovers, Gillingham da St Mirren . Daga nan ya buga wasa da Dundee na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya lashe gasar Scotland tare da su kuma ya yi zaman aro tare da Partick Thistle . Bayan Dundee, Jakubiak ya yi kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Dunfermline Athletic sannan ya yi zaman aro na ɗan lokaci tare da Partick Thistle. Jakubiak ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Scotland a 2014. == Aikin kulob == === Watford === Tun da farko Jakubiak ya shiga ƙungiyar ne a lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 15, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bayar da tallafin karatu da Watford a watan Mayun 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A shekararsa ta farko, bugun da Jakubiak ya yi wa ƙungiyar makarantar Peterborough United ya lashe kyautar Manufar Ilimi a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Watan Janairun 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Maris 2014, kusan ƙarshen karatunsa na karatu, an ba Jakubiak aro ga Braintree Town, tare da abokin wasansa na Watford Bernard Mensah a ɓangaren taron . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Zaman aronsa ya kasance har zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, amma a wannan lokacin ya buga wasanni 11, ciki har da wasanni biyu da ya fara, kuma ya zura kwallo ɗaya, a wasansa na farko da Wrexham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Daga baya Jakubiak ya shiga cikin wasanni uku na ƙarshe na Watford na kakar wasa ta 2013–14. Ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasannin da Derby County da Charlton Athletic suka yi kafin ya fara wasa tun daga farko a wasan da Watford ta sha kashi a gida da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=BBC Sport&nbsp;– Watford 1–4 Huddersfield Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27167489 |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Kwanaki shida bayan fara buga wasa a Watford, Jakubiak ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru, kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Watford tare da ƙarin zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Duk da bayar da rahoton kwantiragin shekaru biyu a 2014, a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15 Watford ta sanar da cewa Jakubiak ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Watford ta ba da rahoton cewa sun ɗauki zaɓin shekara guda kan kwantiragin Jakubiak, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> amma a watan Agusta sun sanar da cewa yanzu ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar. <ref name="Fleetwood/newdeal">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=New Deal For Jakubiak |url=https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726165725/https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2020, Watford ta sanar da cewa ba za ta bai wa Jakubiak sabon kwantiragi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> === Sifofin lamunin zamanin ƙwararru === A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2014, Jakubiak ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Oxford United a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 4 ga Janairu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Mansfield Town ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2014. [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Jakubiak ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Oxford United, a wasansu da Dagenham &amp;amp; Redbridge a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Bayan watanni uku a ƙungiyar, Watford ta sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2014, ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Dagenham & Redbridge a matsayin aro na tsawon wata ɗaya ga matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Jakubiak ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko washegari, a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2014, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 2-0. An tsawaita zaman aronsa a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ranar da zaman aro na Jakubiak ya ƙare, Jakubiak ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Dagenham & Redbridge, a wasan da suka doke Cheltenham Town da ci 3-1. Bayan haka, an tsawaita zaman aro na Jakubiak da ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Daga nan Jakubiak ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2015 kuma bayan watanni biyu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2015, Jakubiak ya zura kwallo, a wasan da suka doke Newport County da ci 3-2. Jakubiak ya buga wasanni 23 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a kungiyar. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Jakubiak ya koma Fleetwood Town a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairu na kakar wasa ta 2016-17. <ref name="Fleetwood/newdeal">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=New Deal For Jakubiak |url=https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726165725/https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan cin Kofin EFL da Carlisle United a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. Duk da cewa ya fara shiga kungiyar ne a tsawon kakar wasa, Watford ta sake kiransa a watan Janairun 2017 bayan ya samu rauni a kungiyar. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2017, Jakubiak ya koma Wycombe Wanderers a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2016-17. A watan Janairun 2018, ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland Falkirk a matsayin aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 42f50h66ajxri5z1gptt2l86fxi46be 879980 879978 2026-07-10T07:15:27Z BnHamid 12586 879980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Louis Jakubiak''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Jakubiak ya buga wasa shi kaɗai a Watford jim kaɗan kafin kammala karatunsa daga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara na 2014. Tun daga lokacin ya yi wasannin aro a Braintree Town, Oxford United, Dagenham & Redbridge, Fleetwood Town, Wycombe Wanderers, Falkirk, Bristol Rovers, Gillingham da St Mirren . Daga nan ya buga wasa da Dundee na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya lashe gasar Scotland tare da su kuma ya yi zaman aro tare da Partick Thistle . Bayan Dundee, Jakubiak ya yi kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Dunfermline Athletic sannan ya yi zaman aro na ɗan lokaci tare da Partick Thistle. Jakubiak ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Scotland a 2014. == Aikin kulob == === Watford === Tun da farko Jakubiak ya shiga ƙungiyar ne a lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 15, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bayar da tallafin karatu da Watford a watan Mayun 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A shekararsa ta farko, bugun da Jakubiak ya yi wa ƙungiyar makarantar Peterborough United ya lashe kyautar Manufar Ilimi a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Watan Janairun 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Maris 2014, kusan ƙarshen karatunsa na karatu, an ba Jakubiak aro ga Braintree Town, tare da abokin wasansa na Watford Bernard Mensah a ɓangaren taron . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Zaman aronsa ya kasance har zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, amma a wannan lokacin ya buga wasanni 11, ciki har da wasanni biyu da ya fara, kuma ya zura kwallo ɗaya, a wasansa na farko da Wrexham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Daga baya Jakubiak ya shiga cikin wasanni uku na ƙarshe na Watford na kakar wasa ta 2013–14. Ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasannin da Derby County da Charlton Athletic suka yi kafin ya fara wasa tun daga farko a wasan da Watford ta sha kashi a gida da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=BBC Sport&nbsp;– Watford 1–4 Huddersfield Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27167489 |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Kwanaki shida bayan fara buga wasa a Watford, Jakubiak ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru, kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Watford tare da ƙarin zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Duk da bayar da rahoton kwantiragin shekaru biyu a 2014, a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15 Watford ta sanar da cewa Jakubiak ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Watford ta ba da rahoton cewa sun ɗauki zaɓin shekara guda kan kwantiragin Jakubiak, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> amma a watan Agusta sun sanar da cewa yanzu ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar. <ref name="Fleetwood/newdeal">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=New Deal For Jakubiak |url=https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726165725/https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2020, Watford ta sanar da cewa ba za ta bai wa Jakubiak sabon kwantiragi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> === Sifofin lamunin zamanin ƙwararru === A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2014, Jakubiak ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Oxford United a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 4 ga Janairu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Mansfield Town ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2014. [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Jakubiak ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Oxford United, a wasansu da Dagenham &amp;amp; Redbridge a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Bayan watanni uku a ƙungiyar, Watford ta sake kiransa a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2014, ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Dagenham & Redbridge a matsayin aro na tsawon wata ɗaya ga matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Jakubiak ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko washegari, a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2014, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 2-0. An tsawaita zaman aronsa a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=Academy: Welcome to new scholars |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229204803/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/academy-welcome-to-new-scholars-263761.aspx?pageView=full |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ranar da zaman aro na Jakubiak ya ƙare, Jakubiak ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Dagenham & Redbridge, a wasan da suka doke Cheltenham Town da ci 3-1. Bayan haka, an tsawaita zaman aro na Jakubiak da ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Daga nan Jakubiak ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Burton Albion a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2015 kuma bayan watanni biyu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2015, Jakubiak ya zura kwallo, a wasan da suka doke Newport County da ci 3-2. Jakubiak ya buga wasanni 23 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a kungiyar. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Jakubiak ya koma Fleetwood Town a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairu na kakar wasa ta 2016-17. <ref name="Fleetwood/newdeal">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=New Deal For Jakubiak |url=https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726165725/https://www.watfordfc.com/under-23/alex-jakubiak/new-deal |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan cin Kofin EFL da Carlisle United a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. Duk da cewa ya fara shiga kungiyar ne a tsawon kakar wasa, Watford ta sake kiransa a watan Janairun 2017 bayan ya samu rauni a kungiyar. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2017, Jakubiak ya koma Wycombe Wanderers a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2016-17. A watan Janairun 2018, ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland Falkirk a matsayin aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=ACADEMY: Jakubiak Goal Nominated |url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229210011/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/130211-jakubiak-goal-of-the-month-651448.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |publisher=Watford F.C.}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] hwhhgcbeszr4ztyg4x0beq39jddfh4r 0 138333 879608 801067 2026-07-09T14:34:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Bosworth''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953) <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bosworth - MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/31634 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce a Amurka, mai ilimi, kuma mai ɗaukar hoto. Tana aiki ne da babban tsari, kyamarar kallo ta 8x10 kuma tana mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da yanayi. An haɗa ayyukan Bosworth a cikin mujallu, mujallu, littattafai da tarin abubuwa na dindindin, kuma an nuna su a cikin nunin faifai na kaɗaici a ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekara ta 1985, ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim saboda aikinta na daukar hoto. <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Barbara Bosworth |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |access-date=April 24, 2017 |website=www.gf.org |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402232012/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bosworth a shekarar 1953 <ref name="moma"/> a [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], kuma ya girma a Novelty, Ohio, kewaye da bishiyoyi, tsirrai, da kuma waje. <ref name="Earth">{{Cite web |title=Earth and Sky: Photographs by Barbara Bosworth |url=http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/online/bosworth/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223065440/https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/online/bosworth/ |archive-date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=March 30, 2017 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green, inda ta sami digirin BA a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1975. Ta sami digirin MFA a fannin daukar hoto a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester a shekarar 1983. <ref name="SPE2013">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bosworth |url=https://www.spenational.org/conferences/redefining-influence-balancing-relationships-and-evolving-processes/speakers/barbara-bosworth |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=Society for Photographic Education}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bosworth ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin malamar ziyara a Jami'ar Ohio da ke [[Athens]], Ohio, kafin ta shiga sashen daukar hoto a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Massachusetts da ke [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] a 1984. <ref name="SPE2013"/> Ta kasance farfesa kuma shugabar Sashen Daukar Hoto a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts. <ref name="CV">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bosworth CV |url=https://www.barbarabosworth.com/bosworthcv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173737/https://www.barbarabosworth.com/bosworthcv/ |archive-date=2018-04-03 |access-date=April 20, 2017 |website=Barbara Bosworth}}</ref> == Aiki ==   Yawancin ayyukan daukar hoto na Bosworth sun mayar da hankali kan shimfidar wurare da bishiyoyi. [1] Tana ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyinta game da duniyar halitta ta amfani da kyamarar fim mai girma, tana bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da shimfidar wurare, "tana buɗe alaƙar sirri da ta ruhaniya ga duniyar da ke kewaye da mu." [2] A cewar Andy Grundberg, a rubuce-rubuce a Grand Street, takwarorinta a fannin daukar hoto na shimfidar wurare sun haɗa da Laura McPhee, Lois Connor, Terry Evans, Linda Halverson, da Mary Peck, da sauransu Ta shafe watanni da dama tana ɗaukar hotunan New England Trail sosai, kuma ta shafe fiye da shekaru 14 tana ziyartar da ɗaukar hotunan manyan bishiyoyi daga National Register . <ref name="Licata">{{Cite web |last=Licata |first=David |title=Photographer Barbara Bosworth – Interview March 26, 2013 |url=http://alifesworkmovie.com/blog/2013/03/photographer-barbara-bosworth/ |access-date=March 26, 2013 |website=A Life's Work}}</ref> A wasu hotuna kamar ''Indigo Bunting'' ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo na alaƙa tsakanin tsuntsaye da mutane, "lokacin da ya dace da juna sosai" tare da ƙananan halittun da ke bayyana "masu rauni sosai." Bosworth ya rubuta yanayin ƙasar Amurka <ref name="Trees">{{Cite web |title=Trees |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/trees |access-date=March 30, 2017 |website=MIT Press}}</ref> da kuma yadda mutane ke shafarsa. <ref name="Licata"/> Bosworth tana ɗaukar bayanai dalla-dalla ta amfani da kyamarar kallo, kuma sau da yawa tana ƙirƙirar diptychs da triptychs daga jerin abubuwan da aka fallasa, suna faɗaɗa yankin hotunanta. <ref name="UNH">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2015 |title=Artist Lecture: Barbara Bosworth |url=https://unhvrc.wordpress.com/2015/04/04/artist-lecture-barbara-bosworth/ |website=University of New Hampshire (UNH)}}</ref> A cikin jerin ''Tsuntsaye da Sauran Mala'iku'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Barbara Bosworth |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |access-date=April 24, 2017 |website=www.gf.org |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402232012/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tsarin triptych yana sanya hotunan tsuntsaye da mutane a cikin faɗin dajin da ke kewaye da su. <ref name="Muybridge">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bosworth |url=http://muybridgeshorse.com/2016/09/28/barbara-bosworth-2/ |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=Muybridge’s Horse}}</ref> Duk da cewa Bosworth tana aiki da launi, tana kuma ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari, da gangan tana iyakance hoton zuwa siffofi da aka nuna a launukan launin toka, ba tare da jan hankali da launi ba. <ref name="Licata"/> A cikin bincikenta na shekaru ashirin ''na Tarihin Halitta: Hotunan Barbara Bosworth,'' kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na hotunan suna da baƙi da fari kuma kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu suna da launi. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a [[San Francisco]] MoMA, Bosworth ta tabbatar da cewa ayyukanta suna raguwa saboda amfani da fim, kuma kulawa da tunani da aka sanya wa aikinta yana ƙaruwa da wannan lokacin. Ta ɗauki lokacinta tana nazarin yanayin ƙasa sosai, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka, tsuntsaye, da mutanen da aikinta ya haɗu da su. Kamar sauran masu ɗaukar hoto na yanayin ƙasa, sha'awar Bosworth ita ce bincika duniya a daidai lokacinta da kuma godiya ga abin da yanayi ke sanyawa a gabanta. <ref name="SFMOMA">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Bosworth looks slowly and observes the landscape |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/watch/barbara-bosworth-looks-slowly-and-observes-the-landscape/ |access-date=March 30, 2017 |website=San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA)}}</ref> Ta yi imanin cewa lura ya zama dole ga tsarin fasaha da samfurin ƙarshe. <ref name="Messenheimer">{{Cite web |last=Messenheimer |first=Micah |date=February 27, 2015 |title=The Creative Benefits of Taking Your Time—Q&A with Photographer Barbara Bosworth |url=http://denverartmuseum.org/article/creative-benefits-taking-your-time-qa-barbara-bosworth |website=Denver Art Museum |access-date=January 13, 2026 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808033238/https://denverartmuseum.org/article/creative-benefits-taking-your-time-qa-barbara-bosworth |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da cewa tana duba abin da ke gabanta a duniyar halitta, batun da Bosworth ta zaɓa ya kasance na sirri kuma yana nuna takamaiman lokutan da ta fuskanta. <ref name="Messenheimer"/> Hotunan farko da ta ɗauka a gidanta da kewaye da ita a Ohio an ɗauke su ne daga tagar falonta mai kusurwa huɗu, suna kallon dajin Ohio. <ref name="SFMOMA"/> Duk da cewa hotunanta na farko ba sa ƙunshe da mutane, ta ƙara mai da hankali kan alaƙar mutane da tasirinsu ga muhallin da ke kewaye, <ref name="UNH"/> kuma sau da yawa tana ambaton iyayenta da tarbiyyarta a matsayin tasiri. Mahaifiyar Bosworth ta kamu da [[cutar Parkinson]] da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]], yayin da mahaifinta ya mutu sakamakon tsufa. Bosworth ta sami damar haɗa waɗannan abubuwan cikin aikinta, tana amfani da su a matsayin wahayi ga littafinta ''See'' (2014): <ref name="Behold">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://rebecca-senf.squarespace.com/publications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081334/https://rebecca-senf.squarespace.com/publications/ |archive-date=April 18, 2017 |access-date=March 30, 2017 |website=Barbara Bosworth}}</ref> "Ɗaukar hoto shine tabbacinmu cewa mun kasance a can." === ''Duba'' === An nuna ayyukan Bosworth a kaka ta 2014 a Gidan Tarihi na Datz da ke SinSeong Gol, Gwangju, Lardin Gyeonggi, [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. An tattara wannan aikin kuma an ɗaure shi da Datz Press na gidan tarihi, cikin littafin ''"Bee"'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Barbara Bosworth |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |access-date=April 24, 2017 |website=www.gf.org |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402232012/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/barbara-bosworth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hotunan Bosworth sun haɗa dogayen bishiyoyi na da, tare da mutane, dabbobi, da koguna waɗanda suke gudana ta cikin yanayi da lokaci. An buɗe bikin baje kolin a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2014. <ref name="Behold"/> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 96qh5lguz99euo8ichccrx88z18wu30 0 138414 879615 868654 2026-07-09T14:40:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fudbalski klub Crvena zvezda''' ( Serbian Cyrillic ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Crvena zvezda''' ( ) kuma ana kiranta da '''Red Star Belgrade''' a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Anglophone, ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta ƙwararru [[Serbiya|ta Serbia]] da ke [[Belgrade]], kuma babban ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar wasanni da yawa ta Red Star . Su ne kulob mafi nasara daga Balkans da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, kasancewarsu kulob daya tilo da ya lashe Kofin Turai da kuma Kofin Intercontinental, bayan ya yi hakan a shekarar 1991, kuma kungiya ta biyu ce kawai daga Gabashin Turai da ta lashe Kofin Turai. Tare da gasar cin kofin kasa 36, kofunan kasa 29, kofunan super na kasa 2, kofunan zakarun kasa 2 da kuma kofin lig daya tsakanin gasar Serbia da Yugoslavia, Red Star ita ce kulob mafi nasara a Yugoslavia kuma ta kare a matsayi na daya a teburin gasar Yugoslavia ta farko a tarihi, kuma ita ce kulob mafi nasara a Serbia. A bisa ga kuri'un jin ra'ayin jama'a na shekarar 2008, Red Star Belgrade ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa mafi shahara a Serbia, inda kashi 48% na al'ummar ƙasar ke goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA PRAVILA U LIGI ŠAMPIONA: Zvezdi pare i zbog 1991. |url=https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164550/https://www.kurir.rs/amp/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=kurir.rs |language=en}}</ref> Suna da magoya baya da yawa a wasu tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Yugoslavia da kuma daga cikin 'yan ƙasar Serbia da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Manyan abokan hamayyarsu su ne ƙungiyar Partizan ta Belgrade. Wasannin zakarun da ke tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu ana kiransu da Eternal derby . A cewar jerin manyan ƙungiyoyi 200 na Turai a ƙarni na 20, ƙungiyar Red Star ita ce ƙungiyar Serbia da Balkan mafi matsayi, tana matsayi na 27. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Rajko_Mitić_(1970).jpg|right|thumb|253x253px|Jarumar Red Star Rajko Mitić .]] === Yugoslavia da zamanin Serbia-Montenegro === A watan Fabrairun 1945, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], wata ƙungiyar samari, 'yan wasa masu himma, ɗalibai da membobin ƙungiyar matasa ta Serbian United Antifascist Youth League, ta yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyar Al'adun Jiki ta Matasa, wadda za ta zama Red Star Belgrade a ranar 4 ga Maris. A da, tun daga Disamba 1944, an soke dukkan ƙungiyoyin Serbia kafin yaƙi, kuma a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1945, Sakataren Wasanni na Kwaminisanci Mitra Mitrović-Djilas ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta rushe dukkan ƙungiyoyin kafin yaƙi a yankin Jamhuriyar Kwaminisanci ta Serbia . An wargaza ƙungiyoyin saboda a lokacin mamayar Jamus, an yi yunƙurin shirya gasar don haka aka sanya wa dukkan ƙungiyoyin suna masu haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta Josip Broz Tito . An sanya wa Red Star suna bayan dogon tattaunawa. Sauran ra'ayoyin da wakilan suka gabatar sun haɗa da "Tauraron Mutane", "Tauraron Shuɗi", " Proleter ", " [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ", " [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] ", ''da sauransu.'' Mataimakan shugabanni na farko na Ƙungiyar Wasanni - Zoran Žujović da Slobodan Ćosić - su ne suka ba da shi. <ref name="Start">{{Cite web |title=History of Crvena zvezda |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/pages/details/3/History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192527/http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/pages/details/3/History |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=26 June 2018 |website=crvenazvezdafk.com}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka ɗauki Red Star a matsayin alamar ƙabilar Serbia a cikin Yugoslavia da kuma cibiyar wasanni wadda ta kasance mafi shahara a ƙasar har zuwa yau. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=OVAKO IZGLEDAJU NOVI ZVEZDINI DRESOVI! Premijera protiv Spartaksa! (FOTO) |url=https://www.espreso.co.rs/sport/fudbal/271517/ovako-izgledaju-novi-zvezdini-dresovi-premijera-protiv-spartaksa-foto |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=espreso.rs |language=en}}</ref> A wannan ranar, Red Star ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a tarihin ƙungiyar da Bataliya ta Farko ta Brigade ta Biyu ta KNOJ ( People's Defense Corps of Yugoslavia ) kuma ta yi nasara da ci 3-0. Nasarorin farko na Red Star sun haɗa da ƙananan matakai don samun karɓuwa. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na farko na rayuwa, Red Star ta lashe gasar Serbia guda ɗaya, gasar Yugoslav guda shida, Kofin Yugoslav guda biyar, Kofin Danube guda ɗaya kuma ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Kofin Turai na 1956-57 . Wasu daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a wannan lokacin sune Kosta Tomašević, Branko Stanković, Rajko Mitić, Vladimir Beara, Bora Kostić, Vladica Popović, Vladimir Durković da Dragoslav Šekularac . A matsayinsu na zakarun, Red Star sun kasance waɗanda Yugoslavia ta shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1957-58 inda zakarun Ingila [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a jimilla a zagayen kwata na ƙarshe. Manchester United, wacce Matt Busby ke jagoranta, ta doke Red Star 2-1 a wasan farko a Ingila kafin ta yi kunnen doki 3-3 da su a Yugoslavia a wasan dawowa a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu a filin wasa na JNA . Wasan zagaye na biyu abin lura ne saboda shine wasan karshe da Busby Babes suka buga: a lokacin da jirgin ya dawo Ingila washegari, jirgin ya fadi a [[München|Munich]], wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 23, ciki har da 'yan wasan Manchester United takwas. [[Fayil:Dejan_Stanković_-_Inter_Mailand_(1).jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|Dejan Stanković shine kyaftin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihin Red Star.]] Nan da nan bayan da [[NATO]] ta kawo ƙarshen harin bam a kan Yugoslavia, Red Star ta lashe kofi na 17 a tarihinta ta hanyar cin nasara 4-2 a kan Partizan . Kaka biyu bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta dawo kan hayyacinta a Turai ta hanyar shiga zagayen cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2001-02, inda Bayer Leverkusen ta kawar da Red Star (0-0 da 0-3), wanda daga baya ya zama wanda ya kai wasan ƙarshe a gasar zakarun Turai a wannan shekarar. Slavoljub Muslin ya bar benci a watan Satumba na 2001, bayan haka kakar wasa ta Red Star ta sake yin tsami. === Zamanin baya-bayan nan === A zagayen share fage na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2006-07, kungiyar [[Milano|Milan]] ce ta fitar da Red Star (3-1 a jimilla) daga hannun kungiyar da ta lashe gasar a wannan shekarar. Bugu da ƙari, kakar wasa a rukunin F na gasar UEFA ta 2007-08 babban abin takaici ne, musamman ganin cewa wasan farko da [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] ya kasance abin mamaki a minti na ƙarshe (da maki 2-3 a Belgrade). A waɗannan shekarun, ƙungiyoyin Red Star sun ƙunshi kamar Nikola Žigić, Boško Janković, Milan Biševac, Dušan Basta, Dejan Milovanović, Segundo Castillo, [[Ibrahima Gueye (footballer, born 1978)|Ibrahima Gueye]], Nenad Milijaš da Ognjen Koroman . Bayan fari na shekaru shida, Red Star ta lashe gasar ta 26 a kakar wasa ta 2013-14 . [[Fayil:CRVENA_ZVEZDA-IBV_ICELAND_18.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Crvena zvezda a shekarar 2013.]] Duk da nasarar da Red Star ta samu a filin wasa a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, yanayin rashin kuɗi a ƙungiyar ya tabarbare, har ta kai ga an hana ƙungiyar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta 2014-15 wadda ta samu cancantar lashe gasar SuperLiga ta Serbia. Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta UEFA Club ta gano cewa bashin da Red Star ke bin 'yan wasa, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba a biya su ba na tsawon watanni shida, ma'aikata da sauran ƙungiyoyi, ya kai jimillar €1.86.&nbsp;miliyan. An kuma yi zargin cewa hukumar kula da kulob din tana da basussuka da kuma takardun karya. Wannan, ban da matakin ladabtarwa na UEFA a baya a shekarar 2011, yana nufin Red Star ba ta cika sharuddan lasisin kulob da kuma tsarin adalci na kudi ba, saboda haka, bai kamata hukumar kwallon kafa ta Serbia ta ba ta lasisin UEFA ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA PRAVILA U LIGI ŠAMPIONA: Zvezdi pare i zbog 1991. |url=https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164550/https://www.kurir.rs/amp/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=kurir.rs |language=en}}</ref> Abokan hamayyarta Partizan sun maye gurbin Red Star a zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. Bayan shekaru goma na jira, Red Star ta cancanci shiga matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League na 2017–18 . Red Star ta ci gaba da zagaye hudu na cancantar shiga gasar, inda ta zama kungiya ta farko a tarihin gasar da ta kai matakin knockout bayan fara kakar wasa a zagaye na farko na cancantar shiga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA PRAVILA U LIGI ŠAMPIONA: Zvezdi pare i zbog 1991. |url=https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164550/https://www.kurir.rs/amp/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=kurir.rs |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa Red Star ta buga wasa a matakin rukuni na bugu na farko inda aka gabatar da tsarin rukuni a gasar Turai, 1991–92 European Cup, an amince da sunan "Champions League" ne kawai a kakar wasa daga baya inda aka riga aka haramta wa kungiyoyin Yugoslavia shiga. Don haka, lokacin da Red Star ta kawar da Red Bull Salzburg a zagaye na play-off na gasar UEFA Champions League na 2018–19, kuma ta cancanci shiga matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA Champions League, hakan yana nufin cewa Red Star ta fafata a karon farko tun lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon tsarin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=OVAKO IZGLEDAJU NOVI ZVEZDINI DRESOVI! Premijera protiv Spartaksa! (FOTO) |url=https://www.espreso.co.rs/sport/fudbal/271517/ovako-izgledaju-novi-zvezdini-dresovi-premijera-protiv-spartaksa-foto |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=espreso.rs |language=en}}</ref> Red Star ta zama kungiyar Serbia ta farko da ta lashe wasa a gasar UEFA Champions League lokacin da ta doke Liverpool. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Serbia ta amince da gasar cin kofin Jumhuriyar Jama'ar Serbia ta 1946 a hukumance, wanda ke nufin cewa nasarar da Red Star ta samu a gasar SuperLiga ta Serbia ta 2018–19 ita ce gasar cin kofin kasa ta 30. Red Star ta kai matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a karo na biyu a jere bayan ta kawar da [[FK Sūduva|Sūduva]], HJK [[Helsinki]], Copenhagen da Young Boys . A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2019, tashar talabijin ta Zvezda TV ta fara watsa shirye-shirye. A gasar SuperLiga ta Serbia ta 2020–21, Red Star ta kafa tarihi a duniya na yawan maki da aka samu a kakar wasa daya da maki 108. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA PRAVILA U LIGI ŠAMPIONA: Zvezdi pare i zbog 1991. |url=https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164550/https://www.kurir.rs/amp/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=kurir.rs |language=en}}</ref> Red Star ta lashe gasar SuperLiga ta Serbia ta takwas a jere kuma ta kammala gasar sau biyu a jere a kakar wasa ta 2024–25. == Launi da kauri == Red Star galibi suna sanya kayan wasan waje na fari, yayin da kuma suna amfani da kayan wasan waje na shuɗi ko ja ko na uku, wanda hakan ya haɗa da launuka uku na Serbia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA PRAVILA U LIGI ŠAMPIONA: Zvezdi pare i zbog 1991. |url=https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164550/https://www.kurir.rs/amp/3018029/nova-pravila-u-ligi-sampiona-zvezdi-pare-i-zbog-1991 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=kurir.rs |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=OVAKO IZGLEDAJU NOVI ZVEZDINI DRESOVI! Premijera protiv Spartaksa! (FOTO) |url=https://www.espreso.co.rs/sport/fudbal/271517/ovako-izgledaju-novi-zvezdini-dresovi-premijera-protiv-spartaksa-foto |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=espreso.rs |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tašković |first=M. |title=Zvezda predstavila nove dresove, fudbaleri će nositi i navijače na grudima /ANKETA/ |url=https://sport.blic.rs/fudbal/domaci-fudbal/zvezda-predstavila-nove-dresove-fudbaleri-ce-nositi-i-navijace-na-grudima-anketa/mzshwze |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926032908/https://sport.blic.rs/fudbal/domaci-fudbal/zvezda-predstavila-nove-dresove-fudbaleri-ce-nositi-i-navijace-na-grudima-anketa/mzshwze |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=Blic.rs |language=sr}}</ref> Alamar kulob tauraro ne mai ja mai maki biyar, fari mai firam, a bango mai launin ja da fari. Bugu da ƙari, dukkan layin an yi shi da zinare. Akwai taurari uku na zinare a saman alamar kulob ɗin, wanda ke nuna taken 30 da aka ci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=Champions! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/8430/Sampioni |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507111632/http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/8430/Sampioni |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=crvenazvezdafk.com}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ====MANAZARTA==== j107imjz5ml4kadvy9gfpzqfzyh4l8v 0 138444 880086 786401 2026-07-10T10:48:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''László "Les" Bélády''' (29 ga Afrilu, 1928, a [[Budapest]] - 6 ga Nuwamba, 2021) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne na Hungary wanda aka sani da kirkirar algorithm na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Bélády a 1966 yayin da yake aiki a IBM Research . Ya kuma nuna wanzuwar anomaly na Bélády. A cikin shekarun 1980s, shi ne Babban edita IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. == Ilimi == Bélády ya sami B.S. a cikin Injiniyan inji, sannan MS a cikin Injin Jirgin Sama a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Budapest a cikin 1950. <ref name="one">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Laszlo A. Belady |url=https://history.computer.org/pioneers/belady.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=IEEE computer society}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Ya bar Hungary bayan Juyin Juya Harin Hungary na 1956. Daga nan sai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a kamfanin Ford Motor Company a Cologne kuma a matsayin injiniyan iska a Dassault a Paris. A shekara ta 1961, ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, ya fi zama a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] tare da stints a California da Ingila, inda ya shiga International Business Machines kuma ya yi aiki na farko a cikin tsarin aiki, gine-ginen na'ura mai kama-da-wane, tsarin halayyar shirin, Gudanar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, zane-zanen kwamfuta, tsarin halayen Asiya, da tsaro na bayanai.[1][2] Daga 1961-1981, ya yi aiki a IBM Corp. a Cibiyar Bincike ta Thomas J. Watson, inda ya yi aiki azaman Manajan shirin don fasahar software. [1] A cikin shekarunsa na baya a IBM, yana da alhakin Injiniyan software a duk duniya har sai ya tafi [[Tokyo]] don ƙirƙirar dakin bincike na software. A cikin 1981, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan Injiniyan software a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta [[Japan]] na tsawon shekaru biyu.[1] A shekara ta 1984, ya shiga Kamfanin Microelectronics da Fasahar Kwamfuta a Austin kuma ya kafa Shirin Fasahar Software. Ya mayar da hankali ga shirin kan ƙirƙirar fasahar ci gaba don taimakawa rarraba ƙirar manyan tsarin software masu rikitarwa. Daga 1991 zuwa 1998, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. (MERL). Ya kasance a cikin matsayi daban-daban na ba da shawara na Jami'ar ciki har da memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Colorado a Boulder kuma memba na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya ya shafe yawancin lokacinsa a Budapest da Austin. == Samun damar == Bélády an san shi da "Belady Algorithm", OPT (ko MIN) Page Replacement Algorithme . <ref name="one"/> Ya tsara kuma ya gina IBM M44/44X, na'urar gwaji wacce ita ce kwamfuta ta farko tare da ƙungiyar na'ura mai kama da yawa.<ref name="one" /> Shi ne co-kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta masana'antu, MCC . <ref name="two">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2014 |title=László Bélády |url=http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/projectdirs/stf/BL-en.php |access-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY FORUM |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925232514/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/projectdirs/stf/BL-en.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bélády ya kuma shiga cikin ƙirar tsarin raba lokaci na kasuwanci na farko, TSS-67. <ref name="one" /><ref name="two" /> * Belady, Laszlo A., "Binciken Canjin Algorithms don Kwamfutar Storage ta Virtual," IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2 Yuni 1966, shafi na 78-10.<ref name="one"/>&nbsp; * Belady, Laszlo A., da Meir L. Lehman, Shirin Juyin Halitta, Hanyoyin Canjin Software, Jaridar Kwalejin, [[Landan]], 1985.<ref name="one" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvcamb40qccedeojhjp6ucxhdcxmkj2 0 139396 879910 792295 2026-07-10T01:16:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Petronel Nieuwoudt mai kula da namun daji ne na Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2011, ta kafa wurin kula da tsarkakewar rhinoceros a Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce mafi girma a duniya. Ita ce kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na tushe.[1] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a cikin 1970s a wani gona na karkara a Roedtan, Limpopo, Nieuwoudt ya halarci [[Jami'ar Rand Afrikaans]] tsakanin 1988 da 1991. Mahaifinta ya gudanar da gonar; mahaifiyarta malama ce. == Ayyuka == Niewoudt ya shiga sashen hulɗa da jama'a na Sashin Tsaro na Kudancin Afirka a cikin 1991, kuma daga baya ya zama kyaftin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One - Nature's Miracle Orphans - Petronel Nieuwoudt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2GktQlm8jT5CSysQdqMQZp6/petronel-nieuwoudt |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kafa The Game Capture School, wanda ke ilimantar da mutane kan kamawa, magani da gudanar da namun daji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Care For Wild {{!}} Our History |url=https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents. |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=careforwild.co.za |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208172346/https://careforwild.co.za/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Petronel%20Nieuwoudt,%20Founder%20and%20CEO,and%20kindness%20from%20her%20parents. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga bisani ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Sondela, a Bela-Bela, wacce ke aiki daga 2005 zuwa 2007, sannan Cibiyar Kulawa da namun daji na Tamboti, a Mookoopong, tsakanin 2007 da 2010.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 2011, Petronel ta koma daga Limpopo zuwa Mpumalanga, inda ta kafa Care For Wild Africa, cibiyar farfadowa ga 'yan asalin Afirka wanda ya zama mafi girman wurin tsarkakewa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One - Nature's Miracle Orphans - Petronel Nieuwoudt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2GktQlm8jT5CSysQdqMQZp6/petronel-nieuwoudt |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wuri mai tsarki ya sami rhinoceros marayu na farko a shekara mai zuwa. Sauran hudu sun biyo baya jim kadan bayan haka.<ref name=":0"/> A cikin 2014, Gidan shakatawa na Afirka ta Kudu ya gayyaci Petronel don kafa haɗin gwiwa don taimakawa wajen ceto, farfadowa da kare dabbobin marayu. Nieuwoudt ta kaddamar da rajistar masallacinta a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta.<ref name=":0"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p079rn5d "KP: Me ya sa 'mahaifiyar rhino' Petronel jarumi ce"] - BBC Radio 5, 20 Mayu 2019 {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gd7ui39cbhr47dsumgugw9n4f6vg924 0 139437 880114 800165 2026-07-10T11:25:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" style="width:25em" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Ariel Hsing</div> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:2018_Berkshire_Sunday_at_Borsheims_(41939338681)_(cropped).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hsing at the [[Berkshire Hathaway]] Shareholder's Weekend, 2018</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender; color:black;" |Personal information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Full&nbsp;name | class="infobox-data nickname" |Ariel Yenhua Hsing<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1995-11-29</span>) </span>November 29, 1995<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;30)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace">[[Fremont, California]], U.S.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hs/ariel-hsing-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212620/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hs/ariel-hsing-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2020|title=Ariel Hsing|accessdate=January 5, 2014}}</ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Home&nbsp;town | class="infobox-data" |[[San Jose, California]], U.S.<ref name="sports-reference" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Height | class="infobox-data" |5&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in (165&nbsp;cm)<ref name="sports-reference" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Weight | class="infobox-data" |117&nbsp;lb (53&nbsp;kg)<ref name="sports-reference" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender; color:black;" |Sport |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sport | class="infobox-data" |Table tennis |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Club | class="infobox-data org" |Jinhua Bank ([[China Table Tennis Super League|China]]) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Playing<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>style | class="infobox-data" |Shakehand |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Highest&nbsp;ranking | class="infobox-data" |73 (October 2012) |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender; color:black;" |<div class="mw-collapsible " style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; font-size:105%; "><div style="margin:0 4em;">Medal record</div></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><templatestyles src="infobox/mobileviewfix.css" /> {| class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal" | colspan="2" style="padding:0" | |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |Women's table tennis |- ! colspan="3" class="adr" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |Representing <span class="country-name"><span class="flagicon">[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_United_States_(23px).png|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]</span> |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |Intercontinental Cup |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Gold_medal_icon_(G_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Gold medal – first place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2012 Huangshi</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Singles |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |Pan American Games |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_icon_(B_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Bronze medal – third place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2011 Guadalajara</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Team |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Bronze_medal_icon_(B_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Bronze medal – third place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2011 Guadalajara</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Singles<ref name="autogenerated1" /> |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |North American Championships |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Gold_medal_icon_(G_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Gold medal – first place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2013 Vancouver</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Singles |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |North America Cup |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Gold_medal_icon_(G_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Gold medal – first place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2012 Mississauga</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Singles |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Gold_medal_icon_(G_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Gold medal – first place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2011 Mississauga</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Singles |} </div></div> |}   '''Ariel Yenhua Hsing''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1995) <ref name="sports-reference"/> ɗan wasan tennis ne [[Amurkawa|na Amurka]] wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 . Hsing ta zama zakaran wasan tennis na tebur na Amurka mafi karancin shekaru a tarihi a shekarar 2010 tana da shekaru 15. Ta sake lashe gasar a shekarar 2011 da 2013. Ita ce 'yar wasa ta farko daga Arewacin Amurka da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Intercontinental a shekarar 2012 tare da mahalarta daga Afirka, Latin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka, da Oceania. Ta samu lambar tagulla a ƙungiyar mata da kuma gasar mata ta 'yan wasa a wasannin Pan American Games na 2011. Hsing ita ce zakaran mata na 'yan wasa a gasar North American Championships a shekarar 2013, da kuma gasar North America Cup a shekarar 2011 da 2012. A lokacin aikinta na ƙaramar yarinya, an sanya ta a matsayi na 4 a duniya a ƙungiyar kadet ('yan shekara 15) <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> da kuma ƙungiyar matasa ('yan shekara 18) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITTF U-18 World Ranking |url=http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=111120&U18=1&U21=0&Siniors=0& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102133/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=111120&U18=1&U21=0&Siniors=0& |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> . A watan Mayun 2014, ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko 'yar Amurka da aka haifa a gasar China Table Tennis Super League, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Zhejiang Jinhua Bank. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hsing a Fremont, [[California]], a yankin San Francisco Bay . Mahaifiyarta, Xin Hua Jiang ( Chinese An haifi ), <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> a ƙasar Sin, kuma ta girma a lardin Henan . Mahaifinta, Michael Hsing ( Chinese ), <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> injiniyan kwamfuta ne wanda aka haifa a [[Taiwan]] . <ref name="family">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Stephen |date=July 28, 2012 |title=Hsing advances to second round |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/table-tennis/hsing-advances-to-second-round.html |access-date=July 30, 2012 |website=NBC Olympics}}</ref> Hsing ta fara wasan tennis a lokacin da iyayenta ba su sami mai kula da yara ba wata rana sai ta kawo yarinyar mai shekaru bakwai a lokacin zuwa Palo Alto Table Tennis Club tare da su. <ref name="teamusa.org">{{Cite web |title=Ariel Hsing |url=http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/HS/Ariel-Hsing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621020958/http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/HS/Ariel-Hsing |archive-date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=January 5, 2014}}</ref> Ta shiga shirin horar da yara na ƙungiyar Tennis ta Palo Alto a ƙarƙashin babban kocinta Dennis Davis. Ariel ta buga gasar tennis ta farko mai taken "2003 California Open" tana da shekaru 7. Ba ta san yadda ake yin hidima bisa doka ba kuma an yi mata laifi fiye da sau goma. Ta tsaya cak ta lashe gasarta ta farko. Tana da shekaru takwas da 'yan kwanaki, Ariel ta lashe kambun farko na ƙasarta mai suna "'Yan Mata 10 da ƙasa da haka" a gasar US Nationals ta 2003 a Las Vegas. Daga nan ta yi nasarar kare kambunta a 2004 da 2005. A gefe guda kuma, mahaifiyar Ariel ta lashe kofi a wannan gasar. A watan Yulin 2005, Ariel ta lashe dukkan wasanninta a gasar Olympics ta matasa/Nationals ta 2005 da aka gudanar a New Orleans. Ta kawo lambobin zinare shida da kuma lambar yabo ta musamman ta "Joel Ferrell Sportsmanship Award," wadda aka rubuta sunanta a kan wani allo na musamman a hedikwatar kasa ta AAU (Amateur Athletic Union). == Sana'a == A shekarar 2012, Hsing ta lashe gasar tseren babura a gasar ITTF North American Cup da kuma gasar matasa ta Amurka da kuma ta Cadet Open. <ref name="titlecollection">{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Ian |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Ariel Hsing |url=http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story.asp?ID=28422&Category= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071151/http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story.asp?ID=28422&Category= |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |website=ITTF}}</ref> Ta cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 kuma ta zo ta 46 a gasar tseren babura ta mata. <ref name="2012 seeds">{{Cite web |title=2012 Olympic Games: Women's Singles Seeding List |url=http://www.ittf.com/World_Events/2012OG/2012_OG_W_Singles_Seeding.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731210337/http://www.ittf.com/World_Events/2012OG/2012_OG_W_Singles_Seeding.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |website=International Table Tennis Federation}}</ref> Hsing ta saba da [[Warren Buffett]] da [[Bill Gates]] kuma ta kan kira su "Kawu Warren" da "Kawu Bill". Ta haɗu da Buffett tana da shekaru 9 lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin abokan Buffett ya riƙe mai horar da wasan tennis na teburi ga Buffett a bikin cikarsa shekaru 75 kuma an yanke shawarar sanya Hsing mai shekaru 9 ta buga Buffett a matsayin barkwanci. <ref name="buffett">{{Cite web |last=Florek |first=Michael |date=July 3, 2012 |title=Ariel Hsing is table tennis prodigy with influential fans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/london/tabletennis/story/2012-07-01/Ariel-Hsing-Bill-Gates-Warren-Buffett/55997800/1 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, an gayyaci Ariel zuwa taron Masu Hannun Jari na Berkshire Hathaway na Shekara-shekara don yin wasan tennis na teburi tare da Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, da masu hannun jari. Gates ya kasance a wurin a lokacin da Hsing ta sha kashi a zagaye na 32 a lokacin gasar Olympics ta 2012 kuma ya rungume ta yayin da take barin filin wasa. <ref name="2012 World Rankings">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Toby |title=Gates flies in to hail "amazing" Hsing |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/table-tennis/gates-flies-in-to-hail-amazing-hsing.html |access-date=July 30, 2012 |website=NBC Olympics}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2012, ta fito a wani shiri na shirin [[Nickelodeon]] mai ''suna Figure It Out'' . Ta yi karo da Ciara Bravo, Alex Heartman, Leon Thomas III da Stephen Kramer Glickman, a zagaye daya. == Gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012 == [[Fayil:Ariel_Hing_in_London_2012.jpg|thumb|Ariel Hsing a Landan a lokacin gasar Olympics ta 2012]] Hsing ya shiga gasar Olympics a matsayin ɗan wasa na 46 <ref name="2012 seeds"/> kuma ya zo na 115 a duniya. <ref name="2012 World Rankings"/> A zagaye na 128, Hsing ta doke Yadira Silva a wasanni 4 (11-9, 11-8, 11-3, 11-5) a wasan da ba ta taɓa biyo baya da maki fiye da 2 ba. A zagaye na 64, Hsing ta doke Ni Xia Lian ta Luxembourg da ci 4-2 (11-9, 10-12, 11-9, 11-5, 10-12, 12-10), A zagaye na 32, Hsing ta sha kashi a hannun fitaccen ɗan wasa na #2 kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare Li Xiaoxia ta China da ci 4-2 (11-4, 9-11, 11-6, 6-11, 11-8, 11-9) tare da mafi tsayin tseren 18 da ya faru a wasa na 6. Bayan rashin nasarar, Hsing ta ce ita ce mafi kyawun abin da ta taɓa yi a gasar, inda ta ba wa kanta maki "10 cikin 10, ko kuma wataƙila 9.9 domin ban yi wasa sosai ba." <ref name="2012 World Rankings"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hsing ta yi rubuce-rubuce a shafukan yanar gizo na espnW don tafiyarta ta Olympics. <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> Bayan gasar Olympics, an zaɓi Hsing a matsayin 'yar wasa ta mata ta shekara ta 2012 a zauren shahara na wasanni na San Jose. <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> Hsing ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Valley Christian da ke San Jose a shekarar 2013. Ta kammala karatunta ne a Jami'ar Princeton kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Jama'a a Ajin 2017. Hsing tana jin [[Turanci]] da [[Mandarin Chinese|Sinanci na Mandarin]] . An nuna ta a cikin shirin fim mai suna ''Top Spin'' wanda Mina T. Son da Sara Newens suka shirya. Ariel ya shiga cikin shirin Ping Pong Concerto na Andy Akiho, wanda aka fara nunawa a duniya a [[Shanghai]] a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2015, a Shanghai Symphony Hall na Shanghai Symphony Orchestra . Ping Pong Concerto ya kuma yi wasa a Beijing, Guangzhou, Foshan, kuma an shirya zai yi wasa a London da [[Hong Kong]]. <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> Ariel marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a cikin littafin "2 Billion Under 20: How Millennials Are Breaking Down Age Barriers and Changing the World" na Stacey Ferreira da Jared Kleinert, wanda ya zama sabon fitowar #1 a cikin Jagorancin Kasuwanci akan Amazon. A shekarar 2016, tare da nazarinta mai zaman kanta na "Anomalies na Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta China: Nazarin Kwafi," mujallar China Hands ta zabi Ariel a matsayin 'yan kasa da shekaru 25: Shugabannin Hulɗar Amurka da China, wanda "ke bayyana ɗalibai da ƙwararru 25 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 25 waɗanda suka nuna kwarin gwiwa na musamman a nazarin China da kuma ci gaba da dangantakar Amurka da China." <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> == Bayanan gasa == * Gasar Kwalejojin Arewacin Amurka ta 2015 – Zakaran Ƙungiyar Mata (Jami'ar Princeton) <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="351">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150603020847/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& "ITTF_Database – HSING Ariel Yenhua (USA)"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="352">Ittf.com. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="353">Archived from [http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=10584&From=1926&To=&s_EVENTS=NAC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&s_gender2=& the original] on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="354"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> * Gasar Cin Kofin Teburin Kwalejoji ta Ƙasa (NCTTA) ta 2015 – Zakaran Mata Biyu * Gasar Cin Kofin Teburin Kwalejoji ta Ƙasa ta 2014 (NCTTA) – Zakaran Ƙungiyar Mata (Jami'ar Princeton) * Gasar Cin Kofin Teburin Kwalejoji ta Ƙasa ta 2014 (NCTTA) – Zakaran Mata na Singles * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2013 – Zakaran Mata na Singles * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2013 – Zakaran Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Matasa * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2013 – Zakaran Gasar 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar US Open ta 2013 - Gasar Mata Biyu, Gasar Biyu Biyu, Gasar Mata 'Yan Kasa da Shekara 21 * Kofin Intercontinental na ITTF na 2012 – Zakaran Mata * Kofin Arewacin Amurka na 2012 – Zakaran Mata * 2012 ITTF [[Brazil]] Open – Zakaran Mata na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 * 2012 ITTF USA Junior & Cadet Open – Gasar Matasa ta 'Yan Mata Marasa Aure, Biyu, da Zakarun Ƙungiya. * Zakaran Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Arewacin Amurka ta 2011 * Gasar Zakarun Matasa ta ITTF ta 2011 - 'Yan Mata Marasa Aure a matsayi na 3. * Wasannin Pan American na 2011 – Mata 'yar wasan ƙwallon tagulla * Wasannin Pan American na 2011 – Mata 'yan wasa ɗaya da suka lashe lambar yabo ta Tagulla * JUIC International Jr. & Cadet na 2011 – Zakaran Buɗe Ido * Gasar Kananan Yara ta Kanada ta 2011 - Zakaran ƙungiya da na biyu, na biyu * Kalubalen Kadet na Duniya na ITTF na 2010 - Mata Marasa Aure a matsayi na 3 * Kalubalen Kadet na Duniya na ITTF na 2010 - Mata sun yi matsayi na biyu a matsayi na biyu * Gasar Olympics ta Matasa ta 2010 - Wakilin Amurka * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2010 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Wasa Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2010 – Matan Junior Girls matsayi na 2 * Zakaran ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta matasa a gasar cin kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2010 * Kalubalen 2010 tsakanin China da Duniyar Ƙungiya – Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Duniya da aka wakilta ta kare a matsayi na 2. * Gasar Matasa da Cadet ta Italiya ta 2010 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata Marasa Aure na 'Yan Kadet * Gasar Italiyanci ta Matasa da Cadet Open ta 2010 - Zakaran 'Yan Matan Cadet Biyu * 2010 Safir International – Zakaran 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 * Gwajin Gasar Olympics ta Matasa ta PanAm ta 2010 a El Salvador – Mata Sun Fi Kowanne Matsayi * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2009 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Wasa Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2009 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata na Matasa * Zakaran ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta matasa a gasar cin kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2009 * Zakaran Gwajin Gwaji na Pan American ITTF Cadet Challenge na 2009 * Zakaran 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada na 2009 * Zakaran 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada na 2009 * Gasar Zakarun Matasa ta Kanada ta 2009 * Zakaran 'Yan Matan Pan American na 2008 * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2008 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Wasa Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2008 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata na Matasa * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2007 – Zakaran Gasar 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2007 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata Masu Zama Na 'Yan Kadet * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2007 – Zakaran Gasar 'Yan Mata 'Yan Shekara 13 da Ƙasa da Ƙasa * Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2007 - Zakaran 'yan mata 'yan shekara 13 zuwa ƙasa da haka * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2007 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Wasa Masu Zaman Kansu * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta 2007 – Zakaran Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Cadet * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2006 - Zakaran 'Yan Mata Masu Zama Na 'Yan Kadet * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2006 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Shekara 13 da Ƙasa da Ƙasa * Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2006 - Zakaran 'yan mata 'yan shekara 15 zuwa ƙasa da haka * Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2006 - Zakaran 'yan mata 'yan shekara 13 zuwa ƙasa da haka * Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2006 - Zakaran 'yan mata 'yan shekara 11 zuwa ƙasa da haka * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2005 – 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kansu na Cadet, matsayi na 2 * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2005 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Shekara 10 zuwa ƙasa da haka * 2005 Junior National 'Yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 10: Zinare * 2005 Junior National 'Yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 12: Zinare * 2005 Junior National 'Yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 14: Zinare * 'Yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 10 a gasar Olympics ta 2005: Zinare * 'Yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 12 a gasar Olympics ta 2005: Zinare * Ƙungiyar 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Olympics ta 2005: Zinare * Kyautar Wasannin Joel Ferrell ta Matasa ta Ƙasa/Olympic ta 2005 * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2004 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Shekara 10 zuwa ƙasa da haka * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2003 – Zakaran 'Yan Mata 'Yan Shekara 10 zuwa ƙasa da haka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d4jm6g5qus5dywbrgouzdheyvy1czvu 0 139746 880097 833626 2026-07-10T10:57:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Donita C. Brady''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halittar cutar kansa ce kuma Farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar cutar kansa ta shugaban ƙasa a Makarantar Magunguna ta Perelman da ke Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Copper: A 'Novel Vulnerability' in Fighting Cancer – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-blog/2015/december/copper-a-novel-vulnerability-i |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <re>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stern |first=Corey |title=Donita Brady named as Penn's seventh Presidential Professor |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2015/04/donita-brady-named-presidential-professor |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Biologist Donita Brady Appointed Penn Presidential Professor – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2015/april/cancer-biologist-donita-brady |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Antentor O. Jr. |title=100 inspiring black scientists in America |url=http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/100-inspiring-black-scientists-in-america |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=crosstalk.cell.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Bincikenta ya binciki yadda ƙwayoyin halitta ke sadarwa ta hanyar kinases da kuma gina jiki, musamman ma, babban aikin jan ƙarfe da sauran ƙarfe a cikin waɗannan hulɗar. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Brady ta girma kusa da Virginia Beach kuma ta sami kwarin gwiwa wajen samun gurbin karatu a fannin Chemistry sakamakon malamarta ta AP Chemistry . Brady ta yi karatun sinadarai a Jami'ar Radford inda ta kammala karatun magna cum laude . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stern |first=Corey |title=Donita Brady named as Penn's seventh Presidential Professor |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2015/04/donita-brady-named-presidential-professor |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Scholar Award Winners |url=https://www.wgfrf.org/scholars |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=William Guy Forbeck Research Foundation |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-21 |title=CURE Scholar Spotlight - Dr. Brady - National Cancer Institute |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/blog/2014/brady-spotlight |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Brady ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a [[Ilimin Magunguna|fannin harhada magunguna]] a shekarar 2008 a Jami'ar [[North Carolina]], Chapel Hill a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Adrienne D. Cox. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Copper: A 'Novel Vulnerability' in Fighting Cancer – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-blog/2015/december/copper-a-novel-vulnerability-i |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stern |first=Corey |title=Donita Brady named as Penn's seventh Presidential Professor |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2015/04/donita-brady-named-presidential-professor |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Speaker: Cell Symposia: Metabolites as Signalling Molecules |url=https://www.cell-symposia.com/metabolites-2018/bio-brady.asp |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.cell-symposia.com}}</ref> A matsayinta na dalibar digirin digirgir, Brady ta yi nazarin yadda ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ke amfani da ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun don canza siffarsu. <ref name=":2" /> Bayan kammala karatun, Brady ta zama ɗalibi na uku (2008 - 2013) kuma babbar abokiyar bincike (2013 - 2015) a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Christopher Counter a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Duke . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2015, ta shiga Sashen Ilimin Halittar Ciwon daji a Makarantar Magunguna ta Perelman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 2016, an amince da Brady a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun Pew Scholars in Biomedical Sciences ta The Pew Charitable Trusts. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Biologist Donita Brady Appointed Penn Presidential Professor – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2015/april/cancer-biologist-donita-brady |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an ba Brady tallafin kuɗi ta Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Stuart Scott Memorial don ci gaba da aikinta a binciken PDAC ( [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Antentor O. Jr. |title=100 inspiring black scientists in America |url=http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/100-inspiring-black-scientists-in-america |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=crosstalk.cell.com |language=en-us}}</ref> === Abubuwan bincike masu sha'awa === Binciken Brady ya mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙwayoyin halitta ke sadarwa ta hanyar kinases da kuma gina jiki, da kuma babban rawar da ƙarfe kamar jan ƙarfe ke takawa a cikin lafiyar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma ciwon daji. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Copper: A 'Novel Vulnerability' in Fighting Cancer – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-blog/2015/december/copper-a-novel-vulnerability-i |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Speaker: Cell Symposia: Metabolites as Signalling Molecules |url=https://www.cell-symposia.com/metabolites-2018/bio-brady.asp |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.cell-symposia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Biologist Donita Brady Appointed Penn Presidential Professor – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2015/april/cancer-biologist-donita-brady |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta gano cewa kinases suna buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ikonsu na aiki. <ref name=":4" /> Brady ta kuma nuna cewa ta hanyar hana wani furotin da ake kira CTR1, wanda ke da alhakin shigo da jan ƙarfe cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, ana iya rage girman ciwon a cikin samfurin linzamin kwamfuta. <ref name=":0" /> === Lambobin yabo da girmamawa === Brady ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama saboda bincikenta, ciki har da: * Kyautar James Lewis Howe don Nasara Mai Kyau a Kimiyyar Sinadarai - Ƙungiyar Sinadarai ta Amurka (2003) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-21 |title=CURE Scholar Spotlight - Dr. Brady - National Cancer Institute |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/blog/2014/brady-spotlight |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kyautar Binciken Ciwon daji ta AACR ta Shekara-shekara <ref name=":5" /> * Masanin CRCHD CURE (2014) <ref name=":5" /> * Pew Scholar a fannin kimiyyar halittu (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Biologist Donita Brady Appointed Penn Presidential Professor – PR News |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2015/april/cancer-biologist-donita-brady |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kyautar JBC/Gerb Tabor Young Investigator Award (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Antentor O. Jr. |title=100 inspiring black scientists in America |url=http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/100-inspiring-black-scientists-in-america |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=crosstalk.cell.com |language=en-us}}</ref> * Masanin Gidauniyar Bincike ta William Guy Forbeck (2017) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Scholar Award Winners |url=https://www.wgfrf.org/scholars |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=William Guy Forbeck Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610094757/https://www.wgfrf.org/scholars |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Linda Pechenik Montague Mai Bincike (2018) === Littattafai da aka zaɓa === * Brady, Donita C., da sauransu. "Ana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don siginar BRAF mai haifar da kansa da kuma ciwace-ciwacen daji." ''Nature'' 509.7501 (2014): 492–496. * Brady, Donita C., da sauransu. "Celation na jan ƙarfe yana hana BRAFV600E-driven melanoma kuma yana ƙin juriya ga masu hana BRAFV600E da MEK1/2." ''Binciken Ciwon daji'' 77.22 (2017): 6240–6252. * Sadeghi, Rochelle Shirin. "Fosphorylation na Wnt5a Signaling Induced yana Ƙara Ayyukan Acyl Protein Thioesterase Kuma Yana Haɓaka Halin Metastatic na Melanoma." (2018). * Kim, Ye-Jin, da sauransu. "Ana buƙatar ATOX1 mai kula da jan ƙarfe don siginar MAPK da girma a cikin melanoma mai kama da maye gurbi na BRAF." ''Metallomics'' 11.8 (2019): 1430–1440. * Kim, Ye-Jin, da sauransu. "Hana membobin iyali na BCL2 yana ƙara ingancin chelation na jan ƙarfe a cikin melanoma da BRAFV600E ke tuƙi." ''Binciken Ciwon daji'' 80.7 (2020): 1387–1400. * Tsang, Tiffany, da sauransu. "Copper muhimmin abu ne na daidaita autophagic kinases ULK1/2 don haifar da adenocarcinoma na huhu." ''Nature Cell Biology'' 22.4 (2020): 412–424. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A Jami'ar Radford, Brady ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta Division I. <ref name=":3"/> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.med.upenn.edu/bradylab/ Brady Lab] a Makarantar Likitanci ta Perelman * [https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p8851480 Shafin malamai na Donita Brady] a Jami'ar Pennsylvania == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o9n694i662kbr3fyi4kcybwhradm9q8 0 140753 880011 795957 2026-07-10T07:39:22Z BnHamid 12586 880011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fawazeer Ramadan''''' (Larabci na Masar: فوازير رمضان, wanda aka sauya shi a matsayin '''''Fawazir''''') wani shirin rediyo da talabijin ne na Masar wanda aka watsa shi a cikin watan Ramadan . Nunin ya fi nasara daga 1975 zuwa 1995, kuma ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga, al'amuran wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. Masu kallo za su iya warware ma'anar a ƙarshen watan don samun kyaututtuka. An dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon tare da zuwan manyan zaɓuɓɓukan shirye-shirye ta hanyar ayyuka kamar Talabijin na tauraron dan adam. Har ila yau, akwai jin daɗi tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya cewa shirin ya nuna sha'awa da rawa da yawa. == Tarihi == The series began in 1961 as an Egyptian radio show titled ''As the Saying Goes'', hosted by Amal Fahmi. In 1967, ''Fawazeer Ramadan'' was first broadcast on television. The word ''fawazeer'' ({{Lang|ar|فوازير}}) means 'riddles'; every day during the month of Ramadan, an episode of the show was broadcast, ending with a riddle. The answers to the 30 riddles were not revealed until the end of Ramadan; viewers could win prizes by solving them. Yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin ''Fawazeer Ramadan'' sun kunshi labaran kiɗa "mai ban sha'awa" daga tarihin Larabawa, wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan rawa da aka tsara da kyau wanda ya tunatar da [[Bollywood]], tare da rawa a ciki da kayan ado masu ban sha'a. Abubuwan da suka faru sun fara ne da jerin rawa, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan ma'anar da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki.<ref name="Imran" /> Hoton ya kuma nuna haruffa masu zane-zane. ''Fawazeer Ramadan'' ya zama sananne sosai, kuma babban abu ne na Ramadan. Lokacin da ya fi samun nasara ya kasance daga 1975, lokacin da [[Nelly (Egyptian entertainer)|Nelly]] ya fara bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, zuwa 1995. Ƙarin [[Sherihan]] a cikin 1985 ya kara yawan ''Fawazeer Ramadan''. Bayyanar Sherihan, musamman, tana da tasiri sosai a kan al'adun duniyar da ke magana da Larabci.<ref name="alah5">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2020 |title=من الخاطبة إلى سينما مصر.. "فوازير رمضان" كثير من الحنين |url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/2404523.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515221123/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/2404523.aspx |archive-date=2020-05-15 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Al Ahram Gate}}</ref> Sauran fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu nishadantarwa na Masar sun bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, ciki har da Fouad el-Mohandes da [[Tholathy Adwa'a El Masrah]] trio . <ref name="alah5" /> 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo masu neman shiga sun sami bayyanar shiga cikin jerin rawa. Musamman saboda sukar ''Fawazeer Ramdan'' kamar yadda yake da yawa - wasu musamman sun ki amincewa da hada shi da sha'awa da rawa - an dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon. Yaduwar Talabijin na tauraron dan adam da kuma yawan shirye-shiryen da ya bayar ya kasance wani abu ne da ya haifar da mutuwar ''Fawazeer Ramadan''. == Kyauta == Duk da sukar ''Fawazeer Ramadan'' ta "sakamakon gani da kayan ado masu kyau", ''Ƙasar'' kwaikwayon yana haifar da nostalgia a cikin Musulmai da yawa. The National ya yi imanin cewa "Binciken talabijin ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980 ... lokacin da ''Fawazeer Ramadan'' ya fara bayyana a talabijin".{{Spaces}} Fawazeer Cassette, wanda aka fara bugawa a 2022 kuma ya sake maimaita abubuwan ban mamaki da ma'ana daga ''Fawazeer Ramadan'', Jordan News ta bayyana shi a matsayin "kyautar Ramadan mai ban sha'awa ga babban zamani". A cikin yanayin ''Fawazeer Ramadan'', Chevrolet Arabia ta gudanar da tallace-tallace wanda, maimakon nuna motoci, ya sanya ma'anar ga mai kallo. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} on9qf10l0s7rp2gjm5j6e1w6suklhue 0 141301 879803 797518 2026-07-09T19:53:56Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 879803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Florence Small Gaynor''' (29 ga [[Oktoba]], 1920 - 16 ga [[Satumba]], 1993) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma mai kula da asibiti, wacce ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta shugabanci babban asibitin koyarwa a [[Amurka]]. <ref name="First black woman to head a major teaching hospital">{{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=Raymond B. |title=African American firsts in science & technology |date=1999 |publisher=Gale Group |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-7876-3876-4}}</ref><ref name="NY Times – Obituary of Florence Small Gaynor">{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Randy |title=Florence Small Gaynor, 72, Dies; First Black Female Hospital Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/01/obituaries/florence-small-gaynor-72-dies-first-black-female-hospital-chief.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=1 October 1993}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a birnin Jersey, New Jersey, kuma ta kammala karatun sakandare na Lincoln tana da shekaru 15 kuma ta nemi shiga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jersey City don yin karatun aikin jinya, amma an ƙi ta saboda ba su yarda da 'yan Baƙar fata ba, maimakon haka ta yi karatun aikin jinya a <ref name="Chicago Tribune Obituaries">{{cite news |title=HOSPITAL LEADER F.S. GAYNOR, 72 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-10-03-9310030265-story.html |work=chicagotribune.com |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>Sibley, John. [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/pioneering-hospital-director-florence-small-gaynor.html "Pioneering Hospital Director Florence Small Gaynor"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 10, 1971. Accessed September 17, 2020. "In the bleak years or the early thirties, at Lincoln High School in Jersey City, a black girl named Florence Small let herself dream of a career in nursing, an all but unreachable goal."</ref> Asibitin Lincoln, ta kammala a 1946. Daga baya a cikin aikinta, Gaynor ta sami digirin farko a fannin aikin jinya da digirin digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar New York, kuma ta yi karatun tsarin kiwon lafiya na Scandinavia a Jami'ar Oslo a 1965. <ref> name="NY Times – Pioneering Hospital Director Florence Small Gaynor">{{cite news |last1=Sibley |first1=John |title=Pioneering Hospital Director Florence Small Gaynor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/pioneering-hospital-director-florence-small-gaynor.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=10 February 1971}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya daga Asibitin Lincoln, Gaynor ta fara aiki a Asibitin Queens General . Daga nan ta yi aiki a Sashen Lafiya na Birnin New York sannan ta zama babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Francis Delafield da ke Washington Heights da kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya ta makaranta tare da Hukumar Ilimi da ke Newark. Gaynor ta fara aiki a fannin gudanar da asibitoci a asibitin Lincoln kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaba a shekarar 1970. A shekarar 1971, an zaɓe ta daga cikin 'yan takara 20, sauran maza ne, don ta zama babbar darakta a Asibitin Sydenham, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta shugabanci babban asibitin koyarwa a Amurka. A shekarar 1972, ta karɓi muƙamin babbar darekta a Asibitin Martland da ke Newark, <ref name="Interview: Florence S. Gaynor">{{Cite journal |date=16 January 1973 |title=Interview: Florence S. Gaynor, executive director, Martland Hospital, Newark. |journal=Hospitals |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=46–51 |pmid=4566715}}</ref> wani asibitin koyarwa mai gadaje 600, sannan ta zama darakta a Kwalejin Likitanci ta Meharry da ke Nashville daga 1976 zuwa 1980, sannan ta zama darakta a Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Hankali ta West Philadelphia da ke Philadelphia daga 1980 zuwa 1984. A cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe kafin ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta makaranta, a Los Angeles. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1993, Gaynor ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini kwatsam a kwakwalwa yana da shekaru 72. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] sexb48cgv9ifkhb5n4oj9dzigx5c0pb 0 141692 880100 828597 2026-07-10T11:00:10Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Ellen Henderson''' ( née Meriwether; Satumba 18, 1885 - Fabrairu 4, 1976) ta kasance malamar Afirka-Amurka kuma mai fafutukar [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1900. Ta shahara sosai saboda aikinta na raba wuraren zama a Cocin Falls, tana aiki don gina ingantattun wurare ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a Cocin Falls, Virginia da kuma fara CCPL ( [[Ƙungiyar Kare Jama'a Masu Launi|Coloured Citizens Protective League]] ), reshen karkara na farko na NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-22 |title=History |url=https://www.novaparks.com/parks/tinner-hill-historic-park/history |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=Nova Parks |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Mary Ellen Meriwether a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1885, ga Mary Louise Robinson Meriwether da James Henry Meriwether. Iyayenta biyu sun yi karatun kwaleji. Mahaifiyarta, Mary Louise, ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Oberlin da ke Ohio, ta ci gaba da koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta farko ga ɗaliban baƙar fata, waɗanda daga baya aka sani da Makarantar Sakandare ta Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Washington, DC, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a. Mahaifin Mary Ellen, James, ya kammala karatunsa daga [[Jami'ar Howard]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1896-01-01 |title=1896: Alumni Catalogue of Howard University with List of Incorporators, Trustees, and Other Employees |url=https://dh.howard.edu/hucatalogs/13 |journal=Howard University Catalogs}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aikin lauya a Washington DC kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin amintattu a Howard har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1906. 'Yar uwarta, Sarah Meriwether Nutter, ita ma malamar makaranta ce, mai fafutuka kuma wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha . == Aiki da fafutuka == Mary Ellen, wacce ɗalibanta ke yi wa laƙabi da "Miss Nellie", ta fara koyarwa a aji huɗu zuwa bakwai a Makarantar Firamare ta James E. Lee, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collection |first=Henderson Family |title=Teachers sitting on steps at the James Lee Colored School |url=http://100yearsblackfallschurch.org/items/show/56 |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=100yearsblackfallschurch.org}}</ref> wani gida mai ɗakuna biyu na yara baƙar fata. Ta karɓi aikin ne don hana rufe makarantar saboda rashin malamai masu horo sosai. Makarantar ba ta da ruwan sha ko ma'aikatan kula da yara, don haka Henderson ya kawo ruwa daga rijiyar maƙwabci kuma ya tsaftace ajin kowace rana. Ginin kuma ba shi da tsarin dumama tsakiya ko wuraren tsafta na cikin gida, albarkatun da makarantar farar fata ke da su. Henderson ya yi fafutukar neman ingantacciyar makaranta ga yaran baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, yana gudanar da bincike kan rashin daidaito tsakanin makarantun baƙar fata da fari a gundumar Fairfax, ''Our Disgrace and Kume: Kayan Makaranta ga Yara 'Yan Negro a gundumar Fairfax.'' <ref> name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pellegrino |first=Anthony M. |last2=Mann |first2=Linda J. |last3=Russell |first3=William B. |date=2013 |title=Historical Examination of the Segregated School Experience |journal=The History Teacher |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=355–372 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=43264130}}</ref> Henderson ya yi la'akari, kuma a cikin 1948, Fairfax ta buɗe sabuwar Makarantar Firamare ta James E. Lee, <ref>{{Cite web |title=James E Lee School: Browse Items {{!}} 100 Years Black Falls Church |url=http://100yearsblackfallschurch.org/items/browse?tags=James+E.+Lee+School |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=100yearsblackfallschurch.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Venue |url=https://www.providenceplayers.org/plan-your-visit/about-the-venue/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Providence Players of Fairfax |language=en-US}}</ref> wata makaranta mai ɗakuna shida, tare da ƙarin ɗakin taro, ɗakin karatu, asibiti, da gidan cin abinci. An naɗa Henderson a matsayin shugabar sabuwar makarantar, matsayin da ta riƙe tsawon shekaru talatin. An san ɗaliban da Mary Ellen Henderson ta koyar da su saboda manyan nasarorin da suka samu, kuma sun sami yabo daga malaman makarantar sakandare. Daliban da ta koyar za su zama muhimman membobin al'umma, ko ma malamai da kansu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bates |first=Darien |date=2005-02-17 |title=Mary Ellen 'Nellie' Henderson: A Life of Making Differences, Big and Small |url=http://www.fcnp.com/450/henderson.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307194433/http://www.fcnp.com/450/henderson.htm |archive-date=2005-03-07 |access-date=2020-08-10}}</ref> Henderson da mijinta, EB Henderson, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Kare Jama'a Masu Launi (CCPL), tare da Joseph Tinner, don nuna rashin amincewa da unguwannin da aka raba. A shekarar 1915, an zartar da doka ta hannun fararen fata masu zaɓe a Cocin Falls wanda zai tilasta wa al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka zama a yankinsu na garin; kashi 32% na al'ummar sun zauna a ƙasa da kashi 5% na ƙasar. CCPL ta shigar da ƙarar da ta hana aiwatar da dokar. Kotun Koli ta soke dokar a shekarar 1917, kuma ta cire ta a hukumance a shekarar 1999. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Oti |first=Donna |date=November–December 2006 |title=Ned and Nell: E.B. and Mary Ellen Henderson Impact a Community and a Nation |journal=Homes of Color |pages=10–14}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1918, CCPL ta kafa tushen Reshen Hukumar Kare Jama'a ta Fairfax County na NAACP, reshen karkara na farko na NAACP. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NAACP Collection |first=Manuscript Division |title=E. B. Henderson to Mary W. Ovington |url=http://100yearsblackfallschurch.org/items/show/298 |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=100yearsblackfallschurch.org}}</ref> An karrama dukkan 'yan Henderson biyu a shekarar 1960 ta Majalisar Hulɗa da Dan Adam ta Gundumar Fairfax saboda yaƙin da suka yi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta karrama su a shekarar 2006, lokacin da Wakili Jim Moran ya karrama su a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, "Ga kowane mutum da aka san shi da ƙasa, akwai shugaba na gida wanda ke yin abubuwa da yawa a ƙarƙashin inuwar takwarorinsu da aka fi sani. Biyu daga cikin waɗannan mutanen su ne Dr. Edwin da Mrs. Mary Ellen Henderson, majagaba kan kare haƙƙin jama'a daga Arewacin Virginia waɗanda suka yi aiki don adalci na zamantakewa tsawon kusan shekaru 50." === ''Kunya da Kunyarmu: Kayan Aikin Makaranta ga Yara 'Yan Negro a Gundumar Fairfax'' === A shekarar 1945, Mary Ellen Henderson ta rubuta wani bincike mai taken, ''Our Disgrace and Shame: School Facilities for Negro Children in Fairfax County,'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pellegrino |first=Anthony M. |last2=Mann |first2=Linda J. |last3=Russell |first3=William B. |date=2013 |title=Historical Examination of the Segregated School Experience |journal=The History Teacher |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=355–372 |issn=0018-2745 |jstor=43264130}}</ref> kan rashin daidaito tsakanin makarantun baƙar fata da fari a Fairfax County don haɓaka rabon ƙarin albarkatu ga makarantarta. Yara a makarantun fararen fata suna hawa motocin bas masu zafi zuwa da dawowa makaranta, yayin da ɗaliban makarantun baƙar fata ke hawa motocin bas marasa zafi, idan suna zaune kusa da inda za su iya ɗaukar bas kwata-kwata (wasu yara suna tafiya na kimanin mil biyar kowace rana). Kasafin kuɗin kowace makaranta a yankin Fairfax a shekarar 1935 shine $340,050. An kashe kashi 97.4% na wannan kuɗin ($330,750) a makarantun fararen fata, yayin da aka kashe kashi 2.6% ($9,000) kawai a makarantun baƙar fata. Akwai irin wannan rashin daidaiton kuɗi a shekarar makaranta ta 1945-46; Kasafin kuɗin jari ga makarantun fararen fata ya kai dala $745,000 kimanin dala miliyan 13 a yau) yayin da kasafin kuɗin makarantun baƙar fata ya kasance kaɗan daga wannan, dala $45,000. Yawancin makarantu masu zaman kansu ba su sami kuɗi don ƙarin makarantu kamar gidajen cin abinci ba. A gefe guda kuma, an ba da kuɗin makarantu biyar na fararen fata daga dala $10,000 zuwa $50,000 don ƙara makarantu. Henderson ya sami damar amfani da bambance-bambancen da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton don shawo kan Hukumar Makarantar Gundumar Fairfax don gina sabon gidan makaranta mai ɗakuna 6 da kuma raba kuɗi daidai gwargwado a nan gaba. <ref name=":4"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mary Ellen Henderson ta halarci Makarantar Al'ada (wanda yanzu aka sani da Kwalejin Malaman DC ), inda ta haɗu da abokin aikinta na rayuwa, Dr. Edwin Bancroft "EB" Henderson. Daga baya ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya zama darektan ilimin motsa jiki a tsarin makarantun birni [4] kuma shugaban reshen Virginia na NAACP . Dukansu sun kammala karatunsu a matakin farko, Mary Ellen a shekarar 1905 da Edwin a shekarar 1904. Su biyun sun yi aure a ranar [[Kirsimeti]], 1910. Nikki, surukar Henderson, ta ba da labarin: "Shekarar 1910 babbar shekara ce ga Hendersons. Sun yi aure a ranar Kirsimeti a Cocin Presbyterian na 15th Street, inda EB ya yi wa amaryarsa alƙawarin cewa ba zai buga ƙwallon kwando ba bayan sun yi aure. Amarya da ango sun nufi [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] don su yi hutun ƙarshen amarcinsu, inda ango ya buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙarshe, inda ya lashe Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Duniya ta 1910 a daren aurensu!" <ref name=":0"/> Mary Ellen da EB sun ƙaura zuwa Cocin Falls a shekarar 1911 a cikin abin da daga baya aka sanya wa suna " yanki mai fararen fata ." Suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare yayin da suke zaune a Cocin Falls, Edwin Meriwether Henderson a shekarar 1912 da James Henry Meriwether Henderson a shekarar 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Guy |date=2009-12-10 |title=Dr. J.H.M. Henderson: Beloved leader remembered for dedication to family, community |url=http://www.thetuskegeenews.com/news/dr-j-h-m-henderson-beloved-leader-remembered-for-dedication-to-family-community/article_f0a200a1-cb18-5439-b50c-d675f9337eba.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=The Tuskegee News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na NAACP, Girl Scouts, League of Women Voters, Falls Church Women's Democratic Club, Virginia Education Association, da National Education Association, Henderson ta kasance memba mai himma a cikin al'ummarta. Ta kuma kasance memba na tsawon rai a Cocin Presbyterian na 15th Street, kodayake ta kuma koyar da makarantar Lahadi kuma ta buga organ a Cocin Baptist na Second Baptist da ke Falls Church City . A shekarar 1965, iyalan Henderson sun ƙaura zuwa Tuskegee, Alabama don su kasance kusa da ɗansu James, wanda shine darektan Gidauniyar Bincike ta Carver ta Jami'ar Tuskegee . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedell |first=Natalie |date=2009-12-16 |title=James H. M. Henderson Dies at Age 92 |url=https://fcnp.com/2009/12/16/james-h-m-henderson-dies-at-age-92/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Falls Church News-Press Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Ko da bayan sun ƙaura, iyalan Henderson sun ziyarci gidansu na lokacin bazara a Highland Beach kusa da Annapolis, Maryland, inda Mary Ellen ta kasance mamba mai himma a harkokin jama'a na gida. == Mutuwa da gado == A ƙarshen rayuwarta, Mary Ellen Henderson ta koma Cibiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta [[Wisconsin]] Avenue, inda ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1976, tana da shekaru 90. An yi jana'izarta a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1976, a Gidan Jana'izar McGuire. An kona Henderson aka kuma binne shi a filin dangin Meriwether da ke [[Kabari na Woodlawn (Washington, DC)|Makabartar Woodlawn]], a Washington, DC Makarantar da ke ɗauke da sunanta: Makarantar Sakandare ta Mary Ellen Henderson da ke Falls Church City, Virginia, tana tunawa da Henderson. An keɓe makarantar a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2005, cika shekaru 120 da haihuwarta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bates |first=Darien |date=2005-09-22 |title=Mary Ellen Henderson Middle School Dedicated on Namesake's 120th Birthday |url=http://fcnp.com/529/nellie.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129001853/http://fcnp.com/529/nellie.htm |archive-date=2005-11-29 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 036ebohscv8wr357o6usc5qnzlvgl3s 0 142125 880089 877203 2026-07-10T10:49:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 880089 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Chhim Sithar''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarata 1987) shugabar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Cambodia kuma shugabar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata ta yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Free the NagaWorld Leaders! |url=https://www.3cr.org.au/accentofwomen/episode/free-nagaworld-leaders-0 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=3cr.org.au}}</ref> ta ƙungiyar tallafawa haƙƙin ma'aikata (LRSU) ta ma'aikatan Khmer na NagaWorld . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Andrew |date=1 May 2020 |title=In Phnom Penh, NagaWorld lockdown means casino workers are suffering |url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/nagaworld-casino-workers-covid/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Southeast Asia Globe}}</ref> Ta yi zaman gidan yari na shekaru biyu saboda tayar da hankali dangane da yajin aikin da ta jagoranta a NagaWorld a 2021 da 2022. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da aiki === An haifi Sithar a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1987 a Koh Roka Commune, gundumar Peam Chor, lardin Prey Veng, ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya shida. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 March 2022 |title=Spotlight on 10 Imprisoned Unionists in Cambodia |url=https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/articles/20220307/175/index.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights}}</ref> Ta fara aiki a NagaWorld a shekarar 2007 kafin ta fara aiki a LRSU a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thul |first=Prak Chan |date=6 January 2022 |title=Arrested union leader the latest to take up the fight for labour in Cambodia |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/arrested-union-leader-latest-take-up-fight-labour-cambodia-2022-01-06/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Worrell |first=Shane |date=19 June 2013 |title=NagaWorld strike ends with force |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/nagaworld-strike-ends-force |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=The Phnom Penh Post}}</ref> An fara zaɓenta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar LRSU a shekarar 2012 sannan daga baya ta zama shugabar ƙasa a shekarar 2014, inda ta maye gurbin Chhun Sokha wanda ya zama mataimakin shugaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 November 2022 |title=Woman human rights defender Chhim Sithar detained upon her return to Cambodia |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/woman-human-rights-defender-chhim-sithar-detained-upon-her-return-cambodia |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Frontline Defenders}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2019, NagaWorld ta dakatar da ita bayan ta yi tambaya game da shawarar kamfanin na hana wata riga mai kira da a kara albashi ga ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeton-Olsen |first=Danielle |date=16 December 2019 |title=The workers organising for a better future in Cambodia |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/the-workers-organising-for-a |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Equal Times}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2019, mambobin LRSU sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar yin yajin aiki a matsayin martani ga dakatarwar. Duk da hukuncin kotu cewa yajin aikin ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, LRSU ta ci gaba a farkon Janairun 2020. Bayan kwanaki biyu na yajin aikin, kamfanin ya amince ya ƙara albashi tare da mayar da Sithar kan mukaminsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palatino |first=Mong |date=12 January 2020 |title=Victory for labor rights in Cambodia as largest casino workers’ strike ends in peace |url=https://globalvoices.org/2020/01/12/peaceful-ending-of-strike-by-largest-casino-workers-marked-as-a-victory-for-labor-rights-in-cambodia/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Global Voices}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 January 2020 |title=Striking Cambodian casino workers return to work in NagaWorld deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-casino-idUSKCN1ZA09T |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> === 2021-22 Naga Rikicin Duniya da ɗaurin kurkuku === A tsakiyar shekarar 2021, NagaWorld ta sanar da shirin korar ma'aikata sama da 1,300 daga gidan caca, ciki har da Sithar. [1] Sithar ya yi zargin cewa kamfanin ya kai hari ga membobin kungiyar kwadago da korar ma'aikata, yana mai cewa kungiyar tana gab da cimma burinta na mambobi 4000, ko rabin ma'aikatan gidan caca, a lokacin ne za a ba wa kungiyar damar shiga tattaunawar gama gari a karkashin dokar Cambodia. [2] A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2021, membobin LRSU a NagaWorld suka shiga yajin aiki duk da umarnin kotu da aka fitar a safiyar ranar da ta ayyana yajin aikin a matsayin haramun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeton-Olsen |first=Danielle |date=18 December 2021 |title=Updated: Phnom Penh Court Bans NagaWorld Workers’ Strike, Unionists Leave Vowing to Return |url=https://vodenglish.news/phnom-penh-court-bans-nagaworld-workers-strike/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=VOD}}</ref> Yajin aikin ya ci gaba da gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali na tsawon makonni biyu da suka gabata, har sai da aka kama mambobin LRSU tara a yammacin ranar 31 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Gerald |date=1 January 2022 |title=Nine NagaWorld Unionists Arrested on New Year’s Eve |url=https://cambodianess.com/article/nine-nagaworld-unionists-arrested-on-new-years-eve |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Cambodianess}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2022, an kama membobin LRSU goma sha huɗu suna zanga-zangar tsare wadanda aka kama kwanaki da suka gabata, inda aka ruwaito cewa 'yan sanda suna neman Sithar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Cambodian police arrest 14 striking casino workers |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/arrest-01032022182633.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> Washegari, 'yan sandan farin kaya sun kama ta da karfi a wajen Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=Updated: NagaWorld Union Leader Chhim Sithar Arrested Arriving to Rally |url=https://vodenglish.news/nagaworld-union-leader-chhim-sithar-arrested-en-route-to-rally/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=VOD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Gerald |last2=Phoung |first2=Vantha |date=4 January 2022 |title=NagaWorld Union Leader Arrested in Chaotic Scenes Outside Australian Embassy |url=https://cambodianess.com/article/nagaworld-union-leader-arrested-in-chaotic-scenes-outside-australian-embassy |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Cambodianess}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=Cambodian union leaders arrested in casino labor dispute |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/arrest-01042022175819.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> kuma an tuhume ta da "tunzura ta aikata babban laifi." Daga baya an tsare ta a gidan yari na tsawon kwanaki 74 kafin a fara shari'a, an sake ta a beli a watan Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Erin |date=7 December 2022 |title=Cambodian community calls for casino union leader Chhim Sithar's release from prison after visit to Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-08/chhim-sithar-cambodian-union-leader-arrest-after-australia-visit/101735110 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=ABC News}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, an sake zaɓenta a matsayin shugabar LRSU. A watan Yunin 2022, Ma'aikatar Aiki da Horar da Sana'o'i ta sanar da cewa ba za ta amince da rajistar ƙungiyar ba, tana mai da'awar cewa Sithar ba ma'aikaciyar NagaWorld ba ce kuma saboda haka ba za ta iya riƙe wani mukami da aka zaɓa a cikin ƙungiyar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 November 2022 |title=Only "Instant Noodle" Unions Survive |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/11/21/only-instant-noodle-unions-survive/union-busting-cambodias-garment-and-tourism |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Nuwamba na 2022, Sithar ta halarci taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Ƙungiyar Ƙwadago ta Duniya (ITUC) a [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Bayan ta dawo Cambodia, an kama ta saboda karya sharuɗɗan belin da ta gindaya saboda tafiya ƙasashen waje ba tare da izinin kotu ba. [[Amnesty International]] ta yi Allah wadai da kamen, tana mai cewa ba a sanar da ita ko lauyanta game da sharuɗɗan belin ba kuma "ana tsare ta ne kawai saboda aikinta na kare haƙƙin ma'aikata." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 December 2022 |title=Cambodia: Immediately release and drop charges against Union Leader Chhim Sithar |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa23/6294/2022/en/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma yi kira da a sake ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 November 2022 |title=US calls for the release of Cambodian labor activist |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/29/asia/cambodia-chhim-sithar-arrest-us-nagaworld-protests-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> Julian Hill, ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Australiya a Majalisar Wakilai, ya bayyana dalilan kama Sithar a matsayin "baƙar magana" kuma ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Cambodia da ta sake ta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=30 November 2022 |title=‘Gangster regime’: Outrage at arrest of union leader after Australian visit |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/gangster-regime-outrage-at-arrest-of-union-leader-after-australian-visit-20221130-p5c2kj.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> tare da Jakadan Australiya a Cambodia a wancan lokacin, Pablo Kang, yana mai bayyana "tushen da ake zargi" na kama Sithar tare da Koeut Rith, Ministan Shari'a na Cambodia. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] b61wfx4x469ii4y8rpkhbfbpjll22z4 0 142475 880101 814571 2026-07-10T11:01:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 880101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cif Josephine Oboh-MacLeod mai mallakar gallery ne a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] . Ita ce ta farko da ta shirya wasan kwaikwayo na al'adun Afro-Celtic a [[Najeriya]], a [[Fela Kuti]] New Afrika Shrine . <ref name="Man">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=chief Josephine oboh Macleod art creator connoisseur politician activist/ |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> <ref name="Art">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=how Josephine oboh macleod wields art as tool to reduce racism classism |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/how-josephine-oboh-macleod-wields-art-as-tool-to-reduce-racism-classism/?amp=1 |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="me">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=sisters on a mission to save ailing entertainers |url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/sisters-on-a-mission-to-save-ailing-entertainers/ |website=m.guardian.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Oboh-MacLeod a cikin dangin Cif Major Humphrey Etafo Oboh . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ga mai watsa shirye-shirye / ɗan siyasa [[Mabel Oboh]] da [[Peter Oboh]], tsohon zakaran WBA / na Burtaniya. Ta auri Norman Macleod (Piper Norman). Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ojo]], Legas, Newman Prep School, [[Boston]], kuma ta sami digiri a cikin baƙi a Kwaleji ta Newbury, da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Surrey . Ta yi karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta London, Burtaniya; zane na ciki / lambun a Makarantar Zane ta KLC, Chelsea Harbour, Burtaniya) da daukar hoto a Calumet Photography da Jessop Academy, Burtaniya. Epson Master Printing Course.<ref name="Man"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=art-creator connoisseur politician activist |url=https://www.newslodge.com.ng/art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606205215/https://www.newslodge.com.ng/art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/ |archive-date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=newslodge.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyukan fasaha == Oboh-Macleod yana da tarin sama da 6,000 tare da shekaru arba'in na kasancewa a cikin duniyar fasaha. Ita ce darektan zane-zane a Johfrim Art and Design (mai baje kolin zane-zane da mai siyarwa) wanda ke zaune a Milngavie, wanda ke karbar bakuncin abubuwan al'adu kuma yana wakiltar aikin kusan masu zane-zane 50, kusan 70% daga cikinsu daga Afirka ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-10 |title=my-mission in UK is to propagate African art culture and heritage josephine oboh macleod |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/my-mission-in-uk-is-to-propagate-african-art-culture-and-heritage-josephine-oboh-macleod/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-10 |title=Africa day African art in Scotland |url=https://snackmag.co.uk/africa-day-african-art-in-scotland?cn-reloaded=1 |website=snackmag.co.uk}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta kafa gidan zane-zane na Afirka, wanda ake kira "Timbuktu", a Burtaniya kuma ita ce kadai baƙar fata ta Afirka da ke da cibiyar al'adun fasaha a Scotland.<ref name="Art"/> [[Fayil:Timbuktu_art_gallery.jpg|thumb|Gidan zane-zane na Timbuktu]] Josephine ta kasance wani ɓangare na zane-zane kuma tana da ayyukanta a cikin tarin masu zaman kansu na duniya kamar Nike Art Gallery . Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyoyin fasaha, gami da Society of Nigerian Artists . Milngavie, Bearsden da Dalmuir Art Club, [[Glasgow]], Scotland, Burtaniya. Ita ce ta kafa / amintacciyar Jom Charity, JOM Charity Award, kwamitin agaji na Scotland da aka amince da ita. Ayyukanta na sadaka da jin kai sun kai ƙasarsu ta Najeriya, inda take ba da gudummawa ga marasa galihu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=Nigerian art stakeholders converge celebrate macleod |url=https://bizwatchnigeria.ng/nigerian-art-stakeholders-converge-celebrate-macleod/ |website=bizwatchnigeria.ng |access-date=2026-03-03 |archive-date=2021-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604074810/https://bizwatchnigeria.ng/nigerian-art-stakeholders-converge-celebrate-macleod/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=artistes group unite in mission to save fellow stars |url=https://m.guardian.ng/art/artistes-group-unite-in-mission-to-save-fellow-stars/ |website=m.guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=ill gladly raise funds for the needy mabel oboh |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/ill-gladly-raise-funds-for-the-needy-mabel-oboh/ |website=sunnewsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=sisters launch saveourstars campaign |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sisters-launch-saveourstars-campaign/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=Nigerian reggae star yellow banton sos initiative grateful to nigerians |url=https://newsofafrica.org/nigerian-reggae-star-yellow-banton-sos-initiative-grateful-to-nigerians.html |website=newsofafrica.org |access-date=2026-03-03 |archive-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217002944/https://newsofafrica.org/nigerian-reggae-star-yellow-banton-sos-initiative-grateful-to-nigerians.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Nigeria Books Of Record <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Excellence and Achievements |url=https://dailytimesng.com/celebrating-excellence-and-achievements/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=dailytimesng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Siyasa == Ita 'yar siyasa ce ta Burtaniya kuma memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Scotland kuma memba ce na Black Tories wanda ke ba da shawarar hadawa da ƙwararrun baƙar fata a cikin matsayi na jama'a kamar majalisa a duk faɗin Burtaniya, musamman a Scotland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=Scottish election black activist faces prejudice |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/scottish-elections-black-activist-faces-prejudice-as-a-conservative-5wfm2bg52 |website=The Times}}</ref> Ta kasance sakatariyar Scottish Conservative Friends Of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (SCBAME). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=breaking Nigerian josephine oboh Macleod is conservatives unionist candidate in scotland |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/breaking-nigerian-josephine-oboh-macleod-is-conservatives-unionist-candidate-in-scotland/amp/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> Oboh-Macleod ya yi takara a zaben majalisa a Kirkintilloch East, North da Twechar a 2022 a karkashin Conservatives da Unionist Party na Scotland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Preference Summary Report Ward 7 |url=https://www.eastdunbarton.gov.uk/preference-summary-report-ward-7 |website=eastdunbarton.gov.uk}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko ta asalin Afirka da ta yi takara a matsayin dan takarar majalisa na Scottish Conservative da Unionist Party a Gabashin Dunbartonshire, [[Scotland]], Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-25 |title=made history as the first woman of African descent |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/01/josephine-oboh-macleod-makes-history-in-scottish-politics/amp/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> == Abokan Conservative na Afirka Scotland == A cikin 2022, a matsayin sabon shugaban farko na Conservative Friends of Africa Scotland, UK (CFOAS), wata kungiya, karkashin jagorancin mambobi, tana neman bunkasa dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin Jam'iyyar Conservative, al'ummar Afirka a Scotland da Afirka, ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar fahimta (MoU) tsakanin Abokan Conservative na Afirka, (kungiyar iyaye) wanda Shugaban Majalisar Michael Gbadebo ya wakilta, da kuma ƙungiyar Conservative Friends na Afirka Scotland (CFofAS). [1] Abokan Conservatives na Afirka Scotland sun gudanar da baje kolin Afirka na farko 'Out And About Africa' a 2023, a taron Conservatives nke Scotland na 2023 wanda Firayim Minista na Ingila, [[Rishi Sunak]] ya halarta. Manufar EXHIBITION ita ce ta karfafa hadewar 'yan Afirka cikin al'ummomin Scotland da shiga cikin mulki ta hanyar fahimtar rikitarwa na bambancin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=SCP Holds Conference In Scotland |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/scp-holds-conference-in-scotland/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Our exhibition at Conservatives Party’s confab seminal — Oboh-MacLeod, Chairperson of CFoAfricaScotland |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/our-exhibition-conservatives-partys-confab-was-seminal-oboh-macleod-chairperson-of-cfoafricascotland/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 99omtf25483jcp88ldm27riqp3v4sei 0 144582 879607 816739 2026-07-09T14:33:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nancy Joan Johnstone''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Thomas-Peter''' ; 1906–1951) marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila, mai kula da otal-otal kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Mijinta na farko shi ne Archie Johnstone, ɗan jarida wanda ya koma [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Johnstone a Bath, a shekarar 1906, ga George Franklen Thomas-Peter (1882-1941) da Mary Margaret (wanda aka fi sani da Dot) Thomas-Peter (wanda aka haifa da Baldwin) (1882-1919). An yi mata baftisma a St Paul's, Bath a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1906. Aikin mahaifinta an ba shi a matsayin mutum mai kirki, kuma adireshinsu shine Butt Ash, Lyncombe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of England Baptisms: St Paul, Bath, 1904-1914, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/60857/images/42886_1831115184_0632-00017?pId=2603856 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Mahaifinta jami'i ne a Bataliya ta 4, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Duke na Cornwall a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekarar 1919, sakamakon harbin zuma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Margaret Baldwin via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/86973193/person/36552151977/facts |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya sake yin aure, a shekarar 1923, ga Agnes Priestley Pearman (1900-1949). <ref>{{Cite web |title=''London Gazette'', Issue No 35684, 28 August 1942, p 3787 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35684/page/3787 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> A lokacin yarintarta tana zaune a Oak Cottage a Perranarworthal, kusa da Falmouth, Cornwall. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 census for Nancy Joan Thomas-Peter, Perranarworthal, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_13885_0185_03?pId=54943868 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Ta auri ɗan jarida Archie Johnstone (1896-1963) a shekarar 1931. A shekarar 1933, mutanen Johnstones sun zauna a gidaje 8 na Tudor, Gondar Gardens, Hampstead . <ref>{{Cite web |title=London Electoral Register, Hampstead, 1933, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1795/images/40020_190633-00725?pId=43373005 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> A shekarar 1938, duk da cewa sun zauna a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] tsawon shekaru huɗu a wancan lokacin, an yi musu rijista a matsayin waɗanda ke zaune a gidaje 59 na Elm Park Mansions a Chelsea, <ref>{{Cite web |title=London Electoral Register, Chelsea, 1938, via Ancestry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1795/images/40020_190503-00670?treeid=&personid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=drj50&_phstart=successSource&pId=17231093 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> yayin da suka shafe watanni uku a Ingila a lokacin bazara na 1938. == Tossa de Mar == A shekarar 1934, 'yan Johnstones suka ƙaura zuwa Costa Brava . Archie ya zaɓi wurin da zai je saboda bai san kowa ba a da. Nancy ta shawo kan Archie ya yi murabus daga aikinsa na ƙaramin edita a jaridar ''News Chronicle'', sannan ya gina otal. Da isowarsu Tossa de Mar, sun sami wata al'umma mai tasowa ta fasaha, ciki har da mai zane-zanen Jamus Fritz Marcus, wanda suka nemi ya tsara otal ɗinsu, da kuma masu zane-zane Marc Chagall, Oskar Zügel da Dora Maar . Ana kiran otal ɗin da Casa Johnstone, kuma an buɗe shi a shekarar 1935. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke a shekara mai zuwa, jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Royal Navy HMS <nowiki><i id="mwVw">Hunter</i></nowiki> ya bayyana a bakin teku don ceton mazauna Birtaniya. Johnstones sun ƙi barin. Archie ya yi wasu rahotannin yaƙi lokaci-lokaci ga jaridar ''News Chronicle'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Nancy ta sami wasu kuɗaɗen shiga a wannan lokacin ta hanyar rubuta tarihin rayuwa guda biyu: ''Hotel in Spain'' (1937) da ''Hotel in Flight'' (1939), duka Faber &amp;amp; Faber ne suka buga kuma kwanan nan The Clapton Press ta sake buga su. Ɗan majalisar jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta John McGovern ne ya miƙa wa Faber littafin farko, wanda ke kan ziyarar bincike a Barcelona don bincika yanayin da ya haifar da ɓacewar Andrés Nin, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa POUM, Ma'aikatan Jam'iyyar Marxist Unification. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, "From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War", January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Littafi na biyu ya ƙunshi ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa, yayin da otal ɗin ya zama wurin yara 'yan gudun hijira 50. Kwana ɗaya kafin Tossa ta faɗa hannun Nationalists, Johnstones sun tara yara 70 a cikin babbar mota, suka tuka su zuwa mafaka a Faransa, sojojin Francisco Franco suka bi su ko'ina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, "From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War", January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Har sai da aka buɗe kan iyaka da Faransa, Johnstones da yaran sun yi kwana uku a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Edison da ke sansanin 'yan Republican na [[Figueres]] . Washegari bayan buɗe iyakar ga 'yan gudun hijira, an jefa bam a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, "From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War", January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Da zarar sun ketare kan iyaka, an tsare yaran a sansanin fursunoni na Faransa, amma daga ƙarshe aka mayar da su ga iyalansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Daga nan sai Johnstones suka tafi Provence, sannan suka tafi [[Faris|Paris]]. Sun yi shirin tafiya zuwa Mexico, suka kuma yi tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwan Jamus ''mai suna Iberia'' daga Cherbourg zuwa Veracruz . == Meziko == Mexico ta kasance zaɓi a bayyane, yayin da gwamnatin Republican ta Spain da ke gudun hijira da kuma 'yan Republican na Spain da yawa suka zauna a can a shekarar 1940 bayan faduwar Faransa. A Mexico, Johnstones sun zauna a Cuernavaca . Archie ya koyar a Makarantar Turanci; Nancy ta rubuta wani tarihin tafiye-tafiye, Sombreros are Becoming (1941) [1] da kuma wani labari, Temperate Zone (1941) wanda aka shirya a Mexico. Faber ne ya buga duka biyun. Bayan wani lokaci, Johnstones suka rabu, Archie ya koma Birtaniya ya sake aiki a jaridar ''News Chronicle'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, "From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War", January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi aiki a ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya da ke Moscow yana gyara mujallar ''<nowiki/>'yan Burtaniya'', har sai da ya koma Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1949. == Shekarun da suka gabata == Johnstone ya koma Tossa a shekarar 1947 kuma a shekarar 1951, amma, bayan da Franco ta Spain ta damu da shi, ta sayar da otal ɗin, ta koma zama a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] . A lokacin ta sake yin aure a karo na biyu, ga wani Bafaranshe, Fernand Caron. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> A Cuernavaca, Johnstone ya zama abokiyar Constancia de la Mora da aka kora, wacce aka naɗa ta Shugaban Ofishin Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasashen Waje na Jamhuriyar Spain a shekarar 1938, kuma ita ce matar Hidalgo de Cisneros, Kwamandan rundunar sojojin sama ta Republican. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=de la Mora, Constancia, ''In Place of Splendour: The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman'' |url=https://theclaptonpress.com/in-place-of-splendour-by-constancia-de-la-mora/ |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> De la Mora ya ziyarci Johnstone a Guatemala a shekarar 1950. A ranar 26 ga Janairu, matan biyu sun shiga hatsarin mota, wanda ya kashe de la Mora kuma ya ji wa Johnstone rauni sosai. Duk da cewa ta tsira, akwai wani karin bayani game da ita: wata wasiƙa da ta rubuta wa masu buga littattafanta a shekarar 1951. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berga, Miquel, "From 'Blue Paradise' to the French Camps: Nancy Johnstone's Narratives of the Catalan Costa Brave at War", January 2011, ''Catalan Review'' 25:119-129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279272632 |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekarar 1951, Johnstone ya rubuta daga Tossa zuwa Faber & Faber tare da adireshin tura wa goggon ta, Miss Edith Thomas-Peter, a Bath. Daga nan ta ɓace daga tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> == Gado == Casa Johnstone har yanzu tana nan, kodayake yanzu tana cikin wani babban rukunin otal, Otal Don Juan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Don Juan Photos |url=https://www.donjuantossa.com/uploads/galeriahoteles/tenis.jpg |access-date=20 December 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An manta Johnstone har zuwa nunin da littafin daga Glòria Bosch da Susanna Portell, "Berlín> Londres> Paris> Tossa ... La tranquil.litat perduda" (2007, Fundación La Caixa), tare da takardun shaida, hotuna da haruffa. Bayan haka, Miquel Berga, masanin ilimi a Jami'ar Pompeu Fabra a [[Barcelona]] ya fassara littattafan otel guda biyu zuwa Catalan (ƙara ɗaya, mai suna ''Un Hotel a la Costa'', wanda aka buga a 2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Footnotes: Hotel in Spain: the Johnstones of Tossa de Mar, 8 August 2012 |url=https://footnotes-catalan.blogspot.com/2012/08/hotel-in-spain-johnstones-of-tossa-de.html |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an sanar da cewa mai shirya fina-finan Catalan Isona Passola za ta yi fim game da lokacin da Johnstones ya yi a Tossa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k2b73ysu27j7x42e3nqq5muqw5qyii4 0 146257 879655 838930 2026-07-09T16:30:24Z Abdulsalam Musa Soba 46747 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manjo '''Almyra Maynard Watson''' (Satumba 17, 1917 - Disamba 9, 2018) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta soja ta Amurka. Ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Jinya ta Bayar da Agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka kafin ta shiga Rundunar Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a 1941. Watson ta yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da Yaƙin Koriya, kuma ta yi aiki a Amurka, Jamus, [[Japan]], da Philippines. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Watson a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1917, a Lake Landing ga George M. Watson da Jennie Lloyd Watson. [1] Tun tana ƙarama, ita da iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Bethel, wani gari a Pitt County, [[North Carolina]] . [2] Mahaifin Watson shine mutum na farko a gundumar da ya mallaki mota kuma ya gudanar da tashar sabis ta farko ta gundumar. [3] == Sana'a == Watson ta yi horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin St. Vincent DePaul da ke Norfolk, Virginia . Bayan kammala horonta, ta yi aiki a Asibitin Gaggawa da ke Annapolis, Maryland kuma ta shiga Sabis na Ma'aikatan Agajin Gaggawa na Red Cross na Amurka . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Rundunar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Amurka kuma ana sa ran za ta bar aikin lokacin da Amurka ta shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref name="ncpedia">{{Cite web |title=Watson, Almyra Maynard &#124; NCpedia |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/watson-almyra-maynard |website=www.ncpedia.org}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta soja tsawon shekaru ashirin da uku, tare da tashoshi a Jamus, Japan, Amurka, da Philippines kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya na farko da suka yi aiki a yanayin fagen soja a cikin rundunar. <ref name="ncpedia"/> An zaɓe ta don shirin asibiti na musamman kuma ta zama mai ba da shawara kan aikin jinya a ayyukan filin. <ref name="ncpedia" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2022 |title=Hyde County |url=https://nursinghistory.appstate.edu/counties/hyde |website=North Carolina Nursing History |access-date=March 22, 2026 |archive-date=September 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913161718/https://nursinghistory.appstate.edu/counties/hyde |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga ƙarshe an ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin major . <ref name="ncpedia" /> A lokacin Yaƙin Koriya, an tura ta Asibitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Philippines. <ref name="walker">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Major Almyra Maynard Watson at Walker Funeral Home-Windsor |url=https://www.walkerfh.net/obituary/major-almyra-watson |website=www.walkerfh.net}}</ref> An kuma tura ta, a tsawon aikinta, a Fort Monroe da ke Virginia, Asibitin Walter Reed da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], da Fort Knox da ke Kentucky. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 1963, Watson ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Bethel Clinic kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta sojojin da suka yi ritaya. <ref name="walker"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] igxtjxnv2om44oi5oejdp76qnjtqpmd 0 146996 879614 874678 2026-07-09T14:39:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jun Mukōyama'''{{Efn|Her surname is also spelled Mukaiyama, which comes from the ''kanji'' version of her name (向山淳). This article uses the ''kana'' version of her name, Mukōyama (むこうやま じゅん).}} (向山淳 and むこうやま じゅん), nicknames: "Mukojun, Jun-chan", (born November 19, 1983) is a Japanese politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives and Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications. == Labarin farko == An haife ta a Kawaguchi, gundumar Saitama a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1983. Saboda aikin mahaifinta, ta zauna a Peru daga shekara 2 zuwa 4, Amurka daga shekara 11 zuwa 14, da Argentina daga shekara 14 zuwa 15, kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare. <ref name="repsite">{{Cite web |date= |title=向山 潤 公式サイト- 自民党衆議院北海道第8選挙区支部 ちえ |trans-title=Jun Mukaiyama Official Website- LDP House of Representatives Hokkaido 8th Electoral District Branch Chief |url=https://junmukoyama.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107153553/https://junmukoyama.jp/ |archive-date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |publisher=House of Representatives |language=ja}}</ref> Bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Keio, ta ci gaba da karatu kuma ta kammala karatunta a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Keio . <ref name="repsite" /> A halin yanzu Mukōyama tana zaune a [[Hakodate]] tare da mijinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, da 'yarsu. <ref name="repsite"/> Ta bayyana cewa tana son rawa a titi da yawo a cikin gari (ɗaukan hotuna, cin abinci). <ref name="repsite" /> A tasharta [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] da sauran shafukan sada zumunta, tana amfani da laƙabinta "Mukojun". <ref>{{Cite web |title=【むこじゅんチャンネル】向山じゅん |trans-title=[Mukojun Channel] Jun Mukaiyama |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209023636/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC23w0b1I2-m89GOeFc3kHMg?app=desktop |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=YouTube |language=ja}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:向山淳衆議院議員.jpg|thumb|Ziyarar Jun Mukōyama ta farko a Diet, 11 ga Nuwamba, 2024]] Ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na tsawon shekaru 13, <ref name="repsite"/> galibi a harkar biyan kuɗi ta intanet da saka hannun jari a fannin wutar lantarki da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Ta auri abokin aikinta, Satoshi Mukōyama, ɗan asalin [[Hokkaido]], kuma an tura ta aiki a Toronto, Kanada. Ita da Satoshi suna magana ne kusa da juna a Mitsubishi. Yayin da take Kanada, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manaja na Sashen Kuɗi na Kayayyakin Gine-gine a Kamfanin Mitsubishi na Kanada kuma an mayar da ita zuwa Sashen Zuba Jari na Dabaru na OMERS (Tsarin Ritaya na Ma'aikatan Gundumar Ontario). A OMERS ta shiga cikin saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa a tashoshin wutar lantarki, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran yankuna a Turai, Amurka, da Ostiraliya, da kuma saka hannun jari a farfaɗo da kamfanoni ga ƙananan da matsakaitan masana'antu. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=【新渡戸フェローとの対談】#2「イギリスの行政改革に学ぶ」（廣瀬克哉×向山淳） |trans-title=[Conversation with Nitobe Fellows] #2 "Learning from Administrative Reform in the UK" (Katsuya Hirose and Jun Mukaiyama) |url=https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810062333/https://www.i-house.or.jp/programs/nitobefellow_02/ |archive-date=August 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=International House of Japan |language=ja}}</ref> Bayan haka, lokacin da aka canza mijinta, ta bar aikinta ta mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin ɗaukar ciki a matsayin uwar gida, amma ta yi fama da rashin haihuwa. <ref name="repsite" /> Wannan gogewar ta motsa ta ta nemi aiki a siyasa. Ta yanke shawarar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje don koyon manufofi, kuma bayan ta sami takardar amincewa, ta gano tana da juna biyu. Ta sami tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Kamiyama kuma, tare da sabuwar 'yarta, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy da [[Jami'ar Harvard|ke Jami'ar Harvard]] da kuɗinta. <ref name="kamiyama">{{Cite web |date= |title=公共政策で日本に変革を 向山 淳（Jun Mukoyama） |trans-title=Transforming Japan through Public Policy (Jun Mukoyama) |url=https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108033045/https://www.kamiyama-f.jp/scholarship_student/1760/ |archive-date=November 8, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Kamiyama Foundation |language=ja}}</ref> Satoshi yanzu jami'in gudanarwa ne a Luup, wani kamfanin haya kekuna a kan titi. <ref name="repsite" /> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga Kwamitin Binciken Zamani na COVID-19 a matsayin Babbar Mai Bincike Mai Ziyara a Shirin Asiya Pacific, <ref name="repsite"/> <ref name="kamiyama"/> sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Web3PT Working Group na Hedkwatar Tallafawa Dijital ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title=自民党web3ホワイトペーパー。Japan is back, Again. |trans-title=LDP web3 White Paper, Japan is back, again |url=https://note.com/akihisa_shiozaki/n/n669dee962b15 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Akihisa Shiozaki, House of Representatives |language=ja}}</ref> wacce ta kafa wata kungiyar iyaye da ke la'akari da yadda za a daidaita aiki da kula da yara a lokacin rikicin COVID-19, kuma ta wakilci Mukaiyama Policy Lab. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title=コロナ危機下の育児と仕事の両立を考える保護者有志の会 |trans-title=A volunteer group of parents considering balancing work and childcare during the COVID-19 crisis |url=https://note.com/macojun |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Macojun, House of Representatives |language=ja}}</ref> Saboda manufar zartarwa ta ƙara yawan mata a gundumomin wakilci na daidaito zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari don zaɓen majalisar kansiloli na 26 a watan Yulin 2022, ta sami amincewar jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party cikin sauri kuma ta tsaya takara makonni shida kafin a sanar da zaɓen, amma ta sami nasarar lashe ƙuri'u 20,638 kacal kuma aka kayar da ita. Daga nan ta nemi takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta gaba a Hakodate, inda iyalan mijinta ke zaune, kuma ta zama shugabar reshen gundumar Hokkaido ta 8 na jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a watan Yulin 2023. A watan Afrilun 2024, Hajime Nomata, tsohon shugaban kamfanin ilimi na Nomata Gakuen, ya zama shugaban "Ƙungiyar Magoya bayan Mukaiyama Jun United." <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2024 |title=向山 潤 衆議院議員 |trans-title=Jun Mukōyama, House of Representatives |url=https://note.com/junemukoyama/n/nd4de05f9302c |access-date=November 18, 2025 |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sanar da zaɓen babban zaɓe na 50 ga Majalisar Wakilai, inda 'yan takara uku suka fafata a gundumar 8 ta Hokkaido: Mukaiyama, Seiji Osaka, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat mai ci a yanzu, da Katsumi Homma, tsohon ɗan Majalisar Birnin Hakodate kuma sabon shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta [[Japan]] . Ba a haɗa Osaka cikin jerin wakilan da suka dace ba. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Yomiuri Shimbun ya sanar da sakamakon ƙarshe, yana mai ba da rahoton cewa "Mukaiyama ta yi nasara a kan Osaka, wanda ke kan gaba, wanda hakan ya sa tseren ya ƙare." An gudanar da babban zaɓen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. Jim kaɗan bayan an rufe zaɓen da ƙarfe 8 na dare, Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting ta ruwaito cewa an ayyana Osaka a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2024 |title=衆議院議員選挙　北海道8区　立憲民主党・逢坂誠二氏が当選確実 |trans-title=House of Representatives Election: Seiji Osaka of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan is certain to win in Hokkaido's 8th district |url=https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805051445/https://www.uhb.jp/news/single.html?id=46237 |archive-date=August 5, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting |language=ja}}</ref> An zaɓi Osaka a wa'adi na shida. Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta lashe kujeru uku a yankin wakilcin da suka dace na Hokkaido. Daga cikin kujeru biyu, ban da Yoshitaka Ito, wacce ita ce ke kan gaba, Mukōyama ta lashe zabenta na farko da tazarar kaye ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta (kashi 84.909). A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2025, ta sanya hannu ta kuma buga takardar da ke tabbatar da niyyarta ta gabatar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Takaichi . == Matsayin siyasa == Mukōyama ta mayar da hankali kan tallata Hokkaido — wanda take jin ba ya samun kulawar da ta dace daga gwamnatin ƙasa, ajin ma'aikata, albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma dawo da raguwar yawan jama'a. Kamar yawancin wakilai a jam'iyyarta, Mukōyama ta kuma yi imanin cewa makamashin nukiliya yana da mahimmanci ga buƙatun makamashin Japan a yanzu, duk da cewa bai kamata a yi la'akari da [[makaman nukiliya]] ba. Bugu da ƙari, tana goyon bayan a yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Japan na yaƙi da 'yan tawaye kwaskwarima. A fagen ƙasa da ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan ƙara tsaurara takunkumin da aka sanya wa Rasha, bayan rikicin Rasha da Ukraine. Ba kamar sauran membobin LDP ba, Mukōyama tana goyon bayan yunƙurin sauya dokar Japan wadda ta buƙaci mata su yi amfani da sunan mahaifi ɗaya.Tana kuma goyon bayan kafa tsarin rabon gado ga mata a rayuwar siyasa ta Japan, domin haɓaka damar samun manyan mukamai, da kuma amincewa da auren jinsi ɗaya a Japan. Tana adawa da ci gaba da kasancewar mata a cikin dangin sarauta na Japan bayan aure, da kuma hawan mace zuwa gadon sarautar Chrysanthemum . A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2024, ta bayyana a matsayin sabuwar memba ta Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a shirin Muhawara na Lahadi na NHK "Tambayoyi ga Sabbin Membobin Abinci: Wace Siyasa da Al'umma Ya Kamata Su Yi Nufinta? Ta tattauna ayyukan siyasa a shafukan sada zumunta, batutuwan samar da kudade na siyasa, yadda za a magance tsararraki na yanzu, da muhawarar majalisar dokoki a matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]].<ref name="nhkdebate">{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=日曜討論 - 新人議員に問う 目指す政治・社会は |trans-title=Sunday Debate - Asking new lawmakers what politics and society they aspire to |url=https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118133907/https://www.web.nhk/tv/an/touron/pl/series-tep-GG149Z2M64/ep/DLQGN9PWZX |archive-date=November 18, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=NHK |language=ja}}</ref> <ref name="datazoo">{{cite news |date=December 8, 2024 |title=初当選の衆院議員 選挙のSNS活用など議論 |trans-title=First-time elected House of Representatives member discusses use of social media in elections |url=https://datazoo.jp/n/%E5%88%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%86%E9%99%A2%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1+%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E3%81%AESNS%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96/23226540 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=Datazoo |language=ja }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Takaddama == Bayan zaɓenta, da kuma lokacin da ta fara shiga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, Mukōyama ta ɗauki hoton wata sabuwar 'yar Majalisar Dokoki, Kaoru Fukuda a cikin ginin, wanda ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Dokokin cikin gida sun haramta wannan saboda an fassara dokar "Membobin Majalisar su girmama mutuncin Majalisar" a matsayin hana 'yan Majalisar ɗaukar hoto a cikin majalisar; duk da cewa an yarda da kyamarorin talabijin. LDP ta yi musu gargaɗi mai tsanani. Mukōyama da Fukuda sun nemi afuwa a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] . <ref name="rule" /> An yi muhawara mai zurfi game da bambancin wannan doka da kuma amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a siyasa. Mukōyama ita ma abin suka ne bayan an gano cewa Firayim Minista Shigeru Ishiba ya aika da cekin kyauta ga duk sabbin membobin LDP da aka zaɓa bayan zaɓen da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2024. Duk da haka ta sanar da cewa ta mayar da cekin nan da nan bayan ta karɓi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2025 |title=自民新人41歳女性議員、石破氏商品券の経緯説明も「なぜ黙ってた？」「返せば済むのか？」Ｘの声 |trans-title=A 41-year-old female LDP lawmaker, a newcomer, asks, "Why did you keep quiet?" and "Wouldn't it be okay if you just returned the gift certificates?" despite Ishiba's explanation of the circumstances surrounding the gift certificates |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410121644/https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/202503140000259.html |archive-date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |publisher=Nikkan Sports - General News |language=ja}}</ref> == Zaɓe == {{S-start}} {{S-par|jp-lwr}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Member of the House of Representatives<br />for [[Hokkaido proportional representation block|Hokkaido proportional block]] (proportional)}} {{S-inc}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications}} {{S-inc|}} {{S-end}} == Yi littafi == * (co-authors)  <cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020">''新型コロナ対応・民間臨時調査会 調査・検証報告書'' &#x5B;''COVID-19 Response: Private Temporary Investigation Committee Investigation and Verification Report''&#x5D; (in Japanese). Chiyoda ward, Tokyo: Discover 21. </cite><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFAsia_Pacific_Initiative_FoundationMukōyama2020">[[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9784799326800|<bdi>9784799326800</bdi>]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]] == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q2i6b3x4b51fqwpv28ccch5v8q0to8x 0 147339 879604 829301 2026-07-09T14:30:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patricia E. McQuistion''' ƴar Amurka ce Lieutenant janar janar na Sojojin Amurka . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kwamandan kuma shugaban ma'aikata na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka daga 2012 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2015. <ref name="LG">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2012 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=15025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182627/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15025 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref><ref name="AMC">{{Cite web |last=Mrs. Cherish T. Gilmore |date=April 10, 2015 |title=AMC says farewell to a great Soldier, master logistician |url=https://www.army.mil/article/146271/AMC_says_farewell_to_a_great_Soldier__master_logistician/ |access-date=May 4, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == Patricia McQuistion ta sami horo na farko na jami'in soja a cikin shirin ROTC a Jami'ar Akron a Ohio. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a ilmin halitta kuma ta sami kwamishinta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na Sojojin Amurka a shekarar 1980. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin gudanar da saye a Kwalejin Babson da ke Wellesley, [[Massachusetts]] da kuma digiri na biyu na biyu a dabarun albarkatun kasa a Jami'ar Tsaro ta Kasa da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓi gabatarwa ta McQuistion don ci gaba zuwa kolonel tare da wasu 429 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2000, kuma an amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2000 |title=PN767 — Army |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/106th-congress/767 |access-date=January 25, 2015 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> McQuistion ya ɗauki kwamandan Tobyhanna Army Depot a [[Pennsylvania]] a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2001, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Yuli 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2001 |title=First female commander of Toby Army Depot assumes the helm |url=http://www.poconorecord.com/article/20010714/News/307149991 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=Pocono Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erin Doolittle |date=August 1, 2003 |title=Toby Army Depot {{sic|trans|fered|expected=transferred||nolink=y}} to new commander |url=http://www.poconorecord.com/article/20030801/News/308019990 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Pocono Record}}</ref> An zabi ta don ci gaba zuwa matsayin brigadier janar a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2005 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=8838 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301233330/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=8838 |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Majalisar Dattijai ta tabbatar da wannan gabatarwa a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2005 |title=Congressional Record |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r109:S28OC5-0010: |access-date=January 25, 2015 |website=The Library of Congress}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta zama kwamandan Cibiyar Sayar da Tsaro a [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]] a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2007. An nada McQuistion a matsayin kwamandan janar na 21st Theater Sustainament Command a Kaiserslautern, Jamus a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2009 |title=General Officer Assignments |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/News-Release-View/Article/ |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An cire McQuistion daga umurninta a Columbus a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta ɗauki sabon umurninta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Foreman |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Richardson takes command of Columbus supply center |url=http://www.dla.mil/DLA_Media_Center/Archive/newsarticle0468.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150126015123/http://www.dla.mil/DLA_Media_Center/Archive/newsarticle0468.aspx |archive-date=January 26, 2015 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Defense Logistics Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Angelika Lantz |date=August 21, 2009 |title=21st TSC welcomes new commanding general |url=https://www.army.mil/article/26392/21st-tsc-welcomes-new-commanding-general/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> Daga baya aka zaba ta don ci gaba zuwa matsayin babban janar a ranar 15 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2009 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=13048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301234931/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=13048 |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Majalisar Dattijai ta sake duba wannan gabatarwa da sauri kuma ta amince da ita a ranar 28 ga Oktoba. Ta sami wannan ci gaba a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba. Bayan ta yi aiki a Jamus na tsawon shekaru biyu, an nada ta kwamandan janar na Kwamandan Tsaro na Sojojin Amurka a Rock Island, Illinois a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2011 |title=General Officer Announcements |url=http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=14384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150125014343/http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=14384 |archive-date=January 25, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2015 |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> An cire McQuistion daga umurnin da ta gabata a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta ɗauki sabon matsayinta a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennifer H. Svan |date=August 25, 2011 |title=Maj. Gen. McQuistion passes command of 21st TSC to Brig. Gen. Piggee |url=http://www.stripes.com/maj-gen-mcquistion-passes-command-of-21st-tsc-to-brig-gen-piggee-1.153227/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Megan Marie McIntyre |date=October 28, 2011 |title=McQuistion takes reins of Army Sustainment Command |url=https://www.army.mil/article/68260/McQuistion_takes_reins_of_Army_Sustainment_Command/ |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> [[Fayil:Retirement_ceremony_(16893212697).jpg|thumb|McQuistion da shugabansu, Janar Dennis L. Via sun tsaya a hankali a bikin ritaya na McQuisction a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2015.]] An zabi McQuistion don ci gaba zuwa matsayin janar janar a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2012. [1] Majalisar Dattijai ta tabbatar da wannan gabatarwa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu.[2] An cire ta daga umurnin da ta gabata a ranar 27 ga Yuli.[3] Ta sami ci gaba a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta kuma ta ɗauki matsayinta na mataimakin kwamandan da shugaban ma'aikata na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan. Ta yi aiki a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi har sai da ta yi ritaya a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2015.[4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ftiqpi72508c6irsn3xt141atgzb0x4 0 148287 879622 839209 2026-07-09T14:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thembi Tambo | birth_name = Nomatemba Gugulethu Pudnixia Olivia Tambo | birth_date = 1957 | citizenship = British; South African | occupation = Diplomat, politician | office = High Commissioner of South Africa to the United Kingdom | image = Anthony Mongalo Nomatemba Tambo Inaugurazione-parco-Oliver-Tambo.jpg | caption = Tambo (middle) | term_start = March 2018 | term_end = 1 November 2022 | successor = Jeremiah Nyamane Mamabolo | alma_mater = {{ubl|University of Roehampton|University of the Witwatersrand}} }} '''Nomatemba Gugulethu Pudnixia Olivia Tambo''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Thembi Tambo''', an haife ta a shekarar 1957 <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Nomatemba Tambo |url=https://trconversations.com/speakers/nomatemba-tambo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018180955/https://trconversations.com/speakers/nomatemba-tambo/ |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>) jami’ar diflomasiyya ce kuma ‘yar siyasa mai asalin Birtaniya da Afirka ta Kudu. An naɗa ta a matsayin Babbar Jakadiyar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Birtaniya a watan Maris na shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Head |first=Tom |date=2018-03-16 |title=SA's new High Commissioner to the UK gets the Queen's approval |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-thembi-thambo-high-commissioner/ |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jeremiah Nyamane Mamabolo ne ya gaje ta daga 1 ga Nuwamba 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2022 |title=His Excellency Jeremiah Nyamane Mamabolo travels to present his credentials to The Court of St James |url=https://southafricahouse.uk/his-excellency-jeremiah-nyamane-mamabolo-travels-to-present-his-credentials-to-the-court-of-st-james/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227235757/https://southafricahouse.uk/his-excellency-jeremiah-nyamane-mamabolo-travels-to-present-his-credentials-to-the-court-of-st-james/ |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=South African High Commission}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tambo yana da BA a Tarihi da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Roehampton da ke [[Landan]]. Wannan ya biyo bayan digiri na shari'a a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] a shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2007, ta kammala karatunta na diflomasiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomatemba Tambo |url=https://www.tambofoundation.org.za/trustees/ms-nomatemba-tambo/ |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Tambo Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tambo ya kasance wani ɓangare na Anti-Apartheid Movement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Life is a two-way street |url=http://islingtontribune.com/article/life-is-a-two-way-street |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Islington Tribune |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tambo 'yar [[Oliver Tambo]] ce. Ta halarci keɓewar mutum-mutumi a gare shi a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statue of anti-apartheid campaigner Oliver Tambo unveiled in Haringey {{!}} Haringey Council |url=https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/statue-anti-apartheid-campaigner-oliver-tambo-unveiled-haringey |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=haringey.gov.uk}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7cwvrh93usjiaqui6f7e9t9ks1au445 0 148343 879977 823095 2026-07-10T07:12:37Z BnHamid 12586 879977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcelle Larguier''' ƴar siyasa ce ta Madagascar wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin uwargidan Shugaban kasa ta biyu ta Madagascar daga 1972 zuwa 1975 a lokacin shugabancin mijinta, Janar Gabriel Ramanantsoa . Larguier ya kasance dan kasar Faransa. Ta auri Ramanantsoa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1934, a [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a unguwar Faravohitra ta [[Antananarivo]] . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu - Monique, Christian, Jean-Pierre da Gérard . <ref name="madagate" /> Shugabancin Ramanantsoa ya kasance alama ce ta rikice-rikicen kabilanci da siyasa a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A mayar da martani, Larguier, 'yar kasar Faransa kuma uwargidan shugaban kasa ta biyu ta Madagascar, ta ci gaba da kasancewa da ƙarancin siyasa kuma ta guji tsayawa a kan batutuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikice a lokacin mulkinta.<ref name="matv" /> Larguier ta mutu bayan mijinta, wanda ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1979. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1979]] o7j87u2v6ky0gi1fwlbjghs9l15k3g5 0 148359 879730 843471 2026-07-09T18:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oliver George Arthur Watkins''' (an haife shi 30 Disamba 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga [[Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga kulob ɗin [[Aston Villa FC]] a gasar [[Premier League]], sannan yana wakiltar tawagar ƙasar [[Ingila]] a matakin manya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/olliewatkins |title=Ollie Watkins Profile |publisher=Aston Villa FC}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Oliver George Arthur Watkins<ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=2020/21 Premier League squads confirmed |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1869523 |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> a ranar 30 Disemban 1995 a birnin [[Torquay]], a ƙasar Ingila. Ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta kulob ɗin [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City F.C]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2020/september/watkins-premier-league-move/ |title=Watkins Premier League Move |publisher=Exeter City FC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Watkins ya fito ne daga tsatson mutanen Jamaica<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dear |first1=Alice |date=11 July 2024 |title=Who is Ollie Watkins? Age, ethnicity, height, net worth, girlfriend and children explained |url=https://www.heart.co.uk/showbiz/celebrities/athletes/ollie-watkins-ethnicity-height-net-worth-girlfriend-children/ |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Heart}}</ref> kuma ya kasance masoyin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arsenal ne.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2020 |title=Ollie Watkins: 'I'm an Arsenal fan – my grandad won't be too happy!' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/arsenal-fc-news-ollie-watkins-grandad-b58739.html |access-date=25 November 2020 |newspaper=Evening Standard |location=London}}</ref> Mahaifiyar shi Delsi-May ce ta raine shi wacce ta kasance kwararriyar mawakiya ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostlere |first=Lawrence |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ollie Watkins: 'I used to shop in Sainsbury's ... I came to Villa and I couldn't' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/ollie-watkins-aston-villa-england-interview-b2428103.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=A family man with a superstar mother: Ollie Watkins, the man behind that goal |url=https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/a-family-man-with-a-superstar-mother-ollie-watkins-the-man-behind-that-goal/a1540746117.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Watkins ya taso ne daga [[Newton Abbot]] kuma ya halacci kwalejin South Dartmoor Community da ke [[Ashburton]] tare da [[Matt Jay]]<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2021 |title=From the playing fields of South Devon to England and the World Cup – star footballer Ollie does mum and family proud |url=https://www.torbayweekly.co.uk/news/local-news/1221490/from-the-playing-fields-of-south-devon-to-england-and-the-world-cup-star-footballer-ollie-does-mum-and-family-proud.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Torbay Weekly |publisher=Clear Sky Publishing |archive-date=4 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904040212/https://www.torbayweekly.co.uk/news/local-news/1221490/from-the-playing-fields-of-south-devon-to-england-and-the-world-cup-star-footballer-ollie-does-mum-and-family-proud.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [[Jamie Reid]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni |url=https://www.southdartmoor.devon.sch.uk/page/?title=Alumni&pid=7 |website=South Devon Community College}}</ref> Watkins ya fara buga kwallon kafa na farko da kungiyar horar da yara ta Buckland Athletic a lokacin yana da shekaru shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilliver |first=Liam |date=11 July 2024 |title=Ollie Watkins' former club in Devon go wild after striker fires Lions to finals |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/ollie-watkins-former-club-devon-9403917 |website=Devon Live}}</ref> Daga nan ya koma kungiyar horaswa ta Newton Town F.C. na tsawon shekara daya inda ya wakilci Devon County Football Association tare da [[Sam Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=My journey: Ollie Watkins on how he went from Newton Town to playing for England |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2024/Feb/26/ollie-watkins-grassroots-story-20240224 |website=England Football}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Exeter City === Watkins ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da Exeter City a shekarar 2014. A kakar wasa ta 2016–17, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa na kulob bayan ya zura kwallaye masu yawa a gasar [[English Football League Two]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2017/april/watkins-award/ |title=EFL Awards |publisher=English Football League}}</ref> === Brentford === A shekarar 2017 ya koma [[Brentford F.C.]] inda ya ci gaba da nuna bajintarsa a gasar [[EFL Championship]]. A kakar wasa ta 2019–20, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gasar bayan ya zura kwallaye 25, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin kai wa wasan neman hawa gasar Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/ollie-watkins-2019-20-awards |title=Watkins Championship Season |publisher=Brentford FC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Aston Villa === A watan Satumba 2020, Watkins ya koma [[Aston Villa F.C.]] kan kuɗi mai tsoka. Ya fara haskakawa ne bayan ya zura kwallaye uku (hat-trick) a wasan da suka doke [[Liverpool F.C.]] da ci 7–2 a gasar Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/58954 |title=Aston Villa 7-2 Liverpool |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa == Watkins ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Ingila wasa a shekarar 2021. Ya fara zura kwallo a wasansa na farko da ya buga wa ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2021/Mar/25/england-san-marino-report-20212503 |title=England Match Report |publisher=The FA }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Watkins an san shi da saurin gudu, iya matsawa baya don karɓar ƙwallo, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen zura kwallaye. Yana taka rawa sosai wajen taimaka wa abokan wasansa da ƙirƙirar damammaki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11677/12100000/ollie-watkins-analysis |title=Watkins Performance Analysis |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Kididdigar wasanni == ===Kulob=== {{updated|match played 19 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |[[FA Cup]] ! colspan="2" |[[EFL Cup]] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- | rowspan="5" |[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]] |[[2013–14 Exeter City F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name="sb1314">{{soccerbase season|74516|2013|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |[[EFL League Two|League Two]] |1||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||1||0 |- |[[2014–15 Exeter City F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name="sb1415">{{soccerbase season|74516|2014|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |League Two |2||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}||1||3||1 |- |[[2015–16 Exeter City F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref name="sb1516">{{soccerbase season|74516|2015|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |League Two |20||8||2||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||22||9 |- |[[2016–17 Exeter City F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref name="sb1617">{{soccerbase season|74516|2016|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |League Two |45||13||0||0||2||0|| colspan="2" |—||5{{efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], three appearances and two goals in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}}||3||52||16 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68||21||2||1||2||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||4||78||26 |- |[[Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.|Weston-super-Mare]] (loan) |[[2014–15 Conference South|2014–15]]<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/ollie-watkins/334174/ |title=O. Watkins: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007114539/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/ollie-watkins/334174/ |archive-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> |[[Conference South]] |24||10|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}}||0||25||10 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |[[2017–18 Brentford F.C. season|2017–18]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2017|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |[[EFL Championship|Championship]] |45||10||1||0||2||1|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||48||11 |- |[[2018–19 Brentford F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2018|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |Championship |41||10||3||2||1||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||45||12 |- |[[2019–20 Brentford F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2019|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> |Championship |46||25||0||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—||3{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}}||1||50||26 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !132||45||4||2||4||1|| colspan="2" |—||3||1||143||49 |- | rowspan="7" |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] |[[2020–21 Aston Villa F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2020|access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |37||14||0||0||3||2|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||40||16 |- |[[2021–22 Aston Villa F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2021|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |35||11||1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||36||11 |- |[[2022–23 Aston Villa F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2022|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |37||15||1||0||2||1|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||40||16 |- |[[2023–24 Aston Villa F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2023|access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> |Premier League |37||19||3||0||1||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}||8|| colspan="2" |—||53||27 |- |[[2024–25 Aston Villa F.C. season|2024–25]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2024|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |Premier League |38||16||4||0||0||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||1|| colspan="2" |—||54||17 |- |[[2025–26 Aston Villa F.C. season|2025–26]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|74516|2025|access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref> |Premier League |32||11||2||0||1||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||4|| colspan="2" |—||47||15 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !216||86||11||0||7||3||36||13|| colspan="2" |—||270||102 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !440||162||17||3||13||4||36||13||10||5||516||187 |} {{notelist}} ===Kasa da kasa=== {{updated|match played 9 October 2025}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe354032/ollie-watkins/international-matches/ |title=Ollie Watkins: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=Heimspiel Medien |date=<!-- citation bot adds wrong date --> |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="5"|[[Ingila]] |2021||5||1 |- |2022||2||1 |- |2023||2||1 |- |2024||9||2 |- |2025||2||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total||20||6 |} {{updated|match played 9 October 2025}} :''England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Watkins goal''<ref name="wfnat"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Ollie Watkins |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |style="text-align: center;"|1||25 March 2021||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style="text-align: center;"|1||San Marino|| style="text-align: center;" |5–0||style="text-align: center;"|5–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/san-marino-Wlrb53yT/?mid=QionvHet |title=England 5–0 San Marino: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|2||29 March 2022||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style="text-align: center;"|7||{{fb|CIV}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/ivory-coast-G2FRjBgn/?mid=dzEjp3Tk |title=England 3–0 Ivory Coast: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|3||13 October 2023||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style="text-align: center;"|8||[[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]]|| style="text-align: center;" |1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/australia-xSrf6qMM/england-j9N9ZNFA/?mid=QTv4LgpT |title=England 1–0 Australia: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|4||10 July 2024||[[Westfalenstadion]], Dortmund, Germany||style="text-align: center;"|14||{{fb|NED}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||[[UEFA Euro 2024]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/netherlands-WYintcWb/?mid=v3Rv8Lk2 |title=Netherlands 1–2 England: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|5||14 November 2024||[[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Olympic Stadium]], Athens, Greece||style="text-align: center;"|18||[[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]]|| style="text-align: center;" |1–0|| style="text-align: center;"|3–0||[[2024–25 UEFA Nations League B]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/greece-COuk57Ci/?mid=GpWc3arc |title=Greece 0–3 England: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|6||9 October 2025||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style="text-align: center;"|20||[[Wales]]|| style="text-align: center;" |2–0||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/wales-YcUP0Nqp/?mid=WSMUejIP |title=England 3–0 Wales: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |} == Nasarori == '''Ingila''' * Wanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Turai: 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |date=14 July 2024 |title=Spain 2–1 England: Heartbreak for England in Euro 2024 Final |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cp68zzx8x4rt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715010859/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cp68zzx8x4rt |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> '''Nashi na kan sa''' * Gwarzon dan wasa mai mabiya na wata: March 2016<ref name="PFA">{{cite news |title=Ollie Watkins Wins PFA Player Of The Month For March |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2016/april/ollie-watkins-wins-pfa-player-of-the-month-for-march/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=Exeter City F.C.}}</ref> * Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa Matashi na Wata: March 2016<ref name="EFL">{{cite news |title=EFL Official Website Ollie Watkins named Football League Young Player of the Month |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2016/april/ollie-watkins-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=English Football League}}</ref> * Gwarzon Dan Wasan League Two na Wata: January 2017<ref name="POTM">{{cite web |title=Ollie Watkins wins player of the month award for January |url=http://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/ollie-watkins-wins-player-of-the-month-award-for-january-3566347.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155714/http://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/ollie-watkins-wins-player-of-the-month-award-for-january-3566347.aspx |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> * Gwarzon Dan Wasan EFL Matashi na Shekara: April 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Ollie Watkins Named EFL Young Player of the Year |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2017/april/ollie-watkins-named-efl-young-player-of-the-year |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Exeter City F.C.}}</ref> * Gwarzon Dan Wasan EFL na Shekara: 2019–20<ref name="EFLAwards">{{cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=EFL Awards: Brentford striker Ollie Watkins wins Championship Player of the Season |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53929973 |access-date=27 August 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> * Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta PFA ta Shekara: 2019–20 Championship,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=Jordan Henderson among five Liverpool players in PFA team of the year |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/jordan-henderson-among-five-liverpool-183100275.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Yahoo! Sport |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140435/https://sports.yahoo.com/jordan-henderson-among-five-liverpool-183100275.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2023–24 Premier League<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year |url=https://www.thepfa.com/news/2024/8/20/pfa-premier-league-team-of-the-year-2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |publisher=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> * Dan wasan mabiya kungiyar [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] na Kakar Wasan: 2023–24<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-14 |title=Ollie Watkins collects End of Season Awards double |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/14/Watkins-voted-Supporters--Player-of-the-Season/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> * Gwarzon Dan wasan kungiyar [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] na Kakar Wasan: 2023–24<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-14 |title=Ollie Watkins collects End of Season Awards double |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/14/Watkins-voted-Supporters--Player-of-the-Season/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> * Gwarzon ɗan wasa mai dabara na Premier League: 2023–24<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Man City make history with fourth title in a row |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4019801 |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> * Kungiyar masu Masoya na Premier League: 2023–24<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Revealed: 2023/24 Fan Team of the Season |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4029023 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=premierleague.com}}</ref> * Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta ''The Athletic'' Premier League na Kakar: 2023–24<ref name="Athletic 2324 PotS">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=The Athletic's end-of-season awards, 2023–24: Men's football |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604020851/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=The Athletic |language=en }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> coziextn1jks0e50ctzorsi4wwiwveu 0 149575 880046 831150 2026-07-10T09:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dries Mertens''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1987) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Belgium wanda ya taka leda ko dai a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ana masa lakabi da " '''Ciro''' ". A lokacin ƙuruciya, Mertens ya buga wa Stade Leuven, Anderlecht da Gent wasa, kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin aro ga Eendracht Aalst a gasar rukuni na uku ta Belgium . A shekarar 2006, ya koma ƙungiyar AGOVV Apeldoorn ta ƙasar Holland, inda ya shafe shekaru uku kafin ya koma Utrecht ta Eredivisie kan kuɗi €600,000. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an canja Mertens da abokin wasansa Kevin Strootman zuwa [[PSV Eindhoven]] kan kuɗi €13 miliyan, kuma ya lashe Kofin KNVB da kuma Johan Cruyff Shield a shekarar 2012. A shekarar 2013, Mertens ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi da Napoli kan kuɗi €9.6 miliyan, kuma ya buga wasanni kusan 400 a ƙungiyar. Ya lashe Coppa Italia da Supercoppa Italiana a shekarar 2014, kuma an sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar Serie A ta Shekara a kakar wasa ta 2016-17 . A shekarar 2020, Mertens ya zura kwallo ta 122 a Napoli, inda ya zarce Marek Hamšík a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Napoli 1–1 Inter Milan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53035968 |access-date=13 June 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya koma kungiyar [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] ta Turkiyya, kuma ya lashe kofuna uku a jere a gasar [[Süper Lig]] . Mertens ya fara buga wa Belgium wasa a shekarar 2011, kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar ƙasar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarun 2014, 2018 da 2022 da kuma gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a shekarun 2016 da 2020, wanda hakan ya taimaka musu su kare a matsayi na uku a gasar ta 2018. A shekarar 2016, an zaɓe shi gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Belgium. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Leuven, Mertens ya fara aikinsa tun yana yaro a kulob din Stade Leuven da yanzu haka ya rushe. A nan ne masu leken asiri na Anderlecht suka fara ganin Mertens, wanda hakan ya sa aka ba shi damar shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar a shekarar 1998. Ya shafe shekaru biyar a kungiyar matasa a Anderlecht kafin a sake shi a shekarar 2003, inda masu horarwa suka ga cewa ya yi gajere kuma ba zai iya shiga gasar kwararru ba. <ref name="start">{{Cite web |last=De Kock |first=Bjorn |date=30 April 2014 |title=Why Napoli's winger Dries Mertens should start for Belgium at the World Cup |url=http://www.benefoot.net/why-napolis-winger-dries-mertens-should-start-for-belgium-at-the-world-cup/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715000025/http://www.benefoot.net/why-napolis-winger-dries-mertens-should-start-for-belgium-at-the-world-cup/ |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=31 December 2016 |website=BeneFoot}}</ref> Bayan fitowarsa daga Anderlecht, Mertens ya samu damar shiga kungiyar kwararru ta Belgium, Gent . Bayan shekaru biyu a makarantar matasa ta Gent, an ba Mertens aro ga Eendracht Aalst a kakar wasa ta 2005-06. Ya yi fice a kungiyar rukuni na uku kuma aka nada shi dan wasa na shekara. <ref name="start" /> Ma'aikatan horarwa a Gent, kamar waɗanda suka yi a Anderlecht a da, sun kasance ba su gamsu da Mertens ba saboda ƙarancin ƙarfinsa, duk da haka, kuma suka sake ba shi aro a kakar wasa mai zuwa, a wannan karon ga AGOVV Apeldoorn a Netherlands. <ref name="start" /> === AGOVV === A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2006, Mertens ya rattaba hannu a hukumance da AGOVV Apeldoorn, wanda daga baya ya bar kulob din a shekarar 2013, a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da zabin siyan sa. <ref name="start"/> Ya samu damar dawo da kwallaye 2 a wasanni 35 a kakar wasa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wanda magoya bayan ''De Blauwen'' suka fi so. Tsarin Mertens ya sa AGOVV, karkashin jagorancin sabon manaja John van den Brom, ya yi amfani da zabin sayen dan wasan Belgium din har abada a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Wannan mataki ne da ya biya wa kulob din Holland din sakamakon Mertens ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 15 a wasanni 38 da ya buga wa kulob din. <ref name="start" /> Tasirinsa ya kai ga an nada Mertens a matsayin sabon kyaftin na kulob a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 ta Eerste Divisie . <ref name="f442">{{Cite web |last=Fadugba |first=Jonathan |date=16 June 2014 |title=Everything you need to know about&nbsp;... Dries Mertens |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/everything-you-need-know-about-dries-mertens |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=Four Four Two}}</ref> Mertens ya yi fice a sabon aikinsa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin kwallaye 13 a kakar wasa, wanda hakan ya taimaka masa wajen samun kyautar Golden Bull ga ɗan wasa mafi hazaka a Eerste Divisie . Duk da haka, zai zama kakar wasa ta ƙarshe da ya yi da kulob ɗin, domin a ƙarshen kakar wasa ya amince ya koma ƙungiyar Eredivisie ta Utrecht . Mertens ya buga wasanni 110 a dukkan gasannin da ya yi wa AGOVV a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob ɗin kuma ya zura kwallaye 31. [[Fayil:Dries_Mertens_2.jpg|right|thumb|Mertens yana horo tare da Utrecht a shekarar 2009]] === Utrecht === Bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar da AGOVV a watan Maris na 2009, Utrecht ya kammala cinikin Mertens a hukumance a farkon kakar wasa ta 2009-10 Eredivisie kan kuɗin canja wuri na € 600,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coerts |first=Stefan |date=25 March 2009 |title=Official: Utrecht Sign AGOVV Forward Dries Mertens |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/462/netherlands/2009/03/25/1174607/official-utrecht-sign-agovv-forward-dries-mertens |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Goal}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da ƙungiyar, Mertens ya zira kwallaye shida a gasar lig a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu ga [[Luis Suárez]] na Ajax don kyautar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Holland . An kuma ba shi kyautar Di Tommaso don ɗan wasan Utrecht na kakar wasa. <ref name="start"/> Ya inganta yawan kwallayensa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye 10 a wasanni 31 a gasar Utrecht, ciki har da kwallaye uku a wasan ƙarshe da AZ, da kuma ƙarin kwallaye uku a cikin ƙwarewarsa ta farko a gasar UEFA Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2011 |title=Utrecht v AZ: 5–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/05/15/netherlands/eredivisie/stichting-fc-utrecht/stichting-az/941710/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Jimilla, Mertens ya zira kwallaye 14 a duk gasa kuma ya ba da gudummawa 24. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jamie |last2=Bidwell |first2=Nick |date=5 October 2011 |title=Talent Scout: Dries Mertens |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/talent-scout/talent-scout-dries-mertens-331877 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=World Soccer}}</ref> Duk da haka, wannan shine kakarsa ta ƙarshe a ƙungiyar, yayin da ƙwarewarsa a Stadion Galgenwaard ta ja hankalin wasu manyan ƙungiyoyin gasar. <ref name="start" /> Zaman Mertens na kakar wasa biyu a Utrecht ya haifar da kwallaye 21 a wasanni 86 a duk gasannin da ya buga. === PSV Eindhoven === A watan Yunin 2011, an sanar da cewa Mertens ya sanya hannu a kulob din Eredivisie [[PSV Eindhoven|na PSV Eindhoven]] a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Balázs Dzsudzsák da ya bar kulob din a cikin yarjejeniyar canja wuri biyu tare da abokin wasansa na Utrecht Kevin Strootman kan jimlar kuɗin da ya kai €13.&nbsp;miliyan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mira |first=Luis |date=29 June 2011 |title=PSV agree deals for Utrecht duo Dries Mertens & Kevin Strootman |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2885/europe/2011/06/29/2552344/psv-agree-deals-for-utrecht-duo-dries-mertens-kevin |access-date=2 January 2016 |website=Goal}}</ref> Ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2011, inda ya ci kwallo daya tilo da PSV ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-1 da AZ. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2011 |title=AZ v PSV |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/08/07/netherlands/eredivisie/stichting-az/psv-nv/1120319/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 28 ga Agusta, Mertens ya ci kwallo uku a wasansa na farko a PSV a wasan da suka doke Excelsior da ci 6-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2011 |title=Live: PSV v Excelsior |url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/eredivisie/2011-2012/psv-excelsior_mtc464632/live.shtml |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Eurosport}}</ref> Karfin Mertens a kakar wasa ya kai shi ga zura kwallaye hudu a wasan da suka doke Roda JC da ci 7-1 a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2011, ma'ana ya zura kwallaye 11 a wasanni 7 na farko da ya buga wa PSV. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=PSV Eindhoven 7–1 Roda JC |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/61816/psv-eindhoven-vs-roda-jc/team-news/1 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Goal}}</ref> A karshen kakar wasa, Mertens ya rasa wasu haƙora a lokacin karo da mai tsaron gida na Heracles Remko Pasveer, duk da cewa ya samu damar zura kwallo a lokacin lamarin. An bayyana a shafin sada zumunta [[Twitter|na Twitter]] cewa Pasveer ya sami daya daga cikin haƙoran Mertens a kansa makonni uku bayan 'yan wasan sun yi karo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bragg |first=James |date=3 May 2012 |title=Goalkeeper finds PSV player's tooth embedded in head three weeks after clash |url=http://talksport.com/magazine/virals/120503/goalkeeper-finds-psv-players-tooth-embedded-head-three-weeks-after-clash-171213 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=talkSPORT}}</ref> Mertens ya ƙare kakar wasa ta bana bayan ya zira kwallaye 21 a wasanni 33, wanda shine na huɗu mafi girma a Eredivisie. Ya kuma zira kwallaye uku a wasanni huɗu na Kofin KNVB, ciki har da bugun kai a wasan ƙarshe a De Kuip, [[Rotterdam]], wanda ya jagoranci PSV zuwa nasara 3-0 akan Heracles. <ref name="KNVB">{{Cite web |last=Scholten |first=Berend |date=22 May 2012 |title=Season review: Netherlands |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=ned/news/newsid=1800379.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524010838/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=ned/news/newsid=1800379.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=UEFA}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mertens_PSV_2012.jpg|thumb|Mertens ya buga wa ƙungiyar [[PSV Eindhoven]] ta ƙasar Holland wasa tsakanin 2011 da 2013.]] Mertens ya ƙara wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofin zakarun Turai a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa yayin da PSV ta doke Ajax da ci 4-2 don ɗaukar Johan Cruyff Shield . <ref name="JCS">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2012 |title=PSV 4 – 2 Ajax: First blow by Advocaat |url=http://11tegen11.net/2012/08/05/psv-4-2-ajax-the-first-blow-is-for-advocaat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229105025/http://11tegen11.net/2012/08/05/psv-4-2-ajax-the-first-blow-is-for-advocaat/ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=11tegen11}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2012, Mertens da Jürgen Locadia, waɗanda suka fara buga wasa a Eredivisie, duk sun zura kwallaye uku yayin da PSV ta doke VVV-Venlo da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2012 |title=VVV-Venlo – PSV (30-9-2012) |url=http://www.psv.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijddetails.htm?dbid=240757&typeofpage=225188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504223531/http://www.psv.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijddetails.htm?dbid=240757&typeofpage=225188 |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=PSV |language=nl}}</ref> Mertens ya zura kwallaye 14 a gasar lig, da kuma kwallaye 16 a dukkan gasa yayin da PSV ta ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin ta biyu ga Ajax a Eredivisie. Ya kuma taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa da ƙarin taimako 17. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moretto |first=Alex |date=25 June 2013 |title=Official: Napoli signs Dries Mertens from PSV |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/official-napoli-signs-dries-mertens-000900385--sow.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004637/https://www.yahoo.com/news/official-napoli-signs-dries-mertens-000900385--sow.html |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Yahoo!}}</ref> Duk da haka, zai zama kakar wasa ta ƙarshe a Eredivisie, yayin da a ƙarshen kakar wasa PSV ta karɓi tayin daga ƙungiyar Napoli ta Serie A don sa hannu. <ref name="PN">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2013 |title=Napoli snap up Mertens |url=http://espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1484329/napoli-snap-mertens?cc=5901 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=ESPNFC}}</ref> Mertens ya bar Eindhoven bayan ya buga wasanni 88 kuma ya zura kwallaye 45 a cikin shekaru biyu. === Napoli === Wakilin Mertens, Søren Lerby, ya tabbatar a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2013 cewa dan wasan ya amince ya sanya hannu da Napoli . Ya zama dan wasa na farko da Rafael Benítez ya saya a matsayin sabon kocin Napoli bayan an ruwaito cewa ya biya €9.5.&nbsp;an amince da PSV da miliyan. <ref name="PN"/> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Serie A a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2013, inda ya maye gurbin Marek Hamšík a wasan da suka doke Bologna da ci 3-0 a wasan da suka tashi 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2013 |title=Napoli v Bologna: 3–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/25/italy/serie-a/ssc-napoli/bologna-fc-1909/1551800/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko ga Napoli ta zo ne a ranar 30 ga Oktoba lokacin da ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Fiorentina da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Napoli v Fiorentina: 2–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/30/italy/serie-a/acf-fiorentina/ssc-napoli/1552020/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A wasan farko da Napoli ta buga bayan hutun hunturu a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2014, Mertens ya zura kwallo ta farko a raga a wasan da suka doke Sampdoria da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowley |first=Connor |date=6 January 2014 |title=Napoli 2, Sampdoria 0: The Dries Mertens Show |url=http://www.thesirenssong.com/2014/1/6/5279256/napoli-2-sampdoria-0-the-dries-mertens-show-brace-higuain-assist |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=The Siren's Song |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122135954/https://www.thesirenssong.com/2014/1/6/5279256/napoli-2-sampdoria-0-the-dries-mertens-show-brace-higuain-assist |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannan ya zura kwallo ta biyu ta Napoli a wasan da suka yi da Juventus da ci 2-0 a ranar 30 ga Maris, wanda ya taimaka wajen shan kashi na biyu a gasar a kan zakarun da suka yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2014 |title=Leaders Juventus lost for only the second time in Serie A this season as they fell to defeat at Napoli. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/26714045 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=BBC}}</ref> A wasan karshe na Coppa Italia a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2014, Mertens ya maye gurbin Marek Hamšík a minti na 64 kuma ya ci kwallo a lokacin dakatarwa, inda ya tabbatar da nasarar 3-1 a kan Fiorentina. <ref name="CI1">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=Insigne brace seals Coppa |url=http://www.espnfc.com/us/en/report/388636/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5901 |access-date=3 May 2014 |publisher=ESPNFC}}</ref> Mertens ya sake lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2014 bayan nasarar da Napoli ta samu a bugun fenariti a kan Juventus a gasar Supercoppa . <ref name="CI">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Juventus 2–2 Napoli (5–6 on pens) |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30582475 |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=BBC}}</ref> Duk da cewa an fi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan salon wasansa a Napoli a kakar wasa mai zuwa da rabi, inda ya zura kwallaye 10 tare da bayar da taimako 11 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, da kuma karin kwallaye 11 a kakar wasa ta 2015-16 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=David |date=19 June 2015 |title=Agent opens door for Napoli star Dries Mertens joining Liverpool |url=http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/585648/Agent-Napoli-Dries-Mertens-Liverpool-Transfer-News-Gossip |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=Express}}</ref> <ref name="JH">{{Cite web |last=Horncastle |first=James |date=9 February 2017 |title=Unlikely hero Dries Mertens helping Napoli quickly forget about Higuain |url=http://www.espnfc.com/italian-serie-a/12/blog/post/3056403/unlikely-hero-dries-mertens-helping-napoli-quickly-forget-about-higuain |access-date=6 March 2017 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Yawan kwallayen da ya ci a kakar wasa ta baya sun hada da kwallaye biyu a raga mafi girma da Napoli ta taba ci a gasar Europa League, inda ta doke Club Brugge ta Belgium da ci 5-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2015 |title=Sparkly Napoli flatten Club Brugge |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0225-0e91c0b3e019-c42fe133e967-1000--sparkly-napoli-flatten-club-brugge/ |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=UEFA}}</ref> Mertens ya kuma zura kwallaye uku a rabin lokaci na biyu a wasan da suka doke Bologna da ci 6-0 a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dries Mertens records hat trick to help Napoli rout Bologna |url=http://www.espnfc.com/italian-serie-a/match/431930/napoli-bologna/report |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=ESPNFC}}</ref> [[Fayil:FC_Salzburg_gegen_SSC_Napoli_(Championsleague_3._Runde_23._Oktober_2019)_50_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Mertens a lokacin wasan Napoli da Red Bull Salzburg a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai]] ta 2019]] Bayan sayar da [[Gonzalo Gerardo Higuaín|Gonzalo Higuaín]] - ''Capocannoniere'' na kakar wasa ta baya - ga abokan hamayyarsa Juventus, da kuma mummunan rauni ga wanda ya maye gurbinsa Arkadiusz Milik, Mertens ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiyar hare-haren Napoli a kakar wasa ta Serie A ta 2016-17 . <ref name="Juventus complete Gonzalo Higuain signing from Napoli">{{Cite web |last=Gladwell |first=Ben |date=26 July 2016 |title=Juventus complete Gonzalo Higuain signing from Napoli in €90 million deal |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/2917385/juventus-complete-gonzalo-higuain-signing-from-napoli-in-90-million-euro-deal |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=ESPN}}</ref> <ref name="JH"/> A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2016, ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Cagliari da ci 5-0 a gasar Serie A kafin ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasan da ke tafe ta hanyar zura kwallaye hudu a wasan da suka doke Torino da ci 5-3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Napoli 5–3 Torino |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38339001 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=BBC}}</ref> Kwallaye huɗu na Mertens, waɗanda suka haɗa da uku mafi sauri a tarihin Serie A, su ne bugun farko da wani ɗan wasan Napoli ya ci tun Beppe Savoldi a 1977. Hakan ya kuma sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya ci uku a jere a gasar tun bayan ɗan wasan Juventus Pietro Anastasi a 1974, kuma na farko da ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasanni biyu tun bayan Antonio Angelillo a 1958. <ref name="JH" /> An ba shi kyautar ƙwallon da ya ci a kulob da ƙasa lokacin da, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, aka ba shi kyautar Ɗan wasan Belgium na Shekara ta 2016, inda ya doke Eden Hazard na [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da Radja Nainggolan na Roma a kyautar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |title=Devil of the Year 2016 |url=https://twitter.com/BelRedDevils/status/814787870363893760 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=Belgian Red Devils on Twitter}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017, Mertens da Hamšík duk sun zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Bologna da ci 7-1, sakamakon da ya sa Napoli ta zura kwallaye bakwai a waje a wasa a karon farko a tarihin kungiyar. [1] A ranar karshe ta kakar wasa ta bana, ya zura kwallaye 50 a gasar Napoli, kuma na 28 a kakar wasa ta bana, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen kwallo daya a bayan wanda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot Edin Džeko . [2] Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye a raga a kakar wasa mai zuwa inda ya zura kwallaye 22 a kakar wasa ta bana. [3] A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2018, Mertens ya zira kwallayensa na 100 a Napoli lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke [[Red Star Belgrade]] da ci 3-1 a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] . Sannan ya buga wasa na 200 a gasar Serie A ga kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2019 a wasan da suka doke Chievo da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya nuna cewa [[Kalidou Koulibaly]] ne ya zira kwallayen farko a raga. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, Mertens ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Frosinone da ci 2-0 a waje, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin daidai da adadin kwallaye 81 da [[Diego Maradona]] ya zira a gasar Serie A ga Napoli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2019 |title=Mertens: 'Bright future for Napoli' |url=https://www.football-italia.net/137437/mertens-bright-future-napoli |access-date=28 April 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, a watan Oktoba 2019, ya zarce adadin kwallaye 115 da Maradona ya zira a raga a dukkan gasannin lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Red Bull Salzburg da ci 3-2 a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi zira kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar, bayan Hamšík. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2020, Mertens ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a wasan farko na zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA; da wannan kwallon, ya daidaita Hamšík a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin Napoli, da kwallaye 121. Daga baya an sauya shi a farkon rabin lokaci na biyu saboda rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smyth |first=Rob |date=25 February 2020 |title=Griezmann strikes to secure Barca draw at Napoli |url=https://au.eurosport.com/football/champions-league/2019-2020/napoli-v-barcelona-live-champions-league-updates_sto7681517/story.shtml |access-date=26 February 2020 |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuni, ya zura kwallon da ta daidaita a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Inter Milan a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar Coppa Italia ta 2019-20, wanda ya sa ya wuce Hamšík ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a Napoli da kwallaye 122; sakamakon ya kuma bai wa Napoli damar zuwa wasan karshe na Coppa Italia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Mertens sets record as Napoli advances to Italian Cup final |url=https://www.tsn.ca/mertens-sets-record-as-napoli-advances-to-italian-cup-final-1.1485818 |access-date=13 June 2020 |publisher=TSN}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuni, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar. Daga baya a wannan rana, ya fara wasan karshe na Coppa Italia da Juventus, kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Milik a rabin na biyu; Napoli ta yi nasara da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 0-0 bayan lokacin da aka tsara. <ref name="2020-CI">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Coppa: Napoli beat Juventus on penalties |url=https://www.football-italia.net/154624/coppa-napoli-beat-juventus-penalties |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris 2021, Mertens ya zira kwallaye na 99 da 100 a gasar Serie A ga Napoli a wasan da suka doke Roma da ci 2-0. <ref name="Century">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=Dries Mertens reaches Serie A century as Napoli win at AS Roma |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2020-2021/dries-mertens-reaches-serie-a-century-as-napoli-win-at-as-roma-in-serie-a_sto8187799/story.shtml |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Eurosport}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye na 103 a gasar Serie A ga Napoli a wasan da Inter ta sha kashi da ci 3-2, inda ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Serie A a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Inter Napoli 3-2 |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/partite/2021/giornata-13/inter-napoli/risultato-gol |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=Sky}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nhcbh54i2fxxoyi621ys1b5z58xgis4 0 149922 880120 873276 2026-07-10T11:49:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ricardo Quaresma 2017.jpg|thumb]] = Ricardo Quaresma = {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Ricardo Quaresma | hoto = Ricardo Quaresma 2018.jpg | cikakken_suna = Ricardo Andrade Quaresma Bernardo | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1983|9|26}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lisbon, Portugal | tsawo = 1.75 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gaba / Dan wasan gefe | kungiyar_yanzu = Ya yi ritaya | lambar_riga = 7 | shekarun_matasa1 = 1992–2001 | kungiyoyin_matasa1 = Sporting CP | shekarun1 = 2001–2003 | kungiyoyi1 = Sporting CP | wasanni1 = 67 | kwallaye1 = 3 | shekarun2 = 2003–2004 | kungiyoyi2 = Barcelona | wasanni2 = 22 | kwallaye2 = 1 | shekarun3 = 2004–2008 | kungiyoyi3 = Porto | wasanni3 = 114 | kwallaye3 = 24 | shekarun4 = 2008–2010 | kungiyoyi4 = Inter Milan | wasanni4 = 24 | kwallaye4 = 1 | shekarun5 = 2010 | kungiyoyi5 = → Chelsea (aro) | wasanni5 = 4 | kwallaye5 = 0 | shekarun6 = 2010–2012 | kungiyoyi6 = Beşiktaş | wasanni6 = 46 | kwallaye6 = 8 | shekarun7 = 2013–2014 | kungiyoyi7 = Al Ahli | wasanni7 = 16 | kwallaye7 = 3 | shekarun8 = 2014–2015 | kungiyoyi8 = Porto | wasanni8 = 42 | kwallaye8 = 10 | shekarun9 = 2015–2019 | kungiyoyi9 = Beşiktaş | wasanni9 = 105 | kwallaye9 = 14 | shekarun10 = 2019–2020 | kungiyoyi10 = Kasımpaşa | wasanni10 = 22 | kwallaye10 = 4 | shekarun11 = 2020–2022 | kungiyoyi11 = Vitória de Guimarães | wasanni11 = 58 | kwallaye11 = 6 | shekaru_tawaga1 = 2003–2018 | tawaga1 = Portugal | wasanni_tawaga1 = 80 | kwallaye_tawaga1 = 10 }} '''Ricardo Andrade Quaresma Bernardo''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Ricardo Quaresma''' tsohon dan kwallon kafa ne daga kasar [[Portugal]]. An haife shi ne a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1983 a birnin [[Lisbon]]. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gefe a zamaninsa saboda kwarewarsa wajen yin dabaru, saurin gudu, da kuma bugun kwallo ta musamman wadda ake kira ''trivela''. Ya taka leda a manyan kungiyoyi irin su [[Sporting CP]], [[FC Porto]], [[FC Barcelona]], [[Inter Milan]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricardo Quaresma Profile|url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com/ricardo-quaresma/profil/spieler/4136|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=8](https://www.transfermarkt.com/ricardo-quaresma/profil/spieler/4136|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An taso Ricardo Quaresma ne a Lisbon inda ya fara nuna sha’awar kwallon kafa tun yana karami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta Sporting CP yana matashi, inda ya samu horo tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan wasa na Portugal. Tun yana yaro ya kasance mai saurin gudu da iya sarrafa kwallo, abin da ya sanya masu horarwa suka fara ganin zai zama babban dan wasa a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricardo Quaresma Biography|url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ricardo-Quaresma|website=Britannica|access-date=8](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ricardo-Quaresma|website=Britannica|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin kungiya == === Sporting CP === Quaresma ya fara taka leda a babbar kungiyar Sporting CP a shekarar 2001. A lokacin yana daya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan da suka fi daukar hankali a Portugal. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe gasar Primeira Liga a kakar 2001–02. Salon wasansa ya ja hankalin kungiyoyin Turai saboda yadda yake iya wuce ‘yan baya da kuma bayar da kyawawan kwallaye.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting CP History and Players|url=[https://www.sporting.pt/en|website=Sporting](https://www.sporting.pt/en|website=Sporting) CP|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Barcelona === A shekarar 2003, Quaresma ya koma kungiyar [[FC Barcelona]] ta kasar [[Spain]]. Duk da cewa mutane da dama sun yi tsammanin zai yi fice sosai, bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai ba saboda karancin damar buga wasa da kuma matsin lamba a kungiyar. Duk da haka, zaman nasa a Barcelona ya kara masa gogewa a manyan gasa na Turai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricardo Quaresma at Barcelona|url=[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/history/players|website=FC](https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/history/players|website=FC) Barcelona|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Porto === Bayan barin Barcelona, Quaresma ya koma [[FC Porto]] a shekarar 2004. Wannan ne lokaci mafi haske a rayuwarsa ta kwallon kafa. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa a gasar Portugal, inda ya taimaka wa Porto wajen lashe kofuna da dama ciki har da Primeira Liga. A Porto ne ya fi nuna kwarewarsa ta ''trivela'', wato bugun kwallo da bayan wajen kafarsa. Ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun dan wasa a Portugal sau da dama.<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Porto Legends|url=[https://www.fcporto.pt/en|website=FC](https://www.fcporto.pt/en|website=FC) Porto|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Inter Milan da Chelsea === A shekarar 2008, Quaresma ya koma [[Inter Milan]] karkashin koci [[José Mourinho]]. Sai dai bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai a kungiyar ba saboda matsalar daidaitawa da tsarin wasa. Daga baya an ba shi aro zuwa [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a shekarar 2009, amma har yanzu bai samu damar nuna bajintarsa sosai ba. Duk da kalubalen da ya fuskanta a Italiya da Ingila, ya ci gaba da kasancewa fitaccen dan wasa a idon magoya baya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quaresma Career Overview|url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/players/ricardo-quaresma|website=FIFA|access-date=8](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/players/ricardo-quaresma|website=FIFA|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Beşiktaş da sauran kungiyoyi === Quaresma ya samu sabon farawa a kungiyar [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]] ta kasar [[Turkey]]. A nan ya sake zama tauraro saboda yadda yake kirkirar kwallaye da bayar da taimako ga abokan wasa. Magoya bayan kungiyar sun matukar kaunarsa saboda salon wasansa mai kayatarwa. Daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyi irin su Al Ahli, Kasımpaşa da Vitória de Guimarães kafin ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beşiktaş Player History|url=[https://bjk.com.tr/en/|website=Beşiktaş](https://bjk.com.tr/en/|website=Beşiktaş) JK|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar kasa == Quaresma ya fara bugawa tawagar kasar [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] wasa tun shekarar 2003. Ya wakilci kasar a manyan gasa da dama ciki har da [[UEFA Euro 2008]], [[UEFA Euro 2012]], [[UEFA Euro 2016]] da [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]. Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorinsa shi ne taimakawa Portugal wajen lashe kofin Euro 2016, wanda shi ne babban kofin farko a tarihin kasar. Ya kasance mai muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo kuzari da dabaru idan ana bukatar sauya yanayin wasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Portugal Squad and Quaresma|url=[https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/44565--ricardo-quaresma/|website=UEFA|access-date=8](https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/44565--ricardo-quaresma/|website=UEFA|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ricardo Quaresma ya shahara saboda salon wasansa mai cike da fasaha. Ya fi amfani da kafarsa ta dama wajen yin bugun ''trivela'', wanda ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi kwarewa wajen irin wannan salo. Haka kuma yana da kwarewa wajen yin giciye, dribbling, da bugun daga nesa. Duk da cewa wasu lokuta ana sukar sa saboda rashin daidaito a wasansa, mutane da dama suna kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin ‘yan wasa mafi nishadantarwa da Portugal ta taba samarwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Art of Quaresma's Trivela|url=[https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/01/08/ricardo-quaresma-and-the-art-of-the-trivela/|website=These](https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/01/08/ricardo-quaresma-and-the-art-of-the-trivela/|website=These) Football Times|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Sporting CP === * Primeira Liga: 2001–02 * Taça de Portugal: 2001–02 === Porto === * Primeira Liga: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08 * Taça de Portugal: 2005–06 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2004, 2006 === Inter Milan === * Serie A: 2008–09 === Beşiktaş === * Süper Lig: 2015–16, 2016–17 === Portugal === * UEFA European Championship: 2016 <ref>{{cite web|title=Ricardo Quaresma Honours|url=[https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ricardo-quaresma/|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=8](https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ricardo-quaresma/|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gado da tasiri == Duk da cewa Ricardo Quaresma bai kai matsayin wasu fitattun taurari irin su [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] ba wajen yawan lambobin yabo, ya kasance daya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi burge magoya baya saboda salon wasansa na musamman. Matasa da dama sun koyi dabarunsa musamman bugun ''trivela''. Har yanzu ana tuna shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya kawo nishadi da kirkira a kwallon kafa ta Turai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Quaresma Remains a Cult Hero|url=[https://www.goal.com/en/news/ricardo-quaresma-portugals-magician/blt|website=Goal.com|access-date=8](https://www.goal.com/en/news/ricardo-quaresma-portugals-magician/blt|website=Goal.com|access-date=8) Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Tawagar Portugal a UEFA Euro 2016}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Portugal international footballers]] [[Category:FC Porto players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Inter Milan players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Beşiktaş J.K. players]] jek9ynscztkwemw64ik6ueleilk3jth 0 149934 880109 832458 2026-07-10T11:10:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Renato Sanches 2016.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Renato Sanches | hoto = Renato Sanches 2022.jpg | cikakken_suna = Renato Júnior Luz Sanches | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1997|8|18}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lisbon, Portugal | tsawo = 1.76 m | matsayi = Tsakiya | kulob_na_yanzu = Paris Saint-Germain | lamba = 18 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2005–2006 | matasa_kulob1 = Águias da Musgueira | matasa_shekaru2 = 2006–2014 | matasa_kulob2 = Benfica | shekaru1 = 2014–2016 | kulob1 = Benfica B | wasanni1 = 34 | kwallaye1 = 7 | shekaru2 = 2015–2016 | kulob2 = Benfica | wasanni2 = 24 | kwallaye2 = 2 | shekaru3 = 2016–2019 | kulob3 = Bayern Munich | wasanni3 = 35 | kwallaye3 = 1 | shekaru4 = 2017–2018 | kulob4 = → Swansea City (aro) | wasanni4 = 12 | kwallaye4 = 0 | shekaru5 = 2019–2022 | kulob5 = Lille | wasanni5 = 67 | kwallaye5 = 6 | shekaru6 = 2022– | kulob6 = Paris Saint-Germain | wasanni6 = 19 | kwallaye6 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Portugal U16 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Portugal U17 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Portugal U19 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Portugal U21 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Portugal | wasanni_kasa5 = 32 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 3 }} '''Renato Júnior Luz Sanches''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1997 a birnin [[Lisbon]]. Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma ya shahara saboda ƙarfinsa, gudunsa da iya sarrafa ƙwallo cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/renato-sanches/profil/spieler/258027 |title=Renato Sanches Profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Renato Sanches a yankin Musgueira da ke Lisbon, inda ya taso cikin mawuyacin hali tare da iyalinsa. Mahaifinsa ɗan asalin [[Cape Verde]] ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa sosai kuma hakan ya sa aka kai shi makarantar horaswa ta Benfica yana ɗan shekara tara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/09/renato-sanches-portugal-euro-2016 |title=Renato Sanches: Portugal’s teenage phenomenon |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Benfica === Renato Sanches ya fara taka leda a makarantar matasa ta Benfica inda ya yi fice cikin sauri saboda ƙwarewarsa a tsakiya. A shekarar 2014 ya fara bugawa Benfica B wasa a gasar Segunda Liga. Daga baya a shekarar 2015 ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Benfica.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/futebol/plantel-principal/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Benfica Profile |website=SL Benfica |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A kakar 2015–16 Renato ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa a Turai bayan ya taimaka wa Benfica lashe gasar Firimiya ta Portugal. Salon wasansa mai cike da kuzari da ƙarfin jiki ya sa manyan kulob na Turai suka fara neman sa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d8187a7b8f2-0e0a3a2a4f56-1000--renato-sanches-the-rise-of-a-star/ |title=The rise of Renato Sanches |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Bayern Munich === A shekarar 2016 ƙungiyar [[Bayern Munich]] ta Jamus ta sayi Renato Sanches kan kuɗi masu yawa. Wannan canjin ya sanya shi cikin jerin matasan ‘yan wasa mafi tsada a duniya a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/players/professionals/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches joins Bayern |website=Bayern Munich |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Sai dai bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai a Bayern Munich ba saboda yawan gogaggun ‘yan wasa da ke ƙungiyar. Duk da haka ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe Bundesliga da wasu kofuna na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Bundesliga Stats |website=Bundesliga |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Swansea City (aro) === A shekarar 2017 an bayar da Renato aro zuwa ƙungiyar [[Swansea City]] a gasar Firimiya ta Ingila domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai. Duk da haka ya sha fama da rauni da rashin tabuka abin a zo a gani a lokacin zamansa a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41071944 |title=Renato Sanches joins Swansea City on loan |website=BBC Sport |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Lille === A shekarar 2019 Renato Sanches ya koma ƙungiyar [[Lille OSC]] ta Faransa. Wannan mataki ya taimaka masa wajen dawo da martabarsa saboda ya sake nuna bajintarsa a tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.losc.fr/effectif/lille/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches Lille Profile |website=Lille OSC |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Lille lashe gasar Ligue 1 ta Faransa a kakar 2020–21, inda suka doke manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Paris Saint-Germain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210523-lille-crowned-french-champions-for-first-time-in-a-decade |title=Lille crowned French champions |website=France24 |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2022 Renato Sanches ya koma [[Paris Saint-Germain]] domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin koli. Duk da nuna ƙwarewa a wasu lokuta, ya ci gaba da fama da matsalolin raunuka wanda hakan ya rage yawan wasanninsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/renato-sanches |title=Renato Sanches PSG Profile |website=PSG Official Website |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Renato Sanches ya wakilci Portugal a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa wasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/780618 |title=Renato Sanches National Team Profile |website=Portuguese Football Federation |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Ya yi suna sosai a gasar [[UEFA Euro 2016]] inda ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe kofin nahiyar Turai karo na farko a tarihinsu. A lokacin gasar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa mafi kayatarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250042583--renato-sanches/ |title=Renato Sanches Euro 2016 Profile |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Poland, Renato ya ci muhimmiyar ƙwallo sannan ya taka rawar gani wajen kai Portugal wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup |title=Renato Sanches International Career |website=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Renato Sanches ya shahara wajen amfani da ƙarfi, saurin gudu da iya ratsa ‘yan adawa daga tsakiya. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin mai kare baya ko mai kai hari daga tsakiya. Ana yawan kwatanta salon wasansa da na wasu fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya masu amfani da kuzari sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-renato-sanches-portugal-midfielder/ |title=Who is Renato Sanches? |website=Goal |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Benfica === * Primeira Liga: 2015–16 * Taça da Liga: 2015–16 === Bayern Munich === * Bundesliga: 2016–17, 2018–19 * DFB-Pokal: 2018–19 === Lille === * Ligue 1: 2020–21 === Portugal === * UEFA Euro: 2016 * UEFA Nations League: 2018–19 == Kyaututtuka == * Golden Boy Award: 2016 * UEFA Euro Young Player of the Tournament: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/euro-2016/2016/renato-sanches-wins-young-player-award_sto5681081/story.shtml |title=Renato Sanches wins Young Player award |website=Eurosport |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/renato-sanches}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} rjjkjf8ij8zdfjd3mkrid97pkgzt8ar 0 149991 879953 832602 2026-07-10T05:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rafael forster.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | suna = Rafael Forster | cikakken suna = Rafael Forster | hoton = | ranar_haihuwa = 23 Satumba 1990 | wurin_haihuwa = Santa Clara do Sul, Brazil | tsawo = 1.83 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya (Centre-back / Left-back) | ƙungiyar_karshe = | lambar_riga = }} '''Rafael Forster''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ya shahara a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyi da dama a Brazil da kuma ƙasashen Turai, inda ya samu gogewa mai yawa a gasar lig daban-daban. <ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Forster Profile|url=https://www.soccerway.com/players/rafael-forster/|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Rafael Forster a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1990 a Santa Clara do Sul, wani gari a jihar Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda hakan ya sa ya shiga makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta ƙungiyar Internacional. A nan ne ya fara koyon ƙwarewar wasan ƙwallo da kuma dabarun tsaro. <ref>{{cite web|title=Player Biography – Rafael Forster|url=https://www.ogol.com.br/jogador/rafael-forster/|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Fara aikin kwallon kafa == Forster ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne a matakin matasa a ƙungiyar Internacional. Daga baya ya fara buga wasa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a Brazil domin samun ƙarin kwarewa da lokacin wasa. Wannan mataki ya taimaka masa wajen gina sunansa a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali a fili. <ref>{{cite web|title=Internacional Youth System|url=https://www.internacional.com.br/|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Rafael Forster ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Brazil kamar Red Bull Brasil, Goiás, da sauran kungiyoyi masu matakin gasar Serie A da Serie B. A cikin aikinsa, ya yi fice wajen iya kare kai, tsayawa tsayin daka, da kuma taimakawa wajen fara kai farmaki daga baya. Daga baya ya koma Turai inda ya shiga ƙungiyar Ludogorets Razgrad ta ƙasar Bulgaria. A nan ne ya samu damar buga wasannin gasar UEFA Champions League da Europa League, wanda ya ƙara masa kwarewa da daraja a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya. <ref>{{cite web|title=Ludogorets Player Profile|url=https://www.ludogorets.com/en/player/rafael-forster/|accessdate=2026-05-08}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Forster yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya ko na gefen hagu. An san shi da: * ƙarfi wajen tunkarar ‘yan gaba * iya sarrafa ƙwallo daga baya * kyakkyawan hangen fili * da kuma iya jagorantar layin tsaro Wannan ya sa yake daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ake dogaro da su wajen tabbatar da kariyar ƙungiya. == Nasarori == A lokacin da yake tare da Ludogorets Razgrad, Forster ya lashe gasar liga da dama a Bulgaria. Ya kuma samu damar shiga wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na UEFA, wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa suna a Turai. <ref>{{cite web|title=UEFA Competition Records|url=https://www.uefa.com/|accessdate=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Rafael Forster yana rayuwa ne cikin nutsuwa, inda yake mai da hankali sosai kan aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa. Ba a fi sanin shi da fitowar kafafen sada zumunta sosai ba, yana kuma fifita sirrin rayuwarsa. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 4llyefzc2jfzdkqscpuauwuww7a0741 0 150102 880107 832910 2026-07-10T11:08:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Renato-Augusto-Corinthians-Juventude-jul-2022.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Renato Augusto | hoto = Renato Augusto 2018.jpg | cikakken_suna = Renato Soares de Oliveira Augusto | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1988|2|8}} | wurin_haihuwa = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | tsawo = 1.86 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kungiyar_yanzu = Mai ritaya | lambar_riga = | matasa_shekaru1 = 2001–2005 | matasa_kungiyoyi1 = Flamengo | shekaru1 = 2005–2008 | kungiyoyi1 = Flamengo | wasa1 = 76 | kwallaye1 = 6 | shekaru2 = 2008–2012 | kungiyoyi2 = Bayer Leverkusen | wasa2 = 101 | kwallaye2 = 9 | shekaru3 = 2013–2015 | kungiyoyi3 = Corinthians | wasa3 = 97 | kwallaye3 = 10 | shekaru4 = 2016–2021 | kungiyoyi4 = Beijing Guoan | wasa4 = 122 | kwallaye4 = 35 | shekaru5 = 2021–2023 | kungiyoyi5 = Corinthians | wasa5 = 94 | kwallaye5 = 10 | shekaru6 = 2024–2025 | kungiyoyi6 = Fluminense | wasa6 = 20 | kwallaye6 = 1 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2011–2018 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Brazil | wasa_kasa1 = 33 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 6 }} '''Renato Soares de Oliveira Augusto''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Brazil wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. An san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, hangen wasa, da kuma bayar da taimakon ƙwallaye. Ya buga wa manyan ƙungiyoyi irin su Flamengo, Bayer Leverkusen, Corinthians, Beijing Guoan da Fluminense wasa, sannan ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Brazil a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Renato Augusto a birnin Rio de Janeiro na ƙasar Brazil. Ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta kungiyar Flamengo. A lokacin yana matashi, malamai da masu horaswa sun lura da ƙwarewarsa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma iya tsara wasa daga tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058|title=Renato](https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058|title=Renato) Augusto - Perfil|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Flamengo === Renato Augusto ya fara taka leda a babban tawagar Flamengo a shekarar 2005. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan ‘yan wasan Brazil saboda salon wasansa mai cike da fasaha da nutsuwa. A lokacin da yake Flamengo, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori a gasar cikin gida, lamarin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin Turai suka fara nuna sha’awa a kansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === A shekarar 2008, Renato Augusto ya koma kungiyar Bayer Leverkusen ta ƙasar Jamus. A can ya kara bunƙasa, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa a gasar Bundesliga. Duk da cewa ya fuskanci matsalolin rauni a wasu lokuta, ya ci gaba da zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a kungiyar saboda iya wuce ƙwallo da kirkirar damar cin ƙwallaye. Ya shahara wajen taka rawa a bayan ɗan gaba kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar a wasanni masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto - Bayer Leverkusen career|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Corinthians === A ƙarshen shekarar 2012, Renato Augusto ya koma Corinthians. A farkon shekarunsa ya sha fama da rauni, amma daga baya ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin taurarin kungiyar. A shekarar 2015 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Corinthians lashe gasar Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Saboda bajintarsa, ya samu kyautar ''Bola de Ouro'', wadda ake bai wa mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto - Corinthians|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Beijing Guoan === A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Renato Augusto ya koma kungiyar Beijing Guoan ta ƙasar Sin bayan kungiyar ta biya kuɗi masu yawa domin daukarsa. Duk da cewa mutane da dama sun yi zargin cewa komawarsa China zai rage masa damar shiga tawagar Brazil, ya ci gaba da nuna bajinta sosai. Ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a wasu lokuta kuma ya taimaka wajen lashe kofin Chinese FA Cup na shekarar 2018. Haka kuma ya kai wasanni sama da 100 tare da kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto - Beijing Guoan|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Komawa Corinthians === A shekarar 2021, Renato Augusto ya dawo Corinthians bayan ya raba gari da Beijing Guoan. Dawowarsa ta kara karfin kungiyar saboda gogewarsa da kwarewarsa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagororin kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2023, lokacin da kungiyar ta sanar da rabuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto returns to Corinthians|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Fluminense === A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2024, Renato Augusto ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi da kungiyar Fluminense. Ya buga wasanni da dama tare da kungiyar kuma ya taimaka wajen karfafa tsakiya da kwarewarsa. Duk da haka, matsalolin rauni sun ci gaba da takura masa kafin daga bisani ya sanar da yin ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto - Fluminense|website=Wikipedia en español|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Renato Augusto ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Brazil wasa a shekarar 2011. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan da suka wakilci Brazil a gasar Copa América da kuma gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2016, inda Brazil ta lashe lambar zinariya a karon farko a tarihin ƙasar. Haka kuma ya taka rawa a tawagar Brazil da ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058|title=Renato](https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058|title=Renato) Augusto - National team|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Renato Augusto da salon wasa mai natsuwa da kirkira. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen bayar da dogayen kwallaye, sarrafa wasan tsakiya, da taimaka wa ‘yan gaba wajen kirkirar damar cin ƙwallo. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba masa saboda hangen nesansa da kuma iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=7658|title=Renato](https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=7658|title=Renato) Augusto Profile|website=SportsLib|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Corinthians === * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2015 * Campeonato Paulista: 2013 * Recopa Sudamericana: 2013 === Beijing Guoan === * Chinese FA Cup: 2018 === Brazil === * Olympic Gold Medal: 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto|title=Renato) Augusto Honours|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [[https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058](https://www.transfermarkt.com.br/renato-augusto/profil/spieler/53058){{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Renato Augusto a Transfermarkt] * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Augusto) Renato Augusto a Wikipedia ta Turanci] lb1z07y6mtw3vi3j9youks1byhp003n 0 150183 880059 833162 2026-07-10T10:03:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rayan Cherki 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Rayan Cherki | hoto = Rayan Cherki 2025.jpg | cikakken_suna = Mathis Rayan Cherki | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2003|8|17}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lyon, Faransa | tsawo = 1.77 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, winger | kungiyar_yanzu = {{nowrap|Manchester City}} | lamba = 10 | matasan_kungiyoyi1 = Saint-Priest | shekarun_matasan1 = 2009–2010 | matasan_kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekarun_matasan2 = 2010–2019 | kungiyoyi1 = Lyon B | shekarun1 = 2019–2022 | wasanni1 = 13 | kwallaye1 = 5 | kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekarun2 = 2019–2025 | wasanni2 = 146 | kwallaye2 = 14 | kungiyoyi3 = Manchester City | shekarun3 = 2025– | wasanni3 = 0 | kwallaye3 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Faransa U16 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2018 | wasanni_kasa1 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Faransa U19 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2021 | wasanni_kasa2 = 3 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Faransa U21 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2021– | wasanni_kasa3 = 23 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 13 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Faransa Olympic | shekarun_kasa4 = 2024 | wasanni_kasa4 = 8 | kwallaye_kasa4 = 2 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Faransa | shekarun_kasa5 = 2025– | wasanni_kasa5 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 1 }} '''Mathis Rayan Cherki''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ko winger ga ƙungiyar {{nowrap|Manchester City}} da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu fasaha a Turai saboda iya dribbling, ƙirƙirar damammaki da kuma amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki|website=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/man-city-sign-cherki-lyon-five-year-contract-2025-06-10/|title=Man City sign Cherki from Lyon on five-year contract|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cherki a birnin Lyon na ƙasar Faransa, kuma yana da asalin Aljeriya da Italiya daga wajen iyayensa. Tun yana ƙarami aka fara gane bajintarsa a makarantar horas da matasa ta Olympique Lyonnais bayan ya fara taka leda a Saint-Priest. Masu horaswa sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai baiwa ta musamman tun yana shekara bakwai saboda saurin sarrafa ƙwallo da iya amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OlympiqueLyonnais/comments/d1e6it/|title=Rayan Cherki, la pépite de l'OL|website=Reddit}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Lyon === Cherki ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Lyon a shekarar 2010, inda ya yi fice cikin sauri. A shekarar 2018 ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya taɓa zura kwallo a gasar UEFA Youth League yana da shekara 15 kacal. Wannan bajinta tasa Lyon ta ba shi kwangilar ƙwararru ta farko a shekarar 2019 duk da sha’awar da wasu manyan kulake suka nuna a kansa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/OlympiqueLyonnais/comments/d1e6it/|title=L'Équipe – Rayan Cherki, la pépite de l'OL|website=Reddit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/en/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki profile}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar Lyon wasa a Ligue 1 ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2019 a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Dijon. Bayan wasu watanni kaɗan, ya kafa tarihi a Coupe de France inda ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya ci wa Lyon kwallo a tarihin gasar. Haka kuma ya taka rawa a wasannin UEFA Champions League na Lyon lokacin da suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref> Daga baya Cherki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Lyon saboda iya kirkirar damar cin ƙwallaye da kuma dribbling. Duk da cewa wasu lokuta ana sukar rashin daidaitonsa, magoya baya da masu sharhi sun ci gaba da yaba masa saboda baiwar da yake da ita. A kakar 2024–25 ya yi fice sosai inda ya zura ƙwallaye tare da bayar da assists masu yawa a Ligue 1 da Europa League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/10/rayan-cherki-signe-a-manchester-city-et-disputera-la-coupe-du-monde-des-clubs_6612092_3242.html|title=Rayan Cherki signe à Manchester City|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://talksport.com/football/3257419/rayan-cherki-transfer-man-city-liverpool-eden-hazard/|title=Man City to sign 'next Eden Hazard' Rayan Cherki|publisher=talkSPORT}}</ref> === Manchester City === A watan Yunin 2025, ƙungiyar {{nowrap|Manchester City}} ta sanar da ɗaukar Cherki daga Lyon kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Pep Guardiola ya yaba da fasaharsa wajen ƙirƙirar damammaki da kuma iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na kai hari. Sauyin nasa zuwa Premier League ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cinikayyar bazarar shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/man-city-sign-cherki-lyon-five-year-contract-2025-06-10/|title=Manchester City sign Cherki|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/10/rayan-cherki-signe-a-manchester-city-et-disputera-la-coupe-du-monde-des-clubs_6612092_3242.html|title=Cherki joins Manchester City|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Cherki ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, Aljeriya ko Italiya wasa saboda asalinsa, amma ya zaɓi wakiltar Faransa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Faransa wasa a shekarar 2018 kafin daga baya ya taka leda a U19 da U21. Ya yi fice musamman a tawagar U21 inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar saboda yawan kwallaye da assists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki – Équipe de France}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 an saka shi cikin tawagar Faransa ta gasar Olympics ta Paris. Ya taimaka wa Faransa kaiwa wasan ƙarshe inda suka lashe azurfa bayan sun sha kashi a hannun Spain. Bayan gasar, gwamnatin Faransa ta karrama shi saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen wakiltar ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki international career}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equipedefrance.com/en/athlete/rayan-cherki|title=Rayan Cherki Olympic profile}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Faransa wasa a shekarar 2025 a wasan Nations League da Spain, inda ya zura kwallo tare da bayar da assist a wasan mai cike da kayatarwa. Wannan wasa ya kara tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sabbin taurarin ƙwallon ƙafar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Rayan Cherki senior France debut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2025/06/08/allemagne-france-rayan-cherki-d-indesirable-a-l-olympique-lyonnais-a-buteur-en-equipe-de-france_6611226_3242.html|title=Rayan Cherki shines for France|publisher=Le Monde}}</ref> == Salon wasansa == An san Cherki da ƙwarewa wajen dribbling, iya kirkirar damar cin ƙwallaye, da kuma amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu cikin sauƙi. Yawancin masu sharhi sun kwatanta salon wasansa da na fitattun ‘yan wasa masu fasaha irin su Lionel Messi da Eden Hazard saboda yadda yake iya wuce abokan hamayya cikin sauri da kirkira.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://talksport.com/football/3257419/rayan-cherki-transfer-man-city-liverpool-eden-hazard/|title=Rayan Cherki compared with Eden Hazard|publisher=talkSPORT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/internacional/cherki-es-comparable-a-messi-n/|title=Cherki comparable to Messi|publisher=AS}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Tawagar ƙasa === * Lambar azurfa a Gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 tare da Faransa Olympic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayan_Cherki|title=Palmarès de Rayan Cherki}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} rap3wbk0fqodl551dzugqgkf4ldy2oq 0 150203 879673 833204 2026-07-09T17:07:09Z BnHamid 12586 879673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lesley Ugochukwu 2023 Luton.jpg|thumb]] '''Lesley Chimuanya Ugochukwu''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob ɗin a gasar Premier League ta Ingila. An haife shi a birnin Rennes na ƙasar Faransa, kuma yana da asalin Najeriya ta wajen iyaye. An san shi da ƙarfin jiki, iya kare kwallo, da kuma iya sarrafa tsakiyar fili cikin nutsuwa. <ref name="bio1">Bayanan rayuwa da tarihin kulob daga bayanan ƙungiyar Chelsea da rahotannin wasanni.</ref> Ugochukwu ya fara harkar kwallon kafa ne a ƙungiyar matasa ta, inda ya taso daga matakin akademi har zuwa babban tawaga. Ya fara buga wasa a babban kulob ɗin Rennes a shekarar 2021 yana da shekaru 16 kacal. A lokacin, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan da suka fi jan hankali a Ligue 1 saboda kwazonsa da natsuwarsa a filin wasa. <ref name="rennes1">Rahotannin Ligue 1 da bayanan akademi na Stade Rennais.</ref> A kakar 2022–2023, ya samu damar zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan farko na Rennes inda ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Ligue 1. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da ƙarfin jiki, iya kwace ƙwallo, da kuma kyakkyawan hangen nesa wajen raba kwallo. Wannan ya sa manyan kulob-kulob na Turai suka fara nuna sha’awa gare shi. <ref name="stats1">Bayanan kididdiga na Ligue 1 da rahotannin wasan matasa.</ref> A watan Yuli 2023, Ugochukwu ya koma inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi mai tsawo. Koma-war tasa zuwa Premier League ya ƙara masa daraja a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan tsakiya masu tasowa a Turai. A Chelsea, yana fafatawa don samun gurbi a cikin tawagar farko tare da sauran manyan ‘yan wasa. <ref name="transfer1">Rahotannin canjin kulob na Premier League da bayanan Chelsea.</ref> A matakin ƙasa, Ugochukwu ya wakilci ƙasar Faransa a matakan ƙasa daban-daban na matasa, ciki har da U18 da U21. Duk da haka, saboda asalinsa na Najeriya, akwai hasashen cewa zai iya zaɓar buga wa Najeriya wasa a nan gaba idan bai yi babban wasa na ƙasa da Faransa ba. <ref name="intl1">Bayanan tawagar matasan Faransa da rahotannin FIFA youth teams.</ref> == Salon wasa == Ugochukwu ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai salon “defensive midfielder”. Yana da ƙarfi wajen katse hare-hare, riƙe kwallo, da fara kai farmaki daga baya. Ana kwatanta shi da wasu manyan ‘yan wasan tsakiya saboda balagarsa duk da ƙuruciyarsa. <ref name="style1">Nazarin kwararrun masu sharhin wasanni na Ligue 1 da Premier League.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Ugochukwu a Faransa ga iyaye ‘yan asalin Najeriya. Yana da alaƙa da al’adun Najeriya, kuma ana ganin yana iya zaɓar buga wa Najeriya wasa a nan gaba. <ref name="personal1">Bayanan iyali da rahotannin kafofin wasanni.</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} trq1raahd0apby653hfmxvbyusqsypr 0 150238 879582 833281 2026-07-09T13:29:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikos Liberopoulos''' (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Girka da ya yi ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. Ya shahara ne saboda burinsa na manufa zuwa burin, ƙwarewarsa ta ciki, da ƙwarewar kai hari ta fasaha. Liberopoulos dan wasa ne na musamman a kwallon kafa na cikin gida na Girka, saboda magoya bayan AEK [[Athens]] da Panathinaikos suna bauta masa. Shi ne kawai dan wasan da aka rubuta a cikin manyan masu zira kwallaye goma na kowane lokaci ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Lalle ne, bayan shekaru bakwai a Panathinaikos Liberopoulos ya zira kwallaye 103. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2012, ya kai kwallaye 100 ga AEK Athens bayan da ya yi wasa da Atromitos, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa daya tilo a tarihi da ya zira kwallaye ɗari ga kungiyoyin Athens biyu (NOTE: wannan ya saba wa bayanan da ke ƙasa, wanda ya ba da kwallaye 101 ga AEK Atenas da kwallayo 87 ga Panathinaikos. Wannan na ƙarshe kuma ba ya yarda da bayanai a shafin yanar gizon Elite Football: kwallaye 92 a AEK Athens da kwallayi 76 a Panathinaicos <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikos Liberopoulos |url=http://www.elitefootball.com/player/nikos-liberopoulos/22599 |website=Elite Football |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709083248/http://www.elitefootball.com/player/nikos-liberopoulos/22599 |url-status=dead }}</ref>). A ranar 8 ga Satumba 2017, ya zama Darakta na Fasaha na AEK. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikos Lyberopoulos hired as Technical Director < ANNOUNCEMENTS |url=https://www.aekfc.gr/newsdetails/neos-technikos-defthyntis-o-nikos-lymperopoulos-50990.htm?lang=en&path=463335758}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === Liberopoulos ya fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Erani Filiatra na gida, sannan ya koma Kalamata a shekarar 1994. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko mai ban sha'awa a manyan ƙungiyoyin Girka, AEK Athens da Olympiacos sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukarsa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1996, amma Panathinaikos sun yi nasarar ɗaukarsa. === Panathinaikos === A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1996, Liberopoulos ya rattaba hannu kan Panathinaikos. Tare da su ya kai matakin kusa da na karshe na [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] . Kungiyoyin Italiya, galibi Juventus da Hellas Verona sun nuna sha'awar daukarsa aiki, amma amincinsa ga Panathinaikos ya sa shi ya ci gaba da zama a [[Athens]] . A shekarar 2003, Liberopoulos ya yi karo da shugabannin Panathinaikos wanda daga karshe ya sa ya bar kungiyar. Yayin da yake Panathinaikos, ya yi kuskuren sanya katin da aka ba wa abokin aikinsa Marco Villa saboda yana ganinsa a matsayin barazana fiye da abokin wasa. === AEK Athens === Bayan barin Panathinaikos, ya shirya tsaf don shiga Sochaux, amma a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2003, Liberopoulos ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa AEK Athens. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2003 |title=Φόρεσε τελικά τη φανέλα της ΑΕΚ ο Λυμπερόπουλος |url=https://www.in.gr/2003/07/31/sports/forese-telika-ti-fanela-tis-aek-o-lymperopoylos/ |website=in.gr |language=el}}</ref> Ya je ya ci kwallo sau da yawa a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa amma bai yi murnar samun yabo daga magoya baya da kuma yabo ba saboda rawar da ya taka. Ya taimaka wa AEK Athens ta zura kwallaye 79 a wasanni 195 da ya buga, sannan ya sami kyautar gwarzon dan wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Manyan kwallayen da ya zura sun samo asali ne daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida guda biyu, daya a wasan da suka doke Lille da ci 1-0 da kuma daya a wasan da suka doke Olympiacos da ci 4-0. A watan Yunin 2007, an bai wa Liberopoulos kwangilar kudi mai tsoka da FC Nürnberg mai darajar Yuro miliyan 4, wanda ya ki ci gaba da zama tare da AEK Athens. Shugaban kungiyar, Demis Nikolaidis ya sanar a bainar jama'a cewa zai ci gaba da rike Liberopoulos ko ta halin kaka a kokarin da yake yi na karfafa damar AEK Athens ta samun rinjaye a gasar Super League ta Girka . A ranar 7 ga Yuli 2008, AEK ta sallami Liberopoulos. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AEK FC release Liberopoulos |url=http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=74&n_id=4242 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708170457/http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=74 |archive-date=8 July 2008 |website=aekfc.gr}}</ref> Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Jamus Eintracht Frankfurt ta sanar da sanya hannu a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2008. === Eintracht Frankfurt === A ranar 13 ga Yuli, Liberopoulos ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Eintracht Frankfurt kuma aka ba shi rigar lamba 10. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ΚΥΦΩΝΙΔΗΣ |first=ΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ |date=13 July 2008 |title=Επισήμως στην Αϊντραχτ ο Λυμπερόπουλος |url=https://www.contra.gr/podosfairo/episimos-stin-aintraxt-o-limperopoulos/ |website=contra.gr |language=el}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Bundesliga, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka yi da Hertha BSC a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2008 a Commerzbank-Arena da ke Frankfurt. Liberopoulos ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kan Mainz 05. Ya lashe wasanni 55 inda ya zura kwallaye 13 a dukkan gasannin. === Komawa zuwa AEK Athens === A lokacin bazara na 2010, Liberopoulos ya koma [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da AEK Athens. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AEK Athens signs Liberopoulos |url=http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607063326/http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=5901 |archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=6 June 2010 |language=el}}</ref> Ya nuna bajinta a wasan da AEK ta doke kungiyar Australian A-League Sydney FC da ci 5-3 a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2010, inda ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya zura kwallo biyu. Liberopoulos shi ma ya zura kwallo a ragar Blackburn kwana uku bayan haka. Ya fara buga gasar a karawarsu da Kerkyra kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a hukumance a wasan UEFA Europa League da Hajduk Split . A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2010, a wasan Greek Cup da Panathinaikos, ya zura kwallaye biyu, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa zuwa ga nasara. Wasu magoya bayan Panathinaikos sun yi wa Liberopoulos tafi a lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa daga baya a wannan wasan duk da rashin nasarar da kungiyarsu ta yi. Bayan wasan, Liberopoulos ya ce "Na shafe shekaru bakwai masu kyau a Panathinaikos, inda na girma a matsayin dan wasa. Ina ajiye abubuwa masu kyau kawai, amma yanzu a gare ni, AEK ita ce iyalina kuma zan yi komai ga kungiyar." da kuma game da ta'aziyyar magoya bayan Panathinaikos "Yana da ma'ana sosai a gare ni. Babban jin daɗi ne a yi mini ta'aziyya a lokacin da aka maye gurbinka. Akwai wasu maganganu kuma amma ko da duk filin wasa yana yi mini ihu, hakan ba zai canza abin da na faɗa a baya game da yadda nake ji game da Panathinaikos ba". <ref name="gazzetta statements">{{Cite web |last=Athanasiou |first=Nikos |date=19 January 2010 |title=Λύμπε: Πιο συγκεντρωμένοι στη ρεβάνς |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/cup-news/item/130489-%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5-%C2%AB%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%82%C2%BB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123004005/http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/cup-news/item/130489-%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5-%C2%AB%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%82%C2%BB |archive-date=23 January 2011 |website=gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2011, Liberopulos ya lashe kofinsa na farko a aikinsa tare da AEK, inda ya lashe Kofin Girka a 2011 a kan Atromitos 3-0 yayin da kuma ya zura kwallo ta farko kuma aka ba shi lambar yabo ta MVP ta wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MVP ο Λυμπερόπουλος |url=https://www.sport24.gr/video/mvp-o-limperopoulos/ |website=sport24.gr}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2011, Liberopoulos ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara guda wadda za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2011 |script-title=el:Ανακοίνωση |trans-title=Liberopoulos renews contract |url=http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=6901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616154201/http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=6901 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |website=aekfc.gr |language=el}}</ref> Abokin wasansa Traianos Dellas shi ma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a AEK na tsawon shekara guda, domin dakatar da aikinsa na kwararru tare da Liberopoulos. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dellas signs new 1 year deal |url=http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=6905 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714052741/http://www.aekfc.gr/index.asp?a_id=1355&n_id=6905 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2012, ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe da AEK da Panathinaikos. Yawancin magoya bayan Panathinaikos da AEK sun girmama shi da ta'aziyya lokacin da yake barin filin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2012 |title=Αποχωρεί απο την ενεργό δράση ο Λυμπερόπουλος! Εδώ λέω αντίο |url=https://www.thebest.gr/article/133486- |website=thebest.gr |language=el}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== 0q1dr9oygom2wivsrw19n54vefah7zg 0 150316 880122 833523 2026-07-10T11:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Ackerschott''' (10 Disamba 1921 - 31 Maris 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Werder Bremen . <ref name="werder">{{Cite web |last=Lange |first=Martin |date=10 December 2021 |title=Kraftvoller Athlet, vorbildlicher Sportsmann… Unvergessen! |url=https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20212022/100-geburtstag-ackerschott-10122021/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=SV Werder Bremen |language=de |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230174307/https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20212022/100-geburtstag-ackerschott-10122021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya buga kusan wasanni 800 a kulob din.<ref name="werder" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] hmmbt5el7p05anzmdmn7gtrt4x2rtxd 0 150336 879952 833567 2026-07-10T05:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alejandro Rafael Acosta Cabrera''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Uruguay a halin yanzu yana buga wa FK Jablonec a gasar Czech First League. == Ayyuka == Acosta ya fara sana'arsa ta sana'a yana wasa a Deportivo Maldonado a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2010 |title=Rafael Acosta: "Agradecido al Club que optó por mi" |url=http://futbol-indirecto.blogspot.com/2012/10/rafael-acosta-agradecido-al-club-que.html |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=indirecto.blogspot.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba a wasan 0-0 a gida da Huracán FC a zagaye na farko na kakar 2012-13. A zagaye na uku ya zira kwallaye biyu na farko a kan wasan derby na gida Atenas De San Carlos inda ya lashe wasan 3-0 kuma an ayyana shi dan wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2010 |title=Histórico triunfo de Deportivo Maldonado: Fue 3-0 sobre Atenas |url=http://futbol-indirecto.blogspot.com/2012/10/historico-triunfo-de-deportivo.html |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=indirecto.blogspot.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2013, ya tafi [[Argentina]] don Club Atlético Belgrano ya gwada shi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Sergio Rodríguez en Belgrano; Barone en SM de San Juan |url=http://www.tenfield.com.uy/sergio-rodriguez-en-belgrano-barone-en-sm-de-san-juan/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=tenfield.com.uy |language=Spanish}}</ref> amma a ƙarshe bai zauna a kulob din ba kuma ya koma kasarsa. A farkon watan Satumbar 2013, Acosta ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Atenas De San Carlos . A watan Yulin 2015, Acosta daga karshe ya tashi zuwa [[Turai]] don buga wa kungiyar [[Kazech|Czech]] Bohemians 1905 aro na shekara 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Rafael Acosta a R. Checa |url=http://www.embajadoresdelgol.com/rafael-acosta-a-r-checa/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=embajadoresdelgol.com |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bohemians posilují! Přichází mistr Evropy i eso z Uruguaje &#124; TN.cz |url=http://sport.tn.nova.cz/clanek/bohemians-posiluji-prichazi-mistr-evropy-i-eso-z-uruguaje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727012853/http://sport.tn.nova.cz/clanek/bohemians-posiluji-prichazi-mistr-evropy-i-eso-z-uruguaje.html |archive-date=27 July 2015 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2016, Acosta ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Liga MX ta Veracruz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=El uruguayo Rafael Acosta defenderá la playera de los Tiburones Rojos |url=http://www.clubtiburonesrojos.mx/noticias/1824 |access-date=24 June 2016 |website=clubtiburonesrojos.mx |language=Spanish |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813024040/http://www.clubtiburonesrojos.mx/noticias/1824 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] hux6ai1zypk9paq48dydjivriwx4a0i 0 150723 879993 834547 2026-07-10T07:26:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raphaël Sarfo''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2004) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Challenger Pro League Patro Eisden . <ref>{{Soccerway|raphael-boakye-sarfo/632228}}</ref> == Sana'a == Daga Amsterdam, Sarfo yana wasa a makarantar matasa ta Ajax tun daga shekarar 2012. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax da Heracles Almelo a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2022. [1] [2] A watan Agusta na 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu. [3] A watan Yulin 2024, Sarfo ya koma kulob din Belgian Challenger Pro League Patro Eisden kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref> {{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Talentvolle rechtsback Raphaël Sarfo tekent bij Patro Eisden! |trans-title=Talented right back Raphaël Sarfo signs with Patro Eisden! |url=https://patroeisden.com/talentvolle-rechtsback-raphael-sarfo-tekent-bij-patro-eisden/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=patroeisden.com |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Sarfo ya wakilci Netherlands a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 15 da 16. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okai Gyimah |first=Edmund |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Exclusive: Raphael Sarfo trains with Ajax Team B |url=https://sportsworldghana.com/exclusive-raphael-sarfo-trains-with-ajax-team-b/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Sportsworldghana.com |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161251/https://sportsworldghana.com/exclusive-raphael-sarfo-trains-with-ajax-team-b/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 11 March 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Jong Ajax Amsterdam | 2022–23 | Eerste Division | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Eerste Division | 29 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 29 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 30 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 30 ! 1 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] m47ff0gxbhiy76ezrobidm6x8g2wk81 0 151076 879928 839833 2026-07-10T03:47:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Prishani Naidoo''' (1 ga Nuwamba 1973 - 23 ga Disamba 2024) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], marubuci kuma mai fafutuka. Ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Ayyuka da Siyasa (SWOP) kuma malami, daga baya babban malami, a Sashen Ilimin Jama'a a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] (Wits), Johannesburg . <ref name="SWOP-remembering"/><ref name="CALS"/> Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, siyasa, aiki, talauci da ilimi mafi girma a bayan wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma tana da dogon tarihin shiga cikin ɗalibai, al'umma da gwagwarmayar adawa da keɓancewa. <ref name="SWOP-remembering" /> <ref name="SAHA"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> Naidoo ya hada hannu da yawa daga cikin New South African Review da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kan sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kuma "matsayin motsi" na zanga-zangar da aka fi sani. <ref name="NSR1">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title=New South African Review 1. 2010: Development or Decline |url=https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/new-south-african-review-1-2010-development-or-decline/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=South African Labour Bulletin }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="NSR3">{{Cite journal |last=Kotzé |first=Dirk |year=2014 |title=New South African Review 3: The Second Phase – Tragedy or Farce? (Book review) |url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/strategic_review/article/view/158 |journal=Strategic Review for Southern Africa |volume=36 |issue=1 |doi=10.35293/srsa.v36i1.158 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Globalizations">{{Cite journal |last=von Holdt |first=Karl |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prishani |year=2019 |title=Mapping movement landscapes in South Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |journal=Globalizations |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=170–185 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Naidoo a [[Durban]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1973, kuma jim kadan bayan haka iyalinta suka koma Port Shepstone a bakin tekun kudu na KwaZulu-Natal, inda ta yi yarinta.<ref name="SAHA"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> Ta halarci makarantar Indiya da ke da tallafi a Port Shepstone kafin ta koma Durban a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 don kammala karatunta a makarantar Katolika ta mata. <ref name="SAHA" /> <ref name="StudentLeaders">{{Cite book|edition=Denise}}</ref> Ta girma a cikin iyali mai shiga siyasa: iyayenta biyu likitoci ne, kuma mahaifinta, Dillie Naidoo, yana da hannu a farfado da Majalisa ta Indiya ta Natal kuma yana da alaƙa da masu gwagwarmayar Black Consciousness . <ref name="StudentLeaders"/><ref name="Amandla"/> Naidoo daga baya ya tuna cewa tattaunawa game da siyasa, wariyar launin fata da juriya sun kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin gida.<ref name="Amandla" /> Bayan matric, Naidoo ta yi karatu na shekara guda a Jami'ar Durban-Westville (daga baya wani ɓangare na [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]]), inda ta shiga cikin siyasar dalibai ta hanyar Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANSCO).<ref name="StudentLeaders"/><ref name="SAHA"/> Daga nan sai ta koma Johannesburg don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], da farko ta yi rajista a fannin kiwon lafiya amma daga baya ta sauya zuwa digiri na farko, ta fi dacewa da Turanci da ilimin zamantakewa.<ref name="StudentLeaders" /> Ta kammala BA a shekarar 1997 da BA (Honours) a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin a shekarar 1998. <ref name="SWOP-remembering"/> == Ayyukan gwagwarmaya da aikin jama'a == Yunkurin siyasa na Naidoo ya fara ne a ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, lokacin da ta shiga tsarin African National Congress da ANC Youth League a lokacin da take makaranta a Durban.<ref name="Amandla"/><ref name="ROAPE">{{Cite journal |last=McKinley |first=Dale T. |year=2025 |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.62191%2FROAPE-2025-0006 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=52 |issue=183 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.62191/ROAPE-2025-0006 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> A Wits ta zama fitacciyar jagorar dalibai, tana shiga cikin muhawara game da makomar ilimi mafi girma da shugabancin dalibai a farkon shekarun 1990.<ref name="StudentLeaders"/><ref name="SWOP-remembering">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Re-Membering Prishani Naidoo |url=https://swop.org.za/prishani-naidoo-copy/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |quote=Dr. Prishani Naidoo (1 November 1973 – 23 December 2024) ... Director (2019–2024). |archive-date=13 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413031505/https://swop.org.za/prishani-naidoo-copy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rike mukamai na jagoranci a reshen Wits na Majalisa na Afirka ta Kudu (SASCO) daga 1992 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Wits Students a 1995 kuma ta kasance shugaban Majalisar Wats na Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu sau biyu (SAU-SRC).<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /><ref name="StudentLeaders" /> Bayan karatun digiri, Naidoo ta yi aiki a kungiyoyin farar hula. Daga 1997 zuwa 1999 ta shiga cikin aikin ilimin jinsi a Kwalejin Khanya, sauƙaƙe shirye-shirye tare da membobin ƙungiyar kwadago daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Kungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu, Kayan abinci da Ma'aikata (SACCAWU), Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ilimi, Lafiya da Allied (NEHAWU), Kudancin 'Yan Sanda da Kurkuku (POPCRU) da Kungiyar Ma Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata na Afirka ta Kudu (SAMWU <ref name="SWOP-remembering"/>).<ref name="SAHA"/> Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in shirin jinsi a ofishin Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ta Kudancin Afirka, tana haɓaka shirin jinsi na yanki.<ref name="SAHA" /> A shekara ta 2001 Naidoo ya kafa kungiyar Bincike da Ilimi a Ci Gaban (RED) tare da Ahmed Veriava da sauransu. Kungiyar ta gudanar da bincike da aikin ilimi ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, gami da al'ummomin da ruwa da wutar lantarki suka shafa.<ref name="SWOP-remembering"/><ref name="Amandla">{{Cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |date=10 April 2025 |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/prishani-naidoo-a-beautifully-diverse-radical-and-principled-tapestry-of-life-thought-and-struggle/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=Amandla!}}</ref> A wannan lokacin Naidoo ya shiga cikin Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF), hadin gwiwa da ke adawa da sayarwa na ayyuka na asali a Johannesburg da yankunan da ke kewaye, kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi a Orange Farm da sauran garuruwa.<ref name="SAHA">{{Cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |date=19 February 2010 |title=Transcript of interview with Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.saha.org.za/downloadfile.php?path=al3290%2Fal3290_d2.1.11.pdf |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=South African History Archive}}</ref><ref name="McKinleyNaidoo">{{Cite journal |last=McKinley |first=Dale T. |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prishani |year=2004 |title=New Social Movements in South Africa: A Story in Creation |journal=Development Update |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=9–22}}</ref> Ayyukan Naidoo sun kai ga gwagwarmaya game da aiki, ƙasa da samun damar samun ilimi mafi girma. Ta shiga kuma ta yi tunani game da tarurrukan dalibai da ma'aikata, gami da zanga-zangar #FeesMustFall, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da aka yi niyyar "sake zama memba" na tarihin motsi da ayyuka.<ref name="SWOP-remembering"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> == Ayyukan ilimi == Naidoo ya shiga Sashen Ilimin Jama'a a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a matsayin malami a cikin 2008, da farko yana aiki a cikin shirin bincike na SWOP na Land, Labour and Life . <ref name="CALS"/><ref name="SWOP-remembering"/> Daga baya aka kara mata matsayi zuwa babban malami a fannin zamantakewa kuma, a cikin 2019, an nada ta darakta na SWOP.<ref name="SWOP-remembering" /> A karkashin jagorancinta cibiyar ta haɓaka shirye-shirye kan shahararrun siyasa, sauyawa mai kyau daga kwal da sake tunani game da hanyoyin bincike, gami da aikin kan "sake zama memba" wanda ya jawo hankalin ta na dogon lokaci tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da gwagwarmaya.<ref name="SWOP-main">{{Cite web |title=SWOP – Society, Work and Politics Institute |url=https://swop.org.za/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |archive-date=25 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425085518/https://swop.org.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SWOP-remembering" /> Bayan Wits, Naidoo ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) daga 2023, tana ba da gudummawa ga kwarewarta a cikin bincike da gwagwarmaya ga aikin kungiyar kan haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref name="CALS">{{Cite web |last=Gaertner |first=Lee-Anne |date=21 January 2025 |title=Tribute to Dr Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/cals-news/2025/tribute-to-dr-prishani-naidoo.html |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=Centre for Applied Legal Studies |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin musayar ilimi na kasa da kasa da kuma ziyartar koyarwa, gami da zama tare da fasahar Mexico da sararin bincike SOMA, inda ta shiga cikin tambayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tunanin siyasa.<ref name="SOMA">{{Cite web |title=SOMA Summer – Re-membering Movements |url=https://swop.org.za/soma-summer-prishani-naidoo/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |archive-date=11 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411093233/https://swop.org.za/soma-summer-prishani-naidoo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike da rubuce-rubuce == Binciken Naidoo ya ta'allaka ne akan batun siyasa, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, aiki da rashin tsaro, talauci, sake fasalin neoliberal da siyasar ilimi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="CALS"/> <ref name="SWOP-remembering"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> Rubutun digirin ta ya bincika yadda ake gina "matalauta" a cikin manufofin birni da aiki a bayan wariyar launin fata a Johannesburg, yana mai da hankali kan gidajen matalauta da isar da sabis a Orange Farm . <ref name="ROAPE" /> Ta hada hannu da nazarin sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kuma Anti-Privatisation Forum tare da Dale T. McKinley, tana jayayya cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna wakiltar sababbin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka da ke fitowa don mayar da martani ga sake fasalin neoliberal.<ref name="McKinleyNaidoo"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> Ayyukanta na baya, sau da yawa tare da Karl von Holdt da Ahmed Veriava, sun bincika "yanayin motsi" - wuraren da suka haɗu da ƙungiyoyi, zanga-zanga da ayyukan yau da kullun - da kuma hanyoyin da kabilanci, aji da sauran nau'ikan bambanci ke bayyanawa a cikin gwagwarmayar zamani.<ref name="Globalizations"/><ref name="SWOP-remembering"/> A cikin taswirar motsi na wurare a Afirka ta Kudu (2019), wanda aka rubuta tare da von Holdt, Naidoo ya bincika alamu na zanga-zanga da tsari a fadin bangarori da yankuna, yana ba da shawarar cewa kulawa ga waɗannan shimfidar wurare masu canzawa na iya kalubalantar labarai masu sauƙi game da "rebellion na matalauta" ko kuma motsi na zamantakewa guda ɗaya.<ref name="Globalizations"/> An ambaci aikinta a cikin muhawara game da aiki mara kyau, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da gwagwarmayar al'umma a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="Hlatshwayo">{{Cite journal |last=Hlatshwayo |first=Mondli |year=2018 |title=The new struggles of precarious workers in South Africa: nascent organisational responses of community health workers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056244.2018.1483902 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=45 |issue=157 |pages=378–392 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2018.1483902 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> Naidoo ya kuma rubuta game da launin fata, al'adu da tunanin siyasa. Tare da Ahmed Veriava ta hada hannu da "Bambanci na Tattaunawa: karanta Biko-with-Hall", wanda ya kawo aikin [[Steve Biko]] cikin tattaunawa tare da masanin al'adu Stuart Hall don yin tunani game da bambanci da hadin kai a cikin gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="ERS">{{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Prishani |last2=Veriava |first2=Ahmed |year=2023 |title=Articulating difference: reading Biko-with-Hall |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2023.2197136 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=46 |issue=16 |pages= |doi=10.1080/01419870.2023.2197136 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> Tunaninta game da siyasar dalibai da jagoranci an haɗa su a cikin Reflections of South African Student Leaders 1994 zuwa 2017, inda ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a SASCO da Wits SRC da kuma sauya yanayin shugabancin jami'a da zanga-zanga.[1] Abokan aiki da masu bita sun yi jayayya cewa, ta hanyar aikinta na ilimi da edita a kan jerin Sabon Binciken Afirka ta Kudu, Naidoo ta taimaka wajen tsara muhawara mai mahimmanci game da siyasar Afirka ta Kudu، rashin daidaito da dimokuradiyya shekaru ashirin bayan wariyar launin fata.[2][3][4] == Mutuwa da gado == Naidoo ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2024, yana da shekaru 51. <ref name="SWOP-remembering"/><ref name="ROAPE"/> Labaran mutual da kuma girmamawa daga abokan aiki, dalibai da masu gwagwarmaya sun bayyana ta a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da ka'idoji mai ilimi wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da bincike na ilimi da gwagwarmayar jama'a, kuma ya jaddada rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara da haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="ROAPE" /><ref name="Amandla"/><ref name="Kenny">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Bridget |year=2025 |title=Prishani, With you, Together |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21528586.2025.2578196 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=52 |issue=183 |pages=139–141 |doi=10.62191/ROAPE-2025-0005 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="CALS"/> SWOP, Jami'ar Wits da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa sun gudanar da abubuwan tunawa a farkon 2025, gami da hidimar tunawa da jama'a a Wits Great Hall a ƙarƙashin taken "Sake zama memba na Prishani Naidoo".<ref name="SWOP-memorial">{{Cite web |title=Re-membering Prishani Naidoo: Memorial Service |url=https://swop.org.za/memorial/ |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2rgszmziyr2f1f90qytjwx9ejk7lya 0 151260 879923 836113 2026-07-10T02:44:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Plateau United F.C. | image = Plateau United FC logo.png | fullname = Plateau United Football Club | nickname = Peace Boys | founded = 1975 | ground = [[New Jos Stadium]] | capacity = 44,000 | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Plateau | chairman = | manager = | league = [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] | season = 2023–24 | position = NPFL, na 5 }} '''Plateau United F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Jos]], babban birnin [[Jihar Plateau]]. Kungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[New Jos Stadium]], kuma tana cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke taka rawa a [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL). An kafa kungiyar ne domin bunƙasa harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Plateau tare da bai wa matasa damar nuna bajintarsu a matakin ƙasa da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.ng/plateau-united/ |title=Plateau United Club Profile |website=NPFL |access-date=2026-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa Plateau United a shekarar 1975, kuma tun daga wannan lokaci kungiyar ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi daga yankin arewacin Najeriya. A farkon shekarunta, kungiyar ta fi taka rawa ne a gasannin cikin gida kafin daga baya ta samu damar shiga manyan gasannin ƙasa baki ɗaya. Tarihin kungiyar ya haɗa da lokutan nasara da kuma wasu lokutan ƙalubale, musamman dangane da sauka daga babban rukuni da dawowa cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/plateau-united/startseite/verein/24363 |title=Plateau United History |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Plateau United ta samu babban tagomashi a tarihin ta ne bayan lashe kofin gasar Najeriya ta NPFL a kakar wasa ta 2017. Wannan nasara ta kasance karo na farko da kungiyar ta lashe gasar firimiya ta Najeriya, lamarin da ya kara daukaka sunanta a fadin ƙasar. Nasarar ta kuma ba kungiyar damar wakiltar Najeriya a gasar nahiyar Afrika ta CAF Champions League.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41843754 |title=Plateau United win Nigerian league title |work=BBC Sport |date=2017-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A gasar CAF Champions League ta shekarar 2018, Plateau United ta nuna ƙwazo sosai duk da cewa ta fuskanci manyan kungiyoyi daga sassa daban-daban na nahiyar Afrika. Kungiyar ta samu nasarori masu muhimmanci a gida musamman a filin wasa na Jos wanda aka sani da wahalar bugawa ga baki. Wannan ya nuna irin cigaban da kungiyar ta samu cikin kankanin lokaci bayan lashe gasar cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-caf-champions-league/teams/Plateau-United/ |title=Plateau United in CAF Competitions |website=CAF Online |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Kungiyar tana da babban goyon bayan magoya baya musamman daga mazauna jihar Plateau da yankin arewa ta tsakiya. Magoya bayan kungiyar suna da matukar kaunar kulob din, kuma hakan yana bayyana a lokutan wasannin gida inda filin wasa kan cika da dubban mutane masu goyon baya. Wannan goyon baya ya taimaka wajen karfafa gwiwar 'yan wasan kungiyar a lokuta da dama.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/plateau-united-fans-rally-support-for-club/ |title=Plateau United Fans Support Club |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka taba bugawa Plateau United akwai Tosin Omoyele, Ibrahim Mustapha da kuma Elisha Golbe. Wadannan ‘yan wasa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarorin kungiyar a gasannin cikin gida. Wasu daga cikinsu sun samu damar wakiltar Najeriya a matakan matasa da kuma manyan kungiyoyin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/team/plateau-united/players |title=Plateau United Players |website=Goal.com |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Filin wasan kungiyar, wato [[New Jos Stadium]], yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a Najeriya. Filin yana daukar dubban masu kallo kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da manyan wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. An yi gyare-gyare daban-daban a filin domin tabbatar da ya dace da ƙa’idojin hukumar CAF da FIFA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/nga/ |title=Nigeria Football Facilities |website=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Plateau United tana ci gaba da kokarin bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horaswa da makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa. Kungiyar na bai wa matasa damar shiga tsarin horaswa domin gano sababbin hazikai daga jihar Plateau da sauran yankuna. Wannan tsari ya taimaka wajen samar da sababbin ‘yan wasa masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/ |title=Plateau United Youth Development |website=Premium Times Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Tarihi == Plateau United ta fara ne a matsayin kungiyar gwamnatin jihar Plateau kafin daga baya ta zama daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi shahara a Najeriya. A tsawon shekaru kungiyar ta kasance tana fafatawa tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi, tare da samun matsayi mai kyau a lokuta da dama. Duk da wasu matsaloli na kudi da sauye-sauyen shugabanci, kungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html |title=Nigeria League Champions History |website=RSSSF |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Nasarori == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]: ** Zakara (1): 2017 * [[Nigeria Federation Cup]]: ** Wanda ya kai matakin kusa da ƙarshe sau da dama * Gasannin nahiyar Afrika: ** Halarta a [[CAF Champions League]]: 2018 == Filin wasa == Kungiyar tana amfani da [[New Jos Stadium]] a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin yana cikin birnin Jos kuma yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa na Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wajen gudanar da wasannin kasa da kasa da kuma manyan taruka na wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |title=New Jos Stadium |website=World Stadiums |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[New Jos Stadium]] * [[CAF Champions League]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Wasanni a Jihar Plateau]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 1975]] hv2npvb86n9obkz5d1hjg5j55gwgdvx 0 151328 879929 837134 2026-07-10T03:50:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promise Oluwatobi Emmanuel David Akinpelu''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Promise David''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Belgian Pro League Union SG da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Kanada . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nightingale |first=Tom |date=2025-02-21 |title=Promise David officially files switch from Nigeria to Canada, will be called up by CanMNT |url=https://canadiansoccerdaily.com/2025/02/21/promise-david-officially-files-switch-from-nigeria-to-canada-will-be-called-up-by-canmnt/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Canadian Soccer Daily |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == David ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da makarantar matasa ta Toronto FC Academy, kafin ya koma ƙungiyarsa ta Vaughan Azzurri a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erons |first=Imhons |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Union SG aim for a repeat Victor Boniface operation with Promise Akinpelu David transfer - Soccernet NG |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/07/union-sg-aim-for-a-repeat-victor-boniface-operation-with-promise-akinpelu-david-transfer.html |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Soccernet}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar Croatian Trnje ta leƙen asirinsa kuma ta shiga makarantar matasa. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2021, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar makarantar tare da ƙungiyar FC Tulsa ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyanju |first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi |date=September 18, 2021 |title=The Promising Star: Promise Akinpelu |url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/the-promising-star-promise-akinpelu |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=CKDmedia |archive-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726224933/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/the-promising-star-promise-akinpelu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Malta === A watan Janairun 2022, David ya koma ƙungiyar Valletta ta Maltese a kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyanju |first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi |date=April 1, 2022 |title=FC Valletta Proposes Two Years Extension Of Contract For Promise David |url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/fc-valletta-proposes-two-years-extension-contract-for-promise-akinpelu |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=CKDmedia |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119202120/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/fc-valletta-proposes-two-years-extension-contract-for-promise-akinpelu |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallon da ta kai Valletta ga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin FA ta Maltese ta 2021–22, inda suka kare a matsayi na biyu. A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2022, ya koma Sirens, shi ma a Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lia |first=Gianluca |date=2022-06-20 |title=Canadian forward David Promise moves to Sirens on a two-year deal |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/canadian-forward-david-promise-moves-sirens-two-year-deal.963062 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref> === Nõmme Kalju === [[Fayil:Promise_David_Nõmme_Kalju.png|left|thumb|Promise David ya samu gagarumar nasara a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Estonia mai suna Nõmme Kalju FC.]] A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2023, David ya koma Estonia tare da Nõmme Kalju . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ERR |date=2023-02-13 |title=Nõmme Kalju sõlmis kolmeaastase lepingu noore Kanada ründajaga |trans-title=Nõmme Kalju signed a three-year contract with a young Canadian forward |url=https://sport.err.ee/1608884078/nomme-kalju-solmis-kolmeaastase-lepingu-noore-kanada-rundajaga |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ERR |language=et}}</ref> Da farko ya buga wa ƙungiyar reserve ta ƙungiyar wasa a matakin rukuni na uku na Estonia kafin ya kafa kansa a ƙungiyar farko kuma ya zira kwallaye bakwai a kakarsa ta farko ta Premium Liiga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Ben |date=2026-05-05 |title=From the Estonian top flight to the Belgian Pro League: Canada’s Promise David’s unlikely route to firing Union St Gilloise towards a first title since 1935 |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/from-the-estonian-top-flight-to-the-belgian-pro-league-canadas-promise-davids-unlikely-route-to-firing-union-st-gilloise-towards-a-first-title-since-1935-41038659 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}</ref> David ya danganta buƙatun horon Kalju da atisayen plyometric a matsayin muhimman abubuwa a cikin nasararsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalvet |first=Madis |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Kohv paneb kasvu kinni ja uni teeb pikemaks ehk Kuidas sirgus kaks aastat armuaega saanud Promise David Eesti kaitsjate hirmuks |trans-title=Coffee stunts growth and sleep makes you taller – how Promise David, who was given two years, became the fear of Estonian defenders |url=https://sport.delfi.ee/artikkel/120288113/kohv-paneb-kasvu-kinni-ja-uni-teeb-pikemaks-ehk-kuidas-sirgus-kaks-aastat-armuaega-saanud-promise-david-eesti-kaitsjate-hirmuks |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Delfi Sport |language=et}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2024 da Kalju, ya zira kwallaye 14 kuma ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadese spits Promise David komt bij Union |trans-title=Canadian striker Promise David joins Union |url=https://rusg.brussels/nl/nieuws/canadese-spits-promise-david-komt-bij-union |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=RUSG |language=nl}}</ref> === Tarayyar SG === A watan Yulin 2024, David ya sanya hannu da Union SG na Belgian Pro League, kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erons |first=Imhons |date=2024-07-02 |title=Confirmed: Canada-born striker of Nigerian origin joins Union Saint-Gilloise - Soccernet NG |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/07/confirmed-canada-born-striker-of-nigerian-origin-joins-union-saint-gilloise.html |access-date=2026-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fara wasa da su a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin Belgium Super Cup ta 2024 a ranar 20 ga Yuli, inda ƙungiyar za ta yi nasara a kan Club Brugge da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ERR |date=2024-07-21 |title=Promise David jäi debüütmängus kuivale, aga võitis Belgias esimese tiitli |trans-title=Promise David remained scoreless in his debut match, but won his first title in Belgium |url=https://sport.err.ee/1609402426/promise-david-jai-debuutmangus-kuivale-aga-voitis-belgias-esimese-tiitli |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ERR |language=et}}</ref> David ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta a wasan da Westerlo ya sha kashi a hannun Westerlo da ci 4-3 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Westerlo 4-3 Union SG (10 Aug, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (UK) |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/703692/union-st-gilloise-kvc-westerlo |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2024-25 da kwallaye 19, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Gent da ci 3-1 a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da lashe gasar farko a kungiyar cikin shekaru 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-25 |title=Promise David delivers Union St Gilloise their first title since 1935 |url=https://getfootballnewsbene.com/promise-david-delivers-union-st-gilloise-their-first-title-since-1935/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Get Belgian & Dutch Football News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Acerbi |first=Alice |date=2025-03-12 |title=LLwin |url=https://llwin.co.uk/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=TSN ca |date=2025-05-25 |title=Canadian David scores twice as Union Saint-Gilloise secures Belgian Championship |url=https://www.tsn.ca/soccer/canadian-promise-david-scores-twice-as-union-saint-gilloise-secures-belgian-championship-1.2311989 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=TSN |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 2025, David ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila da Union Saint-Gilloise, inda ya tsawaita zamansa da kungiyar har zuwa 2029. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Devilez |first=Alice |date=2025-06-17 |title=L’Union Saint-Gilloise prolonge Promise David et réalise le 1er 'coup' de son mercato |trans-title=Union Saint-Gilloise extends Promise David's contract and pulls off the first 'coup' of its transfer market |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/l-union-saint-gilloise-prolonge-promise-david-et-realise-le-1er-coup-de-son-mercato-11563147 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=RTBF |publisher=RTBF Actus |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Union St Gilloise’s Canadian star Promise David signs new deal in Brussels |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/union-st-gilloise-canadian-star-113000860.html |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825060539/https://sports.yahoo.com/article/union-st-gilloise-canadian-star-113000860.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Matasa === An haifi David a Kanada ga iyayensa 'yan Najeriya. [1] A watan Oktoban 2022, an kira shi zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Najeriya don buga wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 da 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Tanzania . [2] Ya fara buga wasa da 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 na Najeriya, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasan farko da 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 na Tanzania a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2022. [3] === Babban ɗalibi === A watan Janairun 2025, bayan tambayoyi daga [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]], David ya bayyana cewa ya mayar da hankali kan bugawa kasarsa ta haihuwa, Kanada, wasa a matakin manya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2025 |title=Promise David has chosen to play for Canada over Nigeria: report |url=https://canadiansoccerdaily.com/2025/01/28/promise-david-has-chosen-to-play-for-canada-over-nigeria-report/ |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=Canadian Soccer Daily}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2025, [[FIFA]] ta amince da buƙatar David na canza sheƙa zuwa Kanada. <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2025, ya sami kiran farko na manyan 'yan wasa zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada don buga wasan ƙarshe na CONCACAF Nations League na 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangué-Ruzic |first=Alexandre |date=2024-03-12 |title=Who is new CanMNT call-up Promise David? What you need to know about the other David tearing up Europe |url=https://onesoccer.ca/a/who-is-new-can-mnt-call-up-promise-david-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-other-david-tearing-up-europe |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=OneSoccer}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2025, kuma ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Kanada a wasan sada zumunci da Ukraine a lokacin gasar Canadian Shield ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Chris |date=2024-06-07 |title=Tajon Buchanan, Jonathan David lead the way as Canada downs Ukraine 4–2 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/1.7555517 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=CBC Sports}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] j3unacggwxhgjw6yeovdamhlpfeu7ny 0 151635 879856 837571 2026-07-09T21:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gombe Stadium Pantami 10.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox sports venue | stadium_name = Pantami Stadium | image = Pantami Stadium.jpg | fullname = Pantami Township Stadium | location = Pantami, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria | coordinates = {{coord|10|17|N|11|10|E|display=inline,title}} | owner = Gombe State Government | operator = Gombe State Sports Council | surface = Ciyawa | capacity = 12,000 | tenants = [[Gombe United F.C.]] }} '''Pantami Stadium''' wanda ake kira '''Pantami Township Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke unguwar Pantami a cikin birnin [[Gombe]], jihar Gombe a ƙasar [[Nigeria]]. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. An fi amfani da filin wajen buga wasannin gida na ƙungiyar [[Gombe United F.C.]] tare da wasu manyan gasannin wasanni na jiha da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pantami Stadium |url=https://www.goalzz.com/?stadium=4092 |website=Goalzz |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> An gina filin wasan ne domin bunkasa harkokin wasanni a jihar Gombe da kuma samar da wurin gudanar da manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. Tsawon shekaru, gwamnatin jihar Gombe ta rika gudanar da gyare-gyare domin inganta yanayin filin, musamman wajen sabunta kujeru, gyaran ciyawa da kuma inganta tsarin tsaro. Filin ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren wasanni a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Government Renovates Pantami Stadium |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-renovates-pantami-stadium |website=Daily Trust |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pantami Stadium ya shahara sosai bayan da kungiyar [[Gombe United F.C.]] ta rika amfani da shi a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]. Masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa daga sassa daban-daban na jihar Gombe da kewaye kan hallara domin kallon wasannin kungiyar. Filin ya taimaka wajen bunkasa matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tare da samar da damar gudanar da wasannin matasa da na makarantu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe United return to Pantami Stadium |url=https://www.completesports.com/gombe-united-return-pantami-stadium/ |website=Complete Sports |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baya ga wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da Pantami Stadium wajen gudanar da bukukuwan gwamnati, wasannin motsa jiki da sauran tarukan jama'a. Filin yana da damar ɗaukar dubban masu kallo kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa al’umma ta fuskar wasanni da nishaɗi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pantami Stadium Hosts Sporting Activities |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/pantami-stadium-hosts-events/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Pantami Stadium ya samu karɓuwa sosai tun bayan kafa kungiyar Gombe United a shekarun 1990. A lokuta da dama an gudanar da gyare-gyare domin tabbatar da cewa filin ya dace da ƙa’idojin gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Haka kuma, hukumar kula da wasanni ta jihar Gombe tana ci gaba da kula da filin domin tabbatar da ingantaccen yanayi ga ’yan wasa da masu kallo.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Gombe United and Pantami Stadium |url=https://www.flashscore.com/team/gombe-united/ |website=Flashscore |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kungiyoyin da ke amfani da filin == * [[Gombe United F.C.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Gombe United F.C.]] * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Abuja National Stadium]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football venues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports venues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Gombe State]] q3sqnto9m92fh8iabwh1r14n5vs4gkh 0 151644 879657 837591 2026-07-09T16:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Cropped image of the Liberty Stadium - geograph.org.uk - 32243 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox football venue | stadium_name = Obafemi Awolowo Stadium | image = Obafemi Awolowo Stadium.jpg | fullname = Obafemi Awolowo Stadium | former_names = Liberty Stadium | location = Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria | coordinates = {{Coord|7|22|55|N|3|53|47|E|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | opened = 1960 | renovated = 1998 | owner = Federal Government of Nigeria | operator = National Sports Commission | surface = Grass | seating_capacity = 25,000 | tenants = Shooting Stars SC }} '''Obafemi Awolowo Stadium''' tsohon sunansa '''Liberty Stadium''' wani babban filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke garin Ibadan a jihar Oyo, Najeriya. An buɗe filin wasan a shekarar 1960 kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma fitattun filayen wasa a Najeriya. Filin wasan ya samu sabon suna ne domin girmama tsohon shugaban yankin Yammacin Najeriya, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. <ref>{{cite web |title=Liberty Stadium renamed Obafemi Awolowo Stadium |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/11/liberty-stadium-renamed-obafemi-awolowo-stadium/ |website=Vanguard News |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Ibadan, wanda yake daga cikin manyan biranen Najeriya a bangaren wasanni da ilimi. An gina filin ne a lokacin gwamnatin yankin Yamma ƙarƙashin jagorancin Chief Obafemi Awolowo domin bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a ƙasar. A lokacin da aka buɗe shi, Liberty Stadium shi ne filin wasa na farko a Najeriya da aka gina da tsarin zamani. <ref>{{cite web |title=History of Liberty Stadium Ibadan |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/history-of-liberty-stadium/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Obafemi Awolowo Stadium ya kasance wurin gudanar da manyan wasannin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta '''Shooting Stars Sports Club (3SC)''' tana amfani da filin wajen buga wasanninta na gida. Har ila yau, filin ya karɓi bakuncin wasu wasannin gasar cin kofin Afrika da kuma wasannin tawagar ƙasar Najeriya a lokuta daban-daban. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shooting Stars return to Liberty Stadium |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/shooting-stars-return-to-liberty-stadium/ |website=Goal.com |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Filin wasan ya taba karɓar bakuncin wasu muhimman abubuwan tarihi a harkar wasanni ta Najeriya, ciki har da wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar duniya da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika. Saboda muhimmancin sa a tarihin wasannin Najeriya, ana kallon filin a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na wasanni a ƙasar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria’s historic football stadiums |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/ |website=Premium Times Nigeria |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Duk da shahararsa, filin wasan ya fuskanci matsaloli na rashin kulawa da lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa a wasu lokuta. Gwamnati da kungiyoyin wasanni sun yi kokarin sake gyara filin domin dawo da martabarsa da kuma inganta yanayin gudanar da wasanni a cikinsa. <ref>{{cite web |title=FG plans renovation of Obafemi Awolowo Stadium |url=https://punchng.com/fg-plans-renovation-of-obafemi-awolowo-stadium/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gina filin wasan ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 sannan aka kammala shi a shekarar 1960. A wancan lokaci, an san shi da suna ''Liberty Stadium'' saboda an gina shi a lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya. Filin ya zama wata alama ta cigaban Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai. <ref>{{cite web |title=Why Liberty Stadium remains iconic in Nigeria |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/why-liberty-stadium-remains-iconic/ |website=Nigerian Tribune |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Amfani == Ana amfani da Obafemi Awolowo Stadium wajen: * Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa * Gasannin motsa jiki * Bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a * Shirye-shiryen wasannin makarantu Filin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni da ake amfani da su a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Major sports facilities in South West Nigeria |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/sports-facilities-nigeria/ |website=ThisDay Live |access-date=18 May 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium]] * [[Shooting Stars SC]] * [[Ibadan]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Football venues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports venues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Ibadan]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Oyo State]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Nigeria]] 1rdd8ccgw8y0v7f4pak7hd2z3pgn5ft 0 151652 879686 843447 2026-07-09T17:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | name = Oghara Stadium | location = Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria | country = Nigeria | type = Multi-purpose stadium | surface = Grass (commonly reported for Nigerian community stadiums) | tenants = Local football clubs and community events }} == Oghara Stadium == '''Oghara Stadium''' wani filin wasa ne da ke cikin garin Oghara a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Ana amfani da shi wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wasu tarukan wasanni na cikin gida da al’umma. Filin yana daga cikin muhimman wuraren wasanni a yankin Delta State. <ref>World Stadiums – Nigeria Stadium Listings (General Reference on Nigerian Stadium Facilities). https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616045646/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |date=2025-06-16 }}</ref> == Wuri (Location) == Filin wasan yana cikin Oghara, wanda ke cikin Ethiope West Local Government Area na Jihar Delta. Wannan yankin yana da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka wasanni da harkokin matasa a jihar. <ref>Britannica – Delta State Overview and Geography Context. https://www.britannica.com/place/Delta-state-Nigeria</ref> == Amfani (Usage) == Oghara Stadium ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na gida, horar da ‘yan wasa, da kuma wasu tarukan al’umma kamar bukukuwa da gasar makarantu. Ba shi da cikakken bayanin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ke amfani da shi a kai a kai, amma yana taka rawa a matakin ƙananan wasanni. <ref>Stadium Infrastructure in Nigeria – Sports Development Reports. https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/football{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Filin yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Delta. Hakanan yana ƙara wa al’umma damar samun wurin motsa jiki da gudanar da gasa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen inganta zamantakewa da haɗin kai tsakanin matasa. <ref>UNESCO – Sport for Development and Peace Overview. https://www.unesco.org/en/sport-and-anti-doping/sport-development-and-peace</ref> == Kammalawa == Oghara Stadium muhimmin fili ne na wasanni a Najeriya, musamman a matakin jiha da ƙananan hukumomi. Duk da cewa ba shi daga manyan filayen wasa na ƙasa, yana da rawar da yake takawa wajen inganta ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasanni a yankin Delta. <ref>World Bank – Youth and Sports Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sport</ref> dbq5pcz54dvsvu7ambe621w1ue0x1q4 0 151721 879575 837902 2026-07-09T13:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigeria women's national football team''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Najeriya ce wadda ke wakiltar Najeriya a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana yi wa ƙungiyar laƙabi da '''Super Falcons''', kuma ita ce mafi nasara a nahiyar Afirka a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata. Hukumar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) ce ke kula da ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women?dateId=ranking_2025-03-06 |title=FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking |website=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Najeriya a shekarar 1991 domin shiga gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na mata. Tun daga lokacin, Super Falcons ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata mafi ƙarfi a Afirka, inda ta lashe kofin [[Women's Africa Cup of Nations]] sau da dama. Najeriya ce ta fi kowace ƙasa yawan lashe wannan gasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/history/ |title=Women's Africa Cup of Nations History |website=CAF Online |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samu halartar gasar [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] a lokuta da dama tun daga shekarar 1991, kuma ita ce kaɗai daga Afirka da ta taba kai wa zagayen kwata-fainal a wasu manyan gasa na mata. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta kai zagayen kwata-fainal bayan doke Denmark da ci 2–0 a zagayen ‘yan 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/usa1999 |title=FIFA Women's World Cup USA 1999 |website=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == Super Falcons ta lashe kofin nahiyar Afirka na mata fiye da sau tara, lamarin da ya sanya ta zama mafi nasara a tarihin gasar. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta wakilci Afirka a gasar Olympics da dama ciki har da Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000 da Beijing 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/teams/nigeria-football-women |title=Nigeria Women's Football Team |website=Olympics.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> A gasar [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], Najeriya ta burge duniya bayan ta kai zagayen ‘yan 16 kuma ta tashi kunnen doki da ƙasashe masu ƙarfi kamar Canada da Republic of Ireland a matakin rukuni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023 |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 |website=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Super Falcons sun haɗa da [[Asisat Oshoala]], wadda ta lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan mata na Afirka sau da dama, da kuma [[Perpetua Nkwocha]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zura ƙwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59678331 |title=Asisat Oshoala: Nigeria striker wins African Women's Player award again |website=BBC Sport |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sauran fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar sun haɗa da [[Rita Nwadike]], [[Mercy Akide]], [[Onome Ebi]] da [[Desire Oparanozie]], waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/top-super-falcons-legends-of-all-time/blt123456789 |title=Top Super Falcons Legends of All Time |website=Goal.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Masu horaswa == Ƙungiyar ta yi aiki da masu horaswa daban-daban daga Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Daga cikin shahararrun masu horaswar akwai [[Ismaila Mabo]], [[Randy Waldrum]] da [[Justin Madugu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com/category/super-falcons/ |title=Super Falcons News |website=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Nigeria men's national football team]] * [[Women's Africa Cup of Nations]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Nigeria national football teams}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na mata]] [[Category:Kwallon kafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasannin Najeriya]] 1o7wnqu41mi1hwt0gszn3zfmvavqtt0 0 151722 879574 837903 2026-07-09T13:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nigeria men's national football team''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta maza da ke wakiltar ƙasar Najeriya a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF), kuma ana yi mata laƙabi da '''Super Eagles'''. Najeriya na daga cikin manyan ƙasashen ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar Afirka, inda ta lashe gasar [[Africa Cup of Nations]] sau uku tare da halartar gasar [[FIFA World Cup]] sau da dama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/NGA |title=Nigeria |website=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Najeriya ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 1949 lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, ƙungiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi ƙarfi a Afirka, musamman daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/member-associations/nga/ |title=Nigeria Football Profile |website=CAF Online |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Najeriya ta fara samun babbar nasara bayan lashe gasar [[1980 African Cup of Nations]] da aka gudanar a Lagos. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta sake lashe kofin a shekarar 1994 da kuma 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nigerian-national-football-team |title=Nigerian national football team |website=Britannica |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Gasar FIFA World Cup == Najeriya ta fara halartar gasar [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] da aka gudanar a Amurka, inda ta kai zagayen biyu. Tun daga wannan lokaci, ƙasar ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka masu yawan halartar gasar cin kofin duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup |title=FIFA World Cup Archive |website=FIFA |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarun: * 1994 * 1998 * 2002 * 2010 * 2014 * 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/nigeria-team/wm-teilnahmen/ |title=Nigeria - World Cup Appearances |website=WorldFootball.net |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Manyan 'yan wasa == Wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taka rawa a tarihin Super Eagles sun haɗa da: * [[Nwankwo Kanu]] * [[Jay-Jay Okocha]] * [[Rashidi Yekini]] * [[John Obi Mikel]] * [[Vincent Enyeama]] * [[Ahmed Musa]] * [[Victor Osimhen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/best-nigerian-footballers-ever/blt5f4d3e8f0d9d4f0f |title=Best Nigerian Footballers Ever |website=Goal.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Najeriya tana amfani da filaye daban-daban wajen karɓar baƙuncin wasanninta, ciki har da: * [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium]] * [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] * [[Lagos National Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriafootballff.com/ |title=Nigeria Football Federation |website=NFF |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Africa Cup of Nations === * Zakara: 1980, 1994, 2013 * Mataimakiya: 1984, 1988, 1990, 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/history/ |title=AFCON History |website=CAF Online |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> === Olympics === Najeriya ta lashe zinari a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na maza a [[1996 Summer Olympics]] da aka gudanar a Atlanta, Amurka, lamarin da ya sanya ta zama ƙasar Afirka ta farko da ta lashe zinari a wannan fanni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/atlanta-1996/results/football/football-men |title=Atlanta 1996 Football Results |website=Olympics.com |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Nigeria women's national football team]] * [[Africa Cup of Nations]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasa]] [[Category:Kwallon kafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya]] a76nbovgg7mdprk99az5pplk9j8cdm4 0 151735 879573 837920 2026-07-09T13:04:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league | name = Nigeria Women Football League | logo = | pixels = | country = Najeriya | confed = CAF | founded = 1990 | teams = 16 | levels = 1 | relegation = NWFL Championship | domestic_cup = Federation Cup | confed_cup = CAF Women's Champions League | champion = Edo Queens | most_successful_club = Rivers Angels | website = {{URL|https://thenwfl.com}} }} '''Nigeria Women Football League''' ('''NWFL''') ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) ce ke kula da gasar, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin matakin farko na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Najeriya. An kafa gasar domin bunƙasa harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata tare da samar da damar gasa ga kungiyoyin mata a faɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenwfl.com/about-us/ |title=About NWFL |publisher=Nigeria Women Football League |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Najeriya tun farkon shekarun 1990, inda daga baya aka kafa tsarin NWFL domin tafiyar da ita cikin tsari na ƙwararru. A shekarun baya, gasar ta samu ci gaba sosai musamman bayan kafa tsarin ''NWFL Premiership'' da ''NWFL Championship''. Wannan ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa mata da kuma ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/womens-football/news/nigeria-women-football-league-growing-in-strength/ |title=Nigeria Women Football League growing in strength |publisher=CAF Online |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tsarin gasar == NWFL tana da matakai daban-daban da suka haɗa da: * '''NWFL Premiership''' – matakin farko kuma mafi girma. * '''NWFL Championship''' – matakin biyu. * '''NWFL Nationwide League''' – matakin ci gaban ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A ƙarshen kowace kakar wasa, ƙungiyoyin da suka fi ƙwarewa a NWFL Premiership suna samun damar wakiltar Najeriya a gasar [[CAF Women's Champions League]]. Haka kuma ƙungiyoyin da suka kasa a teburin gasar kan koma mataki na biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenwfl.com/rules-and-regulations/ |title=NWFL Rules and Regulations |publisher=Nigeria Women Football League |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kungiyoyi masu nasara == Kungiyoyi irin su [[Rivers Angels F.C.]], [[Bayelsa Queens F.C.]], [[Delta Queens F.C.]], da [[Edo Queens F.C.]] sun kasance daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin da suka fi samun nasara a tarihin gasar. Rivers Angels na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi lashe kofunan NWFL tun bayan kafa gasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/nwfl-most-successful-clubs/blt123456789 |title=Most Successful Clubs in NWFL History |publisher=Goal Nigeria |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == NWFL ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya. Yawancin 'yan wasan kungiyar mata ta Najeriya, wato [[Nigeria women's national football team|Super Falcons]], sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin NWFL. Gasar ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da damar sana'a ga mata a fannoni daban-daban kamar horarwa, alkalanci da gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/nigeria-womens-football-development-super-falcons |title=How Nigeria developed women’s football through domestic leagues |publisher=FIFA |date=11 August 2024 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Super Falcons]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] [[Category:Kwallon ƙafa ta mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:An kafa a 1990]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasanni na mata]] k9a4f99y9sju7jv47wiya5i0vma79lh 0 151926 879886 838820 2026-07-09T23:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nigerian football coach, Paul Offor, at Godswill Akpabio Stadium on 24 February 2026.jpg|thumb]] '''Paul Offor''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Disamba 1988) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Ya shahara musamman bayan jagorantar [[Sporting Lagos FC]] zuwa gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL) cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A halin yanzu yana matsayin babban mai horaswa na [[Akwa United FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Paul Offor a yankin Aniocha North na Najeriya ranar 17 ga Disamba 1988. Ya fara sha’awar koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana matashi, inda ya shiga aikin horaswa tun yana ƙanana kafin daga baya ya samu damar aiki da ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Farkon aikin horaswa == Paul Offor ya fara aikin horaswa ne da ƙungiyoyin matasa da ƙananan kungiyoyi kamar Anioma United da T Akoma FC kafin daga baya ya shiga [[Warri Wolves FC]] a matsayin mataimakin mai horaswa. A shekarar 2021 ne aka ba shi cikakken jagorancin ƙungiyar bayan sallamar Evans Ogenyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar Warri Wolves, Offor ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen gina ƙungiya mai haɗin kai da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa suna a tsakanin masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Sporting Lagos == A watan Maris 2023, ƙungiyar [[Sporting Lagos FC]] ta naɗa Paul Offor a matsayin babban mai horaswa. A cikin watanni kaɗan bayan naɗinsa, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa samun gurbin shiga NPFL bayan nasarori a gasar Nigeria National League Super 8 Playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://futball.com.ng/2023/07/04/coach-paul-offor/ |title=Coach Paul Offor: The Architect Behind Sporting Lagos’ Remarkable NPFL Promotion |website=Futball Naija |date=2023-07-04 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Sporting Lagos ta lashe gasar Naija Super 8 a shekarar 2023, wanda ya zama kofin farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Wannan nasara ta ƙara tabbatar da ƙwarewar Offor wajen gina sabuwar ƙungiya cikin sauri.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Sai dai a shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar ta raba gari da shi bayan wasu sakamako marasa kyau a gasar NPFL. Hakan ya kawo ƙarshen zaman da ya yi a Sporting Lagos duk da irin nasarorin da ya samu a farkon aikinsa da ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG8po4bgDnI |title=Sporting Lagos FC Announces Departure of Coach Paul Offor |website=YouTube |publisher=News Central TV |date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Kano Pillars == A watan Yuli 2024, [[Kano Pillars FC]] ta sanar da naɗin Paul Offor a matsayin sabon babban mai horaswa bayan tafiyar Abdul Maikaba. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu domin jagorantar ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/12/npfl-paul-offor-appointed-kano-pillars-head-coach/ |title=NPFL: Paul Offor appointed Kano Pillars head coach |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Sai dai zamansa a Kano Pillars bai daɗe ba, domin bayan sauyin shugabanci a ƙungiyar an kawo ƙarshen aikinsa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. Duk da haka, masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba da salon horaswarsa da hangen nesansa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/07/npfl-former-sporting-lagos-tactician-takes-over-the-coaching-reins-at-kano-pillars.html |title=Former Sporting Lagos tactician takes over the coaching reins at Kano Pillars |website=Soccernet NG |date=2024-07-13 |access-date=2026-05-21 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Grassrunners FC == Bayan barinsa Kano Pillars, Paul Offor ya koma [[Grassrunners FC]] inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. An bayyana naɗin nasa a matsayin wani babban mataki ga sabuwar ƙungiyar da ke neman bunƙasa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naifooty.com.ng/2024/08/former-sporting-lagos-coach-paul-offor.html |title=Former Sporting Lagos Coach Paul Offor Appointed Head Coach of Grassrunners FC |website=Naifooty |date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Akwa United == A shekarar 2025, [[Akwa United FC]] ta naɗa Paul Offor a matsayin sabon mai ba da shawara ta fasaha kuma babban mai horaswa. An ɗora masa alhakin dawo da ƙungiyar zuwa babban matakin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, ya samu lasisin horaswa na UEFA B daga Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Scotland, wanda ya ƙara masa ƙwarewa da cancanta a harkar horaswa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Paul Offor ya shahara da amfani da tsarin kai hari musamman 4-3-3, tare da mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa matasan ’yan wasa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan masu horaswa masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Sporting Lagos === * Naija Super 8: 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Disamba 2025 * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Janairu 2026 * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Fabrairu 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin da ya horas == * [[Warri Wolves FC]] * [[CIFAS de Djeffa]] * [[Sporting Lagos FC]] * [[Kano Pillars FC]] * [[Grassrunners FC]] * [[Akwa United FC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qy8gqlt8t4w7lyf7ozakafmulhld6q4 880008 879886 2026-07-10T07:36:41Z BnHamid 12586 880008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigerian football coach, Paul Offor, at Godswill Akpabio Stadium on 24 February 2026.jpg|thumb]] '''Paul Offor''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Disamba 1988) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Ya shahara musamman bayan jagorantar [[Sporting Lagos FC]] zuwa gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL) cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A halin yanzu yana matsayin babban mai horaswa na [[Akwa United FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Paul Offor a yankin Aniocha North na Najeriya ranar 17 ga Disamba 1988. Ya fara sha’awar koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana matashi, inda ya shiga aikin horaswa tun yana ƙanana kafin daga baya ya samu damar aiki da ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Farkon aikin horaswa == Paul Offor ya fara aikin horaswa ne da ƙungiyoyin matasa da ƙananan kungiyoyi kamar Anioma United da T Akoma FC kafin daga baya ya shiga [[Warri Wolves FC]] a matsayin mataimakin mai horaswa. A shekarar 2021 ne aka ba shi cikakken jagorancin ƙungiyar bayan sallamar Evans Ogenyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar Warri Wolves, Offor ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen gina ƙungiya mai haɗin kai da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa suna a tsakanin masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Sporting Lagos == A watan Maris 2023, ƙungiyar [[Sporting Lagos FC]] ta naɗa Paul Offor a matsayin babban mai horaswa. A cikin watanni kaɗan bayan naɗinsa, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa samun gurbin shiga NPFL bayan nasarori a gasar Nigeria National League Super 8 Playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://futball.com.ng/2023/07/04/coach-paul-offor/ |title=Coach Paul Offor: The Architect Behind Sporting Lagos’ Remarkable NPFL Promotion |website=Futball Naija |date=2023-07-04 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Sporting Lagos ta lashe gasar Naija Super 8 a shekarar 2023, wanda ya zama kofin farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Wannan nasara ta ƙara tabbatar da ƙwarewar Offor wajen gina sabuwar ƙungiya cikin sauri.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Sai dai a shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar ta raba gari da shi bayan wasu sakamako marasa kyau a gasar NPFL. Hakan ya kawo ƙarshen zaman da ya yi a Sporting Lagos duk da irin nasarorin da ya samu a farkon aikinsa da ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG8po4bgDnI |title=Sporting Lagos FC Announces Departure of Coach Paul Offor |website=YouTube |publisher=News Central TV |date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Kano Pillars == A watan Yuli 2024, [[Kano Pillars FC]] ta sanar da naɗin Paul Offor a matsayin sabon babban mai horaswa bayan tafiyar Abdul Maikaba. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu domin jagorantar ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/12/npfl-paul-offor-appointed-kano-pillars-head-coach/ |title=NPFL: Paul Offor appointed Kano Pillars head coach |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Sai dai zamansa a Kano Pillars bai daɗe ba, domin bayan sauyin shugabanci a ƙungiyar an kawo ƙarshen aikinsa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. Duk da haka, masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba da salon horaswarsa da hangen nesansa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/07/npfl-former-sporting-lagos-tactician-takes-over-the-coaching-reins-at-kano-pillars.html |title=Former Sporting Lagos tactician takes over the coaching reins at Kano Pillars |website=Soccernet NG |date=2024-07-13 |access-date=2026-05-21 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Grassrunners FC == Bayan barinsa Kano Pillars, Paul Offor ya koma [[Grassrunners FC]] inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. An bayyana naɗin nasa a matsayin wani babban mataki ga sabuwar ƙungiyar da ke neman bunƙasa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naifooty.com.ng/2024/08/former-sporting-lagos-coach-paul-offor.html |title=Former Sporting Lagos Coach Paul Offor Appointed Head Coach of Grassrunners FC |website=Naifooty |date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Akwa United == A shekarar 2025, [[Akwa United FC]] ta naɗa Paul Offor a matsayin sabon mai ba da shawara ta fasaha kuma babban mai horaswa. An ɗora masa alhakin dawo da ƙungiyar zuwa babban matakin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, ya samu lasisin horaswa na UEFA B daga Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Scotland, wanda ya ƙara masa ƙwarewa da cancanta a harkar horaswa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/akwa-united-coach-paul-offor-bags-uefa-b-licence/ |title=Akwa United Coach Paul Offor Bags UEFA B Licence |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Paul Offor ya shahara da amfani da tsarin kai hari musamman 4-3-3, tare da mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa matasan ’yan wasa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan masu horaswa masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Sporting Lagos === * Naija Super 8: 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Disamba 2025 * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Janairu 2026 * Nigeria National League Coach of the Month – Fabrairu 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Offor |title=Paul Offor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin da ya horas == * [[Warri Wolves FC]] * [[CIFAS de Djeffa]] * [[Sporting Lagos FC]] * [[Kano Pillars FC]] * [[Grassrunners FC]] * [[Akwa United FC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/paul-offor/profil/trainer/121221 |title=Paul Offor – Manager profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} skakecmbr1v8zc5eg24dscwxq6lw3t0 0 152025 880001 839143 2026-07-10T07:30:49Z BnHamid 12586 880001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabrina Jean''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar Chagossian ce ta ƙarni na biyu kuma mai fafutuka ga al'ummar Chagossian don komawa gida zuwa Tsibirin Chagos a [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yankin Tekun Indiya na Burtaniya . == Tarihi == An haifi Sabrina Jean a Mauritius, diya ga Serge Aristide, wanda aka haifa a kan atoll na Peros Banhos a 1950 amma ya tafi Mauritius a 1967 lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafiya. Lokacin da Aristide ya yi ƙoƙarin komawa Peros Banhos a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s an gaya masa cewa an ba da gidansa ga Burtaniya.[1] Mahaifin Jean, Serge Aristide, yana daga cikin mutane 1,500 da aka tilastawa barin yankin Burtaniya na ketare lokacin da aka ba da hayar Amurka don gina sansanin soji a Diego Garcia. An kai su cikin kwale-kwale zuwa Mauritius da Seychelles ba tare da taimakon ƙaura ba, kuma yawancinsu suna cikin talauci. Jean ya ƙaura daga Mauritius zuwa garin Crawley a Burtaniya a cikin 2006.[2] Crawley gida ne ga kusan Chagossiyawa na ƙarni na biyu 3,000, mafi yawan mutanen Chagossian na Biritaniya.[2][3] == Yunkurin fafutuka == A Mauritius Jean ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa na Chagossians karkashin jagorancin Olivier Bancoult, wanda ya kawo ma'anar al'umma da wayar da kan jama'a ga ƙarni na biyu da na uku na Chagossian da aka haifa a Mauritius. A lokacin da ta koma Crawley a shekara ta 2006, Jean ta zama shugabar kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos A shekara ta 2011 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta izinin ziyartar tsibirin gidanta na Peros Banhos, wani ɓangare na tsibirin Chagos a karo na farko kuma kawai, ta ziyarci ƙasar mahaifinta. Da yake magana game da tsibirin, Jean ya ce "Babu wani abu, kawai tsarin gidaje da coci. Babu wani abu a ciki. Babu wani abin da ya ɓace. Ya kasance mai raɗaɗi don ganin shi da idanu".<ref name="inews2019">{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Serina |date=22 November 2019 |title=UK misses Chagos Islands deadline: 'My dad doesn't want to be buried in Britain – he wants to be buried at home' |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/chagos-islands-dispute-deadline-uk-britain-buried-366240 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=inews}}</ref> A cikin 2013 Jean ya taimaka wajen gano Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Chagos kuma ita ce shugabarta ta yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDougall |first=John |date=5 December 2019 |title=Islanders in exile - the Chagos Islands national team |url=http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160442/http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Island Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooke |first=Samuel |date=13 July 2019 |title=Chagos Islanders face deportation threats in Crawley |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/17768458.chagos-islanders-face-deportation-threats-crawley/ |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Argus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popham |first=Kristen |date=13 April 2020 |title=Half a Century After Their Deportation, Chagossians Employ Football and Community as Tools of Resistance |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/half-century-after-their-deportation-chagossians-employ-football-and-community-tools |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=Pulizer Center}}</ref> == ''Wani Aljanna'' == Wani fim din da darektan fina-finai na Belgium Olivier Magis ya yi wanda ke ba da labarin halin da ake ciki na al'ummar Chagossian a Crawley, ''Wani Aljanna'', an sake shi a cikin 2019 <ref name="Guardian2019">{{Cite web |last=McVeigh |first=Karen |date=7 June 2019 |title='I want to die on my native soil': exiled Chagos Islanders dream of return |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/07/i-want-to-die-on-my-native-soil-exiled-chagos-islanders-dream-of-return |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> kuma yana nuna Jean a ko'ina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] for31or0l6jodiooqkd3f0x6su1s5lb 880003 880001 2026-07-10T07:32:50Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 880003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabrina Jean''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar Chagossian ce ta ƙarni na biyu kuma mai fafutuka ga al'ummar Chagossian don komawa gida zuwa Tsibirin Chagos a [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yankin Tekun Indiya na Burtaniya . == Tarihi == An haifi Sabrina Jean a Mauritius, diya ga Serge Aristide, wanda aka haifa a kan atoll na Peros Banhos a 1950 amma ya tafi Mauritius a 1967 lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafiya. Lokacin da Aristide ya yi ƙoƙarin komawa Peros Banhos a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s an gaya masa cewa an ba da gidansa ga Burtaniya.<ref name="inews2019">{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/chagos-islands-dispute-deadline-uk-britain-buried-366240|title=UK misses Chagos Islands deadline: 'My dad doesn't want to be buried in Britain – he wants to be buried at home'|first=Serina|last=Sandhu|publisher=inews|date=22 November 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> Mahaifin Jean, Serge Aristide, yana daga cikin mutane 1,500 da aka tilastawa barin yankin Burtaniya na ketare lokacin da aka ba da hayar Amurka don gina sansanin soji a Diego Garcia. An kai su cikin kwale-kwale zuwa Mauritius da Seychelles ba tare da taimakon ƙaura ba, kuma yawancinsu suna cikin talauci. Jean ya ƙaura daga Mauritius zuwa garin Crawley a Burtaniya a cikin 2006.[2] Crawley gida ne ga kusan Chagossiyawa na ƙarni na biyu 3,000, mafi yawan mutanen Chagossian na Biritaniya.<ref name="Guardian2019"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/politics/crawley-chagossians-urged-never-lose-hope-after-devastating-court-ruling-2147251|title=Crawley Chagossians urged '˜to never lose hope' after devastating court ruling|publisher=Crawley Observer|date=29 June 2016|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A Mauritius Jean ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa na Chagossians karkashin jagorancin Olivier Bancoult, wanda ya kawo ma'anar al'umma da wayar da kan jama'a ga ƙarni na biyu da na uku na Chagossian da aka haifa a Mauritius. A lokacin da ta koma Crawley a shekara ta 2006, Jean ta zama shugabar kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos A shekara ta 2011 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta izinin ziyartar tsibirin gidanta na Peros Banhos, wani ɓangare na tsibirin Chagos a karo na farko kuma kawai, ta ziyarci ƙasar mahaifinta. Da yake magana game da tsibirin, Jean ya ce "Babu wani abu, kawai tsarin gidaje da coci. Babu wani abu a ciki. Babu wani abin da ya ɓace. Ya kasance mai raɗaɗi don ganin shi da idanu".<ref name="inews2019">{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Serina |date=22 November 2019 |title=UK misses Chagos Islands deadline: 'My dad doesn't want to be buried in Britain – he wants to be buried at home' |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/chagos-islands-dispute-deadline-uk-britain-buried-366240 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=inews}}</ref> A cikin 2013 Jean ya taimaka wajen gano Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Chagos kuma ita ce shugabarta ta yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDougall |first=John |date=5 December 2019 |title=Islanders in exile - the Chagos Islands national team |url=http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160442/http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Island Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooke |first=Samuel |date=13 July 2019 |title=Chagos Islanders face deportation threats in Crawley |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/17768458.chagos-islanders-face-deportation-threats-crawley/ |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Argus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popham |first=Kristen |date=13 April 2020 |title=Half a Century After Their Deportation, Chagossians Employ Football and Community as Tools of Resistance |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/half-century-after-their-deportation-chagossians-employ-football-and-community-tools |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=Pulizer Center}}</ref> == ''Wani Aljanna'' == Wani fim din da darektan fina-finai na Belgium Olivier Magis ya yi wanda ke ba da labarin halin da ake ciki na al'ummar Chagossian a Crawley, ''Wani Aljanna'', an sake shi a cikin 2019 <ref name="Guardian2019">{{Cite web |last=McVeigh |first=Karen |date=7 June 2019 |title='I want to die on my native soil': exiled Chagos Islanders dream of return |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/07/i-want-to-die-on-my-native-soil-exiled-chagos-islanders-dream-of-return |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> kuma yana nuna Jean a ko'ina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 645gze1j068k7ujqdb46kbfje417brh 880004 880003 2026-07-10T07:33:42Z BnHamid 12586 /* Tarihi */ 880004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabrina Jean''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar Chagossian ce ta ƙarni na biyu kuma mai fafutuka ga al'ummar Chagossian don komawa gida zuwa Tsibirin Chagos a [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yankin Tekun Indiya na Burtaniya . == Tarihi == An haifi Sabrina Jean a Mauritius, diya ga Serge Aristide, wanda aka haifa a kan atoll na Peros Banhos a 1950 amma ya tafi Mauritius a 1967 lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafiya. Lokacin da Aristide ya yi ƙoƙarin komawa Peros Banhos a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s an gaya masa cewa an ba da gidansa ga Burtaniya.<ref name="inews2019">{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/chagos-islands-dispute-deadline-uk-britain-buried-366240|title=UK misses Chagos Islands deadline: 'My dad doesn't want to be buried in Britain – he wants to be buried at home'|first=Serina|last=Sandhu|publisher=inews|date=22 November 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> Mahaifin Jean, Serge Aristide, yana daga cikin mutane 1,500 da aka tilastawa barin yankin Burtaniya na ketare lokacin da aka ba da hayar Amurka don gina sansanin soji a Diego Garcia. An kai su cikin kwale-kwale zuwa Mauritius da Seychelles ba tare da taimakon ƙaura ba, kuma yawancinsu suna cikin talauci. Jean ya ƙaura daga Mauritius zuwa garin Crawley a Burtaniya a cikin 2006.<ref name="Guardian2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/07/i-want-to-die-on-my-native-soil-exiled-chagos-islanders-dream-of-return|title='I want to die on my native soil': exiled Chagos Islanders dream of return|publisher=The Guardian|first=Karen|last=McVeigh|date=7 June 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> Crawley gida ne ga kusan Chagossiyawa na ƙarni na biyu 3,000, mafi yawan mutanen Chagossian na Biritaniya.<ref name="Guardian2019"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/politics/crawley-chagossians-urged-never-lose-hope-after-devastating-court-ruling-2147251|title=Crawley Chagossians urged '˜to never lose hope' after devastating court ruling|publisher=Crawley Observer|date=29 June 2016|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A Mauritius Jean ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa na Chagossians karkashin jagorancin Olivier Bancoult, wanda ya kawo ma'anar al'umma da wayar da kan jama'a ga ƙarni na biyu da na uku na Chagossian da aka haifa a Mauritius. A lokacin da ta koma Crawley a shekara ta 2006, Jean ta zama shugabar kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Chagos A shekara ta 2011 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta izinin ziyartar tsibirin gidanta na Peros Banhos, wani ɓangare na tsibirin Chagos a karo na farko kuma kawai, ta ziyarci ƙasar mahaifinta. Da yake magana game da tsibirin, Jean ya ce "Babu wani abu, kawai tsarin gidaje da coci. Babu wani abu a ciki. Babu wani abin da ya ɓace. Ya kasance mai raɗaɗi don ganin shi da idanu".<ref name="inews2019">{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Serina |date=22 November 2019 |title=UK misses Chagos Islands deadline: 'My dad doesn't want to be buried in Britain – he wants to be buried at home' |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/chagos-islands-dispute-deadline-uk-britain-buried-366240 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=inews}}</ref> A cikin 2013 Jean ya taimaka wajen gano Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Chagos kuma ita ce shugabarta ta yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDougall |first=John |date=5 December 2019 |title=Islanders in exile - the Chagos Islands national team |url=http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160442/http://theislandreview.com/content/chagos-islands-football-team |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Island Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooke |first=Samuel |date=13 July 2019 |title=Chagos Islanders face deportation threats in Crawley |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/17768458.chagos-islanders-face-deportation-threats-crawley/ |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Argus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popham |first=Kristen |date=13 April 2020 |title=Half a Century After Their Deportation, Chagossians Employ Football and Community as Tools of Resistance |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/half-century-after-their-deportation-chagossians-employ-football-and-community-tools |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=Pulizer Center}}</ref> == ''Wani Aljanna'' == Wani fim din da darektan fina-finai na Belgium Olivier Magis ya yi wanda ke ba da labarin halin da ake ciki na al'ummar Chagossian a Crawley, ''Wani Aljanna'', an sake shi a cikin 2019 <ref name="Guardian2019">{{Cite web |last=McVeigh |first=Karen |date=7 June 2019 |title='I want to die on my native soil': exiled Chagos Islanders dream of return |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/07/i-want-to-die-on-my-native-soil-exiled-chagos-islanders-dream-of-return |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> kuma yana nuna Jean a ko'ina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] dzo4lfu11vtgmi66lasm8dv9fcd5yfs 0 152207 879658 843442 2026-07-09T16:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879658 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Obichere Chilaka Iwuagwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1965, a Obohia, [[Ahiazu Mbaise]]) farfesa ne na Najeriya na Tarihin tattalin arziki, nazarin ci gaba da Manufofin jama'a a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] . Binciken da yake so ya kunshi batutuwa kamar Tarihin tattalin arziki, tattalin arzikin ci gaba da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, manufofin jama'a da gina al'umma, da [[Tsarin abinci]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Contributors |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/127/article/492485/pdf |journal=African Economic History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=181–182 |issn=2163-9108}}</ref> Iwuagwu shi ne darektan Najeriya na Cibiyar Confucius a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], kuma mataimakin darektan da ya gabata na [[Institute of African and Diaspora Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Diaspora]] ta jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=UNILAG Confucius Institute Marks Smooth Transition of Leadership: Sends-forth Professor Maduagwu and Welcomes New Nigerian Director |url=https://unilag.edu.ng/?p=27659 |website=Unilag.edu.ng }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nico |date=2018-02-26 |title=Empower Traditional Rulers To End Insecurity, Iwuagwu Tells FG – NICO |url=https://nico.gov.ng/2018/02/26/empower-traditional-rulers-to-end-insecurity-iwuagwu-tells-fg/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224151829/https://nico.gov.ng/2018/02/26/empower-traditional-rulers-to-end-insecurity-iwuagwu-tells-fg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Obizi, Mbaise a shekarar 1981; Iwuagwu ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi a shekarar 1988. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na biyu da PhD. a cikin tarihi a cikin 1992 da 1998 bi da bi. Iwuagwu ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Dabarun Jami'ar Legas a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin Malami na II. Ya tashi a cikin matsayi har sai ya zama cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Iwuagwu ya kasance Masanin Ziyarar a [[Suzhou]])" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Soochow University (Suzhou)">Jami'ar Soochow, Suzhou a kasar Sin. Ya kuma kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beijing, China a shekarar 2015. == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (2021), Ginin Kasar a Afirka: Batutuwan, Kalubale da Abubuwan da ke tasowa, Jami'ar Legas Press & Bookshop Ltd.  Iwuagwu,obi(2008).batutuwa atarihin tattalin arzikin igbo.shine nafarko awallafa littattafan ilimi.ISBN 978-978-37266-9-7. {{Cite journal |last=University of Lagos, Nigeria |last2=Iwuagwu |first2=Obi |date=2020-08-17 |title=Development albatross: a historical analysis of Nigeria's economic development planning experience, 1960 – 2015 |url=https://kijhus.kiu.ac.ug/assets/articles/1597826683_development-albatross-a-historical-analysis-of-nigeria%E2%80%99s-economic-development-planning-experience-1960-%E2%80%93-2015.pdf |journal=Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.59568/KIJHUS-2020-1-2-22}} {{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2012 |title=The spread of cassava (manioc) in Igboland, south-east Nigeria: a reappraisal of the evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317131 |journal=The Agricultural History Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=60–76 |issn=0002-1490 |jstor=23317131}} Iwuagwu,obi(2009). najeriya da kalubalen Masha naantun cigaba.dabarar hada masana anti wura guda.tarihin tattalin arzikin afurka.37(1):151-180.ISSN21639108. Iwuagwu, Obi (2009), " Siyasa ta Ci gaban Infrastructure a Karkara ta Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya, 1946 - 1976", Uzu: Jaridar Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya, 11 (1), 111-123. {{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2006 |title=Rural development in Eastern Nigeria: An assessment of colonial and post colonial development plans in the former Owerri Province, 1946 - 1976 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lhr/article/view/32549/0 |journal=Lagos Historical Review |language=en |volume=6 |pages=118–132 |doi=10.4314/lhr.v6i1.32549 |issn=1596-5031 |url-access=subscription}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 39nklg81ibjzeh11ufr4fqz89camx6n 0 152745 880042 841505 2026-07-10T09:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin ruwa na Golo''' wani tafki ne wanda ke da nisan kilomita bakwai a yammacin El Fasher a arewa maso yammacin [[Sudan]] . <ref name="SudanTribune">{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-05-27 |title=Darfur joint forces recapture crucial water reservoir from RSF in El-Fasher |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286204/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> An gina [[madatsar ruwa]] da ke dauke da tafkin a 1947 don samar da ruwa ga El Fasher. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga kimanin mutane 270,000 a cikin birni da al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar jama'ar yankin, samar da ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602162132/https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, UNAMID ta ba da rahoton cewa tafkin ya rasa kusan kashi 80% na ƙarfinsa daga [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] da ajiyar yashi, tare da inganta madatsar ruwan da ake sa ran a nan gaba. == Yaƙin basasar Sudan == Wannan tafkin ya kasance cibiyar rikice-rikice a cikin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]] da ke gudana, wanda ya sanya shi cikin babban haɗarin lalacewa ko hallakawa. A cewar [[UNICEF]], halin da ake ciki na tsaro da rikici mai tsanani a ciki da kewayen El Fasher, Darfur, sun haifar da karuwar yawan fararen hula daga yankin.<ref name=":0"/> Rashin ruwan sha mai kyau da kiwon lafiya yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu, marasa lafiya, wadanda suka ji rauni, da yara. UNICEF ta ba da rahoton cewa fada a kan tafkin yana sanya iyalai da yara cikin haɗarin yankewa daga ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa, yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref name=":0"/> Yara da ke fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma raunana Tsarin rigakafi suna cikin haɗari musamman. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2024, Sojojin Taimako na Rapid sun mamaye tafkin, wadanda suka rufe tsarin tsarkake ruwa zuwa El Fasher. Sojojin hadin gwiwa na Darfur sun sake kwace tafkin.<ref name="SudanTribune"/> == Sanarwar UNICEF == A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2024, UNICEF ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke kira ga dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin yakin basasar Sudan da su kawo karshen dukkan hare-hare kusa da tafkin da sauran [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]].<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == oitut72s8hau9ydzsucma9ibwyj3d6c 0 152961 879973 864335 2026-07-10T06:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer-hélico.jpg|right|thumb|Babban faduwar ruwa na Kogin Bras de Caverne a cikin Trou de Fer]] '''Trou de Fer''' ("Iron Hole") wani kogi ne a Tsibirin Reunion, a bakin tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Kogin farko da ke gudana ta cikin gorge, wanda ya kai zurfin {{Convert|300|m|-2}} m (1,000 , shine Kogin Bras de Caverne, mai ba da gudummawa ga Rivière du Mât. Canyon yana da sassa biyu daban-daban: babban rami, wanda manyan magudanan ruwa guda shida ke ciyar da shi, da kuma kaRamin rami a tashinsa, wanda ya zama mafi yawan tsawon canyon. Kogin ya fara ne a faduwar ruwa na Bras Mazerine kuma bayan wasu kilomita 1.4 - 1.8 daga gefen hagu ya shiga babban Bras de Caverne.<ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web |title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |publisher=Wondermondo |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102719/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kogin Bras de Caverne ya shiga cikin canyon tare da faduwar ruwa game da {{Convert|200|m|-1}} tsawo. Wannan saukowa yawanci ya bushe ko yana da ɗan ruwa kaɗan, amma tsakanin wannan da na gaba, saukowar mita 180 (590 , maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna ciyar da kogi, wanda ke saukowa a kan wannan sannan ya sauka a kan dutsen mita 300 na ƙarshe (1,000 a cikin Trou de Fer a cikin wani ɗan gajeren ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The First Drop in the Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/ReunionIslandPages/A7.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Bryan; Goss, Dean |date=13 April 2006 |title=Trou de Fer, Cascades de |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173 |access-date=2009-07-13 |website=World Waterfall Database |publisher=world-waterfalls.com |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611100543/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173 |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer.jpg|left|thumb|An ga Trou de Fer daga sama; Ruwan Bras de Caverne yana da nisa dama.]] Kai tsaye zuwa hagu na wannan faduwar ruwa, wani rafi ya sauka a kan dutsen, wanda aka yanke shi har ya kai ga cewa bakinsa yana da sama da {{Convert|200|m}} na sarari mara amfani tsakanin shi da bene na canyon, kusan daidai da tsawo a cikin tashoshi biyu, kuma ya buga a kan tudu kafin ya zubo cikin wannan tafkin kamar Bras de Caverne waterfall. Wannan faduwar ba ta da tsayi, kuma tana da karamin ruwa. Ana ciyar da shi ta wasu faduwa da yawa da ke gudana daga dutsen da ke sama da shi. Bugu da ƙari zuwa hagu, a kusan sau biyu nesa daga na farko ya faɗi zuwa na biyu, wani babban rafi ya nutse cikin canyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The Route from the Second Cascade to the Bottom |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T2.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, akwai aƙalla magudanan ruwa guda shida da ke ciyar da canyon. A gindin canyon, wani rami daban, ko "The Narrows", ya fara. Ruwa daga Bras de Caverne waterfall da kuma ruwa a gefen hagu ya shiga cikin rami a kusurwar digiri 90, ta hanyar ruwa da aka sani da "Washing Machine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Approaching the Washing Machine |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T5.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Sunan ya samo asali ne daga hazo da yake samarwa, wanda ke kwantar da mutanen da ke tsaye kusa da tushe na faduwar.<ref name="canyon">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Ramin rami, ko "The Corridor", ya kai kimanin kilomita {{Convert|3|km}} (1.9 , kuma an ce ana yawanci ana damed da tarkace don samar da tabkuna, gami da "Lake of the Eel".<ref name="canyon"/> Yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna gudana ta cikin dutsen dutse mai laushi na ganuwar, suna haifar da magudanan ruwa marasa iyaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Waterfall in the "Corridor" |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T11.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Kungiyar Pascale Lapoule, Laurent Broisin da Pascal Colas sune na farko da suka hau / tafiya a cikin canyon a ranar 19-21 Satumba 1989. <ref name="wondermondo"/> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa ta tsawo == Manazarta == dc5hce4m0zxvulxbtl6kfwdpp1a4sfc 0 153006 879572 842253 2026-07-09T13:00:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigeria Referees Association | gajarta = NRA | kafa = | hedkwata = Abuja, Najeriya | kasa = Najeriya | affiliation = Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) | irin_kungiya = Kungiyar alkalan wasa }} '''Nigeria Referees Association''' ('''NRA''') kungiya ce da ke kula da harkokin alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Kungiyar tana aiki tare da [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) wajen horaswa, kula da ladabtarwa da kuma inganta aikin alkalanci a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Hedikwatar kungiyar tana birnin Abuja, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF Reiterates Commitment To Improving Refereeing Situation |url=https://von.gov.ng/nff-reiterates-commitment-to-improving-refereeing-situation/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2026-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417051345/https://von.gov.ng/nff-reiterates-commitment-to-improving-refereeing-situation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne domin haɗa dukkan alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya a karkashin tsari guda tare da tabbatar da bin dokokin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta FIFA da kuma CAF. Tsawon shekaru kungiyar tana taka rawa wajen samar da alkalan wasa masu lasisin FIFA da ke wakiltar Najeriya a manyan gasa na duniya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF president: Absence of Nigerian referees at AFCON is real shame |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nff-president-absence-of-nigerian-referees-at-afcon-shameful/ |work=TheCable |date=2024-02-21}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban aikin kungiyar shi ne horas da alkalan wasa, shirya tarurrukan ƙara ilimi, tantance cancanta, da kuma kare muradun mambobinta. Haka kuma kungiyar tana aiki tare da NFF wajen duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen da suka shafi alkalanci a lig-lig daban-daban na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF slams refs, seeks sponsors for VAR after AFCON omission |url=https://punchng.com/nff-slams-refs-seeks-sponsors-for-var-after-afcon-omission/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2025-12-15}}</ref> Kungiyar tana kuma da alhakin inganta nagartar alkalanci a Najeriya ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lafiyar jiki, koyar da dokokin wasa, da kuma amfani da sabbin fasahohi irin su ''Video Assistant Referee'' (VAR). A shekarar 2026, shugaban NFF Ibrahim Gusau ya bayyana aniyar horas da wasu alkalan wasa goma daga Najeriya a harkar VAR domin bunƙasa alkalanci a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF To Train 10 Referees In VAR As Gusau Pushes Reforms |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/04/16/nff-train-10-referees-var-gusau-pushes-reforms/ |work=Naija News |date=2026-04-16}}</ref> == Kalubale == Kungiyar ta fuskanci suka daga masu ruwa da tsaki kan matsalolin alkalanci a wasannin cikin gida. A wasu lokuta NFF ta bayyana rashin jin daɗinta kan kura-kuran alkalai da zargin nuna son kai a wasannin lig. Hakan ya janyo kira ga gyare-gyare da tsaurara matakai a cikin tsarin alkalanci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF Express Disappointment Over The Poor Performances By Nigerian Referees |url=https://sahelsportsnews.com/2025/12/nff-express-disappointment-over-the-poor-performance-by-nigerian-referees-as-committee-impose-severe-sanctions-on-erring-referees/ |work=Sahel Sports News |date=2025-12-15}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 shugaban kungiyar a lokacin, Tade Azeez, ya bayyana cewa alkalan wasan Najeriya sun gaza bayan rashin samun cikakken wakilci a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta AFCON. Ya bukaci mambobin kungiyar su ƙara ƙaimi domin dawo da martabar alkalancin Najeriya a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=You’ve failed, NRA boss chides Nigerian referees |url=https://dailytrust.com/youve-failed-nra-boss-chides-nigerian-referees/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2022-02-02}}</ref> == FIFA Badges == Nigeria Referees Association tana haɗa kai da NFF wajen gudanar da bikin bai wa alkalan wasa lasisin FIFA duk shekara. A shekarar 2026 an bai wa alkalan wasa 30 lasisin FIFA a Abuja, inda shugaban NFF Ibrahim Gusau ya gargade su kan muhimmancin gaskiya da riƙon amana yayin gudanar da wasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gusau urges integrity as Nigerian referees receive FIFA badges in Abuja |url=https://thenff.com/gusau-urges-integrity-as-nigerian-referees-receive-fifa-badges-in-abuja/ |work=NFF Official Website |date=2026-02-16}}</ref> Babban sakataren NFF, Mohammed Sanusi, ya bayyana cewa Najeriya na da ƙwararrun alkalan wasa masu iya wakiltar ƙasa a duniya idan aka ci gaba da inganta horo da tsari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian referees competent – Sanusi |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-referees-competent-sanusi/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2026-02-19}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[FIFA]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Alkalan wasan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]] j6fxbji3cl3zv6cjz35dsnok2q8ceyw 0 153308 879651 843047 2026-07-09T16:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyabarongo I,''' {{Convert|28|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nyabarongo]], kusa da matsugunin ''Mushishiro'', gundumar Muhanga, a lardin Kudancin Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The New Times |title=Nyabarongo Dam Located In Mushishiro Sector |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14364&a=32902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320215730/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14364&a=32902 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|75|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Kigali]], [[babban birni]] kuma birni mafi girma a Ruwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kigali And Mushishiro With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali%20(Kigali)%20&toplace=Mushishiro%20(Gitarama)&fromlat=-1.9536111&tolat=-2.3&fromlng=30.0605556&tolng=29.65 |access-date=15 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Mushishiro yana kwance kusan {{Convert|35|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu da hedikwatar lardin a [[Muhanga|Gitarama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Gitarama And Mushishiro With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Gitarama%20(Gitarama)%20&toplace=Mushishiro%20(Gitarama)&fromlat=-2.0744444&tolat=-2.3&fromlng=29.7566667&tolng=29.65 |access-date=15 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> == Bayani == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyabarongo I wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a Rwanda, wadda aka kammala a watan Oktoban 2014, tare da ranar fara aiki a watan Nuwamban 2014. An kiyasta kudin shigar da wutar lantarkin ya kai dala miliyan 110, kuma an tsara aikin zai kai MW 28. Aikin ya kunshi madatsar ruwa, tare da tsarin kogi, a fadin Kogin Mwogo, daya daga cikin magudanan ruwa na [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . Aikin, wanda Angelique International Limited da Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited na [[Indiya]] suka gudanar, shine mafi girman aikin samar da wutar lantarki a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], zuwa yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |date=22 October 2014 |title=Nyabarongo To Start Hydro Production In November |url=http://www.rwandaenergy.com/2014/10/nyabarongo-to-start-hydro-production-in-november/ |access-date=24 July 2015 |publisher=Rwanda Energy |archive-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724163219/http://www.rwandaenergy.com/2014/10/nyabarongo-to-start-hydro-production-in-november/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Naresh Kapoor Sr., Babban Manaja shine Babban Jami'in Ayyuka da Angelique International Limited na [[Indiya]] ya nada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank Kanyesigye |date=26 July 2011 |title=Rwanda: Nyabarongo Hydro Project To Be Completed By 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107261413.html |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na aikin injiniyan an kuma ba shi kwangilar kamfanin Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) na kasar Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiphomus Muyagu |date=24 March 2014 |title=Rwanda: Nyabarongo Hydro-Electric Plant to Significantly Boost Energy Supply |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201403260453.html |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> An haɗa dukkan na'urorin biyu zuwa layin wutar lantarki na Rwanda a ranakun 27 ga Oktoba 2014 da 30 ga Oktoba 2014. Gwamnatin Rwanda ta bai wa dan kwangilar wa'adin aiki a watan Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivan R. Mugisha |date=2 September 2014 |title=Nyabarongo Hydropower Contractor Given October Deadline |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-09-02/345/ |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> An kammala aikin tashar wutar lantarki kuma an mika ta ga abokin ciniki a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2014. Shugaban Rwanda ne ya kaddamar da ita a hukumance a ranar 5 ga Maris 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Rwanda |date=6 March 2015 |title=Rwanda: President Kagame Inaugurates Nyabarongo I Hydro Plant to Power Economic Transformation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201503201410.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=[[Government of Rwanda]]}}</ref> == Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su == Kayan aiki, da sauransu. na cikakken fakitin E&M na 2x14 MW Vertical Francis Hydro Generating Units a Nyaborongo HEP, Jamhuriyar Rwanda, Afirka. Kayan aikin FITWELL Power Projects wani kamfani na Indiya ne ke gudanar da shi a matsayin ƙaramin ɗan kwangila na BHEL. ==manazartq== d92v0mt4gwqo5cy9p9jt8oi88z2u9t0 0 153441 879694 843354 2026-07-09T17:32:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Okechukwu Amah | image = | birth_date = | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin gudanarwa (Management scholar), tsohon injiniyan man fetur, ɗan kasuwa/mai gudanarwa | known_for = Aikin gudanarwa, HRM, leadership da binciken halayyar ma’aikata | employer = Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University }} '''Okechukwu Amah''' fitaccen ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi suna a fannin ilimin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci (business administration), jagoranci (leadership), da nazarin halayyar ma’aikata (organizational behavior). Ya kuma yi aiki na dogon lokaci a kamfanin Chevron Nigeria Limited kafin ya koma aikin koyarwa a jami’a da makarantar kasuwanci ta Lagos Business School.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okechukwu_Amah |title=Okechukwu Amah |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Okechukwu Amah ya karanta Injiniyan Man Fetur (Petroleum Engineering) a Jami’ar Ibadan. Daga baya ya samu digiri na MBA da PhD a fannin Business Administration daga Jami’ar Benin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://futuresoftproject.com/lbs-main/team/okechukwu-amah/ |title=Dr Okechukwu Amah - Lagos Business School Profile |website=Lagos Business School |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin farko (Chevron da kamfanonin mai) == Amah ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin Texaco Overseas Nigeria Limited a matsayin injiniyan man fetur, inda ya rika gudanar da ayyuka kamar binciken rijiyoyin mai da sarrafa harkokin samarwa. Bayan haɗewar kamfanin zuwa Chevron Nigeria Limited, ya ci gaba da aiki a manyan mukamai har ya kai matsayin babban manaja.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://futuresoftproject.com/lbs-main/team/okechukwu-amah-2/ |title=Dr Okechukwu Amah Profile |website=Lagos Business School |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Bayan kusan shekaru sama da 30 a fannin man fetur da gudanarwa, ya bar aiki a kamfani ya koma aikin ilimi. == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan ya bar Chevron, Okechukwu Amah ya shiga Lagos Business School (LBS), inda yake koyar da darussa kamar: * Human Resources Management (HRM) * Leadership * Organizational Behaviour * Management Communication Haka kuma yana aiki a matsayin Research Director a Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iwfionline.org/dr-okechukwu-amah/ |title=Dr Okechukwu Amah - IWFI Profile |website=Institute for Work and Family Integration |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106073044/https://www.iwfionline.org/dr-okechukwu-amah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike da gudummawa == Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * Dangantakar aiki da iyali (work-family conflict) * Jagoranci a kamfanoni (leadership) * Halayyar ma’aikata (employee behaviour) * Inganta aikin ma’aikata (employee engagement) Ya wallafa takardu da littattafai da dama a mujallu na duniya kan harkokin gudanarwa da jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okechukwu_Amah |title=Okechukwu Amah Publications |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Mukamai da ƙwarewa == Amah ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi da dama ciki har da: * Society of Petroleum Engineers * Nigerian Academy of Management * Society of Human Resources Management * American Academy of Management == Muhimmanci == Okechukwu Amah yana daga cikin masana Najeriya da suka haɗa ƙwarewar aikin injiniya da ilimin gudanarwa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar bayar da gudummawa mai yawa ga harkar ilimi da horar da shugabanni a Najeriya da Afirka gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://futuresoftproject.com/lbs-main/team/okechukwu-amah/ |title=LBS Faculty Profile |website=Lagos Business School |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:University of Benin alumni]] [[Category:Living people]] ```0 26t2gwjhmi18046khkj8gwekyoyicjl 0 153913 880044 864571 2026-07-10T09:24:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Keddara''', ko '''Barrage Keddara''', madatsar ruwa ce ta {{Convert|6|km|mi|0}} arewa maso yammacin Keddara a kan Kogin Boudouaou a Lardin Boumerdès, Algeria. Kamfanin Yugoslavia Hidrotehnika ne ya gina shi tsakanin 1982 da 1987, babban manufar gina madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da amfanin birni a [[Aljir|Algiers]] wanda ke da lamba {{Convert|35|km|mi|0}} zuwa yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keddara {{!}} Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d. |url=http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.hidroenergetika.rs |archive-date=2021-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120433/http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Madatsar ruwan madatsar ruwan tana da ƙarfin ɗaukar {{Convert|146500000|m3|acre.ft|0}} wanda aka tattara daga magudanar ruwa da kuma [[Hamiz Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Hamiz]] mai tsawon {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|0}} zuwa yamma da kuma [[Beni Amrane Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Beni Amrane]] {{Convert|17|km|mi|0}} zuwa gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keddara |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001083330/http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keddara embankment dam |url=http://www.serbiaconstruction.com/projects/keddara-embankment-dam/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Serbia Construction}}</ref> == Manazarta == l912jc4hbkmcrpt2dcqn4h3duehv9q3 0 154213 879925 845361 2026-07-10T03:37:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin alfahari a Legas''' bikin alfahari ne na LGBTQ wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a makon ƙarshe na watan Yuni a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2022-07-04 |title=What it was like to attend Nigeria's Pride In Lagos event |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/56473/1/the-inside-story-of-nigeria-s-first-ever-pride |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> An kafa bikin a shekarar 2021 ta QueerCity Media, kuma Olaide Kayode Timileyin ne ya kafa kuma ya kula da shi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Hollie |date=2023-07-11 |title=Pride in Lagos: Photos from Nigeria's 2023 LGBTQ+ celebration |url=https://www.gaytimes.com/originals/pride-in-lagos-photos-from-nigerias-2023-lgbtq-celebration/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=GAY TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin dandamali don gani, gina al'umma, bayar da shawarwari, da kuma biki a cikin yanayi mai tsauri na doka da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=M. C. N. |date=2023-06-26 |title=Adunni Tiwatope wants to build a community for queer people with Pride In Lagos |url=https://marieclaire.ng/adunni-tiwatope-wants-to-build-a-community-for-queer-people-with-pride-in-lagos/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Marie Claire Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taron ya jawo hankalin ɗaruruwan mutane masu son zaman banza kowace shekara kuma ana gudanar da shi a jere tun daga shekarar 2021. Bikin 2022 ya kasance bikin alfahari na farko da aka amince da shi a Najeriya a bainar jama'a, wanda aka shafe mako guda ana yi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Nigeria's repressed LGBTQ party people let 'true self' out at Lagos ball |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240611-nigeria-s-repressed-lgbtq-party-people-let-true-self-out-at-lagos-ball |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Mahalli == A Najeriya, dangantaka tsakanin jinsi ɗaya, nuna soyayya a bainar jama'a tsakanin jinsi ɗaya, da ƙungiyoyin LGBTQ+ an haramta su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Auren Jinsi Ɗaya ta 2014, wadda ke ɗauke da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 14 a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102814/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download |archive-date=2022-04-04 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref> Duk da yawan cin zarafi, al'adar ƙabilanci ta ɓoye ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a Legas, gami da wuraren haɗaka a cikin salon zamani, al'ummomin dijital, da kuma wuraren wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salako |first=Pelumi |date=23 June 2022 |title=Pride month in Nigeria remains behind closed doors due safety and legal concerns |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2022-06-23-pride-month-in-nigeria-remains-behind-closed-doors-due-safety-and-legal-concerns/?utm_ |website=Businesslive}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gabatar da Pride in [[Lagos]] a watan Yunin 2021 a matsayin jerin tarurrukan sirri kamar na'urori, nuna fina-finai, da kuma bita don haɓaka haɗin kai da al'umma, wanda hakan ya sanya ɗaya daga cikin 'yan abubuwan alfahari da aka tsara a [[Najeriya]] zuwa yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abiamuwe |first=Stephanie |title=The History of Pride: From Stonewall to Nigeria |url=https://www.ige-srh.org/the-history-of-pride-from-stonewall-to-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703223047/https://www.ige-srh.org/the-history-of-pride-from-stonewall-to-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 20-26 ga Yuni 2022, bikin ya karbi bakuncin nune-nunen fasaha, tattaunawar kwamitoci, wasan kwaikwayo na titin jirgin sama, da kuma wasan karshe na jan hankali da kuma wasan ball. Masu shirya gasar sun bayyana shi a matsayin "irinsa na farko" dangane da isa da kuma tasiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Hollie |date=2022-07-27 |title=Pride In Lagos: Stunning photos from Nigeria's 'first of its kind' Pride |url=https://www.gaytimes.com/originals/pride-in-lagos-stunning-photos-from-nigerias-first-ever-pride-event/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=GAY TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi fitattun jarumai kamar Aja Kween da [[Bisi Alimi]], tare da mai wasan kwaikwayo [[Temmie Ovwasa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Ballroom Celebrations Are a Bastion of Joy for LGBTQ Nigerians |url=https://www.thebody.com/article/nigeria-ballroom-bastion-joy-lgbtq-community |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=TheBody |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2023, taron ya sami ƙarin gani, tare da halartar jama'a da yawa, ƙarin wakilcin masu ƙirƙira na ƙabilanci, da kuma amincewa da al'ummar ɗakin rawa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A watan Yunin 2024, bikin ya haɗa da wani babban ƙwallon "neo-goth" mai suna "neo-goth" a ɗakin rawa don tunawa da marigayi [[Fola Francis]], samfurin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa ya canza jinsi, wanda ya mutu a watan Disamba na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kachi |first=Elvis |date=2024-04-17 |title=How This Legendary Fashion Designer Mothered a Generation of Trans Nigerians |url=https://www.them.us/story/fola-francis-legendary-nigerian-designer-remembered-essay |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Them |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Sahil |date=2024-06-20 |title=Private Runways: Nigerian Fashion Labels Navigate Anti-LGBTQ Challenges - Level Up Magazine |url=https://levelupmag.com/private-runways-nigerian-fashion-labels-navigate-anti-lgbtq-challenges/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma an gabatar da taron koli da kyaututtuka na daidaito, wanda ya ƙunshi kwamitoci kan tsaron al'umma, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin [[LGBTQ people in Nigeria|LGBTQ+]]. [[Fayil:June_2025_Pride_in_Lagos_banner_-_Equality_Summit.jpg|thumb|Taron kwamitin a shekarar 2025 a Legas]] Bugun 2025 ya ci gaba da al'adar shekara-shekara tare da yin wasan ballroom a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2025. Haka kuma ya karbi bakuncin taron daidaito tare da Bisi Alimi a matsayin babban mai jawabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What does it mean to organise a Pride in a country where you could face jail terms? B O L D N E S S What does it mean to organise Pride in a country with zero financial and/or corporate support? C O… {{!}} Bisi Alimi |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bisialimi_what-does-it-mean-to-organise-a-pride-in-activity-7341470415573213186-LKVG |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Abubuwan da aka fi yi a lokacin Pride a Legas sun hada da: * Taron karawa juna sani da tattaunawa kan haƙƙoƙin 'yan luwaɗi, tsaron al'umma, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da ƙarfafawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chioma about Pride in Nigeria |url=https://hivos.org/blog/chioma-about-pride-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Hivos |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nunin zane-zane, nuna fina-finai, da kuma bita na kirkire-kirkire da ke nuna baiwar 'yan Najeriya. * Taron liyafa da ja kamar "Babban Kwallo na Masquerade", tare da jigogi na Afro-surrealist da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na salon zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=What it was like to attend Nigeria's first-ever Pride event. |url=https://www.alturi.org/news_items/what-it-was-like-to-attend-nigerias-first-ever-pride-event/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Alturi |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Sahil |date=2024-06-20 |title=Private Runways: Nigerian Fashion Labels Navigate Anti-LGBTQ Challenges - Level Up Magazine |url=https://levelupmag.com/private-runways-nigerian-fashion-labels-navigate-anti-lgbtq-challenges/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Bikin bayar da kyaututtuka da zaman haɗin gwiwa don ɗaga ƙungiyoyi da abokan hulɗa da ke aiki don haɗa LGBTQ+. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aborowa |first=Ayomide "Mimi" |date=2024-12-09 |title=In Lagos, Creative Identity Thrives in Community |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/in-lagos-creative-identity-thrives-in-community |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsaro da tsaro == Ganin dokokin Najeriya, ana gudanar da bikin a wurare masu zaman kansu ko kuma wuraren da ba na masu zaman kansu ba, wanda aka sanar nan ba da jimawa ba. Masu shirya bikin suna aiwatar da matakan tsaro kamar duba bayanan jama'a da kuma manufofin hana daukar hoto don kare mahalarta taron. [1] == Duba kuma == * [[LGBTQ people in Nigeria|'Yan LGBTQ a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == q57xwomzvj313qfgssguz3qccsqmwn7 0 154530 880010 846210 2026-07-10T07:38:48Z BnHamid 12586 880010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice in Nigeria | profession = Legal Practitioner | alma_mater = | years_active = }} '''Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fagen aikin lauya da shari’a a ƙasar. An san shi a matsayin ƙwararren mai gudanar da harkokin doka, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan shari’a da kasuwanci a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFS Vocational Hub – Officers |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/afs-vocational-hub--BN-3023885 |website=B2BHint |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan yana daga cikin lauyoyin Najeriya masu zaman kansu da aka bayyana a bayanan rajistar kamfanoni a matsayin ''Legal Practitioner''. Bayanai daga rajistar kasuwanci sun nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da wasu harkokin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya, ciki har da AFS Vocational Hub da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFS Vocational Hub – Officers |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/afs-vocational-hub--BN-3023885 |website=B2BHint |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Takarar lambar SAN == A shekarar 2025, sunan Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan ya bayyana cikin jerin lauyoyi 57 da Kwamitin Ba da Matsayin ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria'' (LPPC) ya fitar domin tantancewa a matakin neman babban matsayin SAN. LPPC ta bukaci jama'a su gabatar da duk wani sharhi game da mutunci, ƙwarewa da cancantar waɗanda aka zaɓa domin ci gaba da tsarin tantancewa.<ref>{{cite news |title=2025 SAN shortlist: LPPC nominates 15 Law professors, 57 advocates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/2025-san-shortlist-lppc-nominates-15-law-professors-57-advocates/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Daga baya, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan yana cikin sabbin lauyoyin da aka rantsar da su a matsayin ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyi masu aiki a Najeriya. Wannan matsayi yana nuna gagarumar gudummawa da ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akinsola is now SAN, joins Nigeria’s Inner Bar |url=https://muslimnews.com.ng/2025/09/30/akinsola-is-now-san-joins-nigerias-inner-bar/ |work=Muslim News Nigeria |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Bar Association]] * [[Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] oa0iqja561bagt777m6y1qhqml9m2i6 0 154695 880034 846696 2026-07-10T09:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana nufin binciken kimiyya na cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin yara da matasa. Rashin rikice-rikice na adawa, rikice-rikicen rashin kulawa, da rikice-rubuce na autism sune misalai na ilimin halayyar mutum waɗanda galibi ana fara gano su ne a lokacin ƙuruciya.[1] Masu ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara da matasa suna sanar da su ta hanyar bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba, ilimin halayin yara na asibiti, da tsarin iyali. Ana iya samun jerin cututtukan yara da manya a cikin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigat na Ƙasashen Duniya na Cututtuka da Matsalolin Lafiya, 10th Edition (ICD-10), wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga da kuma a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), wanda Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka (APA) ta buga. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da rarrabawar ganewar asali na Lafiya ta Zuciya da Ci gaban Ciwon Yara da Yara (DC: 0-3R) wajen tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan ci gaba a cikin yara har zuwa shekaru biyar.[2] == Dalilan da suka haifar == Halin ilimin halayyar yara yana da bayani da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Yawancin cututtukan hankali a cikin yara sun haɗa da tsarin kwayar halitta da na jiki, kodayake har yanzu akwai da yawa ba tare da wani dalili na jiki ba. Yana da mahimmanci a tattara tushen bayanai da yawa. ''Binciken cututtukan yara yana da ban tsoro. Ci gaba da gasa ne ke rinjayar shi, ban da tushen gargajiya. Tattaunawa da iyaye game da makaranta, da dai sauransu, ba su isa ba. Ko dai rahotanni daga malamai ko lura kai tsaye daga kwararru suna da mahimmanci.'' (marubuci, Robert B. Bloom, Ph.D.) Cututtukan da ke da tsarin jiki ko na halitta sun fi sauƙi a gano su a cikin yara kuma galibi ana gano su a farkon ƙuruciya. Kamar yadda psychopathy ya wanzu a kan bakan, alamun farko na rikicewar na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu yara na iya nuna alamun da ba su da kyau tun suna da shekaru biyu ko uku, yayin da a wasu yara, alamun bazai bayyana ba daga baya a rayuwa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a nuna alamomi kafin shekaru biyu a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn the Signs of Psychopathy |url=https://psychopathyis.org/learn-the-signs/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Psychopathy Is |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai wasu cututtuka, ba tare da la'akari da hanyoyin ba, waɗanda ba a gano su ba har sai sun girma. Har ila yau, akwai dalilin yin imani cewa akwai co-morbidity na cututtuka, a cikin cewa idan akwai wata cuta, sau da yawa akwai wani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattison RE, Mayes SD |year=2012 |title=Relationships between learning disability, executive function, and psychopathology in children with ADHD |journal=J Atten Disord |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–46 |doi=10.1177/1087054710380188 |pmid=20837980 |s2cid=42885224}}</ref> == Damuwa == Matsalar motsin rai ko rauni a cikin dangantakar iyaye da yaro yana haifar da cututtukan yara. Da farko an gani a cikin jarirai, damuwa game da rabuwa a cikin tushen damuwa na iyaye da yara na iya kafa tushe ga cututtukan nan gaba a cikin yara. Akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin damuwa ta uwa da damuwa ta yara wanda aka haɗa a duka biyun a duk lokacin ci gaban matasa.<ref name="Schimizzi">.{{Cite web |last=Schimizzi A |date=August 2011 |title=Maternal Depression and child psychopathology: a two way street |url=http://www.child-psych.org/2011/08/maternal-depression-and-child-psychopathology-a-two-way-street.html |website=child-psych.com |access-date=2026-06-04 |archive-date=2016-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018123352/http://www.child-psych.org/2011/08/maternal-depression-and-child-psychopathology-a-two-way-street.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin yanayin da mahaifiyar ba ta nan, duk wani mai kula da yaro na farko za a iya gani a matsayin dangantakar "mahaifiyar". Ainihin, yaron zai haɗu da mai kula da farko, kuma yana iya nuna wasu halaye na mai kula. A cikin nazarin yara a cikin shekaru biyu na ciki zuwa shekaru biyar, da shekaru goma sha biyar da shekaru ashirin, Raposa da abokan aiki (2011) sun yi nazarin tasirin ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin dangantakar yaro da uwa da kuma yadda ba kawai damuwa ta uwaye ta shafi yaro ba, amma damuwa ta yaro ta shafi mahaifiyar. A tarihi, an yi imanin cewa uwaye da ke da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya zama dalilin da ya sa yaransu ke da rikice-rikice a baya da kuma daga baya a ci gaba. Koyaya an gano wannan daidaituwa ba kawai yana nuna baƙin ciki na uwa ba a kan ilimin halayyar yara, har ma da ilimin halayya na yara na iya yin tunani game da baƙin ciki na iyaye.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186">{{Cite journal |last=Raposa |first=Elizabeth B. |last2=Hammen |first2=Constance L. |last3=Brennan |first3=Patricia A. |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |issn=0091-0627 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Yara da ke da saurin kamuwa da cututtukan halayyar mutum na iya haifar da damuwa mafi girma a cikin dangantakarsu da mahaifiyarsu, kuma uwaye da ke da cututattun halayyar dan adam na iya haifar le damuwa mafi girma cikin dangantakar da yaransu. Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana haifar da damuwa a cikin iyaye wanda zai iya kara tsananin ilimin halayya a cikin yaro.<ref name="Raposa2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raposa E, Hammen C, Brennan P |year=2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stessors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan abubuwan suna turawa da jan dangantakar don haka suna haifar da matakan baƙin ciki mafi girma, ADHD, rikicewar ƙiyayya, nakasa ta ilmantarwa, da rikicewar ci gaba a cikin uwa da yaro. An samo bayanin da taƙaitaccen wannan binciken a ƙasa: "A kallon damuwa game da yara, yawan binciken lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da suka gabata sun yi hasashen yawan damuwa mai tsanani ga uwaye da kuma damuwa mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro a shekara 15. Wadannan matakan da suka karu na damuwa na uwa da damuwa game da yaro a lokacin da suke da shekaru 15 sannan suka yi hasashen matakan da suka fi girma na baƙin ciki na uwa lokacin da matasa suka kai shekaru 20.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186"/> Da yake duban bayanan sosai, marubutan sun gano cewa damuwa ce mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro da kuma damuwa mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da yara waɗanda suka kasance linchpins tsakanin ilimin halayyar yara da baƙin ciki na uwa. Matsi shine abin da ya haifar da gobara tsakanin mahaifiyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Da yake ci gaba da mataki ɗaya, masu binciken sun gano cewa matasa da ke da tarihin ganewar asali fiye da ɗaya da kuma matasa waɗanda ke da rikice-rikicen waje (misali, rikice-rikice na gudanarwa) suna da mafi yawan abubuwan damuwa da suka shafi yara da kuma mafi girman matakan damuwa na uwa da yaro. Har ila yau, duk binciken da aka samu ya tsaya lokacin da aka sarrafa wasu masu canji masu damuwa, kamar damuwa da tattalin arziki da kuma bakin ciki na uwa da ya gabata.<ref name="Raposa2011"/> == Halin hali == Matsalar iyaye da ci gaba na yaro shine ra'ayi daya kawai don asalin ilimin halayyar yara. Sauran masana sun yi imanin cewa halin yara babban abu ne a ci gaban ilimin halayyar yara. Babban [[saki]] kamuwa da ilimin halayyar yara yana nunawa ta ƙananan matakan kulawa da kuma matakan motsin rai da Neuroticism. Kashewar iyaye sau da yawa babban abu ne a cikin baƙin ciki na yara da sauran cututtukan hankali.<ref name="Muris2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muris P, Ollendick TH |year=2005 |title=The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y |pmid=16362256 |s2cid=8878958}}</ref> Wannan ya fi haka lokacin da kisan aure ya haɗa da rabuwa mai tsawo kuma ɗayan iyaye suna magana da ɗayan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Katherine |date=2017-09-08 |title=How to Deal With Your Partner's Cheating? |url=https://medium.com/@imkatherine23/how-to-deal-with-your-partners-cheating-2ef809c4df1e |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Wannan ba yana nufin cewa kisan aure zai haifar da cututtukan hankali ba, akwai kuma wasu dalilai kamar yanayin, rauni, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa (misali mutuwa, motsi na gida, cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i), kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da kuma kula da ke da alaƙa da farkon rikici. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin yara na iya kara haɗari ga nau'o'i daban-daban na ilimin halayyar mutum yayin da yake kara yawan barazanar barazana, yana rage amsawa ga lada, kuma yana haifar da rashi a cikin fahimtar motsin rai da fahimta.<ref>Jaffee SR. Child maltreatment and risk for psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 2017 May 8;13:525-551. {{Doi|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005}}</ref> Psychopaths sun bayyana cewa har zuwa kashi 30% na yawan jama'a suna nuna matakai daban-daban na raguwar tausayi, halin da ake ciki na ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma mahimmancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeAngelis |first=Tori |date=March 1, 2022 |title=A broader view of psychopathy |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathy |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> An samo shi a cikin "The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology", wani samfurin ga etiology na ilimin halayyar yara ta Vasey da Dadds (2001) sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa huɗu da ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban cututtukan halayyar mutum sune: 1) abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu: hormones, kwayoyin halitta, neurotransmitters 2) na tunanin mutum: girman kai, ƙwarewar jimrewa, abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta 3) abubuwan zamantakewa: renon iyali, ilmantar da ba su da kyau, da damuwa 4) yanayin yara. Yin amfani da jerin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gaje na jijiyoyi, kimantawar tunanin mutum, tarihin kiwon lafiya na iyali, da lura da yaro a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun na iya taimaka wa likita ya sami asalin cutar ta hanyar cututtukan tunanin mutum don taimakawa wajen sakin yaro daga alamun ta hanyar magani, amfani da magani, horar da ƙwarewar zamantakewa, da canje-canje na salon rayuwa.<ref name="Muris2005"/> == Neurology da etiology == Cutar mutuntaka ta iyaka (BPD) tana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan cututtukani da yawa da yaro zai iya tasowa. A cikin tsarin neurobiological, rikicewar halin mutum na iyaka na iya samun tasiri a kan amygdala na hagu. A cikin binciken 2003 na marasa lafiya na BPD da marasa lafiya masu sarrafawa, lokacin da suka fuskanci maganganun da suka kasance masu farin ciki, bakin ciki, ko masu tsoro marasa lafiya na VPD sun nuna ƙarin kunnawa da marasa lafiya na sarrafawa. A cikin fuskoki masu tsaka-tsaki, marasa lafiya na BPD sun danganta halaye marasa kyau ga waɗannan fuskoki.<ref name="Knowlton2005">.{{Cite journal |last=Knowlton L |date=July 2005 |title=Nature Versus Nurture: How Is Child Psychopathology Developed? |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psych/content/article/10168/52541?pageNumber=1 |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=184–201}}</ref> Kamar yadda Gabbard, mai gwaji ya Bayyanawa a cikin wannan binciken: "A hyperactive amygdala na iya shiga cikin ƙaddamarwa don kasancewa mai faɗakarwa da kuma amsawa ga bayyanar motsin rai mai kyau. Kuskuren fuska mai tsaka-tsaki yana da alaƙa da kuskuren canja wurin da ke faruwa a cikin psychotherapy da ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da ke da alaƙa leken ganewa". <ref name="Knowlton2005" /> Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da BPD, shine kasancewar mai jigilar serotonin (5-HTT) a cikin ɗan gajeren allele ya nuna aikin amygdala neuronal mafi girma lokacin da aka gabatar da tsoro kamar yadda aka kwatanta da mutane tare da dogon allele na 5-HTT. Kamar yadda aka samo a cikin Dunedin Longitudinal Study wani ɗan gajeren allele na 5-HTT yana sa mutum ya sami hyperactivity a cikin amygdala don mayar da martani ga rauni, kuma ta haka ne ya daidaita tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa wanda ke haifar da haɗarin baƙin ciki da kuma kyawawan halaye na kashe kansa. Wadannan halaye iri ɗaya ba a lura da su a cikin mutane masu tsawo na 5-HTT ba. Koyaya, yanayin da yaron yake ciki na iya canza tasirin wannan kwayar halitta, yana tabbatar da cewa magani mai kyau, tallafin zamantakewa mai zurfi, da yanayin lafiya da kulawa na iya canza rauni na kwayar halitta.<ref name="Knowlton2005"/> == Manazarta == lsc05asae0ntziwb7oqwvd5bp39jj7f 0 154696 880048 846682 2026-07-10T09:27:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu wadda take a [[Wemmershoek River|kogin Wemmershoek]] kusa da Franschhoek da Paarl a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An gina ta tsakanin 1953 da 1957 a madadin birnin Cape Town . Tana da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarfin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} , tana samar da kusan kashi 6.5% na ƙarfin ajiya na [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]] wanda ke samar da kayayyaki ga [[Cape Town]] da kewaye. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1882, masanin binciken ruwa na Cape Colony ya ba da rahoto game da yuwuwar kwarin Wemmershoek don samar da ruwa. A shekarar 1899, majalisar birni ta Woodstock, wacce a lokacin take da wani yanki mai zaman kansa na Cape Town, ta fara siyan fili a Wemmershoek da nufin gina ma'ajiyar ruwa. A shekarar 1907, majalisun Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch da Claremont sun sami kudirin sirri daga majalisar mulkin mallaka wanda ya ba da izinin gina ƙaramin madatsar ruwa a Wemmershoek. <ref name="TWW"/> A shekarar 1913, an haɗa ƙananan hukumomi huɗu na birnin Cape Town cikin birnin Cape Town, waɗanda suka karɓi haƙƙinsu a Wemmershoek. Karancin ruwa ya sa Cape Town, wadda har zuwa lokacin ta dogara da ruwa daga Dutsen Table, ta sami tushen ruwa daga wajen Cape Peninsula. Manyan 'yan takara biyu sune magudanar ruwa ta Wemmershoek da kuma magudanar ruwa ta Steenbras a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland . Kuri'ar raba gardama ta masu biyan kuɗi ta yanke hukunci kan Steenbras wanda ya haifar da gina [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da aka fara a 1918. <ref name="TWW"/> Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a biranen Cape Town, birnin ya sake buƙatar neman ƙarin ruwa. An farfaɗo da shirin Wemmershoek, kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da wani sabon kudiri na sirri a shekarar 1951 don gina babban madatsar ruwa. An fara ginin a shekarar 1953 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1957. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> == Halaye == Bangon madatsar ruwa na da irin dutsen da aka cika da shi, kuma yana da tushen yumbu. <ref name="TWW"/> Tsawonsa {{Convert|518|m}}tsawon da {{Convert|55|m}} tsayi a mafi tsayin wurin. Madatsar ruwan ta kama ma'ajiyar ruwa mai nauyin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} wanda idan ya cika, ya mamaye yanki mai fadin {{Convert|296|ha}} . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi a tsaunukan Wemmershoek ya mamaye fadin {{Convert|86|km2}} . <ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |date=November 2019 |title=List of Registered Dams |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hasumiyar shiga ruwa tana jawo ruwa zuwa bututun da ke samar da wurin tace ruwa a ƙasan madatsar ruwa. Ana fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin Wemmershoek ta hanyar [[Hanyar Zube|magudanar ruwa]] mai sarrafa ƙofa tare da matsakaicin kwararar {{Convert|1065|m3/s}} . <ref name="TWW" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == f2stb78xnd9qfgoh1ua70qeu4zbzycy 0 155022 879627 864358 2026-07-09T14:49:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Ranar Cutar Fuka ta Duniya, wacce ake kiyayewa a ranar 24 ga Maris a kowace shekara, an tsara ta ne don wayar da kan jama'a game da annobar Cutar Fukudu ta Duniya (TB) da ƙoƙarin kawar da cutar. A cikin 2018, mutane miliyan 10 sun kamu da tarin fuka, kuma miliyan 1.5 sun mutu daga cutar, galibi a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi. Wannan kuma ya sa ya zama babban dalilin mutuwa daga Cutar da ke yaduwa.<ref>https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1</ref> Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin kiwon lafiya na duniya guda goma sha ɗaya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta yi alama. ==Mafari== 24 Maris yana tunawa da ranar a 1882 lokacin da Dokta Robert Koch ya ba da mamaki ga masana kimiyya ta hanyar sanar da ƙaramin rukuni na masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar [[Berlin]] cewa ya gano dalilin tarin fuka, TB bacillus . [1] A cewar abokin aikin Koch, Paul Ehrlich, "A wannan zaman da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, Koch ya bayyana a gaban jama'a tare da sanarwar da ta nuna juyawa a cikin labarin cutar cututtukan mutane masu guba. A bayyane, kalmomi masu sauƙi Koch ya fassara asalin tarin fuka tare da ƙarfin gamsarwa, yana gabatar da yawancin hotunan microscope da sauran shaidu". A lokacin sanarwar Koch a Berlin, tarin fuka yana fama da ita a Turai da Amurka, yana haifar da mutuwar mutum ɗaya daga cikin mutane bakwai.[2] Binciken Koch ya buɗe hanyar ganowa da warkar da tarin fuka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] ==Tarihi== A shekara ta 1982, a ranar cika shekaru ɗari da gabatarwar Robert Koch, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kayan Cutar Cutar Ciki da Cututtukan huhu (IUATLD) ta ba da shawarar cewa a ayyana ranar 24 ga Maris a matsayin Ranar Cutar Cuki ta Duniya. Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarin shekara-shekara na IUATLD da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a karkashin taken "Rashin TB: Yanzu da Har abada". Ranar TB ta Duniya ba a amince da ita a matsayin abin da ke faruwa a shekara-sheko ba ta Majalisar Lafiya ta WHO da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya har sai bayan shekaru goma. <ref>https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/world-tb-day-hindi/</ref> A cikin fall of 1995, WHO da Royal [[Holand|Netherlands]] Tuberculosis Foundation (KNCV) sun dauki bakuncin taron farko na shirin bayar da shawarwari na Ranar Tuberculus a The Hague, Netherlands; wani taron da za su ci gaba da tallafawa a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 1996, WHO, KNCV, IUATLD da sauran kungiyoyi masu damuwa sun shiga don gudanar da ayyukan Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180404124825/http://www.who.int/tb/world_TB_day_2018_events/en/</ref> Don Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya ta 1997, WHO ta gudanar da taron labarai a Berlin a lokacin da Darakta Janar na WHO Hiroshi Nakajima ya bayyana cewa "DOTS shine babbar ci gaban kiwon lafiya na wannan shekaru goma, bisa ga rayuka za mu iya adanawa. " Daraktan Shirin Tubergine na Duniya na WHO, Dokta Arata Kochi, ya yi alkawarin cewa, "Yauye yanayin annobar Tubergine a duniya yana gab da canzawa. Ci gaban tsarin kula da Tubergine ne wanda ke sa ya yiwu a sarrafa ba kawai a cikin kasashe masu arziki ba, a duk abubuwan da suka faru a yanzu, a duk masu tasowa da yawa. A shekara ta 1998, kusan kungiyoyi 200 sun gudanar da ayyukan yada labarai na jama'a a ranar TB ta Duniya.[1] A lokacin taron labarai na Ranar Tsibiran Duniya na 1998 a London, WHO a karo na farko ta gano kasashe ashirin da biyu da ke da nauyin tarin fuka mafi girma a duniya.[2] A shekara mai zuwa, sama da masu ba da shawara 60 na tarin fuka daga kasashe 18 sun halarci taron shirye-shiryen WHO / KNCV na kwana uku don Ranar Duniya ta Tsabtace 1999. Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya yi alama da Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya ta 2000 ta hanyar gudanar da maganin da WHO ta ba da shawarar kai tsaye, gajeren lokaci (DOTS) ga marasa lafiya a asibitin Mahavir a [[Hyderabad]], Indiya. A cewar Clinton, "Waɗannan bala'o'in ɗan adam ne, bala'in tattalin arziki, kuma fiye da rikice-rikice a gare ku, rikice-rikicen duniya ne. Yaduwar cuta ita ce matsala ɗaya ta duniya wacce ... babu wata ƙasa da ke da kariya A Kanada, Cibiyar Haɗin Kai ta Kasa don Masu Tabbatar da Lafiya ta lura a Ranar Duniya ta 2014 cewa kashi 64% na shari'ar tarin fuka da aka ruwaito a cikin ƙasa sun kasance daga cikin mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kashi 23% daga cikin mutanen Aboriginal, suna nuna tarin fuka a matsayin babban yanki na damuwa game da daidaito na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nccdh.ca/blog/entry/how-will-you-make-world-tb-day-count |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2022-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184757/https://nccdh.ca/blog/entry/how-will-you-make-world-tb-day-count |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau Stop TB Partnership, cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyi da kasashe da ke fama da TB (IUATLD memba ne kuma WHO tana da sakatariyar Stop TB Partnerships a Geneva), tana shirya Ranar don nuna girman cutar da kuma yadda za a hana shi da warkar da shi<ref>http://www.stoptb.org/events/world_tb_day/</ref> 5wh84jbd8fsybdt96sqrs8fqmg2e4t6 879630 879627 2026-07-09T14:55:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 879630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Ranar Cutar Fuka ta Duniya, wacce ake kiyayewa a ranar 24 ga Maris a kowace shekara, an tsara ta ne don wayar da kan jama'a game da annobar Cutar Fukudu ta Duniya (TB) da ƙoƙarin kawar da cutar. A cikin 2018, mutane miliyan 10 sun kamu da tarin fuka, kuma miliyan 1.5 sun mutu daga cutar, galibi a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi. Wannan kuma ya sa ya zama babban dalilin mutuwa daga Cutar da ke yaduwa.<ref>https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1</ref> Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin kiwon lafiya na duniya guda goma sha ɗaya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta yi alama. ==Mafari== 24 Maris yana tunawa da ranar a 1882 lokacin da Dokta Robert Koch ya ba da mamaki ga masana kimiyya ta hanyar sanar da ƙaramin rukuni na masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar [[Berlin]] cewa ya gano dalilin tarin fuka, TB bacillus . [1] A cewar abokin aikin Koch, Paul Ehrlich, "A wannan zaman da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, Koch ya bayyana a gaban jama'a tare da sanarwar da ta nuna juyawa a cikin labarin cutar cututtukan mutane masu guba. A bayyane, kalmomi masu sauƙi Koch ya fassara asalin tarin fuka tare da ƙarfin gamsarwa, yana gabatar da yawancin hotunan microscope da sauran shaidu". A lokacin sanarwar Koch a Berlin, tarin fuka yana fama da ita a Turai da Amurka, yana haifar da mutuwar mutum ɗaya daga cikin mutane bakwai.[2] Binciken Koch ya buɗe hanyar ganowa da warkar da tarin fuka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] ==Tarihi== A shekara ta 1982, a ranar cika shekaru ɗari da gabatarwar Robert Koch, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kayan Cutar Cutar Ciki da Cututtukan huhu (IUATLD) ta ba da shawarar cewa a ayyana ranar 24 ga Maris a matsayin Ranar Cutar Cuki ta Duniya. Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarin shekara-shekara na IUATLD da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a karkashin taken "Rashin TB: Yanzu da Har abada". Ranar TB ta Duniya ba a amince da ita a matsayin abin da ke faruwa a shekara-sheko ba ta Majalisar Lafiya ta WHO da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya har sai bayan shekaru goma. <ref>https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/world-tb-day-hindi/</ref> A cikin fall of 1995, WHO da Royal [[Holand|Netherlands]] Tuberculosis Foundation (KNCV) sun dauki bakuncin taron farko na shirin bayar da shawarwari na Ranar Tuberculus a The Hague, Netherlands; wani taron da za su ci gaba da tallafawa a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 1996, WHO, KNCV, IUATLD da sauran kungiyoyi masu damuwa sun shiga don gudanar da ayyukan Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180404124825/http://www.who.int/tb/world_TB_day_2018_events/en/</ref> Don Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya ta 1997, WHO ta gudanar da taron labarai a Berlin a lokacin da Darakta Janar na WHO Hiroshi Nakajima ya bayyana cewa "DOTS shine babbar ci gaban kiwon lafiya na wannan shekaru goma, bisa ga rayuka za mu iya adanawa. " Daraktan Shirin Tubergine na Duniya na WHO, Dokta Arata Kochi, ya yi alkawarin cewa, "Yauye yanayin annobar Tubergine a duniya yana gab da canzawa. Ci gaban tsarin kula da Tubergine ne wanda ke sa ya yiwu a sarrafa ba kawai a cikin kasashe masu arziki ba, a duk abubuwan da suka faru a yanzu, a duk masu tasowa da yawa. A shekara ta 1998, kusan kungiyoyi 200 sun gudanar da ayyukan yada labarai na jama'a a ranar TB ta Duniya.[1] A lokacin taron labarai na Ranar Tsibiran Duniya na 1998 a London, WHO a karo na farko ta gano kasashe ashirin da biyu da ke da nauyin tarin fuka mafi girma a duniya.[2] A shekara mai zuwa, sama da masu ba da shawara 60 na tarin fuka daga kasashe 18 sun halarci taron shirye-shiryen WHO / KNCV na kwana uku don Ranar Duniya ta Tsabtace 1999. Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya yi alama da Ranar Tubergine ta Duniya ta 2000 ta hanyar gudanar da maganin da WHO ta ba da shawarar kai tsaye, gajeren lokaci (DOTS) ga marasa lafiya a asibitin Mahavir a [[Hyderabad]], Indiya. A cewar Clinton, "Waɗannan bala'o'in ɗan adam ne, bala'in tattalin arziki, kuma fiye da rikice-rikice a gare ku, rikice-rikicen duniya ne. Yaduwar cuta ita ce matsala ɗaya ta duniya wacce ... babu wata ƙasa da ke da kariya A Kanada, Cibiyar Haɗin Kai ta Kasa don Masu Tabbatar da Lafiya ta lura a Ranar Duniya ta 2014 cewa kashi 64% na shari'ar tarin fuka da aka ruwaito a cikin ƙasa sun kasance daga cikin mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kashi 23% daga cikin mutanen Aboriginal, suna nuna tarin fuka a matsayin babban yanki na damuwa game da daidaito na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nccdh.ca/blog/entry/how-will-you-make-world-tb-day-count |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2022-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184757/https://nccdh.ca/blog/entry/how-will-you-make-world-tb-day-count |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau Stop TB Partnership, cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyi da kasashe da ke fama da TB (IUATLD memba ne kuma WHO tana da sakatariyar Stop TB Partnerships a Geneva), tana shirya Ranar don nuna girman cutar da kuma yadda za a hana shi da warkar da shi<ref>http://www.stoptb.org/events/world_tb_day/</ref> == Manazarta == 58vr2yh7cvpset2unsrue5gml3uwugz 0 155111 879936 847848 2026-07-10T05:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''ra'ayi na biyu''' shine ra'ayi game da al'amarin da jam'iyyun biyu ko fiye ke jayayya da shi. == Dokar == A cikin shari'o'in shari'a, ra'ayi na biyu wanda ya saba wa ra'ayin gwani da aka riƙe tare na iya watsi da shi kamar yadda ba shi da son kai. === Hakkin mabukaci === A lokuta kamar gyaran mota, ya kamata a sami ra'ayi na biyu a rubuce, kuma an ba da garage na asali damar gyara al'amuran.<ref name="adviceguide">{{Cite web |title=Problems with the quality of garage repairs or service |url=http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/wales/consumer_w/consumer_cars_and_other_vehicles_e/cars_garage_repairs_and_services_e/cars_problems_with_the_quality_of_garage_repairs_or_service.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227221047/http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/wales/consumer_w/consumer_cars_and_other_vehicles_e/cars_garage_repairs_and_services_e/cars_problems_with_the_quality_of_garage_repairs_or_service.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |website=[[Citizens Advice Bureau]] |publisher=CAB website}}</ref> Game da rikice-rikice na abokan ciniki tare da Masu kwangila na gini, mai ginin na iya neman ra'ayi na biyu don tabbatar da ra'ayinsu.<ref name="qbcc">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-02 |title=Handling customer complaints |url=http://www.qbcc.qld.gov.au/defective-work-disputes/handling-customer-complaints |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=QBCC website |publisher=Queensland Building and Construction Commission}}</ref> == Magunguna == * Likita ya ba da shawarar tiyata. * Likita ya gano mai haƙuri tare da mummunar cuta (kamar [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]). <ref name="survey">{{Cite web |title=New National Survey Shows Almost a Third of Second Medical Opinions Result... -- re> ROCHESTER, N.Y., March 17 /PRNewswire/ -- |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-national-survey-shows-almost-a-third-of-second-medical-opinions-result-in-different-treatments-54284227.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092502/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-national-survey-shows-almost-a-third-of-second-medical-opinions-result-in-different-treatments-54284227.html |archive-date=2013-12-24}} </ref> * Likita ya ba da shawarar magani ga mai haƙuri ba tare da abin da mai haƙuri ya yi imanin ya zama dole ba. * Lokacin da likita ya ba da shawarar tiyata ta zaɓaɓɓu, [[Inshorar lafiya|Shirin inshora]] na iya buƙaci hakan. A wasu lokuta, inshora ba za ta biya don ra'ayi na biyu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apply for a Scholarship &#124; Patient Advocate Foundation |url=http://www.patientadvocate.org/index.php?p=691 |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710202009/http://www.patientadvocate.org/index.php?p=691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mai haƙuri ya yi imanin cewa suna da yanayin da likitan ya gano ba daidai ba ne ya kasa ganowa.<ref name="survey" /> * Likitan da kansa ya ba da shawarar ra'ayi na biyu. <ref name="survey" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiosea |first=SI |last2=Peel |first2=R |last3=Barnes |first3=EL |last4=Seethala |first4=RR |date=April 2009 |title=Salivary type tumors seen in consultation. |journal=Virchows Archiv |volume=454 |issue=4 |pages=457–66 |doi=10.1007/s00428-009-0742-x |pmid=19271235 |s2cid=28378251}}</ref> Hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban sun shafi ra'ayoyi daban-daban na biyu. Misali, wasu tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya suna biyan ra'ayoyi na biyu ga membobin; masu daukar ma'aikata da yawa suna ba da fa'idodin ra'ayi na biyu kyauta ta hanyar kamfanoni kamar Grand Rounds ko makamantansu kamfanoni; kuma wasu jihohi suna da shirye-shiryen jama'a don ra'ayoyin cutar kansa na biyu.[1] === Rikici a wurin aiki === Ra'ayoyi na biyu kuma ana iya samun su daga ma'aikata. == Matsakanci na sana'a == Ana iya tambayar masu sulhu masu sana'a don ra'ayoyi na biyu game da ko za su ci gaba da Shari'a ko neman sasantawa a maimakon haka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] psydf9vd0iqwnyjz12wy6pja17u97ml 0 155883 880026 851422 2026-07-10T09:02:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin lafiyar juyawa''' ( '''CD''' ) wata cuta ce ta tabin hankali da aka gano a baya wadda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba na ji da matsalolin motsi a lokutan damuwa ta tunani . Mutanen da aka gano suna da CD suna da alamun cututtukan jijiyoyi masu wahala kamar su suma, [[makanta]], gurguwa, ko girgiza, babu ɗayansu da ya yi daidai da wani dalili na halitta kuma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar abin da ke haifar da tunani . CD ba a gano shi a cikin ICD-11 ko APA 's DSM-5 na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ba kuma an maye gurbinsa da rashin lafiyar jijiyoyi na aiki (FND), irin wannan ganewar asali wanda ya kawar da buƙatar kasancewar mai damuwa ta hankali. An yi zaton cewa waɗannan alamun suna tasowa ne sakamakon yanayi mai wahala da ke shafar lafiyar kwakwalwar majiyyaci. Mutanen da aka gano suna da matsalar canzawa suna da damar fuskantar wasu matsalolin tabin hankali, ciki har da [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], matsalolin yanayi, da kuma matsalolin hali idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka gano suna da matsalolin jijiyoyi . An riƙe matsalar canzawa a cikin DSM-5-TR da ICD-11, amma an sake masa suna zuwa matsalar alamun jijiyoyi masu aiki (FNSD) da kuma matsalar alamun jijiyoyi masu rarrabuwa (DNSD), bi da bi. FNSD ya rufe nau'ikan alamun da aka samu a cikin matsalar juyawa, amma bai haɗa da buƙatun mai damuwa na tunani don kasancewa ba. Sabbin sharuɗɗan ba sa buƙatar yin kamar an musanta su kafin a gano FNSD. An cire wani ma'auni na biyar da ke bayyana iyakancewa a cikin aikin jima'i wanda aka haɗa a cikin DSM-IV a cikin DSM-5. ICD-11 ta rarraba DNSD a matsayin cuta ta rabuwa tare da alamun jijiyoyi da ba a bayyana ba. == Alamomi da Alamomi == Rashin lafiyar juyi yana bayyana tare da alamun bayan fallasa ga wani abu mai damuwa, wanda yawanci ke da alaƙa da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]] ko [[Rashin damuwa na hankali|damuwa ta hankali]] . Yawanci, alamun cutar na iya shafar ji ko motsi. Alamomin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da [[makanta]], gurguwar jiki ko ta gaba ɗaya, rashin iya magana, [[Kurãme|kurma]], suma, wahalar haɗiyewa, matsalolin rashin daidaituwa, matsalolin daidaitawa, farfadiya mara farfadiya, rawar jiki, da wahalar tafiya. An ce jin rashin numfashi wataƙila yana nuna matsalar juyawa ko gurguwar barci . <ref name="National Institute of Health, 2012">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-17 |title=Conversion disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001950/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214044208/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001950 |archive-date=February 14, 2011 |access-date=25 October 2013 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Ana iya kawar da gurguwar barci da narcolepsy ta hanyar gwajin barci . Waɗannan alamun an danganta su da matsalar juyawar jiki idan ba a sami bayanin likita game da yanayin ba. <ref name="National Institute of Health, 2012"/> Alamomin matsalar juyawar jiki yawanci suna faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Yawancin lokaci ana lura da matsalar juyawar jiki a cikin mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 35, yana shafar tsakanin 0.011% da 0.5% na yawan jama'a. Matsalar juyawa ta nuna alamun motsi ko na ji, ciki har da: * Rashin daidaituwa ko daidaito * Rauni/shanyewar gaɓɓai ko dukkan jiki (shanyewar gaɓɓai ko matsalolin canza motsi) * Rashin magana ko rashin ƙarfi (hysterical aphonia ) * Wahalar haɗiyewa ( dysphagia ) ko jin kumbura a makogwaro * Rike fitsari * Farfadiya ko suma marasa farfadiya * dystonia mai ɗorewa * Jin zafi, myoclonus ko wasu matsalolin motsi * Matsalolin tafiya ( astasia-abasia ) * Rashin sani (suma) Alamomin ji ko rashin ƙarfi: * Rashin gani, hangen nesa biyu * Rashin ji * Rasa ko rashin jin daɗi na taɓawa ko jin zafi Alamomin canzawa yawanci ba sa dacewa da hanyoyin jiki da hanyoyin jiki da aka sani. Wani lokaci ana cewa alamun da ke bayyana suna nuna fahimtar majiyyaci game da tsarin jiki kuma cewa ƙarancin ilimin likitanci da mutum yake da shi, haka alamun da ke bayyana ba za su iya zama masu gaskiya ba. Duk da haka, babu wani bincike mai tsari da aka gudanar tukuna don tabbatar da wannan magana. An kuma ɗauki matsalar jima'i da ciwo a matsayin alamun matsalar canzawar jinsi, amma idan majiyyaci yana da waɗannan alamun ne kawai, ya kamata a gano yana da matsalar ciwon jima'i ko kuma matsalar ciwo . == Ganewar Ganewa == === Ma'anar === Yanzu haka matsalar sauyawar yanayi ta ragu a ƙarƙashin matsalar alamun jijiyoyi (FNSD). A cikin yanayin matsalar sauyawar yanayi, akwai damuwa ta tunani. {{ordered list|The patient has at least one symptom of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.|Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognised neurological or medical conditions.|The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.|The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.|list_style_type=lower-alpha}}'''A ƙayyade nau'in alamar ko rashin ta kamar haka:''' * Tare da rauni ko gurgunta * Idan motsi mara kyau (misali rawar jiki, motsi na dystonic, myoclonus, matsalar tafiya) * Tare da alamun haɗiyewa * Da alamun magana (misali dysphonia, magana mara kyau) * Tare da hare-hare ko kamuwa da cuta * Tare da rashin fahimta ko asarar ƙwaƙwalwa * Tare da alamun rashin jin daɗi na musamman (misali makanta ta gani, rashin ƙamshi, ko matsalar ji) * Tare da alamun gauraye. '''A ƙayyade idan:''' * Cutar da ta fi tsanani: alamun suna bayyana na ƙasa da watanni shida * Mai dorewa: alamun suna bayyana na tsawon watanni shida ko fiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversion and somatic symptom disorders |url=http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/989/diagnosis/criteria.html |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> '''A ƙayyade idan:''' * Damuwa ta hankali (rashin daidaituwar tunani) * Babu damuwa ta hankali ( cutar alamun jijiyoyi masu aiki ) === Warewar cututtukan jijiyoyi === Rashin lafiyar juyi yana bayyana tare da alamun da suka saba kama da matsalar jijiyoyi kamar [[bugun jini]], [[Sclerosis da yawa|sclerosis mai yawa]], [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], rashin lafiyar jiki ta hypokalemic periodic, ko narcolepsy . Dole ne likitan jijiyoyin jini ya cire cututtukan jijiyoyi a hankali, ta hanyar bincike da kuma bincike mai kyau. <ref name="Stone_2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M |year=2005 |title=Functional symptoms and signs in neurology: assessment and diagnosis |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i2–12 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.061655 |pmc=1765681 |pmid=15718217}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba sabon abu ba ne ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi su ma suna da matsalar juyi. <ref name="pmid1469401">{{Cite journal |last=Eames P |year=1992 |title=Hysteria following brain injury |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1046–53 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.55.11.1046 |pmc=1015291 |pmid=1469401}}</ref> Dangane da cire cututtukan jijiyoyi, likitan jijiyoyin ya saba dogara da kasancewar alamun rashin lafiyar jijiyoyi masu kyau (watau, wasu ɓangarori na gabatarwar da ake tsammanin ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cututtukan jijiyoyi amma galibi ana samun su a cikin matsalar juyi). Wani bincike da ke nuna cewa suna faruwa a cikin cututtukan jijiyoyi ya yi tambaya game da ingancin waɗannan alamomin. <ref name="pmid3760849">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gould R, Miller BL, Goldberg MA, Benson DF |year=1986 |title=The validity of hysterical signs and symptoms |journal=J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. |volume=174 |issue=10 |pages=593–7 |doi=10.1097/00005053-198610000-00003 |pmid=3760849 |s2cid=38888726}}</ref> Misali, ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ''alamar'' ita ce rashin damuwa game da yanayin ko tasirin alamun. A cikin wani bincike na 2006, babu wata shaida da aka gano cewa marasa lafiya da ke da alamun aiki sun fi iya nuna wannan fiye da marasa lafiya da ke da cutar da aka tabbatar ta kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="pmid16507959">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, Warlow C, Sharpe M |year=2006 |title=La belle indifférence in conversion symptoms and hysteria: systematic review |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=188 |pages=204–9 |doi=10.1192/bjp.188.3.204 |pmid=16507959 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin DSM-5, an cire ''rashin lafiyar jijiyoyi masu rauni'' a matsayin ma'aunin ganewar asali. Wani abin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci shi ne cewa alamun sun fi tsanani a ɓangaren da ba shi da rinjaye, yawanci a ɓangaren hagu na jiki. Akwai ra'ayoyi da dama game da wannan, kamar yadda alaƙar da ke tsakanin ɓangaren kwakwalwa a cikin aikin motsin rai, ko kuma a sauƙaƙe, cewa ya fi "sauƙi" a rayu da raunin aiki a ɓangaren da ba shi da rinjaye. Duk da haka, wani bita na wallafe-wallafe na bincike 121 ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, tare da nuna son zuciya a cikin wallafe-wallafe shine mafi kusantar dalilin wannan ra'ayi da aka saba da shi. <ref name="pmid12397155">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stone J, Sharpe M, Carson A, Lewis SC, Thomas B, Goldbeck R, Warlow CP |year=2002 |title=Are functional motor and sensory symptoms really more frequent on the left? A systematic review |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=578–81 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.73.5.578 |pmc=1738113 |pmid=12397155}}</ref> Kodayake sau da yawa ana ɗaukar tashin hankali a matsayin alama mai kyau ta rashin daidaituwar juyi, sakin [[Adrenaline|epinephrine]] wani dalili ne da aka nuna na gurguntawa daga gurguwar hypokalemic periodic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-05 |title=Segal MM, Jurkat-Rott K, Levitt J, Lehmann-Horn F, Hypokalemic periodic paralysis—an owner's manual |url=https://www.uni-ulm.de/fileadmin/website_uni_ulm/med.inst.040/Dokumente/owner.html |access-date=2013-11-30 |publisher=Uni-ulm.de}}</ref> Kuskuren ganewar asali wani lokacin yana faruwa. A cikin wani bincike mai tasiri <ref name="pmid14286998">{{Cite journal |last=Slater E |year=1965 |title=Diagnosis of Hysteria |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=5447 |pages=1395–9 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5447.1395 |pmc=2166300 |pmid=14286998}}</ref> daga shekarun 1960, Eliot Slater ya nuna cewa an sami kuskuren ganewar asali a cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya 112 da ke fama da matsalar juyowa. <ref name="pmid5857619">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slater ET, Glithero E |year=1965 |title=A follow-up of patients diagnosed as suffering from "hysteria" |journal=J Psychosom Res |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(65)90004-8 |pmid=5857619}}</ref> Marubutan da suka gabata sun yi jayayya cewa takardar ba ta da matsala. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stone J, Warlow C, Carson A, Sharpe M |year=2005 |title=Eliot Slater's myth of the non-existence of hysteria |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=547–8 |doi=10.1177/014107680509801214 |pmc=1299341 |pmid=16319432}}</ref> Wani bincike na meta na 2005 ya nuna cewa ƙimar ganewar asali tun lokacin da aka buga wannan takarda kusan kashi huɗu ne, iri ɗaya da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyi. <ref name="Stone_2005"/> === Tsarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam === Tsarin tunani na juyawa zai iya zama mafi wahala a cikin ganewar cutar juyawa. Ko da akwai wani rauni a baya ko wani abu da zai iya haifar da tunani, har yanzu ba a fayyace ainihin yadda wannan ke haifar da alamun da aka lura ba. Marasa lafiya da ke da alamun jijiyoyi marasa bayanin likita ba za su iya samun wani damuwa na tunani ba, don haka amfani da kalmar "rashin lafiyar jijiyoyi na aiki" a cikin DSM-5, sabanin "rashin lafiyar juyawa", da kuma cire buƙatar abin da ke haifar da tunani na DSM-5. Canjin suna a cikin DSM-5 shi ma ya zo da canjin sharudda. An cire alaƙa da aikin jima'i da kuma alaƙa da kowace irin cuta ta lafiya. Akwai kuma ƙarin alaƙa da aikin zamantakewa da na sana'a. == Magani == Maganin da ke magance matsalar canzawar jiki sun haɗa da hypnosis, psychotherapy, physical therapy, da kuma kula da damuwa. Tsarin magani zai yi la'akari da tsawon lokaci da bayyanar alamun kuma yana iya haɗawa da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin magungunan da ke sama. <ref name="Mayo">{{Cite web |title=Conversion disorder |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/conversion-distorder/DS00877 |access-date=25 October 2013 |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research}}</ref> Wannan na iya haɗawa da waɗannan: <ref name="pmid15718216">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M |year=2005 |title=Functional symptoms in neurology: management |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i13–21 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.061663 |pmc=1765682 |pmid=15718216}}</ref> # Maganin sana'a don kiyaye 'yancin kai a cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversion Disorder &#124; Doctors of USC |url=http://www.doctorsofusc.com/condition/document/96743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822013004/http://www.doctorsofusc.com/condition/document/96743 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=www.doctorsofusc.com}}</ref> # Maganin baƙin [[Babban rashin damuwa|ciki]] ko [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] idan akwai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> # Ilmantar da marasa lafiya game da abubuwan da ke haifar da alamun cutar na iya taimaka musu su koyi yadda za su magance matsalolin tabin hankali da na jiki na yanayinsu. Shawarwari kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam galibi suna da mahimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin matsalar juyawar kwakwalwa da raunin motsin rai. Wannan hanyar ta fi dacewa ta faru tare da wasu nau'ikan magani. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> # Magunguna kamar su serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), wani nau'in antidepressants, da magungunan kwantar da hankali kamar benzodiazepines na iya taimakawa wajen rage damuwa da kuma rage ko hana alamun faruwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Akwai ƙarancin maganin da ya dogara da shaida game da matsalar canzawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganslev |first=Christina A. |last2=Storebø |first2=Ole Jakob |last3=Callesen |first3=Henriette E. |last4=Ruddy |first4=Rachel |last5=Søgaard |first5=Ulf |date=17 July 2020 |title=Psychosocial interventions for conversion and dissociative disorders in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005331.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=7388313 |pmid=32681745}}</ref> Sauran jiyya kamar maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), hypnosis, EMDR, psychodynamic psychotherapy, motsa jiki na transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), maganin gaskiya na kama-da-wane, da kuma EEG brain biofeedback suna buƙatar ƙarin gwaji. Maganin psychoanalytic na iya zama da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feinstein A |year=2011 |title=Conversion disorder: advances in our understanding |journal=CMAJ |volume=183 |issue=8 |pages=915–20 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.110490 |pmc=3091899 |pmid=21502352}}</ref> Yawancin nazarin da ke tantance ingancin waɗannan jiyya ba su da inganci kuma ana buƙatar manyan bincike masu inganci cikin gaggawa. CBT ita ce magani mafi yawan jama'a, tare da ƙimar ci gaba da kashi 13%. == Hasashen == Nazarin da aka gudanar ya gano cewa hasashen cutar sankarau ya bambanta sosai, inda wasu lokuta ke warwarewa cikin makonni, wasu kuma suna ɗaukar shekaru ko shekaru da dama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mace |first=CJ |last2=Trimble |first2=MR |date=September 1996 |title=Ten-year prognosis of conversion disorder. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=282–8 |doi=10.1192/bjp.169.3.282 |pmid=8879713 |s2cid=7549659}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Couprie |first=W |last2=Wijdicks |first2=EF |last3=Rooijmans |first3=HG |last4=van Gijn |first4=J |date=June 1995 |title=Outcome in conversion disorder: a follow up study. |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=750–2 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.58.6.750 |pmc=1073562 |pmid=7608683}}</ref> Duk da cewa marasa lafiya na iya samun sauƙi, suna iya sake dawowa a kowane lokaci. == Ilimin Cututtuka == === Mita === Bayanai kan yawan kamuwa da cutar juyawar kwakwalwa yana da iyaka, wani ɓangare saboda sarkakiyar tsarin ganewar asali. A asibitocin jijiyoyi, yawan kamuwa da cutar da ba a bayyana ba a tsakanin sabbin marasa lafiya yana da yawa, tsakanin kashi 30 zuwa 60%. <ref name="Carson_2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carson AJ, Ringbauer B, Stone J, McKenzie L, Warlow C, Sharpe M |year=2000 |title=Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=207–10 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.68.2.207 |pmc=1736779 |pmid=10644789}}</ref> <ref name="pmid11448704">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nimnuan C, Hotopf M, Wessely S |year=2001 |title=Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities |journal=J Psychosom Res |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=361–7 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00223-9 |pmid=11448704}}</ref> <ref name="pmid14999491">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Snijders TJ, de Leeuw FE, Klumpers UM, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J |year=2004 |title=Prevalence and predictors of unexplained neurological symptoms in an academic neurology outpatient clinic—an observational study |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=251 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1007/s00415-004-0273-y |pmid=14999491 |s2cid=8191138}}</ref> Duk da haka, gano cutar juyawar kwakwalwa yawanci yana buƙatar ƙarin kimantawa na tabin hankali, kuma tunda marasa lafiya kaɗan ne za su ga likitan tabin hankali, <ref name="pmid11110993">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crimlisk HL, Bhatia KP, Cope H, David AS, Marsden D, Ron MA |year=2000 |title=Patterns of referral in patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms |journal=J Psychosom Res |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=217–9 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00167-7 |pmid=11110993}}</ref> ba a san adadin alamomin da ba a bayyana ba a zahiri saboda cutar. A cikin 1976, manyan rajistar tabin hankali a Amurka da Iceland sun gano adadin kamuwa da cutar 22 da 11 sabbin waɗanda aka gano a cikin shekaru 100,000 na mutane, bi da bi. <ref name="Stefansson">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stefánsson JG, Messina JA, Meyerowitz S |year=1976 |title=Hysterical neurosis, conversion type: clinical and epidemiological considerations |journal=[[Acta Psychiatr Scand]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=119–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00066.x |pmid=1251758 |s2cid=39279206}}</ref> A cikin 2002, wasu kimantawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin yawan jama'a, tsakanin 0.011% da 0.5% na yawan jama'a suna da cutar juyawar kwakwalwa. == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta ciwon ciki ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1900 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), lokacin da aka ɗora wa alamun cutar da cewa mahaifar na motsawa a cikin jikin mace. Maganin ya bambanta "dangane da matsayin mahaifar, wanda dole ne a tilasta masa komawa matsayinta na halitta. Idan mahaifar ta motsa sama, ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar sanya abubuwa masu ƙamshi da ƙamshi kusa da bakin matar da hancinta, yayin da aka sanya waɗanda ke da ƙamshi kusa da farjinta; akasin haka, idan mahaifar ta faɗi, takardar ta ba da shawarar sanya abubuwan ƙamshi kusa da farjinta da kuma waɗanda ke da ƙamshi kusa da bakinta da hancinta." <ref name="Tasca 110–119">{{Cite journal |last=Tasca |first=Cecilia |last2=Rapetti |first2=Mariangela |last3=Carta |first3=Mauro Giovanni |last4=Fadda |first4=Bianca |date=2012-10-19 |title=Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=8 |pages=110–119 |doi=10.2174/1745017901208010110 |issn=1745-0179 |pmc=3480686 |pmid=23115576}}</ref> A cikin tatsuniyar Girkawa, ana tsammanin rashin jin daɗi, wani yanayi makamancin haka, yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin inzali, baƙin ciki na mahaifa, da kuma rashin haihuwa. [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], da Hippocrates sun yi imanin cewa rashin jima'i yana haifar da matsaloli a cikin mahaifa. Yawancin Helenawa sun yi imanin cewa za a iya hana shi kuma a warkar da shi da ruwan inabi da abubuwan sha . Hippocrates ya yi jayayya cewa rashin yin jima'i akai-akai yana haifar da mahaifar da ke haifar da hayaki mai guba, wanda ke sa ta motsa a cikin jiki. Saboda haka, ya yi jayayya, ya kamata dukkan mata su yi aure kuma su ji daɗin rayuwa mai gamsarwa ta jima'i. <ref name="Tasca 110–119"/> Donald Capps ya yi jayayya cewa cututtukan da ake zargin Yesu ya warkar, kamar gurguwar jiki da makanta, a zahiri nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi tuba ne. Ya bayyana Yesu a matsayin "likitan tabin hankali na ƙauye", wanda ya yi imani cewa kalmominsa suna da iko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capps |first=Donald |date=2010 |title=Jesus the village psychiatrist: a summary |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0259-94222010000100028 |journal=HTS Theological Studies |volume=66 |issue=1 |via=Scielo |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2026-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209110102/https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-94222010000100028&script=sci_arttext |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga ƙarni na 13, ana fitar da mata masu fama da ciwon hauka, domin an yi imanin cewa Shaiɗan ne ya mallake su. An yi imanin cewa idan likitoci ba su iya gano musabbabin wata cuta ko rashin lafiya ba, dole ne Shaiɗan ne ya jawo ta. <ref name="Tasca 110–119"/> A farkon karni na 16, ungozoma suna motsa mata ta hanyar jima'i domin rage musu alamun cutar. Gerolamo Cardano da Giambattista della Porta sun yi imanin cewa gurɓataccen ruwa da hayaki ne ke haifar da alamun cutar. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, ba a sake ɗaukar rawar da mahaifa ke takawa a matsayin muhimmin abu ga wannan cuta ba, inda Thomas Willis ya gano cewa kwakwalwa da tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya su ne ke haifar da alamun cutar. Thomas Sydenham ya yi jayayya cewa alamun cutar ta hanyar jima'i na iya samun sanadin halitta. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa mahaifa ba ita ce ke haifar da alamun cutar ba. <ref name="Tasca 110–119"/> A shekarar 1692, a garin Salem da ke Massachusetts na Amurka, an samu rahoton barkewar tashin hankali. Wannan ya haifar da shari'ar mayu a Salem, inda matan da aka zarge su da zama mayu suka nuna alamun kamar motsi kwatsam, kallon idanu, da tsalle-tsalle marasa iko. <ref name="Tasca 110–119"/> A ƙarni na 18, an samu sauyi daga ra'ayin cewa mahaifa ce ke haifar da hysteria zuwa kwakwalwa ce ke haifar da ita. Wannan ya haifar da fahimtar cewa yana iya shafar jinsi biyu. Jean-Martin Charcot ya yi jayayya cewa hysteria ya samo asali ne daga "lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi ta gado, wato wata cuta ta jijiyoyi". <ref name="Tasca 110–119"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dr4cuj4xce4iwd9xjsvbg87ulhzdse8 0 155884 880018 866797 2026-07-10T08:20:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880018 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin barci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Rashin barci, matsalar barci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:53-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,_insonnia,_Taccuino_Sanitatis,.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Bayyana rashin barci daga rubutun likita na karni na 14 ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yadda ake furta shi | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">/<nowiki><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></nowiki><nowiki><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>/</span></span><ref name="NIH2011Ov">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=What Is Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012148/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Health Topics |publisher=[[NHLBI]]}}</ref>&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyakkyawan | class="infobox-data" |Ilimin kwakwalwa, Ilimin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, Magungunan Barci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Alamar cututtuka|Alamomi]] | class="infobox-data" |Matsalar [[Bacci|barci]], barci na rana, ƙarancin kuzari, fushi, baƙin ciki <ref name="NIH2011Ov" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dalilan da suka haifar | class="infobox-data" |Ba a sani ba, damuwa ta tunani, ciwo mai tsanani, [[gazawar zuciya]], hyperthyroidism, ƙonewar zuciya, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ciwon kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali]], rikicewar fashewar autism, ƙwaƙwalwar bacci, da sauransu <ref name="NIH2011Ca">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Binciken kiwon lafiya|Hanyar ganewa]] | class="infobox-data" |Dangane da alamun bayyanar cututtuka, binciken barci <ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Binciken bambance-bambance | class="infobox-data" |Rashin jinkirin bacci, ciwon ƙafafun da ba su da kwanciyar hankali, [[Bugawar bacci|Rashin bacci]], rikicewar hankali |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magani | class="infobox-data" |Tsabtacewar barci, maganin halayyar fahimta, hypnotics <ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012302/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref><ref name="AC2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD |date=July 2016 |title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.7326/M15-2175 |pmid=27136449 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wil2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |~20%<ref name="WHO2009">{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}</ref><ref name="Th2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} Insomnia, wanda aka fi sani da Rashin bacci, cuta ce ta bacci da ke haifar da wahalar yin bacci ko yin bacci har tsawon lokacin da ake so.[1][2][3] Rashin Barci yawanci yana biye da barci na rana, ƙarancin kuzari, fushi, da kuma baƙin ciki.[1] Zai iya haifar da karuwar haɗarin haɗari da matsalolin mayar da hankali da ilmantarwa.[2] Insomnia na iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, na kwanaki ko makonni, ko na dogon lokaci, na fiye da wata ɗaya.[1] Ma'anar kalmar rashin barci tana da hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: rashin barci ko alamun rashin barci.[4] [[Bugawar bacci|Rashin bacci]] na iya faruwa da kansa ko kuma sakamakon wani matsala.<ref name="NIH2011Ca"/> Yanayin da zai iya haifar da rashin barci sun haɗa da damuwa na tunani, ciwo mai tsanani, [[gazawar zuciya]], hyperthyroidism, ƙone zuciya, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ciwon kafa marar kwanciyar hankali]], menopause, wasu [[Magani|magunguna]], da amfani da kwayoyi kamar [[caffeine]], nicotine, da barasa.<ref name="NIH2011Ca" /><ref name="WHO2009"/> Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da sauye-sauyen dare na aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar barci.<ref name="Th2007"/> Binciken ya dogara ne akan halaye na bacci da jarrabawa don neman ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Ana iya yin binciken bacci don neman rikice-rikicen bacci.<ref name="NIH2011Diag"/> Ana iya yin tantancewa tare da tambayoyi kamar "Shin kuna fuskantar wahalar barci?" ko "Shin kun sami wahalar faɗuwa ko yin barci?" <ref name="Th2007" /> Ana ɗaukar maganin halayyar fahimta a matsayin magani na farko.<ref name="AC2016"/><ref name="Tra2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}</ref><ref name="Behavioral and psychological treatm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL |date=February 2021 |title=Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8988 |pmc=7853211 |pmid=33164741}}</ref> Ana kuma ba da shawarar Tsabtace barci da sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa don rashin barci, kodayake ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba.<ref name="NIH2011Tx"/><ref name="Wil2008"/><ref name="Behavioral and psychological treatm" /> Tsabtacewar barci ya haɗa da lokacin barci, ɗakin shiru da duhu, hasken rana a rana da [[motsa jiki]] na yau da kullun.<ref name="Wil2008" /> Magungunan barci na iya inganta bacci, kodayake wasu suna da alaƙa da faduwa, Rashin fahimta, da dogaro. <ref name="AC2016" /><ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Ba a ba da shawarar waɗannan magunguna fiye da makonni huɗu ko biyar amma ana iya amfani da su na dogon lokaci a wasu lokuta.<ref name="AC2016" /><ref name="riemann-23">{{Cite journal |last=Riemann |first=Dieter |last2=Espie |first2=Colin A. |last3=Altena |first3=Ellemarije |last4=Arnardottir |first4=Erna Sif |last5=Baglioni |first5=Chiara |last6=Bassetti |first6=Claudio L. A. |last7=Bastien |first7=Celyne |last8=Berzina |first8=Natalija |last9=Bjorvatn |first9=Bjørn |last10=Dikeos |first10=Dimitris |last11=Dolenc Groselj |first11=Leja |last12=Ellis |first12=Jason G. |last13=Garcia-Borreguero |first13=Diego |last14=Geoffroy |first14=Pierre A |last15=Gjerstad |first15=Michaela |date=2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |issn=1365-2869 |pmid=38016484}}</ref> Daga cikin waɗannan, lemborexant da eszopiclone suna da inganci mafi kyau da bayanan tsaro.<ref name="pmid35843245">{{Cite journal |vauthors=De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, Kurtulmus A, Tomlinson A, Mitrova Z, Foti F, Del Giovane C, Quested DJ, Cowen PJ, Barbui C, Amato L, Efthimiou O, Cipriani A |date=July 2022 |title=Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |url= |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10347 |pages=170–184 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9 |pmid=35843245 |s2cid=250536370 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ingancin da amincin wasu magungunan magani ba su da tabbas.<ref name="AC2016" /><ref name="riemann-23" /> Tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na manya suna da rashin barci a kowane lokaci, kuma har zuwa rabin mutane suna da rashin bacci a cikin shekara guda.<ref name="WHO2009"/><ref name="Th2007"/> Kimanin kashi 6% na mutane suna da rashin bacci wanda ba saboda wata matsala ba ne kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya.<ref name="Th2007" /> Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65 suna fama da cutar sau da yawa fiye da matasa.<ref name="Wil2008"/> Mata galibi suna fama da cutar fiye da maza.<ref name="WHO2009" /> Bayanan rashin barci ya faru aƙalla tun daga tsohuwar Girka. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Complications_of_insomnia.svg|thumb|Matsalolin da ke tattare da rashin barci <ref name="mayo">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>]] * Matsalar yin barci, gami da wahalar samun wurin barci mai kyauYanayin barci * Tashi da dare, rashin iya komawa barci, da farkawa da wuri <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhary |first=Ninad S. |last2=Grandner |first2=Michael A. |last3=Jackson |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Chakravorty |first4=Subhajit |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Caffeine consumption, insomnia, and sleep duration: Results from a nationally representative sample |journal=Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) |volume=32 |issue=11–12 |pages=1193–1199 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.005 |pmc=6230475 |pmid=27377580}}</ref> * Rashin iya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan yau da kullun, wahalar tunawa * Barci na rana, fushi, baƙin ciki ko [[Anxiety|damuwa]] * Jin gajiya ko samun karancin kuzari a rana * Matsalar mayar da hankali * Kasancewa mai fushi, mai nuna fushi, ko mai saurin fushi * Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ɗaya daga cikin alamun da aka saba gani <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Can Fix Insomnia? |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421084048/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-date=2026-04-21 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Rashin barci na farko shine wahalar yin barci a farkon dare, sau da yawa alama ce ta rikicewar damuwa. Za'a iya gano matsalar jinkirin bacci a matsayin rashin bacci, yayin da fara bacci ya jinkirta fiye da yadda aka saba, yayin da farkawa ya zubo cikin sa'o'in rana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kertesz RS, Cote KA |year=2011 |title=Event-related potentials during the transition to sleep for individuals with sleep-onset insomnia |journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=68–85 |doi=10.1080/15402002.2011.557989 |pmid=21491230 |s2cid=30439961}}</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke da wahalar yin barci su kuma farka da dare tare da wahalar komawa barci.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=W. Dallas}}</ref> Kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan mutane sun farka a tsakiyar dare, tare da fiye da rabin suna da matsala suna fadowa cikin barci bayan farkawa da tsakar dare. Farkawa da sassafe yana faruwa da wuri (fiye da minti 30) fiye da yadda ake so, tare da rashin iya komawa barci kuma kafin jimlar lokacin bacci ya kai sa'o'i 6.5. Farkawa da sassafe sau da yawa alama ce ta [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]]. Alamun damuwa na iya haifar da rashin barci. Wasu daga cikin wadannan alamun sun hada da damuwa ta tunani, damuwa mai tsanani game da makomar, jin daɗi, da kuma nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a baya. Rashin barci na yau da kullun na iya haifar da tasirin tunani, yana shafar hulɗar zamantakewa, aiki, da salon rayuwa.<ref name="Behavioral and psychological treatm"/> === Rashin ingancin bacci === Rashin ingancin bacci na iya faruwa ne sakamakon, alal misali, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali]], apnea na bacci, ko [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban bakin ciki]]. An bayyana ingancin bacci mara kyau a matsayin mutum bai kai Mataki na 3 ko bacci na delta ba, wanda ke da kaddarorin gyarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |title=What Happens When You Sleep? |url=https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005723/https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Babban baƙin ciki yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin aikin [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]], yana haifar da sakin [[cortisol]] da yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin ingancin bacci. [[polyuria]] na dare, yawan fitsari na dare, na iya haifar da rashin ingancin barci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adler CH, Thorpy MJ |date=June 2005 |title=Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=64 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=S12–20 |doi=10.1212/WNL.64.12_suppl_3.S12 |pmid=15994219 |s2cid=24024570}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4pl9n85hi2enetb0trm9rxhms68nkhd 0 155990 880002 851822 2026-07-10T07:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Excess_adipose_tissue.jpg|thumb|Misali na tarin kitsen android a cikin matashi namiji]]{{Databox}} '''Rarraba kitsen Android''' yana bayyana rarraba kwayar kitsen mutum galibi a kusa da akwati da jikin sama, a yankuna kamar ciki, kirji, kafada da wuyan wuyan. Wannan tsari na iya haifar da jiki mai siffar "triangle" ko kiba ta tsakiya, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. Don haka, rarraba kitsen android na maza kusan 48.6%, wanda shine 10.3% mafi girma fiye da na mata masu tsufa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ley |first=CJ |last2=Lees |first2=B |last3=Stevenson |first3=JC |year=1992 |title=Sex-and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=950–954 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/55.5.950 |pmid=1570802 |s2cid=4481978}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, siffofin siffar ovoid, wanda ba ya bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. Gabaɗaya, a lokacin da suka fara girma, mata suna da rarraba kitse na gefe, don haka kitsen su ya rarraba daidai a jikin su. Koyaya, an gano cewa yayin da mata ke tsufa, suna ɗauke da yara kuma suna kusantar menopause, wannan rarraba yana canzawa zuwa tsarin android na rarraba kitse, wanda ya haifar da karuwar 42.1% a rarraba kitsen jikin android a cikin mata masu fama da menopause. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=JCK |date=2007 |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition. |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489}}</ref> Wannan na iya samar da fa'idodi na juyin halitta, kamar saukar da cibiyar nauyi ta mace, ta sa ta zama mafi kwanciyar hankali yayin da take ɗauke da 'ya'ya.<ref name=":2" /> Rarraba kitsen Android ya bambanta da rarraba kitsen gynoid, inda kitse a kusa da cinya, cinya, da kasa ke haifar da jiki mai kama da "pear". Jean Vague, likita daga Marseilles, Faransa, yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka jawo hankali kan karuwar haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka (misali, [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] da gout) a cikin mutane da ke da rarraba android idan aka kwatanta da rarrabawar gynoid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Despres |first=J.-P. |date=4 September 2012 |title=Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: An Update |journal=Circulation |volume=126 |issue=10 |pages=1301–1313 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264 |pmid=22949540 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai wasu sakamakon kiwon lafiya fiye da waɗannan, gami da sakamakon tunani. == Ilimin halittu == Ana iya tattara kitsen Android cikin sauƙi ta hanyar rashi a cikin ma'aunin makamashi. Ana adana shi a wurare daban-daban daga kitsen gynoid: ana adana kitsen android a cikin jiki na sama kuma yana iya gabatar da abin da ake kira "triangle-shaped" jiki, yayin da ake adana kitse na gynoid a cikin jiki mai ƙanƙanta kuma yana iya haifar da "shaped pear" jiki.[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z] Kwayoyin kitse na Android galibi suna da tsayi: suna da girma, ana ajiye su a ƙarƙashin fata kuma suna da matukar aiki. Kwayoyin da suke fitarwa suna da damar kai tsaye zuwa hanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the type of fat you have affect your risk of disease? |url=http://weight-loss.yoexpert.com/obesity-and-health/how-does-the-type-of-fat-you-have-affect-your-risk-1959.html |access-date=21 March 2016 |website=weight-loss.yoexpert |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005332/http://weight-loss.yoexpert.com/obesity-and-health/how-does-the-type-of-fat-you-have-affect-your-risk-1959.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasancewar kitse a cikin akwati da jikin sama a cikin maza yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar [[testosterone]]. Yaduwar Testosterone tana haifar da adana ƙwayoyin mai a kusa da yankin ciki da gluteofemoral, yayin da a cikin mata yaduwar estrogen yana haifar da adadi mai a kusa le wurare kamar cinya, cinya da buttocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furnham |first=A. |last2=Tan |first2=T. |last3=McManus |first3=C. |year=1997 |title=Waist-to-hip ratio and preferences for body shape: A replication and extension |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=539–549 |citeseerx=10.1.1.517.1397 |doi=10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00241-3}}</ref> Sabili da haka, auna estrogen na mutum zuwa testosterone rabo na iya bayyana hasashen gynoid da aka yi wahayi zuwa rarraba kitsen android.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Kirchengast |first=S. |last2=Gruber |first2=D. |last3=Sator |first3=M. |last4=Hartmann |first4=B. |last5=Knogler |first5=W. |last6=Huber |first6=J. |year=1997 |title=Menopause-associated differences in female fat patterning estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1080/03014469700004762 |pmid=9022905}}</ref> Fitar Android tana tasowa a matsayin tushen makamashi lokacin da jikin namiji ke fuskantar rashin daidaituwa, yayin da kitsen gynoid ke tasowa bayan balaga, don shirya jiki don tallafawa jariri mai yuwuwa. 50% na bambancin a cikin kitsen ciki da aka lura a cikin mutane saboda abubuwan kwayar halitta ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=A |last2=Crowther |first2=N |date=2005 |title=Body fat distribution and insulin resistance |journal=South African Medical Journal |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=878–880 |pmid=16344887}}</ref> Halayen salula na nama mai ƙiba a cikin android da mata masu kiba sun bambanta. Irin Android yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa (hypertrophy) yayin da nau'in gynoid ya ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin mai (hyperplasia). Wannan yana ba da damar kiba mai yawa da kiba mai yawa. Masu karɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban guda biyu, masu karɓar ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta da beta, sun bambanta da ikon su na sauƙaƙe ko hana tattara ƙwayoyin. Masu karɓar Alpha galibi suna cikin ƙananan jiki don haka sun fi yawa a cikin alamu na gynoid, kuma masu karɓar beta galibi suna a cikin jiki na sama, don haka sunfi yawa a cikin alamun android. === Dalilan da suka haifar === Rashin lafiyar hormone ko canji na iya haifar da samar da kitse mai yawa da ciki mai girma. Magunguna irin su protease inhibitors waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamauyyar cuta suma suna samar da kitse. Ana iya sarrafa kitsen Android tare da abinci mai kyau da motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liposuction Info: Fat Cells and Your Anatomy |url=http://www.liposuction4you.com/anatomy.htm |access-date=21 March 2016 |website=liposuction4you}}</ref> Rashin abinci mara kyau tare da rashin motsa jiki na iya kara matakin kitsen android. == Sakamakon kiwon lafiya == == Manazarta == o2rnd2fv4pc0vepphz2syqqwaj2si39 0 156023 880047 851913 2026-07-10T09:26:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi Salem''' ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Tunisiya, mai nisan {{Convert|6|km}} arewa maso yamma da Testour a kan [[Kogin Medjerda]] a gundumar Béja, Tunisiya. An gina madatsun ruwa tsakanin 1977 da 1981, kuma suna samar da ruwa don ban ruwa kuma suna tallafawa {{Convert|12|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi Salem |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-salem/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703134303/http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-salem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == bl6edfdkutphrvrpryvogaensiaki61 0 156115 879901 852107 2026-07-10T00:30:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perry Brass''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Watan Satumba, shekara ta 1947) marubuci ne na Amurka, ɗan jarida, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuci. Ya kasance memba mai aiki na Gay Liberation Front, kungiyar gay ta farko da aka kafa bayan Stonewall Rebellion a New York a watan Yunin 1969. Ya hada kai da Come Out! , jaridar da aka buga ta Gay Liberation Front; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernadicou |first=August |title=COME OUT! |url=https://www.lgbtqhp.org/come-out |website=THE LGBTQ HISTORY PROJECT |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |language=en}}</ref> batutuwan uku na ƙarshe na jaridar sun buga ta hanyar ƙungiyar jaridar daga gidansa a Hell's Kitchen a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernadicou |first=August |title=Perry Brass |url=https://www.lgbtqhp.org/perry-brass |access-date=March 21, 2021 |website=The LGBTQ History Project |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project Inc}}</ref><ref name="out history">{{Cite web |title=The Come Out! Archive · Come Out! Magazine, 1969–1972 · OutHistory: It's About Time |url=https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/come-out-magazine-1969-1972/the-come-out-archive |access-date=February 20, 2021 |website=outhistory.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1971, tare da abokai biyu, ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Gay Men, asibitin farko na maza masu luwadi a Gabashin Gabas. Asibitin ya ba da shawarar a bayyane ga maza masu luwadi su yi amfani da kwaroron roba, kusan shekaru goma kafin zuwan cutar kanjamau. <ref name="gay city news">{{Cite web |title=What They Gave, What We Lost |url=http://gaycitynews.nyc/gcn_522/whattheygavewhatwelost.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921193720/http://gaycitynews.nyc/gcn_522/whattheygavewhatwelost.html |archive-date=2015-09-21 |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=August |first=Bernadicou |title=Perry Brass |url=https://www.augustnation.com/perry-brass |access-date=June 27, 2019 |website=August Nation |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627120537/https://www.augustnation.com/perry-brass |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya rubuta wa The Huffington Post . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Perry Brass |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/belhuepress-736 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Perry Brass memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka . Laburaren Jama'a na New York yana da sashin Manuscripts tare da Perry Brass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perry Brass papers 1968-1974 |url=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/373 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts |publisher=New York Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=archives.nypl.org -- Search results |url=https://archives.nypl.org/search/results?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=Perry+Brass |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=archives.nypl.org}}</ref> Ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Lambda Literary Awards guda shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Perry Brass FeaturesOpinion 6 min |date=2024-03-06 |title=Perry Brass |url=https://lambdaliteraryreview.org/author/perry-brass/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Lambda Literary Review |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2012 Sarki na Mala'iku ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Kyautar Ferro-Grumley daga Gidauniyar Ferro-Frumley ta New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ferro-Grumley Awards |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/ferro-grumley-awards/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, an gwagwalada dakatar da Brass daga Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Duncan |date=March 17, 2016 |title="Desire," "Seduction" Get Perry Brass Booted from Facebook |url=https://gaycitynews.com/desire-seduction-get-perry-brass-booted-from-facebook/ |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=Gay City News}}</ref> == Babban aikin wallafe-wallafen == * (1991) Jima'i-ka'idar, Belhue Press * (1992) ''Mirage'', Belhue Press * (1992) ''Ayyuka da Sauran Labaran "Smoky George"'', Belhue Press * (1993) Yanayi, Belhue Press * (1994) ''A can'', Belhue Press * (1995) ''Albert ko Littafin Mutum'', Belhue Press * (1997) The Harvest, Belhue Press * (1998) Mai son Rai, Belhue Press * (1999) ''Yadda za a tsira daga rayuwarku ta gay'', Belhue Press * (2000) Angel Lust, Belhue Press * (2001) ''Warlock'', Belhue Press * (2004) Abincin Allah, Belhue Press * (2007) ''Sakramenti na Jiki'', Belhue Press * (2010) The Manly Art of Seduction, Belhue Press * (2012) ''Sarkin Mala'iku'', Belhue Press * (2015) ''Binciken Manly na Sha'awa da Ƙauna'', Belhue Press == Bayanan da aka ambata == "Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f3zwnfwfne2q06wy24ztp07zkrqvxkr 0 156233 880032 852630 2026-07-10T09:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana nuna mummunar cuta ta hankali ('''SMI''') a matsayin duk wata cuta ta kwakwalwa da ke lalacewa sosai ko kuma mai tsanani daga ɗaya zuwa wasu muhimman ayyukan rayuwa, gami da aiki na yau da kullun.<ref name="SMI">{{Cite web |title=What is Serious Mental Illness? |url=https://smiadviser.org/about/serious-mental-illness |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=SMI Adviser |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509214716/https://smiadviser.org/about/serious-mental-illness |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=NIMH » Mental Illness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml#part_154790 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122220744/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml#part_154790 |archive-date=January 22, 2018 |access-date=2020-10-12 |publisher=[[National Institute of Mental Health]]}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Misalai guda biyar na SMI sun haɗa da cututtukan bipolar, cututtuken halin kan iyaka, cututattun hankali (watau [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]), cututtukon damuwa na bayan rauni, da manyan cututtukani masu baƙin ciki.<ref name="SMI" /> Mutanen da ke da alamun SMI waɗanda ke hana su samun abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga [[Ingancin rayuwa (kiwon lafiya)|ingancin rayuwa]], saboda iyakokin zamantakewa, jiki, da tunanin cututtukansu.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez |first=Jennifer |last2=Wadsworth |first2=John S. |last3=Frain |first3=Michael P. |last4=Umucu |first4=Emre |last5=Chan |first5=Fong |date=2020 |title=Psychiatric Symptoms, Psychosocial Factors, and Life Satisfaction Among Persons With Serious Mental Illness: A Path Analysis |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=208 |issue=8 |pages=600–607 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000001166 |pmid=32205775}}</ref> A cikin 2021, akwai kashi 5.5% na yaduwar manya na Amurka da aka gano tare da SMI, tare da mafi girman kashi a cikin rukunin masu shekaru 18 zuwa 25 (11.4%). <ref name=":03" /> Har ila yau, a cikin binciken, 65.4% na manya 5.5% da aka gano tare da SMI sun sami sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa.<ref name=":03" /> SMI wani sashi ne na AMI, taƙaice don kowane rashin lafiya na hankali.<ref name=":03"/> == Kula da asibiti == Mutane da yawa da ke zaune tare da SMI suna fuskantar sake aikata laifuka, wanda shine tsarin shigar da su kuma a sake shigar da su cikin asibiti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=Michael |last2=Kelley |first2=Mary |last3=Pope |first3=Alicia |last4=Smith |first4=Kelly |last5=Broussard |first5=Beth |last6=Reed |first6=Thomas |last7=DiPolito |first7=June |last8=Druss |first8=Benjamin |last9=Li |first9=Charles |last10=Haynes |first10=Nora |date=2016 |title=Opening doors to recovery: Recidivism and recovery among persons with serious mental illnesses |journal=[[Psychiatric Services]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201300482 |pmid=26467907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sake zagayowar ya faru ne saboda rashin tallafi ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da SMI bayan an sake su daga asibiti, haɗuwa da yawa tsakanin su da 'yan sanda, da kuma rashin sadarwa tsakanin likitoci da jami'an' yan sanda.<ref name=":2" /> Har ila yau, akwai lokuta inda rashin fahimta game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya haifar da karuwar alamun cutar kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da asibiti da ƙarancin rayuwa gabaɗaya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Marasa lafiya masu alamomi masu yawa suna iya neman sabis na dakin gaggawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Gregory N. |last2=Herinckx |first2=Heidi A. |last3=Kinney |first3=Ronald F. |last4=Paulson |first4=Robert I. |last5=Cutler |first5=David L. |last6=Lewis |first6=Karen |last7=Oxman |first7=Evie |date=2000-09-01 |title=Psychiatric Hospitalizations, Arrests, Emergency Room Visits, and Homelessness of Clients with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness: Findings from a Randomized Trial of Two ACT Programs vs. Usual Care |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010141826867 |journal=Mental Health Services Research |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=155–164 |doi=10.1023/A:1010141826867 |issn=1573-6636 |pmid=11256724 |s2cid=25017671 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Marasa lafiya tare da schizophrenia suna da mafi ƙarancin haɗarin kasancewa a asibiti, mai yiwuwa saboda haɗuwa akai-akai tare da manajojin shari'a don sarrafa alamun ci gaba da ci gaba na schizophenenia.<ref name=":1" /> Don rage faruwar sake aikata laifuka, reshen [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] na National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) ya kirkiro shirin Opening Doors to Recovery (ODR). <ref name=":2"/> ODR ta kafa ƙungiyar magani ta ƙwararrun masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu lasisi, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, da ƙwararrun dangin iyali (memba na dangin wani wanda ke da SMI) don rage sake aikata laifuka ta hanyar samar da magani, tabbatar da gidaje masu aminci, da tallafawa murmurewarsu.<ref name=":2" /> Marasa lafiya na SMI waɗanda suka yi rajista a cikin ODR suna da ƙarancin asibiti da ƙananan kwanaki a asibiti idan aka kwatanta da asibitocin da suka yi kafin yin rajista.<ref name=":2" /> Tsofaffi da ke fama da SMI suna iya neman sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma suna da dogon lokaci a asibiti fiye da marasa lafiya waɗanda ke ganin likita a kai a kai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hendrie |first=Hugh C. |last2=Lindgren |first2=Donald |last3=Hay |first3=Donald P. |last4=Lane |first4=Kathleen A. |last5=Gao |first5=Sujuan |last6=Purnell |first6=Christianna |last7=Munger |first7=Stephanie |last8=Smith |first8=Faye |last9=Dickens |first9=Jeanne |last10=Boustani |first10=Malaz A. |last11=Callahan |first11=Christopher M. |date=2013-12-01 |title=Comorbidity Profile and Healthcare Utilization in Elderly Patients with Serious Mental Illnesses |url= |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |language=en |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1267–1276 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.056 |issn=1064-7481 |pmc=3572246 |pmid=24206938}}</ref> Mutanen da ke fama da SMI suna neman sabis na kiwon lafiya don yanayin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, gami da [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya, gazawar zuciya, Yanayin fitsari, cutar huhu, cututsin huhu mai tsanani, cututsen thyroid, Yanayin narkewa da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayatilleke |first=Nishamali |last2=Hayes |first2=Richard D. |last3=Chang |first3=Chin-Kuo |last4=Stewart |first4=Robert |date=December 2018 |title=Acute general hospital admissions in people with serious mental illness |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=48 |issue=16 |pages=2676–2683 |doi=10.1017/S0033291718000284 |issn=0033-2917 |pmc=6236443 |pmid=29486806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davydow |first=Dimitry S. |last2=Ribe |first2=Anette R. |last3=Pedersen |first3=Henrik S. |last4=Fenger-Grøn |first4=Morten |last5=Cerimele |first5=Joseph M. |last6=Vedsted |first6=Peter |last7=Vestergaard |first7=Mogens |date=2016-01-01 |title=Serious Mental Illness and Risk for Hospitalizations and Rehospitalizations for Ambulatory Care-sensitive Conditions in Denmark |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/mcar/2016/00000054/00000001/art00015 |journal=Medical Care |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1097/MLR.0000000000000448 |pmid=26492210 |s2cid=25267075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan na iya zama saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum, da kuma yanayin rayuwa [[Hauka|mai kyau]] da ke da alaƙa da rage lafiyar hankali kamar shan sigari, rashin abinci mara kyau, da rashin motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newcomer |first=John W. |date=2005-12-01 |title=Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects |url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001 |journal=CNS Drugs |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–93 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001 |issn=1179-1934 |pmid=15998156 |s2cid=36435377 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mutanen da ke fama da SMI yawanci suna shan magungunan rigakafi don sarrafa yanayinsu, duk da haka, magungunan antipsychotics na ƙarni na biyu na iya haifar da rashin kulawar glycemic ga marasa lafiya da ke fama lemun tsami, yana haɓaka rikitarwa a cikin wannan yawan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipscombe |first=Lorraine L. |author-link=Lorraine Lipscombe |last2=Lévesque |first2=Linda |last3=Gruneir |first3=Andrea |last4=Fischer |first4=Hadas D. |last5=Juurlink |first5=David N. |last6=Gill |first6=Sudeep S. |last7=Herrmann |first7=Nathan |last8=Hux |first8=Janet E. |last9=Anderson |first9=Geoff M. |last10=Rochon |first10=Paula A. |date=2009-07-27 |title=Antipsychotic drugs and hyperglycemia in older patients with diabetes |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=169 |issue=14 |pages=1282–1289 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.207 |issn=1538-3679 |pmid=19636029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙarni na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa sune magungunan da ake amfani da su don magance tabbatacce (misali hallucinations da delusions) da kuma mummunan (misali tasiri da rashin motsawa) alamun cutar schizophrenia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2014-08-27 |title=First versus second generation |url=https://library.neura.edu.au/schizophrenia/treatments/physical/pharmaceutical/second-generation-antipsychotics/first-versus-second-generation/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=NeuRA Library}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa mutanen da ke da SMI da ciwon sukari galibi ana karbar su asibitoci wata daya bayan an kwantar da su a asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chwastiak |first=Lydia A. |last2=Davydow |first2=Dimitry S. |last3=McKibbin |first3=Christine L. |last4=Schur |first4=Ellen |last5=Burley |first5=Mason |last6=McDonell |first6=Michael G. |last7=Roll |first7=John |last8=Daratha |first8=Kenn B. |date=2014 |title=The effect of serious mental illness on the risk of rehospitalization among patients with diabetes |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=134–143 |doi=10.1016/j.psym.2013.08.012 |issn=1545-7206 |pmc=3997382 |pmid=24367898}}</ref> Musamman, marasa lafiya tare da SMI suna da ƙarin rahotanni game da faduwa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, gami da maye.<ref name=":0" /> == Rashin gida == Manya da ke da SMI suna da kashi 25 zuwa 50 cikin dari na iya fuskantar rashin gida idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susser |first=E |last2=Valencia |first2=E |last3=Conover |first3=S |last4=Felix |first4=A |last5=Tsai |first5=W Y |last6=Wyatt |first6=R J |date=1997 |title=Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: a "critical time" intervention after discharge from a shelter. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=256–26 2 |doi=10.2105/ajph.87.2.256 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1380803 |pmid=9103106}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin masu tsinkaya game da rashin gida shine hadin gwiwar warkarwa mara kyau tare da manajojin shari'a.<ref name=":1"/> Manya da ke da SMI sau da yawa ba su da [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] daga dangi, abokai da al'umma, wanda zai iya sanya su cikin haɗari don fuskantar rashin gida.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> A cikin 2019, Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 52,243 da ke zaune tare da SMI waɗanda ke zaune a kan titi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=CoC Homeless Populations and Subpopulations Reports - HUD Exchange |url=https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-homeless-populations-and-subpopulations-reports/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.hudexchange.info}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, mutane 15,153 tare da SMI suna cikin Gidaje na wucin gadi, wanda shine gidaje na ɗan lokaci lokacin da mutane ke sauyawa daga mafaka na gaggawa zuwa gidaje na dindindin.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing and Shelter |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/housing-shelter |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123111050/https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/housing-shelter |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane 48,783 tare da SMI suna zaune a mafaka na gaggawa.<ref name=":3" /> Mutanen da ke fama da SMI waɗanda ke fama da rashin gida suna da matsala sosai wajen samun damar samun lafiyar kwakwalwa da sabis na [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] saboda tsada, rashin sufuri, da rashin samun damar yin amfani da wayar salula.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lilanthi Balasuriya |first=M. D. |last2=Eliza Buelt |first2=M. D. |last3=Jack Tsai |first3=PhD |date=29 May 2020 |title=The Never-Ending Loop: Homelessness, Psychiatric Disorder, and Mortality |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/never-ending-loop-homelessness-psychiatric-disorder-and-mortality |series=Vol 37, Issue 5 |volume=37 |access-date=2020-10-14}}</ref> Wadannan matsalolin na iya ƙara ƙarin damuwa, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa mutanen da ke da SMI ke fuskantar babban ra'ayi na kashe kansa da ƙoƙarin kashe kansa. Lokacin da aka bincika, kashi 8% na mutanen da ke da SMI waɗanda ba su da gida sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi Yunkurin kashe kansa a cikin kwanaki 30 da suka gabata.<ref name=":4" /> Masu bincike sun gano cewa tsarin [[Gidaje na Farko|gidaje na farko]] don kawo karshen rashin gida ya inganta ingancin rayuwa da aiki na zamantakewa da sauri fiye da magani kamar yadda aka saba, wanda aka fi sani da daidaitaccen magani.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Aubry |first=Tim |last2=Goering |first2=Paula |last3=Veldhuizen |first3=Scott |last4=Adair |first4=Carol E. |last5=Bourque |first5=Jimmy |last6=Distasio |first6=Jino |last7=Latimer |first7=Eric |last8=Stergiopoulos |first8=Vicky |last9=Somers |first9=Julian |last10=Streiner |first10=David L. |last11=Tsemberis |first11=Sam |date=2015-12-01 |title=A Multiple-City RCT of Housing First With Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Canadians With Serious Mental Illness |url=https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201400587 |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=275–281 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201400587 |issn=1075-2730 |pmid=26620289 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bugu da kari, masu bincike sun gano cewa marasa lafiya na SMI sun kasance marasa gida na dogon lokaci kuma suna da karancin kwanciyar hankali yayin karɓar sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ba tare da karɓar gidaje ba.<ref name=":8" /> Haɗakar da gidaje da farko tare da Assertive Community Treatment yana haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa shekara guda bayan fara zama da farko idan aka kwatanta da karɓar sabis na kiwon lafiya na asibiti.<ref name=":8" /> Bugu da ƙari, gidaje na farko sun rage yawan kwanakin asibiti da yawan ziyarar dakin gaggawa ga mutanen da ke da SMI.<ref name=":8" /> == Stigma == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Mutanen da ke da SMI galibi suna fuskantar kunya saboda sau da yawa suna nuna alamun mutanen da ke da sMI a ciki kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke nuna su a matsayin masu tashin hankali, masu laifi, da masu ba da lissafi ga yanayinsu saboda rashin ƙarfi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Corrigan |first=Patrick W |last2=Watson |first2=Amy C |date=2002 |title=Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness |journal=[[World Psychiatry]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=16–20 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=1489832 |pmid=16946807}}</ref> Mutanen da ke fama da SMI suna fuskantar nau'o'i biyu na zargi; zargi na jama'a da zargi na kansu. Rashin mutunci na jama'a yana nufin mummunar imani / fahimta da jama'a ke da shi game da SMI; kamar mutanen da ke da SMI ya kamata a ji tsoro, ba su da alhakin, cewa ya kamata su kasance da alhaki ga yanke shawara na rayuwarsu, kuma suna kama da yara, suna buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun.<ref name=":5" /> Rashin kunya yana nufin nuna bambanci da mutum mai SMI zai iya ji game da kansa, kamar "Ina da haɗari. Ina jin tsoron kaina. Ba ni da amfani". Wannan kuma na iya bayyana a matsayin tsinkaye na jama'a. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Corrigan |first=Patrick W. |last2=Rao |first2=Deepa |date=2012 |title=On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and Strategies for Change |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=464–469 |doi=10.1177/070674371205700804 |issn=0706-7437 |pmc=3610943 |pmid=22854028}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a kan marasa lafiya da aka kwantar da su a asibiti ba tare da son rai ba, masu bincike sun gano cewa rashin ingancin rayuwa da ƙarancin Girman kai za a iya hango su ta hanyar manyan matakan kunya da ƙaranci abubuwan da suka faru na karfafawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rüsch |first=Nicolas |last2=Müller |first2=Mario |last3=Lay |first3=Barbara |last4=Corrigan |first4=Patrick W. |last5=Zahn |first5=Roland |last6=Schönenberger |first6=Thekla |last7=Bleiker |first7=Marco |last8=Lengler |first8=Silke |last9=Blank |first9=Christina |last10=Rössler |first10=Wulf |date=2014-02-01 |title=Emotional reactions to involuntary psychiatric hospitalization and stigma-related stress among people with mental illness |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-013-0412-5 |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |language=en |volume=264 |issue=1 |pages=35–43 |doi=10.1007/s00406-013-0412-5 |issn=1433-8491 |pmid=23689838 |s2cid=7938868}}</ref> Za'a iya rage girman kai ta hanyar kara karfafawa a cikin mutane da ke da SMI ta hanyar ba da shawara da / ko goyon bayan tsara da sauran bayyana kansu game da gwagwarmayarsu da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":6" /> Mutanen da ke fama da SMI na iya rage yawan abin kunya da suke fuskanta ta hanyar kiyaye fahimtar yanayinsu tare da taimakon tallafin zamantakewa. <ref name="ReferenceA"/> Ayyukan masu amfani, irin su cibiyoyin saukewa, tallafin tsara, sabis na jagoranci, da shirye-shiryen ilimi na iya kara karfafawa ga mutane tare da SMI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corrigan |first=Patrick W. |last2=Larson |first2=Jonathon E. |last3=Rüsch |first3=Nicolas |date=2009 |title=Self-stigma and the 'why try' effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=2694098 |pmid=19516923}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0aehkcpem00ox987j32kcpqiche9iru 0 156264 879899 852740 2026-07-10T00:12:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879899 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person |name=Pelumi Jacob Olajengbesi|image=|birth_date=12 August 1986 |education=[[Bachelor of Laws |LL.B]]<br>[[Master of Laws |LL.M]] |alma_mater=[[University of Abuja]] |occupation=[[Lawyer]] |known_for=[[Advocacy]]|awards= |honours=}} Pelumi Jacob Olajengbesi lauya ce kuma marubuciya a Najeriya da ke zaune a [[Abuja]]. Shi ne mai tarawa na yanzu na Coalition of Public Interests Lawyers and Advocates (COPA) a Najeriya kuma Babban Abokin Hulɗa a kamfanin lauya na Abuja, Law Corridor. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Olajengbesi ya halarci Makarantar Manuwa Memorial Grammar School Iju Odo, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kristi, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]].<ref name="ls2">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018 |title=Pelumi Jacob Olajengbesi: Graceful Philanthropist, Ready For Service |url=https://leadership.ng/371697-2/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref>Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Ilimi a Ikere, [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] inda ya sami Takardar shaidar Kasa a Ilimi kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Abuja]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Shari'a <ref name="ls">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018 |title=Pelumi Jacob Olajengbesi: Graceful Philanthropist, Ready For Service |url=https://leadership.ng/371697-2/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gwamnatin Tarayyar Dalibai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-15 |title=2019: Ex-UniAbuja Student Leader Joins Osun Election Race |url=https://thewhistler.ng/2019-ex-uniabuja-student-leader-joins-osun-election-race/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyewole |first=Ayomide |date=2018-10-09 |title=Osun House of Assembly: Ex-UniAbuja SUG President Emerges PDP Candidate |url=https://www.lagostelevision.com/osun-house-of-assembly-ex-uniabuja-sug-president-emerges-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=[[Lagos Television]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621200356/https://www.lagostelevision.com/osun-house-of-assembly-ex-uniabuja-sug-president-emerges-pdp-candidate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an kira shi zuwa Kotun Shari'a ta Najeriya a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Koli na Tarayyar Najeriya bayan kammala shirin makarantar shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a na Legas, Najeriya. Ya kafa LAW Corridor a cikin 2017, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa na shari'a tare da mai da hankali kan dokar Jama'a. <ref name="ls" /> <ref name="co">{{Cite web |date= |title=About us |url=https://lawcorridor.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=LAW Corridor |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524235757/https://lawcorridor.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Olajengbesi ya fara aikin lauya a karkashin jagorancin sanannen lauya, Dokta [[Kayode Ajulo]] na Kayode Ajulu Castle of Law . A shekara ta 2016, ya kafa wani aiki mai zaman kansa, Pelumi Olajengbesi & Co., sannan daga baya Co-kafa Law Corridor kuma yana zaune a kan kwamitin da kuma amintaccen kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa.<ref name="co"/><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Pelumi Olajengbesi |url=https://pelumiolajengbesi.com/attorney/pelumi-olajengbesi/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Pelumi Olajengbesi & Co. |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818225834/https://pelumiolajengbesi.com/attorney/pelumi-olajengbesi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ya yi takara don wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Oriade / Obogun a Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP) kafin ya sauka don dan takarar jam'iyyar.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-09-09 |title=EX-SUG president wins PDP ticket to run for Osun assembly seat |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/ex-sug-president-wins-pdp-ticket-run-osun-assembly-seat/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-09-09 |title=Osun House of Assembly: Ex-UniAbuja SUG president emerges PDP candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/osun-house-of-assembly-ex-uniabuja-sug-president-emerges-pdp-candidate/amp/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>Ya kuma kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha kuma ya kasance mai aiki a fagen siyasa a matsayin mai sharhi da marubuci.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olajengbesi |first=Pelumi |date=2022-04-22 |title=Fee Or Ransom Money? A Call On Nigerian Youths To Revolt Against Apc At The 2023 Polls By Pelumi Olajengbesi Esq. |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/04/22/fee-or-ransom-money-call-nigerian-youths-revolt-against-apc-2023-polls-pelumi-olajengbesi |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olaniyi |first=Segun |date=2017-09-13 |title=Lawyer flays Malami for suing senator |url=https://guardian.ng/news/lawyer-flays-malami-for-suing-senator/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> Pelumi Olajengbesi an san ta da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayode |first=Oyero |date=2022-03-26 |title=Atiku: Timi Dakolo should not be criticised for doing his job –Lawyer |url=https://punchng.com/atiku-timi-dakolo-should-not-be-criticised-for-doing-his-job-lawyer/?amp |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyi |first=Segun |date=2020-10-15 |title=Lawyers coalition urges FCTA to rescind ban on protest |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/lawyers-coalition-urges-fcta-to-rescind-ban-on-protest/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Yoruba Nation Activists da Shugabansu Cif Sunday Adeyemo (Sunday Igboho) a kan Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Gwamnatin Najeriya kuma ya tabbatar da sakin duk masu fafutuka da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta kama da tsare a lokacin shari'arsu ta ta'addanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-27 |title=Lawyer gives DSS ultimatum to release Sunday Igboho's aides |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/lawyer-dss-ultimatum-release-sunday-igbohos-aides-385234/amp |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Today.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-10-21 |title=DSS releases two of Sunday Igboho's aides after 114 days |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/dss-releases-sunday-igbohos-aides-114-days-395739/amp |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Today.ng |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da dama da suka hada da tashin hankali na jinsi da bashin bashi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ogunsile |first=Richard |date= |title=Osinachi Husband's Arrest – Abuja Lawyer Reacts To FCT Police Move |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2022/04/11/osinachi-husbands-arrest-abuja-lawyer-reacts-to-fct-police-move/?amp |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |newspaper=[[Naija News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olajengbesi |first=Pelumi |date=2022-03-15 |title=The Fight Against Loan Sharks In Nigeria, By Pelumi Olajengbesi Esq. |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/03/15/fight-against-loan-sharks-nigeria-pelumi-olajengbesi-esq |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] ri6t38zytq8suwznsvi1jx2tfwu8r8q 0 156820 880019 855121 2026-07-10T08:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali''' ( '''PTSD''' ) {{Efn|Acceptable variants of this term exist; see the ''[[#Terminology|Terminology]]'' section in this article.}} cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke tasowa daga fuskantar wani [[Raunin kwakwalwa|mummunan]] lamari, kamar cin zarafin jima'i, [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankalin gida]], cin zarafin yara, [[yaƙi]] da raunin da ke tattare da shi, bala'in halitta, baƙin ciki, haɗarin zirga-zirga, ko wasu barazanar da ke kan rayuwar mutum ko walwalarsa. <ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|last3=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967 |access-date=2019-10-08 |website=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Jennifer |last2=Duffy |first2=Michael |last3=Ehlers |first3=Anke |date=2023 |title=Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy |journal=Cognitive Behaviour Therapist |volume=16 |doi=10.1017/S1754470X23000041 |issn=1754-470X |pmc=10160000 |pmid=37159811}}</ref> Alamomin na iya haɗawa da tunani mai tayar da hankali, ji, ko [[mafarki]] da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru, damuwa ta hankali ko ta jiki ga alamun da suka shafi [[Raunin kwakwalwa|rauni]], yunƙurin guje wa alamun da suka shafi rauni, canje-canje a yadda mutum yake tunani da ji, da kuma ƙaruwar martanin faɗa ko gudu . <ref name="DSM5" /> <ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web |date=February 2016 |title=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309184015/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Mental Health]]}}</ref> Waɗannan alamun suna ɗaukar fiye da wata guda bayan abin da ya faru kuma suna iya haɗawa da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin hankali . <ref name="DSM5" /> Yara ƙanana ba sa nuna damuwa, amma maimakon haka suna iya bayyana tunaninsu ta hanyar wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=VA.gov {{!}} Veterans Affairs |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/specific/attachment_child.asp#:~:text=Young%20children%20may%20also%20show,irritable,%20aggressive,%20or%20unsafe. |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.ptsd.va.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="DSM5" /> Yawancin mutanen da suka fuskanci mummunan yanayi ba sa kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="BMJ2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Robert NP |date=November 2015 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=[[BMJ]] |volume=351 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h6161 |pmc=4663500 |pmid=26611143}}</ref> Mutanen da ke fuskantar tashin hankali tsakanin mutane kamar fyaɗe, wasu hare-haren jima'i, sace mutane, bibiya, cin zarafin jiki daga abokin tarayya na kud da kud, da cin zarafin yara sun fi kamuwa da cutar PTSD fiye da waɗanda ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi ba tare da kai hari ba, kamar haɗurra da bala'o'i na halitta . <ref name="Zoladz">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zoladz PR, Diamond DM |date=June 2013 |title=Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature |journal=[[Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews]] |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=860–895 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 |pmid=23567521 |s2cid=14440116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G, Degenhardt L, de Girolamo G, Dinolova RV, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang Y, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine JP, Levinson D, Navarro-Mateu F, Pennell BE, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Viana MC, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Koenen KC |date=2017-10-27 |title=Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys |journal=[[European Journal of Psychotraumatology]] |volume=8 |issue=sup5 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383 |pmc=5632781 |pmid=29075426 |quote=As detailed in another recent WMH report, conditional risk of PTSD after trauma exposure is 4.0%, but varies significantly by trauma type. The highest conditional risk is associated with being raped (19.0%), physical abuse by a romantic partner (11.7%), being kidnapped (11.0%), and being sexually assaulted other than rape (10.5%). In terms of broader categories, the traumas associated with the highest PTSD risk are those involving ''intimate partner or sexual violence'' (11.4%), and ''other traumas'' (9.2%), with aggregate conditional risk much lower in the other broad trauma categories (2.0–5.4%) [citations omitted; emphasis added].}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Darves-Bornoz JM, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Haro JM, Kovess-Masfety V, Lepine JP, Nachbaur G, Negre-Pages L, Vilagut G, Gasquet I |date=October 2008 |title=Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=455–462 |doi=10.1002/jts.20357 |pmid=18956444 |quote=In univariate analyses adjusted on gender, six events were found to be the most significantly associated with PTSD ( p < .001) among individuals exposed to at least one event. They were being raped (OR = 8.9), being beaten up by spouse or romantic partner (OR = 7.3), experiencing an undisclosed private event (OR = 5.5), having a child with serious illness (OR = 5.1), being beaten up by a caregiver (OR = 4.5), or being stalked (OR = 4.2)" [OR = odds ratio].}}</ref> A Amurka, kusan kashi 3.5% na manya suna da cutar PTSD a cikin shekara guda, kuma kashi 9% na mutane suna kamuwa da ita a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. <ref name="DSM5" /> A mafi yawan sauran sassan duniya, yawan mace-mace a cikin shekara guda yana tsakanin 0.5% zuwa 1%. <ref name="DSM5" /> Yawan mace-mace na iya faruwa a yankunan da [[Yaƙi|ake fama da rikici]] . <ref name="BMJ2015" /> Ya fi yawa a cikin mata fiye da maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/post-traumatic-stress-disorder |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Wani bita da nazari mai zurfi da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar PTSD ta ICD-11 da PTSD mai rikitarwa sun kai kashi 2% da 4%, bi da bi, a tsakanin manya a ƙasashe/yankuna/yankuna da ba a yaƙi ba/wadanda suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki; sun karu zuwa kashi 6% da 15%, bi da bi, a ƙasashe/yankuna da yaƙi ya shafa/wadanda ba su da ci gaba da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fung |first=H.W. |year=2025 |title=Prevalence of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in the general populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=110 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104610 |pmid=40652792 |s2cid=}}</ref> Rigakafi na iya yiwuwa idan aka yi amfani da shawara ga waɗanda ke da alamun farko, amma ba ya tasiri idan aka ba wa duk mutanen da suka fuskanci rauni ko da kuwa alamun suna nan. <ref name="BMJ2015" /> Manyan [[Gudanar da rikicewar damuwa bayan rauni|magungunan da ake amfani]] da su ga mutanen da ke fama da PTSD su ne ba da shawara (psychotherapy) da magani. <ref name="NIH2016" /> <ref name="Haa2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haagen JF, Smid GE, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ |date=August 2015 |title=The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=40 |pages=184–94 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.008 |pmid=26164548 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin magungunan haɗin gwiwa (psychotherapy da pharmacotherapy) ba su yi kama da sun fi tasiri fiye da psychotherapy kaɗai ba, <ref name="BMJ2015" /> <ref name="pmid20614457">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R |date=July 2010 |title=Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84458/1/Hetrick-2010-Combined%20pharmacotherapy%20and%20psyc.pdf |journal=[[Cochrane Library|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007316.pub2 |pmc=12515543 |pmid=20614457}}</ref> sai dai wataƙila ta hanyar MDMA . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sze Jing Yong |first=Alene |last2=Bratuskins |first2=Suzie |last3=Sultani |first3=Musa Samir |last4=Blakeley |first4=Brooke |last5=Davey |first5=Christopher G. |last6=Bell |first6=J. Simon |date=2025 |title=Safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=339–360 |doi=10.1177/00048674251315642 |issn=1440-1614 |pmc=11924292 |pmid=39979849}}</ref> Fa'idodin magani sun yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake gani tare da ba da shawara. <ref name="BMJ2015" /> Magungunan hana damuwa na nau'in SSRI ko SNRI sune magunguna na farko da ake amfani da su don PTSD kuma suna da amfani ga kusan rabin mutane. <ref name="Berger-2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, Figueira I |date=March 2009 |title=Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review |journal=[[Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=169–80 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004 |pmc=2720612 |pmid=19141307}}</ref> Magunguna, banda wasu SSRIs ko SNRIs, ba su da isassun shaida don tallafawa amfani da su kuma, a yanayin benzodiazepines, na iya ƙara ta'azzara sakamako. <ref name="Gui2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRHODES BJ, Nahhas RW, Welton RS |date=July 2015 |title=Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/comhth/514 |journal=[[Journal of Psychiatric Practice]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=281–303 |doi=10.1097/pra.0000000000000091 |pmid=26164054 |s2cid=24968844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hos2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, van Ommeren M, de Jong J, Seedat S, Chen H, Bisson JI |date=February 2015 |title=Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pure.amsterdamumc.nl/ws/files/172073537/Pharmacotherapy-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=206 |issue=2 |pages=93–100 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551 |pmid=25644881 |quote=Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms |doi-access=free}}</ref> An rubuta alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da suka shafi rauni tun aƙalla zamanin tsoffin Helenawa . An yi jayayya cewa akwai wasu misalai na shaidar rashin lafiya bayan rauni tun ƙarni na sha bakwai da sha takwas, kamar littafin Samuel Pepys, wanda ya bayyana alamun shiga tsakani da damuwa bayan Gobarar Landan ta 1666. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen duniya, an san wannan yanayin a ƙarƙashin kalmomi daban-daban, ciki har da " shock shell ", "neurons na yaƙi", neurasthenia da ' combat neurosis '. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waters |first=John |date=4 June 2015 |title=After War: A Conversation with Author Nancy Sherman {{!}} RealClearDefense |url=http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2015/06/05/after_war_an_interview_with_author_nancy_sherman_108023.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.realcleardefense.com}}</ref> Kalmar "post-traumatic stress disorder" ta fara amfani da ita a shekarun 1970, galibi saboda gano tsoffin sojojin Amurka na Yaƙin Vietnam . Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka ta amince da ita a hukumance a shekarar 1980 a bugu na uku na ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM-III). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedman MJ |date=October 2013 |title=Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: getting here from there and where to go next |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=548–56 |doi=10.1002/jts.21840 |pmid=24151001}}</ref> tare da karuwar tarin wallafe-wallafen asibiti kan tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Vietnam. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Stephen Sonnenberg}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == [[Fayil:Art_of_War,_Service_members_use_art_to_relieve_PTSD_symptoms_DVIDS579803.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan hidima suna amfani da fasaha don rage alamun PTSD .]] Alamomin PTSD galibi suna farawa ne a cikin watanni uku na farko bayan abin da ya faru na tayar da hankali, amma ba za su fara ba sai bayan shekaru da yawa. <ref name="NIH2016" /> A cikin yanayin da aka saba, mutumin da ke da PTSD yana ci gaba da guje wa tunani da motsin rai da suka shafi rauni ko tattaunawa game da abin da ya faru na rauni kuma yana iya samun rashin bacci na abin da ya faru ( rashin bacci na dissociative ). <ref name="DSM5" /> Duk da haka, mutumin yakan sake tunawa da abin ta hanyar tunawa da abin da ya faru, maimaituwa, abubuwan da suka faru na rabuwar kai na sake rayuwa da raunin (" tunani "), da mafarkai masu ban tsoro (50 zuwa 70%). <ref name="Waltman_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waltman SM, Shearer D, Moore BA |date=2018-10-11 |title=Management of Post-Traumatic Nightmares: a Review of Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments Since 2013 |journal=[[Current Psychiatry Reports]] |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=20 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s11920-018-0971-2 |issn=1523-3812 |pmid=30306339 |s2cid=52958432}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. |url=https://depts.washington.edu/fammed/improvingopioidcare/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/02/Prins-2003.pdf |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Washington University |publisher=Primary Care Psychiatry}}</ref> Duk da cewa abu ne da aka saba samun alamun bayan wani abin da ya faru na rauni, dole ne waɗannan su ci gaba da isasshe (watau, haifar da rashin aiki a rayuwa ko matakan damuwa na asibiti) na tsawon fiye da wata ɗaya bayan raunin da za a rarraba shi a matsayin PTSD (rashin aiki mai mahimmanci a asibiti ko damuwa na ƙasa da wata ɗaya bayan raunin na iya zama matsalar damuwa mai tsanani ). <ref name="DSM5" /> <ref name="surgeon4">{{Cite book|last3=David Satcher}}</ref> Wasu bayan wani mummunan lamari suna fuskantar ci gaba bayan mummunan yanayi . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernstein M, [[Betty Pfefferbaum|Pfefferbaum B]] |date=May 2018 |title=Posttraumatic Growth as a Response to Natural Disasters in Children and Adolescents |journal=[[Current Psychiatry Reports]] |volume=20 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s11920-018-0900-4 |pmid=29766312 |s2cid=21721645}}</ref> Mu'amalar zamantakewa tsakanin mutanen da ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi na iya yin tasiri ga alamun PTSD ɗinsu, gami da sukar abokan hulɗa da ke sa wanda abin ya shafa ya ji laifi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guay |first=Stéphane |last2=Beaulieu-Prévost |first2=Dominic |last3=Beaudoin |first3=Cindy |last4=St-Jean-Trudel |first4=Edith |last5=Nachar |first5=Nadim |last6=Marchand |first6=André |last7=O'Connor |first7=Kieron P. |date=2011-04-14 |title=How Do Social Interactions with a Significant Other Affect PTSD Symptoms? An Empirical Investigation with a Clinical Sample |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=280–303 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2011.562478 |issn=1092-6771 |pmc=3654935 |pmid=23687440}}</ref> [ buƙatun sabuntawa ] === Yanayin lafiya masu alaƙa === Wadanda suka tsira daga rauni sau da yawa suna fuskantar damuwa, rashin jin daɗi, da kuma rashin jin daɗi a yanayi baya ga PTSD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell ML, Creamer M, Bryant RA, Schnyder U, Shalev A |date=July 2003 |title=Posttraumatic disorders following injury: an empirical and methodological review |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=587–603 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00036-9 |pmid=12788111}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 50% na waɗanda ke fama da PTSD suna da [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]], yanayi, ko kuma [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi]] . [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|Matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]], kamar [[Shaye-shaye|matsalar shan giya]], galibi suna faruwa tare da PTSD. Farfadowa daga matsalar damuwa bayan rauni ko wasu matsalolin damuwa na iya zama cikas, ko kuma ta ƙara ta'azzara, lokacin da matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suka zama kamar PTSD. Magance waɗannan matsalolin na iya kawo ci gaba a yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da matakan damuwa na mutum. <ref name="Cohen-1995">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cohen SI |date=February 1995 |title=Alcohol and benzodiazepines generate anxiety, panic and phobias |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=73–7 |pmc=1295099 |pmid=7769598}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spates R, Souza T |year=2007 |title=Treatment of PTSD and Substance Abuse Comorbidity |url=http://www.baojournal.com/BAT%20Journal/VOL-9/BAT%209-1.pdf |journal=The Behavior Analyst Today |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.1037/h0100643 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106235005/http://www.baojournal.com/BAT%20Journal/VOL-9/BAT%209-1.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> PTSD yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da [[tinnitus]], <ref name="Cima et al. (2019)">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cima R, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Noreña A, Horare D |year=2019 |title=A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment |url=https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/2669538c-6e15-4360-a9a3-6f78b886cda6 |journal=HNO |volume=67 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=10–42 |doi=10.1007/s00106-019-0633-7 |pmid=30847513 |s2cid=71145857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma akwai hasashe cewa PTSD na iya haifar da wasu tinnitus da aka gani tare da wannan yanayin. <ref name="Mazurek et al. (2022)">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mazurek B, Haupt H, Olze H, Szczepeck A |year=2022 |title=Stress and tinnitus—from bedside to bench and back |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=6 |issue=47 |page=47 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2012.00047 |pmc=3371598 |pmid=22701404 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma danganta PTSD da wasu cututtuka da dama da suka shafi lafiyar jiki waɗanda suka haɗa da kumburi da rashin daidaita tsarin garkuwar jiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hori |first=Hiroaki |last2=Kim |first2=Yoshiharu |date=April 2019 |title=Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12820 |pmid=30653780}}</ref> A cikin yara da matasa, akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wahalhalun daidaita motsin rai (misali, canjin yanayi, tashin hankali, fushi ) da alamun damuwa bayan tashin hankali, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru, jinsi, ko nau'in raunin ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Villalta L, Smith P, Hickin N, Stringaris A |date=April 2018 |title=Emotion regulation difficulties in traumatized youth: a meta-analysis and conceptual review |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/87273928/Emotion_regulation_difficulties_in_VILLALTA_Publishedonline27January2018_GREEN_AAM.pdf |journal=[[European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=527–544 |doi=10.1007/s00787-018-1105-4 |pmid=29380069 |s2cid=4731753}}</ref> Raunin ɗabi'a, jin damuwa ta ɗabi'a, kamar kunya ko laifi bayan aikata laifi na ɗabi'a, yana da alaƙa da PTSD amma an bambanta shi da shi. Raunin ɗabi'a yana da alaƙa da kunya da laifi, yayin da PTSD yana da alaƙa da damuwa da tsoro. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall NA, Everson AT, Billingsley MR, Miller MB |date=January 2022 |title=Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature |journal=[[Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=92–110 |doi=10.1002/cpp.2607 |pmid=33931926 |s2cid=233471425}}</ref> : 2, 8, 11  == Abubuwan Haɗari == Mutanen da ake ganin suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD sun haɗa da ma'aikatan yaƙi, waɗanda suka tsira daga bala'o'i na halitta, waɗanda suka tsira daga sansanin tsare-tsare, da waɗanda suka tsira daga aikata laifuka masu tsanani. Mutanen da ake aiki a wuraren da ke fallasa su ga tashin hankali (kamar sojoji) ko bala'o'i (kamar ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa ) suma suna cikin haɗari. <ref name="ASD-PTSD">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Wang L |date=August 2004 |title=Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=8 |pages=1370–6 |citeseerx=10.1.1.600.4486 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1370 |pmid=15285961}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan da ke cikin haɗarin sun haɗa da jami'an 'yan sanda, masu kashe gobara, masu ba da agajin gaggawa, ma'aikatan motar asibiti, ƙwararrun kula da lafiya, direbobin jirgin ƙasa, masu nutsewa, 'yan jarida, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da kuma mutanen da ke aiki a bankuna, ofisoshin gidan waya, ko shaguna. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skogstad M, Skorstad M, Lie A, Conradi HS, Heir T, Weisæth L |date=April 2013 |title=Work-related post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=175–82 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqt003 |pmid=23564090 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ƙarfin abin da ya faru na raunin yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD, tare da gogewa da ta shafi mutuwa da aka gani, ko shaida ko fuskantar azabtarwa, rauni, lalacewar jiki, raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da haɓakar cutar PTSD. Hakazalika, abubuwan da ba a zata ba ko kuma waɗanda wanda abin ya shafa ba zai iya tserewa ba suma suna da alaƙa da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="Shalev 2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shalev A, Liberzon I, Marmar C |date=June 2017 |title=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=376 |issue=25 |pages=2459–2469 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1612499 |pmid=28636846}}</ref> === Rauni === An danganta PTSD da nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru na rauni iri-iri. Hadarin kamuwa da PTSD bayan wani mummunan lamari ya bambanta dangane da nau'in rauni <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Fernandez A, Beatty-Brooks M, Hettema JM, Pandurangi AK |date=May 2006 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027 |pmid=16651048 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma shine mafi girman abin da ya biyo bayan [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] (40%) <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Pau Pérez-Sales}}</ref> da cin zarafin jima'i (11.4%), musamman [[fyade]] (19.0%). <ref name="Kessler_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G, Degenhardt L, de Girolamo G, Dinolova RV, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang Y, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine JP, Levinson D, Navarro-Mateu F, Pennell BE, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Viana MC, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Koenen KC |date=2017-10-27 |title=Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys |journal=[[European Journal of Psychotraumatology]] |volume=8 |issue=sup5 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383 |pmc=5632781 |pmid=29075426}}</ref> Maza sun fi fuskantar wani mummunan lamari (kowane iri), amma mata sun fi fuskantar irin wannan mummunan lamari mai tasiri wanda zai iya haifar da PTSD, kamar cin zarafin mutane da cin zarafin jima'i . Wadanda suka tsira daga hatsarin mota, yara da manya, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="Lin_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lin W, Gong L, Xia M, Dai W |date=January 2018 |title=Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among road traffic accident survivors: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis |journal=Medicine |volume=97 |issue=3 |doi=10.1097/md.0000000000009693 |pmc=5779792 |pmid=29505023}}</ref> <ref name="Dai_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dai W, Liu A, Kaminga AC, Deng J, Lai Z, Wen SW |date=August 2018 |title=Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Children and Adolescents following Road Traffic Accidents: A Meta-Analysis |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=798–808 |doi=10.1177/0706743718792194 |pmc=6309043 |pmid=30081648}}</ref> A duk duniya, kusan kashi 2.6% na manya ana gano su da cutar PTSD bayan hatsarin mota wanda ba shi da barazana ga rayuwa, kuma irin wannan adadin yara yana kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="Kessler_2017" /> Haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD kusan ya ninka zuwa kashi 4.6% saboda haɗarin mota mai barazana ga rayuwa. <ref name="Kessler_2017" /> Mata sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar PTSD bayan hatsarin mota, ko da kuwa hatsarin ya faru ne a lokacin ƙuruciya ko kuma lokacin girma. <ref name="Lin_2018" /> <ref name="Dai_2018" /> An yi nazari kan martanin damuwa bayan tashin hankali a cikin yara da matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bisson JI, Berliner L, Cloitre M, Forbes D, Jensen TK, Lewis C, Monson CM, Olff M, Pilling S, Riggs DS, Roberts NP, Shapiro F |date=August 2019 |title=The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Methodology and Development Process |url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/120985/1/Binder3.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=475–483 |doi=10.1002/jts.22421 |pmid=31283056 |s2cid=195830995 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Adadin PTSD na iya zama ƙasa a cikin yara fiye da manya, amma idan babu magani, alamun na iya ci gaba tsawon shekaru da yawa. Wani kimantawa ya nuna cewa adadin yara da matasa da ke fama da PTSD a cikin al'umma mara tabbas a cikin ƙasa mai ci gaba na iya zama 1% idan aka kwatanta da 1.5% zuwa 3% na manya. <ref name="UK2005" /> A matsakaici, 16% na yaran da suka fuskanci wani mummunan lamari suna kamuwa da PTSD, tare da faruwar ya bambanta dangane da nau'in fallasa da jinsi. <ref name="AlisicZalta2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alisic E, Zalta AK, van Wesel F, Larsen SE, Hafstad GS, Hassanpour K, Smid GE |year=2014 |title=Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/101391/1/BJP-2014-Alisic-335-40.pdf |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=204 |issue=5 |pages=335–40 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227 |pmid=24785767 |doi-access=free |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182711/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/101391/1/BJP-2014-Alisic-335-40.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda yake ga manya, abubuwan da ke haifar da PTSD a cikin yara sun haɗa da: [[jinsi]] na mata, fallasa ga bala'o'i, halayen jurewa marasa dacewa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sheerin CM, Chowdhury N, Lind MJ, Kurtz ED, Rappaport LM, Berenz EC, Brown RC, Pickett T, McDonald SD, Danielson CK, Amstadter AB |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Relation between coping and posttrauma cognitions on PTSD in a combat-trauma population |journal=[[Mil Psychol]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=98–107 |doi=10.1080/08995605.2017.1420980 |pmc=5958913 |pmid=29785065}}</ref> ko rashin tsarin [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] mai kyau. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai BS, Lewis R, Livings MS, La Greca AM, Esnard AM |date=December 2017 |title=Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories Among Children After Disaster Exposure: A Review |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=571–582 |doi=10.1002/jts.22242 |pmc=5953201 |pmid=29193316}}</ref> Samfuran masu hasashen sun ci gaba da gano cewa raunin da yara ke fuskanta, wahalar da ke addabarsu, bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi, da matsalolin iyali suna da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD bayan wani mummunan lamari a lokacin girma. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koenen KC, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Martin J, Caspi A |date=February 2007 |title=Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort |journal=[[Psychological Medicine]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=181–92 |doi=10.1017/S0033291706009019 |pmc=2254221 |pmid=17052377}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lapp KG, Bosworth HB, Strauss JL, Stechuchak KM, Horner RD, Calhoun PS, Meador KG, Lipper S, Butterfield MI |date=September 2005 |title=Lifetime sexual and physical victimization among male veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Military Medicine |volume=170 |issue=9 |pages=787–90 |doi=10.7205/MILMED.170.9.787 |pmid=16261985 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Otte C, Neylan TC, Pole N, Metzler T, Best S, Henn-Haase C, Yehuda R, Marmar CR |date=January 2005 |title=Association between childhood trauma and catecholamine response to psychological stress in police academy recruits |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.009 |pmid=15607297 |s2cid=35801179}}</ref> Ya kasance da wuya a sami ɓangarorin hasashen abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai waɗanda ke hasashen, amma rabuwar peritraumatious ya kasance alamar hasashen ci gaban PTSD. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skelton K, Ressler KJ, Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Bradley-Davino B |date=February 2012 |title=PTSD and gene variants: new pathways and new thinking |journal=[[Neuropharmacology]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=628–37 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.013 |pmc=3136568 |pmid=21356219}}</ref> Kusanci, tsawon lokaci, da tsananin raunin yana yin tasiri. An yi hasashe cewa raunin da ke tsakanin mutane yana haifar da matsaloli fiye da na waɗanda ba na mutane ba, amma wannan abin jayayya ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scheeringa MS |date=2015 |title=Untangling Psychiatric Comorbidity in Young Children Who Experienced Single, Repeated, or Hurricane Katrina Traumatic Events |journal=Child and Youth Care Forum |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=475–492 |doi=10.1007/s10566-014-9293-7 |pmc=4511493 |pmid=26213455}}</ref> Hadarin kamuwa da PTSD yana ƙaruwa a cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafi ta jiki, ko sace mutane . <ref name="Kessler95">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB |date=December 1995 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey |journal=[[Archives of General Psychiatry]] |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=1048–60 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 |pmid=7492257 |s2cid=14189766}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu H, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Andrade LH, Bromet EJ, de Girolamo G, Haro JM, Hinkov H, Kawakami N, Koenen KC, Kovess-Masfety V, Lee S, Medina-Mora ME, Navarro-Mateu F, O'Neill S, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Shahly V, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Gureje O, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC |date=March 2017 |title=Association of DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Traumatic Experience Type and History in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys |journal=[[JAMA Psychiatry]] |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=270–281 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783 |pmc=5441566 |pmid=28055082}}</ref> Matan da ke fuskantar cin zarafi ta jiki sun fi kamuwa da PTSD fiye da maza. <ref name="Kessler95" /> ==== Abokin Hulɗa da Cin Zarafin Jima'i ==== Mutumin da aka yi wa cin [[Tashin hankali na gida|zarafin gida]] yana da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. Akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ci gaban cutar PTSD a cikin uwaye waɗanda suka fuskanci cin zarafin gida a lokacin da suke da juna [[Ci gaban haihuwa|biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, Trevillion K, Feder G |date=2013 |title=Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=10 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001452 |pmc=3665851 |pmid=23723741 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗanda suka fuskanci cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i ko fyaɗe na iya samun alamun cutar PTSD. <ref name="Suris20042">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Surís A, Lind L, Kashner TM, Borman PD, Petty F |date=2004 |title=Sexual assault in women veterans: an examination of PTSD risk, health care utilization, and cost of care |journal=[[Psychosomatic Medicine]] |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=749–56 |citeseerx=10.1.1.508.9827 |doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000138117.58559.7b |pmid=15385701 |s2cid=14118203}}</ref> Yiwuwar samun alamun PTSD mai ɗorewa ya fi girma idan mai fyaden ya tsare ko ya danne mutumin, idan wanda aka yi wa fyaden ya yi imanin cewa mai fyaden zai kashe shi, mutumin da aka yi wa fyaden ƙarami ne ko babba, kuma idan mai fyaden wani ne da suka sani. Yiwuwar ci gaba da samun alamun cutar ma ya fi girma idan mutanen da ke kusa da wanda ya tsira sun yi watsi da (ko ba su san) fyaɗen ba ko kuma sun zargi wanda ya tsira daga fyaɗen. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mason F, Lodrick Z |date=February 2013 |title=Psychological consequences of sexual assault |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.015 |pmid=23182852}}</ref> ==== Rauni da ya shafi yaƙi, 'yan gudun hijira ==== Sojojin suna fuskantar mummunan yanayi a lokacin yaƙi. Bayan an tura su zuwa yankin yaƙi, ana samun damar fuskantar yanayi mai barazana ga rayuwa. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru na iya zama rauni ko mutuwa, haɗarin haɗari ko kuma gawarwakin mutane da aka yi musu magani. Aikin soja a fagen fama abu ne mai haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="Shalev 2017"/> Kimanin kashi 22% na mutanen da suka fuskanci yaƙi suna kamuwa da cutar PTSD; a cikin kusan kashi 25% na ma'aikatan soja waɗanda suka kamu da cutar PTSD, bayyanarsa tana jinkiri. <ref name="Shalev 2017" /> 'Yan gudun hijira kuma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD saboda yadda suke fuskantar yaƙi, wahalhalu, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi. Adadin masu fama da cutar PTSD a cikin 'yan gudun hijira ya kama daga kashi 4% zuwa 86%. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hollifield M, Warner TD, Lian N, Krakow B, Jenkins JH, Kesler J, Stevenson J, Westermeyer J |date=August 2002 |title=Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: a critical review |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=611–21 |doi=10.1001/jama.288.5.611 |pmid=12150673}}</ref> Duk da cewa damuwar yaƙi tana shafar duk wanda abin ya shafa, mutanen da aka kora sun fi sauran mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter M, Haslam N |date=October 2001 |title=Forced displacement in Yugoslavia: a meta-analysis of psychological consequences and their moderators |journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=817–34 |doi=10.1023/A:1013054524810 |pmid=11776427 |s2cid=41804120}}</ref> Kalubalen da suka shafi lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira gabaɗaya suna da sarkakiya kuma an yi su ne da bambanci daban-daban. 'Yan gudun hijira sun sami raguwar jin daɗin rayuwa da kuma yawan damuwa ta hankali saboda rauni da ya faru a baya da kuma wanda ke ci gaba da faruwa. Ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa musamman kuma waɗanda galibi ba a biya musu buƙatunsu ba su ne mata, tsofaffi, da yara ƙanana marasa rakiya. Damuwa da baƙin ciki bayan tashin hankali a cikin al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira suma suna shafar nasarar karatunsu. <ref name="UNESCO_2018" /> ==== Mutuwar da ba a zata ba ta ƙaunataccen mutum ==== Mutuwar kwatsam ta ƙaunatacce ita ce nau'in mummunan lamari da aka fi ruwaitowa a cikin binciken ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name="Kessler_2017" /> <ref name="Atwoli_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Atwoli L, Stein DJ, King A, Petukhova M, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Bromet EJ, de Girolamo G, Demyttenaere K, Florescu S, Maria Haro J, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine JP, Navarro-Mateu F, O'Neill S, Pennell BE, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Sampson NA, Ten Have M, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC |date=April 2017 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with unexpected death of a loved one: Cross-national findings from the world mental health surveys |journal=[[Depression and Anxiety]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=315–326 |doi=10.1002/da.22579 |pmc=5661943 |pmid=27921352}}</ref> Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen da suka fuskanci irin wannan lamari ba za su kamu da PTSD ba. Wani bincike daga Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta Duniya ta WHO ya gano cewa akwai haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD da kashi 5.2% bayan sun ji labarin mutuwar ƙaunatacce ba zato ba tsammani. <ref name="Atwoli_2017" /> Saboda yawan wannan mummunan lamari, mutuwar ƙaunatacce ba zato ba tsammani ta kai kusan kashi 20% na waɗanda suka kamu da PTSD a duk duniya. <ref name="Kessler_2017" /> ==== Rashin lafiya mai barazana ga rayuwa ko tsanani ==== Cututtukan lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD sun haɗa da ciwon daji, <ref name="cancer.gov">{{Cite web |date=January 1980 |title=Cancer-Related Post-traumatic Stress |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/survivorship/new-normal/ptsd-hp-pdq |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swartzman S, Booth JN, Munro A, Sani F |date=April 2017 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder after cancer diagnosis in adults: A meta-analysis |url=https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/04e54111-8d61-418b-b36b-62fc4b496470 |journal=[[Depression and Anxiety]] |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=327–339 |doi=10.1002/da.22542 |pmid=27466972 |s2cid=1828418 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cordova MJ, Riba MB, Spiegel D |date=April 2017 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=330–338 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30014-7 |pmc=5676567 |pmid=28109647}}</ref> bugun zuciya, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edmondson D, Richardson S, Falzon L, Davidson KW, Mills MA, Neria Y |date=2012 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk of recurrence in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analytic review |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...738915E |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038915 |pmc=3380054 |pmid=22745687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edmondson D, Richardson S, Fausett JK, Falzon L, Howard VJ, Kronish IM |date=2013-06-19 |title=Prevalence of PTSD in Survivors of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Meta-Analytic Review |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...866435E |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066435 |pmc=3686746 |pmid=23840467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi 22% na waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa suna da alamun PTSD na tsawon rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abbey G, Thompson SB, Hickish T, Heathcote D |date=April 2015 |title=A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Psycho-Oncology]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=371–81 |doi=10.1002/pon.3654 |pmc=4409098 |pmid=25146298}}</ref> Asibiti a sashin kulawa mai tsanani (ICU) shi ma yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Needham DM, Bienvenu OJ |date=September 2008 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review |journal=[[General Hospital Psychiatry]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=421–34 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.006 |pmc=2572638 |pmid=18774425}}</ref> Wasu mata suna fuskantar PTSD daga abubuwan da suka fuskanta dangane da [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar nono]] da tiyatar cire mastectomy . <ref name="ArnaboldiRiva2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arnaboldi P, Riva S, Crico C, Pravettoni G |year=2017 |title=A systematic literature review exploring the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and the role played by stress and traumatic stress in breast cancer diagnosis and trajectory |journal=Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy |volume=9 |pages=473–485 |doi=10.2147/BCTT.S111101 |pmc=5505536 |pmid=28740430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Liu e0177055">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu C, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Wu H |date=2017-05-05 |title=Association between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Chinese patients with ovarian cancer: A multiple mediation model |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277055L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177055 |pmc=5419605 |pmid=28475593 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="cancer.gov" /> Waɗanda aka ƙaunace su daga waɗanda suka fuskanci cututtuka masu barazana ga rayuwa suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD, kamar iyayen yaro mai cututtuka na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cabizuca |first=Mariana |last2=Marques-Portella |first2=Carla |last3=Mendlowicz |first3=Mauro V. |last4=Coutinho |first4=Evandro S. F. |last5=Figueira |first5=Ivan |date=2009 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with chronic illnesses: A meta-analysis. |journal=Health Psychology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=379–388 |doi=10.1037/a0014512 |pmid=19450045}}</ref> ==== Yanayin bakan tabin hankali ==== Akwai bincike da ke nuna cewa waɗanda suka tsira daga cututtukan tabin hankali, waɗanda ke wanzuwa a cikin cututtuka kamar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], schizoaffective disorder, bipolar I disorder, da sauransu, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD. Wannan galibi yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwan da mutum zai iya fuskanta a lokacin da kuma bayan tabin hankali. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga su ba, abubuwan da suka faru a asibitocin tabin hankali, hulɗar 'yan sanda, ƙyamar zamantakewa, da kunya saboda halayen tabin hankali, halayen kashe kai da yunƙurin, ruɗu da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, da kuma tsoron rasa iko ko ainihin rashin iko. Yawan kamuwa da PTSD a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga tabin hankali na iya zama ƙasa da kashi 11% kuma sama da kashi 67%. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buswell G, Haime Z, Lloyd-Evans B, Billings J |date=January 2021 |title=A systematic review of PTSD to the experience of psychosis: prevalence and associated factors |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02999-x |pmc=7789184 |pmid=33413179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaw K, McFarlane A, Bookless C |date=July 1997 |title=The phenomenology of traumatic reactions to psychotic illness |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=185 |issue=7 |pages=434–441 |doi=10.1097/00005053-199707000-00003 |pmid=9240361}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lu W, Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Yanos PT, Mahmoud N |date=2017-07-19 |title=Posttraumatic Reactions to Psychosis: A Qualitative Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00129 |pmc=5515869 |pmid=28769826 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Ciwon daji ==== Kiyasin yawan kamuwa da cutar PTSD da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji ya kama tsakanin 7% zuwa 14%, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbey |first=Gareth |last2=Thompson |first2=Simon BN |last3=Hickish |first3=Tamas |last4=Heathcote |first4=David |date=2014-05-20 |title=A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder. |url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/24879/9/A%20meta-analysis%20of%20prevalence%20rates%20and%20moderating%20factors%20for%20cancer-related%20post-traumatic%20stress%20disorder.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=32 |issue=15_suppl |doi=10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e20557 |issn=0732-183X}}</ref> tare da ƙarin 10% zuwa 20% na marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar alamun damuwa bayan rauni (PTSS). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrykowski |first=Michael A. |last2=Cordova |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Studts |first3=Jamie L. |last4=Miller |first4=Thomas W. |date=1998 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist--Civilian Version (PCL--C) as a screening instrument. |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=586–590 |doi=10.1037/0022-006x.66.3.586 |issn=0022-006X |pmid=9642900}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shelby |first=Rebecca A. |last2=Golden-Kreutz |first2=Deanna M. |last3=Andersen |first3=Barbara L. |date=2008-04-10 |title=PTSD diagnoses, subsyndromal symptoms, and comorbidities contribute to impairments for breast cancer survivors |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1002/jts.20316 |issn=0894-9867 |pmc=2435300 |pmid=18404636}}</ref> An danganta PTSD da PTSD da PTSD da ƙaruwar damuwa da rashin ingancin rayuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shand |first=Lyndel K. |last2=Cowlishaw |first2=Sean |last3=Brooker |first3=Joanne E. |last4=Burney |first4=Sue |last5=Ricciardelli |first5=Lina A. |date=2014-11-12 |title=Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21029848 |journal=Psycho-Oncology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=624–634 |doi=10.1002/pon.3719 |issn=1057-9249 |pmid=25393527}}</ref> kuma an ruwaito su a cikin sabbin marasa lafiya da aka gano da kuma waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Sophia K. |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Sheryl |last3=Williams |first3=Christianna S. |last4=Benecha |first4=Habtamu |last5=Abernethy |first5=Amy P. |last6=Mayer |first6=Deborah K. |last7=Edwards |first7=Lloyd J. |last8=Ganz |first8=Patricia A. |date=2011-12-01 |title=Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Long-Term Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Survivors: Does Time Heal? |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=29 |issue=34 |pages=4526–4533 |doi=10.1200/jco.2011.37.2631 |issn=0732-183X |pmc=3236652 |pmid=21990412}}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen filin PTSD don ''Littafin Bincike da Kididdiga, Bugu na Huɗu'' ( DSM-IV ), ya bayyana cewa kashi 22% na waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa suna da PTSD (CR-PTSD) da ke da alaƙa da cutar kansa a tsawon rayuwarsu, suna amincewa da ganewar cutar kansa da kuma magani a matsayin abin damuwa mai raɗaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alter |first=Carol L. |last2=Pelcovitz |first2=David |last3=Axelrod |first3=Alan |last4=Goldenberg |first4=Barbara |last5=Harris |first5=Helene |last6=Meyers |first6=Barbara |last7=Grobois |first7=Brian |last8=Mandel |first8=Francine |last9=Septimus |first9=Aliza |last10=Kaplan |first10=Sandra |date=March–April 1996 |title=Identification of PTSD in Cancer Survivors |journal=Psychosomatics |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71580-3 |pmid=8742542 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, yayin da adadin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar kansa ke ƙaruwa kuma waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa ke ƙaruwa, PTSD da ke da alaƙa da cutar kansa ya zama babban batu, don haka samar da buƙatun jiki da na tunani ga marasa lafiya da cutar kansa yana ƙara zama mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dimitrov |first=Lilia |last2=Moschopoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Korszun |first3=Ania |date=2019-04-05 |title=Interventions for the treatment of cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review of the literature |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/58881 |journal=Psycho-Oncology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=970–979 |doi=10.1002/pon.5055 |issn=1057-9249 |pmid=30847978}}</ref> ==== Raunin da ya shafi ciki ==== Matan da suka yi [[Barin ciki|rashin ciki]] suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD. <ref name="Christiansen2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Christiansen DM |date=February 2017 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents following infant death: A systematic review |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=51 |pages=60–74 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.007 |pmid=27838460}}</ref> <ref name="kirs2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kersting A, Wagner B |date=June 2012 |title=Complicated grief after perinatal loss |journal=[[Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=187–94 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/akersting |pmc=3384447 |pmid=22754291}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daugirdaitė V, van den Akker O, Purewal S |date=2015 |title=Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder after termination of pregnancy and reproductive loss: a systematic review |journal=[[Journal of Pregnancy]] |volume=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/646345 |pmc=4334933 |pmid=25734016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗanda suka yi rashin ciki a baya suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka yi fama da cutar guda ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Christiansen2017" /> Hakanan PTSD na iya faruwa bayan haihuwa kuma haɗarin yana ƙaruwa idan mace ta sami rauni kafin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K |date=April 2016 |title=The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework |url=https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_aetiology_of_post-traumatic_stress_following_childbirth_a_meta-analysis_and_theoretical_framework/23434271/1/files/41147231.pdf |journal=[[Psychological Medicine]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1121–34 |doi=10.1017/s0033291715002706 |pmid=26878223 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=James S |date=December 2015 |title=Women's experiences of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic childbirth: a review and critical appraisal |journal=[[Archives of Women's Mental Health]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=761–71 |doi=10.1007/s00737-015-0560-x |pmc=4624822 |pmid=26264506}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa yawan PTSD bayan haihuwa na yau da kullun (wato, ban da haihuwar da ba ta mutu ba ko manyan matsaloli) yana tsakanin 2.8 zuwa 5.6% a makonni shida bayan haihuwa, <ref name="Olde20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M |date=January 2006 |title=Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review |journal=[[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.002 |pmid=16176853 |s2cid=22137961 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> tare da raguwar adadin zuwa 1.5% a watanni shida bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Olde20062" /> <ref name="Alder20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J |date=June 2006 |title=Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer? |journal=[[Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=107–12 |doi=10.1080/01674820600714632 |pmid=16808085 |s2cid=21859634}}</ref> Alamomin PTSD suna da yawa bayan haihuwa, tare da yawan kamuwa da cutar 24-30.1% <ref name="Olde20062" /> a makonni shida, suna raguwa zuwa 13.6% a watanni shida. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montmasson |first=H. |last2=Bertrand |first2=P. |last3=Perrotin |first3=F. |last4=El-Hage |first4=W. |date=October 2012 |title=Facteurs prédictifs de l'état de stress post-traumatique du postpartum chez la primipare |trans-title=Predictors of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder in primiparous mothers |url=https://univ-tours.hal.science/hal-02526438 |journal=Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction |language=fr |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=553–560 |doi=10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.04.010 |pmid=22622194}}</ref> Haihuwa ta gaggawa kuma tana da alaƙa da PTSD. ==== Bala'o'in yanayi ==== Mutanen da suka fuskanci bala'o'i na halitta kamar ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar ƙasa, tsunami, guguwa, da gobara na iya haifar da matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PTSD following a natural disaster – PTSD UK |url=https://www.ptsduk.org/what-is-ptsd/causes-of-ptsd/natural-disaster/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a kan nazarin da aka yi kan PTSD bayan bala'o'i tsakanin 1980 da 2007 ya gano cewa yawan PTSD bayan bala'o'i na halitta ya yi ƙasa da yawan da ke faruwa bayan bala'o'in da ɗan adam ya aikata. Wannan bita ya gano cewa yawan PTSD yana shafar kusan mutum ɗaya cikin huɗu da suka tsira daga girgizar ƙasa (23.66%). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Hsiao-Ying |last2=Chao |first2=Tzu-Yuan |last3=Huang |first3=Yi-Ting |last4=Chen |first4=Bo-Ku |last5=Shih |first5=Hsin-I |date=2025-01-01 |title=Increase in short-term and long-term stress-associated mental illness after Jiji earthquake in Taiwan: A twenty-year longitudinal population-based cohort study (1999–2019) |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=368 |pages=757–769 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.099 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=39293601 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke tantance haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD bayan bala'i sun haɗa da girman raunin jiki, haɗarin rayuwa, da adadin mace-mace. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neria |first=Y. |last2=Nandi |first2=A. |last3=Galea |first3=S. |date=April 2008 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=467–480 |doi=10.1017/S0033291707001353 |issn=0033-2917 |pmc=4877688 |pmid=17803838}}</ref> An nuna kusancin yanki zuwa cibiyar bala'i na halitta yana ba da gudummawa ga mutanen da ke kamuwa da PTSD. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Ju-Yeon |last2=Kim |first2=Sung-Wan |last3=Kim |first3=Jae-Min |date=25 May 2020 |title=The Impact of Community Disaster Trauma: A Focus on Emerging Research of PTSD and Other Mental Health Outcomes |journal=Chonnam Medical Journal |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=99–107 |doi=10.4068/cmj.2020.56.2.99 |issn=2233-7385 |pmc=7250671 |pmid=32509556}}</ref> Bala'o'i na iya raba iyalai da kuma ƙalubalantar jin daɗin iko da tsaro na mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Lee Ann Rawlins |date=2025-07-13 |title=When disasters fall out of the public eye, survivors continue to suffer – a rehabilitation professional explains how sustained mental health support is critical to recovery |url=http://theconversation.com/when-disasters-fall-out-of-the-public-eye-survivors-continue-to-suffer-a-rehabilitation-professional-explains-how-sustained-mental-health-support-is-critical-to-recovery-260781 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Farfaɗowar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mutane, al'ummomi da ƙasashe bayan gaggawa, gami da bala'o'i na halitta, yana da mahimmanci don dalilai na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da amsawar lafiyar kwakwalwa suna buƙatar yin tasiri bayan bala'o'i na halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health in emergencies |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-in-emergencies |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> === Halittar Halitta === Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da cutar PTSD [[Ga do|gado ne]] . Kimanin kashi 30% na bambancin da ke cikin PTSD yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta kawai. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> Ga tagwaye da aka fallasa ga yaƙi a Vietnam, samun tagwaye monozygotic (irin ɗaya) tare da PTSD yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar tagwaye da PTSD idan aka kwatanta da tagwaye dizygotic (tagwaye marasa iri ɗaya). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J |date=April 1993 |title=A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms |journal=[[Archives of General Psychiatry]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002 |pmid=8466386}}</ref> Mata masu ƙaramin hippocampus na iya samun yuwuwar kamuwa da PTSD bayan wani mummunan lamari bisa ga binciken farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quidé Y, Andersson F, Dufour-Rainfray D, Descriaud C, Brizard B, Gissot V, Cléry H, Carrey Le Bas MP, Osterreicher S, Ogielska M, Saint-Martin P, El-Hage W |date=October 2018 |title=Smaller hippocampal volume following sexual assault in women is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/7adab476-9896-47fa-9619-3fc31f2e66d9/download |journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]] |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=312–324 |doi=10.1111/acps.12920 |pmid=29952088 |s2cid=49484570 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma gano cewa PTSD yana da tasirin kwayoyin halitta da yawa waɗanda suka saba da sauran cututtukan tabin hankali. Tsoro da rikice-rikicen damuwa gabaɗaya, kuma PTSD yana da kashi 60% na bambancin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya. Barasa, nicotine, da dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da kamanceceniya sama da kashi 40%. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637" /> Masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyi Dr. Rachel Yehuda ta yi bincike kan yadda raunin tunani zai iya tafiya a cikin tsararraki, musamman mai da hankali kan raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust da 'ya'yansu. Masu binciken a cikin bincikenta sun mayar da hankali kan kwayar halittar damuwa mai suna FKBP5 wacce ke da alaƙa da PTSD. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halittar PTSD yayin da suka nuna tasirin methylation na kwayar halittar FKBP5 a cikin iyayen da suka fuskanci rauni a sansanonin tattarawa, da kuma 'ya'yansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Lehrner |first2=Amy |date=2018-09-07 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |journal=World Psychiatry |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmc=6127768 |pmid=30192087}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin Juyin Halitta === Ra'ayoyin [[Magungunan juyin halitta|Ilimin Halayyar Juyin Halitta]] da Ilimin Halayyar Juyin Halitta suna fassara alamun PTSD a matsayin nau'ikan martanin kariya masu tsauri ko marasa tsari waɗanda suka kasance masu amfani a cikin mahallin kakanninmu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nordentoft |first=Merete |last2=Albert |first2=Nikolai |date=October 2017 |title=Early intervention services are effective and must be defended |journal=World Psychiatry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=272–274 |doi=10.1002/wps.20452 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=5608812 |pmid=28941094}}</ref> Kulawa sosai, tunawa da abubuwan da ke kutsewa, da kuma martanin firgita da aka yi fiye da kima na iya nuna yawan kunna hanyoyin da aka tsara don haɓaka rayuwa bayan rauni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nesse |first=Randolph M. |date=May 2001 |title=The Smoke Detector Principle: Natural Selection and the Regulation of Defensive Responses |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=935 |issue=1 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x |pmid=11411177 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa waɗannan labaran na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita ƙungiyoyin alamun, sake dubawa sun jaddada cewa suna ci gaba da kasancewa a ka'ida kuma suna buƙatar haɗin kai da binciken neurobiological da psychosocial. == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == === Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki (Neuroendocrinology) === Alamomin PTSD na iya faruwa lokacin da wani abin da ya faru na rauni ya haifar da amsawar adrenaline mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da zurfin tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin kwakwalwa. Waɗannan alamu na iya daɗe bayan abin da ya haifar da tsoro, yana sa mutum ya zama mai saurin amsawa ga yanayi na tsoro na gaba. A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na rauni, yawan matakan hormones na damuwa da ke fitowa suna hana ayyukan hypothalamic wanda zai iya zama babban abin da ke haifar da ci gaban PTSD. <ref name="PTSD fact and fiction">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zohar J, Juven-Wetzler A, Myers V, Fostick L |date=January 2008 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder: facts and fiction |journal=[[Current Opinion in Psychiatry]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=74–7 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f269ee |pmid=18281844 |s2cid=206142172}}</ref> PTSD yana haifar da canje-canje [[Biochemistry|a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta]] a cikin kwakwalwa da jiki wanda ya bambanta da sauran cututtukan tabin hankali, kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] . Mutanen da aka gano suna da PTSD suna mayar da martani sosai ga gwajin rage dexamethasone fiye da mutanen da aka gano suna da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Golier JA, Grossman R, Bierer LM |date=April 2004 |title=Effects of trauma exposure on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in PTSD and major depressive disorder |journal=[[Psychoneuroendocrinology]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=389–404 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00052-0 |pmid=14644068 |s2cid=21615196}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R, Golier JA, Wong C |date=September 2002 |title=The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01357-4 |pmid=12242055 |s2cid=21403230}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da PTSD suna nuna ƙarancin sinadarin [[cortisol]] da kuma yawan sinadarin catecholamines a cikin [[fitsari]], <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH |date=January 2000 |title=The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders |journal=[[Psychoneuroendocrinology]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00035-9 |pmid=10633533 |s2cid=25151441}}</ref> tare da rabon norepinephrine /cortisol wanda hakan ya fi na mutanen da ba a gano cutar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Harkness L |date=August 1988 |title=Elevation of urinary norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=176 |issue=8 |pages=498–502 |doi=10.1097/00005053-198808000-00008 |pmid=3404142 |s2cid=24585702}}</ref> Wannan ya bambanta da martanin yaƙi ko tashi na yau da kullun, inda matakan catecholamine da cortisol ke ƙaruwa bayan an fallasa su ga wani abu mai damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bohnen N, Nicolson N, Sulon J, Jolles J |year=1991 |title=Coping style, trait anxiety and cortisol reactivity during mental stress |journal=[[Journal of Psychosomatic Research]] |volume=35 |issue=2–3 |pages=141–7 |citeseerx=10.1.1.467.4323 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(91)90068-Y |pmid=2046048}}</ref> Matakan catecholamine na kwakwalwa suna da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geracioti TD, Baker DG, Ekhator NN, West SA, Hill KK, Bruce AB, Schmidt D, Rounds-Kugler B, Yehuda R, Keck PE, Kasckow JW |date=August 2001 |title=CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=8 |pages=1227–30 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1227 |pmid=11481155}}</ref> kuma yawan corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) yana da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sautter FJ, Bissette G, Wiley J, Manguno-Mire G, Schoenbachler B, Myers L, Johnson JE, Cerbone A, Malaspina D |date=December 2003 |title=Corticotropin-releasing factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with secondary psychotic symptoms, nonpsychotic PTSD, and healthy control subjects |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1382–8 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00571-7 |pmid=14675802 |s2cid=35766262}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan binciken suna nuna rashin daidaituwa a cikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|axis na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)]] . An nuna cewa kiyaye tsoro ya haɗa da axis na HPA, tsarin locus coeruleus - noradrenergic, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin limbic da frontal cortex . Axis na HPA wanda ke daidaita martanin hormone ga damuwa, <ref name="Radley 2011 481–497">{{Cite journal |author-link6=James P. Herman |vauthors=Radley JJ, Kabbaj M, Jacobson L, Heydendael W, Yehuda R, Herman JP |date=September 2011 |title=Stress risk factors and stress-related pathology: neuroplasticity, epigenetics and endophenotypes |journal=Stress |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=481–97 |doi=10.3109/10253890.2011.604751 |pmc=3641164 |pmid=21848436}}</ref> wanda ke kunna tsarin LC-noradrenergic, yana da alaƙa da yawan haɗakar tunanin da ke faruwa bayan rauni. <ref name="Pitman 1989">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pitman RK |date=July 1989 |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=221–3 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(89)90033-4 |pmid=2545287 |s2cid=39057765}}</ref> Wannan yawan haɗuwa yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar PTSD. Amygdala tana da alhakin gano barazanar da kuma martanin tsoro da ba a cika sharaɗi ba waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a matsayin martani ga barazana. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> Tsarin HPA yana da alhakin daidaita martanin hormone ga damuwa. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> Ganin ƙarfin hana cortisol ga dexamethasone a cikin PTSD, rashin daidaituwar axis na HPA wataƙila ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin hana martani mara kyau na cortisol, saboda ƙaruwar amsawar glucocorticoid masu karɓa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R |year=2001 |title=Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |series=62 |volume=62 |issue=Suppl 17 |pages=41–46 |pmid=11495096}}</ref> An yi hasashen cewa PTSD hanya ce ta koyo da ba ta dace ba don jin tsoron amsawa ta hanyar tsarin HPA mai saurin amsawa, mai saurin amsawa, da kuma mai saurin amsawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R |year=2002 |title=Clinical relevance of biologic findings in PTSD |journal=The Psychiatric Quarterly |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=123–33 |doi=10.1023/A:1015055711424 |pmid=12025720 |s2cid=19767960}}</ref> Ƙananan matakan [[cortisol]] na iya haifar da PTSD ga mutane: Bayan raunin yaƙi, sojojin [[Sweden]] da ke aiki a [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] waɗanda ke da ƙarancin matakan cortisol na yau da kullun kafin aikin soja suna da haɗarin kamuwa da alamun PTSD, bayan raunin yaƙi, fiye da sojoji waɗanda ke da matakan da suka dace kafin aikin soja. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aardal-Eriksson E, Eriksson TE, Thorell LH |date=December 2001 |title=Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=986–93 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01253-7 |pmid=11750895 |s2cid=9149956}}</ref> Saboda cortisol yawanci yana da mahimmanci wajen dawo da yanayin jiki bayan amsawar damuwa, ana tsammanin waɗanda suka tsira daga raunin da suka samu tare da ƙarancin cortisol suna fuskantar rashin isasshen amsawa - wato, tsawon lokaci da damuwa - wanda ke kafa matakin PTSD. Ana tsammanin cewa tsarin locus coeruleus-noradrenergic yana daidaita yawan haɗuwar ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro. Matakan cortisol masu yawa suna rage ayyukan noradrenergic, kuma saboda mutanen da ke da PTSD suna da ƙarancin matakan cortisol, an ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke da PTSD ba za su iya daidaita karuwar amsawar noradrenergic ga damuwa mai rauni ba. <ref name="PTSD fact and fiction"/> Ana tsammanin tunanin abubuwan da ke shiga jiki da martanin tsoro na yanayi sakamakon martanin abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. An ruwaito cewa Neuropeptide Y (NPY) yana rage sakin norepinephrine kuma an nuna yana da kaddarorin anxiolytic a cikin samfuran dabbobi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da PTSD suna nuna raguwar matakan NPY, wataƙila yana nuna ƙaruwar matakan damuwa. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da PTSD suna da ƙarancin sinadarin serotonin akai-akai, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga alamun halayyar da ake yawan haɗuwa da su kamar damuwa, jita-jita, fushi, tashin hankali, kisan kai, da kuma rashin himma. <ref name="Olszewski 2005 40">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olszewski TM, Varrasse JF |date=June 2005 |title=The neurobiology of PTSD: implications for nurses |journal=[[Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=40–7 |doi=10.3928/02793695-20050601-09 |pmid=16018133}}</ref> Serotonin kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga daidaita samar da glucocorticoid. Yawan amsawa a cikin tsarin norepinephrine kuma yana iya faruwa ne ta hanyar ci gaba da fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa. Yawan kunnawar masu karɓar norepinephrine a cikin prefrontal cortex na iya haɗawa da tunawa da mafarki da mafarkai marasa daɗi da waɗanda ke fama da PTSD ke fuskanta akai-akai. Rage wasu ayyukan norepinephrine (sanin yanayin da ake ciki) yana hana hanyoyin tunawa a cikin kwakwalwa sarrafa abin da ya faru, kuma motsin zuciyar da mutum ke fuskanta yayin tunawa ba shi da alaƙa da yanayin da ake ciki yanzu. <ref name="Olszewski 2005 40"/> Akwai cece-kuce mai yawa a cikin al'ummar likitoci game da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa na PTSD. Wani bita na 2012 ya nuna babu wata alaƙa bayyananna tsakanin matakan cortisol da PTSD. Yawancin rahotanni sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da PTSD suna da matakan hormone mai sakin corticotropin, ƙananan matakan [[cortisol]] na basal, da kuma ƙara yawan martanin da ba daidai ba na tsarin HPA ta hanyar dexamethasone . <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lindley SE, Carlson EB, Benoit M |date=May 2004 |title=Basal and dexamethasone suppressed salivary cortisol concentrations in a community sample of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Biological Psychiatry]] |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=940–5 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.021 |pmid=15110738 |s2cid=31580825}}</ref> === Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki === Nazarin da aka yi kan garkuwar jiki ta gefe ya gano cewa rashin aiki tare da matakan cytokine masu yawa da kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da garkuwar jiki a tsakanin mutanen da ke da PTSD. <ref name="y574">{{Cite journal |last=Katrinli |first=Seyma |last2=Oliveira |first2=Nayara C. S. |last3=Felger |first3=Jennifer C. |last4=Michopoulos |first4=Vasiliki |last5=Smith |first5=Alicia K. |date=2022-08-04 |title=The role of the immune system in posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=Translational Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=313 |doi=10.1038/s41398-022-02094-7 |issn=2158-3188 |pmc=9352784 |pmid=35927237}}</ref> An kuma gano matsalar garkuwar jiki a cikin PTSD, wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar dakatar da amsawar garkuwar jiki ta tsakiya saboda raguwar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa sakamakon ƙalubalen garkuwar jiki. Mutanen da ke da PTSD, idan aka kwatanta da masu sarrafawa, suna da ƙarancin ƙaruwa a cikin alamar kunna ƙwayoyin cuta ( 18-kDa translocator protein ) bayan shan lipopolysaccharide . <ref name="m591">{{Cite journal |last=Bonomi |first=Robin |last2=Hillmer |first2=Ansel T. |last3=Woodcock |first3=Eric |last4=Bhatt |first4=Shivani |last5=Rusowicz |first5=Aleksandra |last6=Angarita |first6=Gustavo A. |last7=Carson |first7=Richard E. |last8=Davis |first8=Margaret T. |last9=Esterlis |first9=Irina |last10=Nabulsi |first10=Nabeel |last11=Huang |first11=Yiyun |last12=Krystal |first12=John H. |last13=Pietrzak |first13=Robert H. |last14=Cosgrove |first14=Kelly P. |date=2024-08-27 |title=Microglia-mediated neuroimmune suppression in PTSD is associated with anhedonia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=35 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12106005B |doi=10.1073/pnas.2406005121 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=11363315 |pmid=39172786 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hana garkuwar jiki yana da alaƙa da tsananin alamun anhedonic. Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa jiyya da nufin dawo da aikin garkuwar jiki na iya zama da amfani don rage alamun PTSD. <ref name="m591" /> === Ilimin jijiyoyi === [[Fayil:PTSD_stress_brain.gif|thumb|220x220px|Yankunan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da damuwa da kuma matsalar damuwa bayan rauni <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIMH · Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Fact Sheet |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-research-fact-sheet/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123205303/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-research-fact-sheet/index.shtml |archive-date=2014-01-23 |access-date=2014-01-29 |website=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref>]] Wani bincike mai zurfi na nazarin MRI na tsarin jiki ya gano alaƙa da raguwar jimlar girman kwakwalwa, girman intracranial, da girman hippocampus, insula cortex, da kuma anterior cingulate . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bromis K, Calem M, Reinders AA, Williams SC, Kempton MJ |date=July 2018 |title=Meta-Analysis of 89 Structural MRI Studies in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comparison With Major Depressive Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=175 |issue=10 |pages=989–998 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111199 |pmc=6169727 |pmid=30021460}}</ref> Yawancin wannan binciken ya samo asali ne daga PTSD a cikin waɗanda suka fuskanci Yaƙin Vietnam. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hughes KC, Shin LM |date=February 2011 |title=Functional neuroimaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=275–85 |doi=10.1586/ern.10.198 |pmc=3142267 |pmid=21306214}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da PTSD suna da raguwar aikin kwakwalwa a cikin dorsal da rostral anterior cingulate cortices da kuma ventromedial prefrontal cortex, wuraren da ke da alaƙa da gogewa da daidaita motsin rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Etkin A, Wager TD |date=October 2007 |title=Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=10 |pages=1476–88 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 |pmc=3318959 |pmid=17898336}}</ref> Amygdala tana da hannu sosai wajen ƙirƙirar tunanin motsin rai, musamman tunanin da ke da alaƙa da tsoro. A lokacin damuwa mai yawa, ana danne hippocampus, wanda ke da alaƙa da sanya tunanin a cikin mahallin sarari da lokaci da kuma tunawa da ƙwaƙwalwa,. A cewar wata ka'ida, wannan dannewa na iya zama sanadin tunawa da zai iya shafar mutanen da ke fama da PTSD. Lokacin da wani da ke fama da PTSD ya fuskanci abubuwan da suka faru kamar abin da ya faru da rauni, jiki yana ganin abin da ya faru a matsayin abin da ya sake faruwa saboda ba a taɓa rubuta tunanin da kyau a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutumin ba. <ref name="Skelton 2012 628–637"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Kolk B |date=March 2000 |title=Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma |journal=[[Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk |pmc=3181584 |pmid=22034447}}</ref> Duk da cewa gabaɗaya, ana ba da rahoton yawan aiki amygdala ta hanyar nazarin meta na aikin neuroimaging a cikin PTSD, akwai babban bambanci, fiye da a cikin matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ko rashin lafiyar phobic. Idan aka kwatanta dorsal (kusan CeA) da ventral (kusan BLA), yawan aiki ya fi ƙarfi a cikin ventral cluster, yayin da yawan aiki ya bayyana a cikin dorsal cluster. Bambancin na iya bayyana motsin rai mara kyau a cikin PTSD (ta hanyar rage hankali a cikin CeA) da kuma ɓangaren da ke da alaƙa da tsoro. == Ganewar Ganewa == NICE ta ba da shawarar likitoci su fahimci nau'ikan alamomin da ke da alaƙa da nakasa a aiki da kuma abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka san suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka cutar PTSD. Ana ba da shawarar yin takamaiman tambayoyi yayin tantancewa da kuma la'akari da yawan abubuwan da suka faru na rauni da aka fuskanta. Ya kamata kimantawa ta kasance cikakke, gami da kimanta buƙatun jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa da kuma kimanta haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=Overview {{!}} Post-traumatic stress disorder {{!}} Guidance {{!}} NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.nice.org.uk}}</ref> Yin ganewar asali na PTSD na iya zama da wahala saboda: * yanayin da yawancin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali ke ciki (kodayake wannan gaskiya ne ga yawancin matsalolin kwakwalwa); * yiwuwar yin rahoto fiye da kima, misali, yayin neman fa'idodin nakasa, ko kuma lokacin da PTSD zai iya zama abin da ke rage yawan yanke hukunci a kan laifuka <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boskovic I, Merckelbach H |year=2018 |title=Fake Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Costs Real Money |url=https://www.in-mind.org/article/fake-posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-costs-real-money |journal={{ill|The Inquisitive Mind|de|In-Mind Magazin}} |volume=4 |issue=36 |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref> * yiwuwar rashin bayar da rahoto, misali, ƙyama, alfahari, tsoro cewa ganewar cutar PTSD na iya hana wasu damar aiki; * alamun sun haɗu da wasu matsalolin tunani kamar su rashin ƙarfi da damuwa ta gaba ɗaya; * alaƙa da wasu matsalolin tunani kamar babban rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma rashin jin daɗin rayuwa gabaɗaya; * matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, waɗanda galibi ke haifar da wasu alamu da alamu iri ɗaya kamar PTSD; da * Matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PTSD ko kuma ƙara ta'azzara alamun PTSD ko duka biyun; da kuma * PTSD yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brady |first=Kathleen |date=October 2004 |title=Substance Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=206–209 |doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00309.x |s2cid=145248041}}</ref> * Bambancin bayyanar alamun a al'adance (musamman dangane da gujewa da alamomin da ke rage radadi, mafarkai masu ban tausayi, da alamomin damuwa) == Rigakafi == An ga ƙananan fa'idodi tun daga farkon samun damar yin amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta . An ba da shawarar kula da damuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin hanyar hana PTSD, amma binciken da aka yi daga baya ya nuna cewa yana iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlier IV, Lamberts RD, van Uchelen AJ, Gersons BP |year=1998 |title=Disaster-related post-traumatic stress in police officers: A field study of the impact of debriefing |journal=Stress Medicine |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=143–8 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199807)14:3<143::AID-SMI770>3.0.CO;2-S}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M |date=June 2000 |title=Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=589–93 |doi=10.1192/bjp.176.6.589 |pmid=10974967 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ] Wani bita na Cochrane na 2019 bai sami shaidar da ke tallafawa amfani da shiga tsakani ba kuma cewa "shiga tsakani da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako fiye da rashin shiga tsakani, ga wasu mutane." <ref name="Roberts_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Robertson L, Lewis C, Bisson JI |date=August 2019 |title=Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Cochrane Library|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |volume=2019 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006869.pub3 |pmc=6699654 |pmid=31425615}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ba da shawarar hana amfani da benzodiazepines da magungunan rage damuwa don damuwa mai tsanani (alamomin da ke ɗaukar ƙasa da wata ɗaya). Wasu shaidu suna goyon bayan amfani da hydrocortisone don rigakafi ga manya, kodayake akwai iyaka ko babu shaidar da ke tallafawa propranolol, escitalopram, temazepam, ko gabapentin . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amos T, Stein DJ, Ipser JC |date=July 2014 |title=Pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |journal=[[Cochrane Library|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |volume=2014 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006239.pub2 |pmc=11064759 |pmid=25001071 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertolini |first=Federico |last2=Robertson |first2=Lindsay |last3=Bisson |first3=Jonathan I |last4=Meader |first4=Nicholas |last5=Churchill |first5=Rachel |last6=Ostuzzi |first6=Giovanni |last7=Stein |first7=Dan J |last8=Williams |first8=Taryn |last9=Barbui |first9=Corrado |date=2022-02-10 |editor-last=Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group |title=Early pharmacological interventions for universal prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013443.pub2 |pmc=8829470 |pmid=35141873}}</ref> === Bayanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam === Mutane da suka fuskanci rauni sau da yawa suna karɓar magani da ake kira ''bayanin tunani'' don hana PTSD, wanda ya ƙunshi tambayoyi da aka yi niyya don ba wa mutane damar fuskantar lamarin kai tsaye da kuma raba ra'ayoyinsu ga mai ba da shawara da kuma taimakawa wajen tsara tunaninsu game da abin da ya faru. <ref name="AHRQ2013" /> Duk da haka, wasu nazarin meta-bincike sun gano cewa bayanin tunani ba shi da amfani, yana iya zama mai illa kuma baya rage haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD a nan gaba. <ref name="Shalev 2017"/> <ref name="Feldner2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldner MT, Monson CM, Friedman MJ |date=January 2007 |title=A critical analysis of approaches to targeted PTSD prevention: current status and theoretically derived future directions |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=80–116 |citeseerx=10.1.1.595.9186 |doi=10.1177/0145445506295057 |pmid=17179532 |s2cid=44619491}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose S, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S |date=2002 |title=Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |journal=[[Cochrane Library|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000560 |pmc=7032695 |pmid=12076399}}</ref> Wannan gaskiya ne ga bayanin zaman zama ɗaya da kuma tsoma baki da yawa na zaman. <ref name="Roberts_2019"/> Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2017 , Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta tantance bayanin tunani a matsayin ''Babu Tallafin Bincike/Magani da Zai Iya Cutarwa'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Psychological Debriefing for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |url=https://www.div12.org/psychological-treatments/treatments/psychological-debriefing-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=www.div12.org |publisher=[[Society of Clinical Psychology]]: Division 12 of The American Psychological Association}}</ref> === Shige da fice da wuri === An gano cewa maganin da aka mayar da hankali kan rauni da aka bayar cikin kwanaki ko makonni na abin da zai iya haifar da rauni yana rage alamun PTSD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birur B, Moore NC, Davis LL |date=February 2017 |title=An Evidence-Based Review of Early Intervention and Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=[[Community Mental Health Journal]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=183–201 |doi=10.1007/s10597-016-0047-x |pmid=27470261 |s2cid=28150745}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka yi bayani kan yanayin tunani, manufar shiga tsakani da wuri ita ce rage yawan alamun damuwa, don hana sake farawa ko sake dawowa da matsalolin kwakwalwa da kuma ƙarin damuwa daga baya a cikin tsarin warkarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Litz B |date=2015-12-01 |title=Early intervention for trauma and loss: overview and working care model |journal=[[European Journal of Psychotraumatology]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.3402/ejpt.v6.28543 |pmc=4466306 |pmid=26073207}}</ref> === Tsare-tsare masu niyya ga haɗari === Tsare-tsare masu nufin haɗari su ne waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage takamaiman bayanai ko abubuwan da suka faru. Yana iya yin niyya ga kwaikwayon halaye na yau da kullun, koyarwa kan aiki, ko bayar da bayanai kan abin da ya faru. <ref name="Wiseman2013Rev">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiseman T, Foster K, Curtis K |date=November 2013 |title=Mental health following traumatic physical injury: an integrative literature review |journal=[[Injury (journal)|Injury]] |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=1383–90 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2012.02.015 |pmid=22409991}}</ref> <ref name="Kassam-Adams2013Rev">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassam-Adams N, Marsac ML, Hildenbrand A, Winston F |date=December 2013 |title=Posttraumatic stress following pediatric injury: update on diagnosis, risk factors, and intervention |journal=[[JAMA Pediatrics]] |volume=167 |issue=12 |pages=1158–65 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2741 |pmid=24100470}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == === Hadin maganin === Yawancin maganin haɗin gwiwa (maganin tunani da na magunguna) ba su da alama sun fi tasiri fiye da maganin tunani kawai, <ref name="BMJ2015"/> <ref name="pmid20614457"/> sai dai yiwuwar maganin psychotherapy wanda MDMA ta taimaka . <ref name=":0"/> Sharhi goma sha huɗu na masu halartar har zuwa 353 sun nuna cewa maganin psychotherapy wanda MDMA ta taimaka na iya inganta alamun PTSD, amsawa, da ƙimar sassauci sosai idan aka kwatanta da maganin psychotherapy kaɗai, amma shaidar tana da ƙarancin tabbaci zuwa ƙarancin tabbaci kuma bayanan aminci suna da iyaka, tare da ƙaruwar wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba na ɗan lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> Kanada tana tsara iyakataccen rarraba MDMA bayan an nemi izini daga Health Canada kuma an amince da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Subsection 56(1) class exemption for practitioners, agents, pharmacists, persons in charge of a hospital, hospital employees, and licensed dealers to conduct activities with psilocybin and MDMA in relation to a special access program authorization |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/controlled-substances-precursor-chemicals/policy-regulations/policy-documents/subsection-56-1-class-exemption-conducting-activities-psilocybin-mdma-special-access-program-authorization.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211203137/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/controlled-substances-precursor-chemicals/policy-regulations/policy-documents/subsection-56-1-class-exemption-conducting-activities-psilocybin-mdma-special-access-program-authorization.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Health Canada}}</ref> A Ostiraliya, likitocin tabin hankali na musamman da aka ba da izini na iya rubuta shi a cikin maganin PTSD. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Change to classification of psilocybin and MDMA to enable prescribing by authorised psychiatrists |url=https://www.tga.gov.au/news/media-releases/change-classification-psilocybin-and-mdma-enable-prescribing-authorised-psychiatrists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204024230/https://www.tga.gov.au/news/media-releases/change-classification-psilocybin-and-mdma-enable-prescribing-authorised-psychiatrists |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> Duk da cewa a da ta ɗauki MDMA a matsayin " maganin nasara ", FDA ta ƙi amincewa da shi saboda maganin PTSD a cikin 2024, tana ambaton ƙirar gwaji da damuwa game da aminci. A cewar wasu sharhi, taimakon MDMA ta hanyar psychotherapy yana rage alamun PTSD idan aka kwatanta da magungunan sarrafawa kuma yana nuna yanayin aminci mai jurewa gabaɗaya; ana rage amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙananan girma na samfura da tasirin da ba su dace ba . <ref name="EJP20212">{{Cite journal |last=Hoskins |first=Mathew D |last2=Sinnerton |first2=Robert |last3=Nakamura |first3=Anna |last4=Underwood |first4=Jack F G |last5=Slater |first5=Alan |last6=Lewis |first6=Catrin |last7=Roberts |first7=Neil P |last8=Bisson |first8=Jonathan I |last9=Lee |first9=Matthew |last10=Clarke |first10=Liam |date=15 January 2021 |title=Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2020.1853379 |pmc=7874936 |pmid=33680344}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Jianhua |last2=Wang |first2=Ni |last3=Luo |first3=Wulin |last4=Gao |first4=Junwei |date=September 2024 |title=The efficacy and safety of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=339 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116043 |pmid=38896930}}</ref> Ana iya ƙididdige yiwuwar tasirin magani na MDMA saboda rashin rufe ido da kuma son zuciya na masu halarta. <ref name="science" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T |date=September 2021 |title=Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1133–1152 |doi=10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434 |pmid=34038314 |s2cid=235215630}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Burke MJ, Blumberger DM |date=October 2021 |title=Caution at psychiatry's psychedelic frontier |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1687–1688 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01524-1 |pmid=34635858 |s2cid=238635462}}</ref> Wasu hanyoyin, musamman waɗanda suka shafi tallafin zamantakewa, <ref name="Brewin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD |date=October 2000 |title=Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults |journal=[[Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology]] |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=748–66 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748 |pmid=11068961}}</ref> <ref name="Ozer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS |date=January 2003 |title=Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=52–73 |bibcode=2003PsycB.129...52O |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52 |pmid=12555794}}</ref> suma suna da mahimmanci. Wani gwaji a fili na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya ba da rahoton yawan sassauci daga alamun PTSD ba tare da amfani da fallasa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bleiberg KL, Markowitz JC |date=January 2005 |title=A pilot study of interpersonal psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=181–3 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.181 |pmid=15625219}}</ref> === Magani === An nuna cewa magunguna guda huɗu masu rage damuwa (sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, da venlafaxine) suna da ƙaramin amfani fiye da placebo. <ref name="Hos2015"/> ==== Maganin damuwa ==== Magungunan da ke hana sake amfani da serotonin (SSRIs) da kuma masu hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) na iya samun wasu fa'idodi ga alamun PTSD. <ref name="Hos2015"/> <ref name="Jeffreys-2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jeffreys M, Capehart B, Friedman MJ |date=2012 |title=Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: review with clinical applications |journal=[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development]] |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=703–715 |doi=10.1682/JRRD.2011.09.0183 |pmid=23015581 |quote=While evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the preferred treatment for PTSD, pharmacotherapy is also an important treatment option. First-line pharmacotherapy agents include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine. |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams T, Phillips NJ, Stein DJ, Ipser JC |date=March 2022 |title=Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |journal=[[Cochrane Library|The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |volume=2022 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub3 |pmc=8889888 |pmid=35234292}}</ref> Magungunan hana daukar ciki na tricyclic suna da tasiri iri ɗaya, amma ba a jure su sosai ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Puetz TW, Youngstedt SD, Herring MP |date=28 May 2015 |title=Effects of Pharmacotherapy on Combat-Related PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=10 |issue=5 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1026529P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126529 |pmc=4447407 |pmid=26020791 |quote=The cumulative evidence summarized in this review indicates that pharmacotherapy significantly reduces PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptom severity among combat veterans with PTSD. The magnitude of the overall effects of pharmacotherapy on PTSD (Δ = 0.38), anxiety (Δ = 0.42), and depressive symptoms (Δ = 0.52) were moderate... |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shaida tana ba da goyon baya ga ƙaramin ci gaba ko matsakaici tare da sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, da venlafaxine . <ref name="Hos2015" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapfhammer HP |date=June 2014 |title=Patient-reported outcomes in post-traumatic stress disorder. Part II: focus on pharmacological treatment |journal=[[Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience]] |language=en, es, fr |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.2/hkapfhammer |pmc=4140515 |pmid=25152660}}</ref> Don haka, ana ɗaukar waɗannan magunguna guda huɗu a matsayin magunguna na farko ga PTSD. <ref name="Jeffreys-2012" /> <ref name="Berger-2009"/> [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da paroxetine da sertraline na SSRI don [[Gudanar da rikicewar damuwa bayan rauni|maganin PTSD]] . <ref name="Shalev 2017"/> ==== Benzodiazepines ==== Benzodiazepines batu ne da ake jayayya a kai game da [[Gudanar da rikicewar damuwa bayan rauni|maganin PTSD]] saboda wasu shaidu da ke nuna haɗarin ƙara tsanantar alamun PTSD. <ref name="pmid22302333">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain S, Greenbaum MA, Rosen C |date=February 2012 |title=Concordance between psychotropic prescribing for veterans with PTSD and clinical practice guidelines |journal=[[Psychiatric Services]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=154–60 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201100199 |pmid=22302333}}</ref> Wasu marubuta sun yi imanin cewa amfani da benzodiazepines ba a yarda da shi ba don damuwa mai tsanani, domin wannan rukunin magunguna na iya haifar da rabuwar kai . <ref name="pmid23062450">{{Cite journal |last=Auxéméry |first=Y. |date=October 2012 |title=L'état de stress post-traumatique comme conséquence de l'interaction entre une susceptibilité génétique individuelle, un évènement traumatogène et un contexte social |trans-title=Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a consequence of the interaction between an individual genetic susceptibility, a traumatogenic event and a social context |journal=L'Encéphale |language=fr |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=373–380 |doi=10.1016/j.encep.2011.12.003 |pmid=23062450}}</ref> Duk da haka, wasu suna amfani da benzodiazepines da taka tsantsan don damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci da rashin barci. <ref name="Kapfhammer-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kapfhammer |first=Hans-Peter |date=6 November 2008 |title=Therapeutische Ansätze bei psychischen Störungen nach Traumatisierungen |trans-title=Therapeutic possibilities after traumatic experiences |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/29279 |journal=Psychiatria Danubina |language=de |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=532–545 |pmid=19011595}}</ref> Duk da cewa benzodiazepines na iya rage damuwa mai tsanani, babu wata shaida da ta tabbatar da cewa suna iya dakatar da ci gaban PTSD kuma a zahiri suna iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da PTSD sau 2-5. <ref name="Gui2015"/> Wasu sun ce bai kamata a yi amfani da benzodiazepines nan da nan bayan wani mummunan lamari ba domin suna iya ƙara alamun da ke da alaƙa da PTSD. <ref name="Shalev 2017"/> Benzodiazepines na iya rage tasirin hanyoyin magance matsalar tabin hankali, kuma akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa benzodiazepines na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaba da kuma tsawon lokacin PTSD. Ga waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da cutar PTSD, benzodiazepines na iya ta'azzara kuma su tsawaita lokacin rashin lafiya, ta hanyar ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma haifar da ko ƙara ta'azzara tashin hankali, baƙin ciki (gami da kashe kai), da kuma amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="Gui2015"/> Kurakurai sun haɗa da haɗarin kamuwa da dogaro da benzodiazepine, haƙuri (watau, fa'idodin ɗan gajeren lokaci suna ƙarewa da lokaci), da kuma ciwon janyewa ; bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ke fama da cutar PTSD (har ma waɗanda ba su da tarihin shan barasa ko shan ƙwayoyi ba) suna cikin haɗarin cin zarafin benzodiazepines . <ref name="Berger-2009"/> <ref name="Martényi-2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martényi F |date=March 2005 |title=[Three paradigms in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder] |journal=[[Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |pmid=16167463}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gdflp2re2zxanr6txcoq2b7fzxuwbjn 0 156960 880022 855528 2026-07-10T08:55:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baƙin cikin da ya ƙare''' yana nufin baƙin ciki da ke faruwa a cikin tsofaffi kuma yana da halaye daban-daban, ciki har da sake dawowa da baƙin cikin da ya fara tun farko, sabon ganewar cutar baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, da kuma rashin lafiyar yanayi da ya samo asali daga wani yanayi na daban na lafiya, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko tsarin magani. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=2013-12-01 |title=What Are the Causes of Late-Life Depression? |url=https://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X(13)00083-X/abstract |journal=Psychiatric Clinics |language=English |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=0193-953X |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}</ref> Bincike game da baƙin cikin da ya ƙare yakan mayar da hankali kan baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban abin da]] ke faruwa a karon farko a cikin tsofaffi (majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana wannan matakin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yawanci tsakanin shekaru 60-65). <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD |date=September 2014 |title=Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=13 |pages=1228–36 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1402180 |pmid=25251617 |s2cid=36201456}}</ref> Ba a gano ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba sau da yawa, wanda ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da cewa yanayin baƙin ciki yawanci ba ya bayyana kamar sauran alamomin damuwa da na hankali kamar rashin ci, rashin barci, rashin kuzari ko rashin kuzari, gajiya, da rashin sha'awa da jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebowitz |first=Barry D. |last2=Pearson |first2=Jane L. |last3=Schneider |first3=Lon S. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Charles F. III |last5=Alexopoulos |first5=George S. |last6=Bruce |first6=Martha Livingston |last7=Conwell |first7=Yeates |last8=Katz |first8=Ira R. |last9=Meyers |first9=Barnett S. |last10=Morrison |first10=Mary F. |last11=Mossey |first11=Jana |last12=Niederehe |first12=George |last13=Parmelee |first13=Patricia |date=1997-10-08 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life: Consensus Statement Update |journal=JAMA |volume=278 |issue=14 |pages=1186–1190 |doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550140078045 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=9326481}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Husain-Krautter |first=Sehba |last2=Ellison |first2=James M. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Late Life Depression: The Essentials and the Essential Distinctions |journal=FOCUS |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=282–293 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.20210006 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=8475940 |pmid=34690594}}</ref> Matsalolin lafiya masu alaƙa da rashin tsammanin aiki na tsofaffi suma galibi suna ɓoye matakin nakasa da ɓacin rai ke haifarwa a ƙarshen rayuwa. Tsofaffi wani lokacin suna watsi da ƙarancin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai karɓuwa ga damuwa ta rayuwa ko wani ɓangare na tsufa. <ref name="pmid19812743">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Kelly RE |date=October 2009 |title=Research advances in geriatric depression |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=140–9 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00234.x |pmc=2755271 |pmid=19812743}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17588275">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Potter GG |date=February 2008 |title=Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=163–75 |doi=10.1017/S003329170700102X |pmid=17588275 |s2cid=36713188}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16135616">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H |date=September 2005 |title=Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=1588–601 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588 |pmid=16135616}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC |year=2008 |title=Medical Comorbidities in Late-Life Depression |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=14}}</ref> Ƙarin dalilan wahalar ganewar asali sun haɗa da: cututtukan likita da illolin magunguna waɗanda ke kama da baƙin ciki, wahalar sadarwa da masu ba da sabis, rashin lokaci a lokacin ganawa, da imani game da cututtukan kwakwalwa da magani daga majiyyaci, abokai, 'yan uwa, da al'umma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, Meyers BS |date=March 2001 |title=Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=479–81 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479 |pmid=11229992}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17095750">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan KR |date=January 2007 |title=Concept of disease in geriatric psychiatry |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1097/01.JGP.0000224600.37387.4b |pmid=17095750}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15936426">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS |date=2005 |title=Depression in the elderly |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9475 |pages=1961–70 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2 |pmid=15936426 |s2cid=34666321}}</ref> Ko da lokacin da aka gano shi, ba a kula da ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa akai-akai. <ref name=":5" /> [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] galibi ita ce inda ganewar asali da maganin baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ke faruwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /> Abin lura shi ne, DSM-5 ba ta fayyace takamaiman sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ba kuma ta kammala da cewa halayen babban rashin jin daɗi ba sa bambanta da shekaru, kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa na iya bayyana daban-daban, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. <ref name=":5" /> A takaice dai, duk da haka, ana yin ganewar asali kamar yadda sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru ke yi, ta amfani da ƙa'idodin DSM-5 don babban rashin jin daɗi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PSYCH/89994&topicKey=PULM/1619 |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka da sauran shawarwarin asibiti sun kuma fahimci nau'ikan alamomin damuwa waɗanda suka wuce ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun don babban rashin lafiyar damuwa, gami da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarƙashin ƙasa/ƙaramin damuwa da rashin lafiyar dysthymic; waɗannan cututtukan da ke ƙarƙashin laima na baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa suma suna iya kasancewa tare da alamun rauni da rikicewa. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=American Psychological Association |title=APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts |url=https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/guideline.pdf |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Magunguna don baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa sun haɗa da magani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tare da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar motsa jiki, maganin haske mai haske, da tallafin iyali. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":6" /> A cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su amsa jiyya ta farko ba, ana iya amfani da dabarun motsa jiki kamar maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) . <ref name=":1" /> ECT ya nuna tasiri wajen kula da tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Wurff FB, Stek ML, Hoogendijk WJ, Beekman AT |date=October 2003 |title=The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults: a literature review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=894–904 |doi=10.1002/gps.944 |pmid=14533122 |s2cid=20799377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da ganewar asali == Diagnosis of depression in late life is made using the same criteria for [[Babban rashin damuwa|Major Depressive Disorder]] found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Domin cika ka'idojin [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|babban yanayin damuwa]], dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance yana da alamomi biyar daga cikin tara da aka lissafa a ƙasa kusan kowace rana na tsawon akalla makonni biyu kuma dole ne ya kasance yana da aƙalla yanayin damuwa ko rashin lafiyar zuciya. <ref name="pmid15168957">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birrer RB, Vemuri SP |date=May 2004 |title=Depression in later life: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge |journal=American Family Physician |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=2375–82 |pmid=15168957}}</ref> Alamomin da suke fuskanta dole ne su kuma cutar da ikonsu na aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ba dole ba ne a yi musu bayani mai kyau ta hanyar rashin lafiya ko wani abu. <ref name=":2" /> Domin ƙara cika ka'idojin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban Ciwon Damuwa]], ba dole ba ne a danganta yanayin damuwa da wata cuta ta tabin hankali kamar tabin hankali ko [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] . <ref name=":2" /> # Yanayin baƙin ciki ko baƙin ciki # Rashin sha'awar ayyukan jin daɗi (Anhedonia ) # Matsalar barci (ƙaruwa ko raguwar barci) # Matsalar ci (ƙara ko raguwar ci) yawanci tare da canjin nauyi # Matsalar kuzari (ƙaruwa ko raguwar matakin kuzari/aiki), yawanci gajiya # Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko maida hankali sosai # Jin laifi ko rashin amfani # Jinkirin motsin rai ko tashin hankali (canji a saurin tunani da jiki da wasu mutane ke gani) # Tunanin fatan sun mutu; tunanin kashe kansu ko yunƙurin kashe kansu == Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari == Ba a san ainihin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki na ƙarshe ko na farko ba. Wasu ka'idoji suna da'awar cewa baƙin cikin ƙarshe na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar dopamine da norepinephrine. Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaiton pituitary da adrenal suna tare da lamuran yau da kullun na baƙin cikin ƙarshe. Canje-canjen da aka saba samu a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin cikin ƙarshe ko na farko ba a fayyace su ba. Duk da haka, an san cewa canje-canjen kwakwalwa na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar damuwa na wasu abubuwan rayuwa kamar rashin lafiya, haihuwa, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, sauye-sauyen rayuwa (kamar ritaya), rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane, ko warewar zamantakewa . Abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki, warewar zamantakewa, ƙarancin yanayin tattalin arziki, ciwo mara tsari, [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na yau da kullun]], rashin barci, jima'i na mata, rashin aure ko saki, rashin fahimtar aiki ko na kwakwalwa, rashin [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], amfani da wasu magunguna, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala, da takamaiman rikice-rikicen zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, sha'awar shan taba, da [[hypercholesterolemia]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtenberg |first=Pesach |last2=Belmaker |first2=R.H. |date=2010 |title=Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=79 |issue=3 |page=132-133 |doi=10.1159/000286957 |jstor=48511252 |pmid=20185969}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=December 2013 |title=What are the causes of late-life depression? |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=1558-3147 |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Büchtemann |first=Dorothea |last2=Luppa |first2=Melanie |last3=Bramesfeld |first3=Anke |last4=Riedel-Heller |first4=Steffi |date=2012-12-15 |title=Incidence of late-life depression: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=142 |issue=1–3 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.010 |issn=1573-2517 |pmid=22940498}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Martin G. |last2=Dendukuri |first2=Nandini |date=June 2003 |title=Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=6 |pages=1147–1156 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=12777274}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sekhon |first=Sandeep |last2=Patel |first2=Jason |last3=Sapra |first3=Amit |date=2024 |title=Late-Life Depression |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551507/#:~:text=Depression%20that%20occurs%20among%20individuals,is%20underdiagnosed%20and%20inadequately%20treated. |pmid=31855351}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa sun fi kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ciwon hauka da ke haifar da dukkan nau'ikan ciwon hauka. Duk da haka, ciwon hauka na iya bayyana a farkon lokacin da cutar ke faruwa da alamun baƙin ciki, ma'ana wannan alaƙar na iya nuna cewa ciwon hauka yana haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diniz |first=Breno S. |last2=Butters |first2=Meryl A. |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Dew |first4=Mary Amanda |last5=Reynolds |first5=Charles F. |date=May 2013 |title=Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science |volume=202 |issue=5 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307 |issn=1472-1465 |pmc=3640214 |pmid=23637108}}</ref> Nazarin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tantance ko baƙin ciki wani abu ne mai zaman kansa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka ya haifar da sakamako marasa ma'ana. Akwai jagororin da za su taimaka wa likitoci su bambanta ciwon hauka da ciwon hauka na farko a matsayin sanadin gano baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ducharme |first=Simon |last2=Pearl-Dowler |first2=Leora |last3=Gossink |first3=Flora |last4=McCarthy |first4=Jillian |last5=Lai |first5=Jimmy |last6=Dickerson |first6=Bradford C. |last7=Chertkow |first7=Howard |last8=Rapin |first8=Lucile |last9=Vijverberg |first9=Everard |last10=Krudop |first10=Welmoed |last11=Dols |first11=Annemieke |last12=Pijnenburg |first12=Yolande |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Frontotemporal Dementia versus Primary Psychiatric Disorder (FTD versus PPD) Checklist: A Bedside Clinical Tool to Identify Behavioral Variant FTD in Patients with Late-Onset Behavioral Changes |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180839 |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.3233/JAD-180839 |issn=1387-2877 |pmid=30584146 |s2cid=58626686 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Jiyya == Maganin yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda aka gano, idan aka bayar da magani. Ingantaccen kulawa yana buƙatar [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial]], haɗa magungunan gargajiya, maganin fasaha, da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya magani yana haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, yuwuwar inganta yanayin lafiyar likita, ƙaruwar tsawon rai, da ƙarancin kuɗin kula da lafiya. Ya kamata a bayyana ci gaba da makonni biyu bayan fara maganin, amma cikakken tasirin magani na iya buƙatar watanni da yawa na magani. Ya kamata a ci gaba da maganin tsofaffi na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake amfani da shi a ƙananan marasa lafiya. <ref name="pmid15963019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazer CJ, Christensen H, Griffiths KM |date=June 2005 |title=Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=182 |issue=12 |pages=627–32 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06849.x |pmid=15963019 |s2cid=18342952}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19593778"> {{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith GS, Alexopoulos GS |date=August 2009 |title=Neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=783–7 |doi=10.1002/gps.2335 |pmc=5675131 |pmid=19593778}}</ref> === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Ana ba da shawarar magungunan tabin hankali ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki saboda raunin wannan rukunin ga illolin da ke tattare da su da kuma yawan matsalolin likita da amfani da magunguna. Hanyoyin magance matsalolin tabin hankali sun haɗa da maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin tabin hankali mai taimako, maganin magance matsaloli, da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane. <ref name="pmid18213605" /> Maganin bita na rayuwa wani nau'in magani ne wanda ke nuna amfanin sa ga tsofaffi masu fama da baƙin ciki mai matsakaici. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korte J, Bohlmeijer ET, Cappeliez P, Smit F, Westerhof GJ |date=June 2012 |title=Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1163–73 |doi=10.1017/S0033291711002042 |pmid=21995889 |s2cid=38756731 |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418081529/https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amfanin ilimin tabin hankali ba ya raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar shekaru. Tsofaffi galibi suna da ingantaccen bin umarnin magani, ƙarancin adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta, da kuma amsoshi masu kyau ga ilimin tabin hankali fiye da ƙananan marasa lafiya. <ref name="pmid18213605">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D, Mackin S, Arean PA |date=August 2008 |title=Problem solving therapy for the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=782–8 |doi=10.1002/gps.1988 |pmid=18213605 |s2cid=35390619}}</ref> Duk da cewa maganin na iya zama mai amfani, ba koyaushe ake bayarwa ba saboda dalilai kamar rashin ƙwararrun masu ilimin tabin hankali ko rashin ɗaukar nauyin inshorar lafiya. <ref name="uptodate.com">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> === Maganin fasaha === Ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin fasaha ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka, damuwa, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Har zuwa kashi 27% na tsofaffi an gano suna da baƙin ciki a Amurka. Don haka ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha da amfaninsa daban-daban, ko na jiki (rawa), na ji (kiɗa), ko na gani (zane), don taimakawa waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma nakasa ta hankali, ta jiki, da ta hali/ta motsin rai. <ref name="Felicity A 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Dunphy |first=Kim |last2=Baker |first2=Felicity A. |last3=Dumaresq |first3=Ella |last4=Carroll-Haskins |first4=Katrina |last5=Eickholt |first5=Jasmin |last6=Ercole |first6=Maya |last7=Kaimal |first7=Girija |last8=Meyer |first8=Kirsten |last9=Sajnani |first9=Nisha |last10=Shamir |first10=Opher Y. |last11=Wosch |first11=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Creative Arts Interventions to Address Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Outcomes, Processes, and Mechanisms |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=2655 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6331422 |pmid=30671000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ga cewa maganin fasaha yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, yana jan hankali, da kuma tallafawa halaye masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aging: What's Art Got To Do With It? |url=https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/news/ex_082809_03.shtml |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=todaysgeriatricmedicine.com}}</ref> Musamman, an ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki suna hutawa, suna fuskantar damuwa ta jiki da ta motsin rai, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙara jin daɗi a kan lokaci, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stallings |first=J. W. |last2=Thompson |first2=S. K. |date=June 2012 |title=Use of Art Therapy in Geriatric Populations |url=https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/articles/use-art-therapy-geriatric-populations |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Population Health Learning Network |publisher=Annals of Long Term Care}}</ref> Marasa lafiya suna iya bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da zai iya zama da wahala a iya sadarwa. <ref name="Felicity A 2018" /> An kuma gano cewa marasa lafiya ba sa buƙatar shiga cikin amfani da fasaha, kamar yadda "bincike ya gano cewa hoton shimfidar wuri a ɗakin asibiti ya rage buƙatar magungunan kashe radadi na miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙarancin lokaci a asibiti." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuckey |first=Heather L. |last2=Nobel |first2=Jeremy |date=February 2010 |title=The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2804629 |pmid=20019311}}</ref> Amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar magani yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ita ta jiki ko ta gani. Waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, waɗanda aka gano suna da baƙin ciki za su iya shiga ba tare da la'akari da shekaru, jinsi, ko nakasa ta jiki/ta hankali ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Matthew |date=2019-08-01 |title=Art Therapy for Seniors – How Art Can Help the Elderly |url=https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Complete Care |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005140117/https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ciasca |first=Eliana C. |last2=Ferreira |first2=Rita C. |last3=Santana |first3=Carmen L.A. |last4=Forlenza |first4=Orestes V. |last5=dos Santos |first5=Glenda D. |last6=Brum |first6=Paula S. |last7=Nunes |first7=Paula V. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250 |issn=1516-4446 |pmc=6899401 |pmid=29412335}}</ref> === Maganin Magunguna === Maganin magani ga cututtukan damuwa mai tsanani yawanci yana da tasiri kuma ba shi da rikitarwa. Magungunan rage damuwa galibi sune zaɓin magani na farko ga manya masu matsakaicin damuwa ko mai tsanani, wani lokacin tare da ilimin psychotherapy. Ana samun mafi kyawun tasirin magani lokacin da maganin ya ci gaba na tsawon akalla makonni shida. <ref name="AntiD 2001">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A |date=2001 |title=Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2001 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000561 |pmc=7066642 |pmid=11405969}}</ref> Yin amfani da magungunan rage damuwa kaɗan ko rashin amfani da su da kuma rubuta magunguna marasa isassu su ne kurakuran da likitoci ke yi yayin da suke kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya saboda baƙin ciki. Kashi 10% zuwa 40% ne kawai na tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki ke samun magani. Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin masu zaɓi, waɗanda aka fi sani da SSRIs, a matsayin maganin farko don baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa saboda sun fi jurewa da aminci fiye da sauran magungunan hana damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Solai LK, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG |date=2001 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for late-life depression: a comparative review |journal=Drugs & Aging |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=355–68 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200118050-00006 |pmid=11392444 |s2cid=23519411}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) a matsayin na biyu amma kuma suna iya zama da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson JC, Wohlreich MM, Mallinckrodt CH, Detke MJ, Watkin JG, Kennedy JS |date=March 2005 |title=Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older patients |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.227 |pmid=15728754}}</ref> <ref name="UpToDate">{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&topicKey=PSYCH/1719&source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> Ba a yi nazari sosai kan magungunan hana damuwa kamar bupropion da mirtazapine a cikin tsofaffi ba amma da alama suna ba da wasu fa'idodi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM, McQuoid DR |date=September 2001 |title=Bupropion SR in the naturalistic treatment of elderly patients with major depression |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=862–5 |doi=10.1002/gps.424 |pmid=11571765 |s2cid=26398542}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anttila SA, Leinonen EV |date=2001 |title=A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=249–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x |pmc=6494141 |pmid=11607047}}</ref> An nuna cewa magungunan hana monoamine oxidase (MAOIs) suma suna ba da wasu fa'idodi, amma ba a yi nazari sosai ba <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Georgotas A, McCue RE, Hapworth W, Friedman E, Kim OM, Welkowitz J, Chang I, Cooper TB |date=October 1986 |title=Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1155–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2 |pmid=3756264 |s2cid=44627288 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne a yi amfani da MAOIs da taka tsantsan don hana illolin kamar ciwon serotonin da [[Hadari na Adrenergic|rikicin adrenergic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression?source=history_widget#H29 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> Magungunan hana damuwa na Tricyclic ba su ne maganin farko na baƙin ciki ba, amma har yanzu suna iya amfanar marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga magungunan farko. <ref name="UpToDate"/> TCAs sun kuma nuna ikon hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki bayan maganin electroconvulsive. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flint AJ, Rifat SL |date=January 1998 |title=The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: a comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199801)13:1<23::AID-GPS725>3.0.CO;2-J |pmid=9489577 |s2cid=27593765}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J |date=March 2001 |title=Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=10 |pages=1299–307 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.10.1299 |pmid=11255384 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Shulman KI, Silver IL, Busto UE, Borden EK, Naranjo CA, Shear NH |date=October 1999 |title=The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=690–7 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v60n1008 |pmid=10549686}}</ref> Ba a amfani da TCAs da farko saboda illolinsu da haɗarin shan su fiye da SSRIs. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, Cowen PJ, Howard L, Lewis G, Matthews K, McAllister-Williams RH, Peveler RC, Scott J, Tylee A |date=June 2008 |title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52545391/PMH_24_3_15_British_Association_forPsychopharmacology_Final_Reconciliation_Draft_2_.docx |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=343–96 |doi=10.1177/0269881107088441 |pmid=18413657 |s2cid=25658129}}</ref> Yawan shan TCA na iya zama mai kisa idan aka kwatanta da SSRIs. <ref name="Nelson" /> Magungunan rage damuwa gabaɗaya, na iya aiki ta hanyar taka rawa wajen kare jijiyoyi a yadda suke rage damuwa da baƙin ciki. Ana tsammanin magungunan rage damuwa na iya ƙara tasirin masu karɓar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su kasance masu saurin amsawa ga glutamate wanda wani sinadari ne na amino acid wanda ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ƙaruwar tallafin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi yana rage ƙarfin glutamate, yana ba da kariya daga glutamate mai ƙarfi da ban sha'awa a cikin sassan kwakwalwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki. Kodayake magungunan rage damuwa ba za su iya warkar da baƙin ciki ba, suna iya haifar da sassauci, wanda shine ɓacewa ko kusan rage alamun baƙin ciki gaba ɗaya. <ref name="pmid18813343">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD, Kuchibhatla M, Payne ME, Macfall JR, Sheline YI, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM |date=September 2008 |title=Frontal white matter anisotropy and antidepressant remission in late-life depression |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=9 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3267T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003267 |pmc=2533397 |pmid=18813343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid14514498">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy GM, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Schatzberg AF |date=October 2003 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant medication intolerance |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=10 |pages=1830–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1830 |pmid=14514498}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12515726">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Serafeim A, Holder MJ, Grafton G, Chamba A, Drayson MT, Luong QT, Bunce CM, Gregory CD, Barnes NM, Gordon J |date=April 2003 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly signal for apoptosis in biopsy-like Burkitt lymphoma cells |journal=Blood |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=3212–9 |doi=10.1182/blood-2002-07-2044 |pmid=12515726 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Ci gaba da kuma kula da matsalolin baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi''' Wani bita na Cochrane na 2016 ya bayar da ƙayyadadden shaida cewa ci gaba da shan magungunan rage damuwa na tsawon shekara ɗaya yana rage haɗarin sake dawowar baƙin ciki ba tare da ƙarin lahani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z |date=September 2016 |title=Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3 |pmc=6457610 |pmid=27609183}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba za a iya samun shawara mai ƙarfi game da magungunan tunani ko hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don hana sake dawowa ba. === Ƙarfafa Jijiyoyin Jiki === Jiyya mai ƙarfi ga damuwa, musamman maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) magani ne mai tasiri ga baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi. Yana da amfani musamman wajen magance [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] mai tsanani wanda ba ya amsawa da kyau ga jiyya da ke sama. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB |date=March 2004 |title=Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1097/00124509-200403000-00004 |pmid=15087991 |s2cid=25843283}}</ref> A cikin mutanen da ke cikin tsufa musamman, ciki har da marasa lafiya sama da shekaru 85, ECT yana ba da zaɓi mai aminci da inganci na magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerner N, Prudic J |date=February 2014 |title=Current electroconvulsive therapy practice and research in the geriatric population |journal=Neuropsychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |doi=10.2217/npy.14.3 |pmc=4000084 |pmid=24778709}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geduldig ET, Kellner CH |date=April 2016 |title=Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Elderly: New Findings in Geriatric Depression |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=40 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0674-5 |pmid=26909702 |s2cid=44569093}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da magani ga ƙananan marasa lafiya, ECT ya bayyana yana aiki mafi kyau ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rhebergen D, Huisman A, Bouckaert F, Kho K, Kok R, Sienaert P, Spaans HP, Stek M |date=March 2015 |title=Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=274–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.002 |pmid=24951182}}</ref> Tsarin maganin ECT na yau da kullun yana farawa daga jiyya 6 zuwa 12, wasu kuma suna buƙatar ƙari ko ƙasa da haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-major-depression-in-adults-indications-for-and-efficacy-of-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=uptodate.com}}</ref> Jadawalin magani na yau da kullun a Amurka na iya haɗawa da jiyya uku a mako a ranar Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a. Jiyya biyu a mako yana kwatanta da uku kuma ana iya amfani da shi. Kulawa ECT, wanda ake bayarwa a tsawon lokaci bayan saitin farko na jiyya mai tsanani, yana kuma taimakawa baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa kuma yana taimakawa hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Schaik AM, Comijs HC, Sonnenberg CM, Beekman AT, Sienaert P, Stek ML |date=January 2012 |title=Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcbf9 |pmid=22183009}}</ref> Idan wani dattijo yana buƙatar a kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda baƙin cikinsa, an nuna cewa ECT yana aiki da sauri fiye da magani kuma yana rage mace-macen da ke tattare da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, Winokur G |date=September 1995 |title=Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=390–4 |pmid=7665536}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25323140">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM |date=January 2015 |title=Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression: electroconvulsive therapy v. medication |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213 |pmid=25323140 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da a lokuta kamar baƙin ciki bayan bugun jini, ECT na iya zama mai tasiri; duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi a kan iyawarsa na magance baƙin cikin jijiyoyin jini da cututtuka na dogon lokaci ke haifarwa, idan aka kwatanta da wani lamari mai tsanani kamar bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Helen Kales |vauthors=Kales HC, Maixner DF, Mellow AM |date=February 2005 |title=Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–98 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.88 |pmid=15703317}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Currier MB, Murray GB, Welch CC |date=1992 |title=Electroconvulsive therapy for post-stroke depressed geriatric patients |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=140–4 |doi=10.1176/jnp.4.2.140 |pmid=1627974}}</ref> Motsa jiki na maganadisu na transcranial (TMS) wani misali ne na motsa jiki na neurostimulation da ake amfani da shi don magance baƙin ciki, amma ana ɗaukar ECT a matsayin hanya mafi inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ |date=July 2013 |title=Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=614–23 |doi=10.1002/da.22060 |pmid=23349112 |s2cid=2173645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE |date=July 2010 |title=Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=873–84 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre |pmid=20361902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Health Quality |first=Ontario |date=2016 |title=Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–66 |pmc=4808719 |pmid=27099642}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban damuwa]] wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke tattare da rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da ƙarancin girman kai, da kuma rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan da suka dace. Kusan miliyan biyar daga cikin Amurkawa miliyan 31 waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka suna cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma miliyan ɗaya suna da babban baƙin ciki. Kimanin kashi 3% na tsofaffi masu lafiya da ke zaune a cikin al'umma suna da babban baƙin ciki. Maimaitawar na iya kaiwa har zuwa 40%. Yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] kusan ninki biyu ne a cikin marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babban baƙin ciki ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya waɗanda suka girmi shekaru 70 kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti. Cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da yawan baƙin ciki sun haɗa da [[bugun jini]] (30-60%), [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] (8-44%), [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (1-40%), [[cutar Parkinson]] (40%), [[cutar Alzheimer]] (20-40%), da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] (17-31%). Ƙaramin baƙin ciki cuta ce mai matuƙar wahala a asibiti wadda ba ta cika ƙa'idar tsawon lokaci ko adadin alamun da ake buƙata don gano babban baƙin ciki ba. Ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da babban baƙin ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, na iya biyo bayan babban abin da ke faruwa na baƙin ciki. Hakanan yana iya zama martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi. Kashi 15-50% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙaramin baƙin ciki suna samun babban baƙin ciki cikin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |date=April 2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}</ref> == Bincike == Hoton kwakwalwa (na'urar MRI mai aiki /tsarin jiki) na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar binciken ƙananan matsaloli a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. A ƙarshe, fasahar daukar hoto na iya zama kayan aiki don gano cutar da wuri da kuma nau'in baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares JC, Mann JJ |date=January 1997 |title=The anatomy of mood disorders--review of structural neuroimaging studies |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=86–106 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00006-6 |pmid=8988799 |s2cid=32444863 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken kwayoyin halitta da ke nazarin baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi yana mai da hankali kan gano alamun kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi. An fahimci cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na APOE, BDNF, da SLC6A4 na iya danganta su da ƙaruwar haɗari. Yankunan kwakwalwa da aka haɗa da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sune gyaran hippocampal da hanyar endocrine ta axis na Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal lokacin sarrafa damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsang |first=Ruby S. M. |last2=Mather |first2=Karen A. |last3=Sachdev |first3=Perminder S. |last4=Reppermund |first4=Simone |date=April 2017 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression |url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43075 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=75 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 |issn=1873-7528 |pmid=28137459 |s2cid=39796461 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e39mnx07wa70pugq9zmocca2t43kq1b 0 157116 879935 855958 2026-07-10T04:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''REGIDESO Burundi''' Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi. == Mandate (Aiki) == REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana. REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa. REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} == Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW). Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}} REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara. Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}} Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara. Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}} REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa. Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC). Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) === An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} === Shekarun farko (1962–1975) === An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi. Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega. Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL. Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} === Haɓakawa (1975–1992) === Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1992, REGIDESO ta faɗaɗa don samar da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga dukkan cibiyoyin birane da taimakon ƙasashen Jamus, Faransa, Sin da Bankin Duniya. An gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki a Gikonge, Kayenzi, Buhiga, Sanzu, Marangara, Rwegura da Nyemanga (a cikin 1988), gami da madatsar ruwa ta al'ummar Rusizi. An gina layukan watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A ranar 11 ga Maris 1986, wata dokar shugaban ƙasa ta mai da REGIDESO ta zama cibiyar shari'a ta jama'a mai yanayin kasuwanci da masana'antu tare da ikon kanta na shari'a, kuɗi, da tsari. === Yaƙin basasa (1992–2004) === Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2004, an raba sassan gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin sassan Gudanar da Lantarki da na Ruwa. Wannan ya kasance lokacin tarzoma na basasa inda aka lalata mafi yawan abubuwan more rayuwa na REGIDESO.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A cikin 1995, REGIDESO ta sayi gidan samar da wutar lantarki na thermal mai ƙarfin 5.5 MW a Bujumbura, amma har zuwa shekarar 2008 yawanci ba ya aiki, ana ajiye shi ne kawai a matsayin madadin gaggawa. Arha na farashin wutar lantarki da tsadar man dizal sun sa gudanar da shi ya zama rashin tattalin arziki.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}} A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1997, doka mai lamba 100/164 ta mai da REGIDESO-S.P. ta zama "Hukuma" a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Kamfanoni na Masu Zaman Kansu da na Gwamnati. An kafa hedkwatar a cikin gundumar birni ta Rohero, a Bujumbura.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} REGIDESO wani kamfani ne mai haɗin gwiwar jama'a wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} Kamfanin ya yi fama sosai wajen sake ginawa da kula da abubuwan more rayuwa saboda janyewar masu ba da gudummawa da kuma rashin kuɗaɗen shiga daga tallace-tallace. A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2000, REGIDESO ta rasa ikon mallakar ta na keɓancewa (monopoly) a kan kera wutar lantarki.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} === Sake gine-gine bayan yaƙi (2004–yanzu) === A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Tallafin Tallafawa Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya, REGIDESO tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gwamnati 14 da aka yi niyya a cikin shirin mayar da hannun jari ga masu zaman kansu na 2006-2008. Sauran sun haɗa da OCIBU, BRB, Abattoir Public de Bujumbura (APB), OPHAVET, ONATEL, SOSUMO, COTEBU, Union Commerciale d'Assurances et de Réassurance (UCAR), Office du Thé du Burundi (OTB), SOCABU da Société Immobilière Publique (SIP).{{sfn|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million|p=36}} Tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2016, REGIDESO ta sake ginawa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma ta tsawaita samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki zuwa sabbin wurare. Ta kuma ƙara farashin kayayyaki ga masu amfani don sa kamfanin ya kasance mai kyau ga masu saka hannun jari na gaba.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}} A cikin watan Yuni 2016, gundumomi da yawa na Bujumbura Mairie sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani, inda wasu ba su sami ruwa ba na tsawon kwanaki. Regideso ta bayyana cewa yawancin bututun rarraba ruwa sun karye ko sun toshe, kuma ta yi alkawarin magance matsalar cikin mako guda.{{sfn|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, REGIDESO tana cikin mummunan yanayin kuɗi. Tana da manyan bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma tana fuskantar wahala wajen biyan masu bin ta bashi, gami da kamfanin gudanar da gidajen wutar lantarki na thermal na Interpetrol Burundi.{{sfn|Rugira|2021}} Wani rahoto a cikin watan Janairu 2024 ya ambato babban darektan Regideso, Jean-Albert Manigomba, yana cewa duk da yawan ɗaukewar wuta akai-akai a Bujumbura Mairie, samar da wutar lantarki yana inganta cikin sauri. An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rusumo, kuma ana kan ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kabu 16. Ya kamata duka biyun su bayar da makamashi a wannan shekarar. Haka kuma ya kamata a kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Jiji-Murembwe a cikin shekarar 2024.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}} Katsewar wutar ta kasance ne saboda tsarin wayoyi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Bujumbura wanda aka kafa tun shekarun 1960. Ana kan gudanar da ayyuka, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa, don gyara wannan tsarin wayoyi da inganta tsarin a sauran sassan ƙasar. A cikin dogon lokaci, wani layi ta Ruwanda, Uganda, da Kenya, zai kai ga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), wanda yakamata ya samar da 200 MW. Hakanan, wani layi daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi III zai iya samar da 26 MW ga Burundi a cikin shekarar 2028. Wani aikin kuma zai samo 200 MW daga madatsar ruwa da ake gina wa a Tanzaniya.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|25em}} == Majiyoyi == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |url=https://indundiculture.com/burundi-regideso-le-probleme-de-manque-deau-sera-resolu-dans-une-semaine/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d'eau sera résolu dans une semaine |date=29 June 2016 |work=IndundiCulture Radio |ref={{harvid|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} }} * {{citation |url=https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Historique de la REGIDESO |publisher=REGIDESO |ref={{harvid|Historique de la REGIDESO}} |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811143759/https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvX_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |accessdate=2024-08-11 |title=Burundi Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations |author=IBP |date=3 March 2008|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4330-7118-8 }} * {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/coupures-repetitives-delectricite-la-regideso-donne-toujours-des-raisons-desperer/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |last=Kwizera |first=Emery |title=Coupures répétitives d'électricité : La Regideso gives always reasons to hope |date=16 January 2024 |work=Iwacu |language=fr}} * {{citation |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219901468238758990/pdf/516570PAD0P107101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |accessdate=2024-10-22 |title=Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million to the Republic of Burundi for a financial and private sector development project |date=25 November 2009 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.esoko.bi/akazi/business/info/regideso/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |title=Régie de Production et de Distribution d'eau et d'électricité |publisher=Esoko |ref={{harvid|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.yaga-burundi.com/regideso-gouvernement-qui-dit-vrai/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr |last=Rugira |first=Aimé|date=18 February 2021 |title=Regideso vs Gouvernement : qui dit vrai ? |work=yaga-burundi}} {{refend}} == Ƙarin karatu == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/517851468017390166/pdf/BURUNDI0EE0PID000Appraisal00final.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-11 |title=AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/enquete-sur-leau-de-la-regideso-alimentation-en-eau-potable-un-secteur-presque-oublie/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |last=Manirakiza |first=Fabrice |date=23 February 2024 |title=Enquête sur l'eau de la Regideso/Alimentation en eau potable : Un secteur presque oublié |work=Iwacu}} {{refend}} 2me7s0pgjxts6bu5mqmjz3a6gw8j45y 0 157386 880015 864434 2026-07-10T07:46:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Namibiya]] ƙasa ce mai bushewa wadda take yawan fuskantar matsalar fari. Manyan koguna suna gudana ne kawai a kan iyakokinta na arewa da kudu, amma suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin da jama'a ke zaune. Haka kuma suna da nisa da mahakan ma'adanai na ƙasar, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Domin fuskantar wannan ƙalubale, ƙasar ta gina madatsun ruwa domin tareshe gudanar ruwa daga kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral rivers), ta gina manyan bututu na jigilar ruwa zuwa nisa mai nisa, ta samar da dabarun sake amfani da ruwan sha a babban birninta Windhoek da ke tsakiyar Namibia, kuma ta gina babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka domin samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da birnin Swakopmund. Wani babban shiri na kawo ruwa daga Kogin Okavango da ke Arewa zuwa Windhoek, wato Eastern National Water Carrier, an kammala shi ne kawai a wani sashi a lokacin shekarun 1980. Mafi yawancin mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha, amma samun ruwa yana baya-baya a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, inganta tsaftar muhalli (sanitation) ma yana baya sosai idan aka kwatanta da samun ruwan sha. Hukumar NamWater ce ta mallaki mafi yawancin manyan kayan aikin samar da ruwa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke aiki a kan tsarin kasuwanci. Tana sayar da ruwa ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai, da kuma hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda su kuma suke sayar da shi ga mazauna birane da kamfanoni. ==Albarkatun Ruwa == [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mafi yawancin kasar Namibia babban hamada ce da kuma tsaunuka masu bushewa.]] Yanayin kasar Namibia yana da zafi da bushewa tare da samun ruwan sama maras tabbas a lokutan damina biyu a lokacin rani. A cikin Afirka, yanayinta yana biye da na hamadar Sahara ne kawai wajen bushewa. Namibia tana raba manyan koguna da yawa da sauran ƙasashe, kamar Kogin Orange a Kudu, wanda take rabawa da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kogunan Zambezi da Okavango a Arewa, waɗanda take rabawa da Angola, Zambia, da Botswana. Amma waɗannan koguna suna da nisa sosai da cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma kuɗin janyo ruwa daga gare su don ruwan sha yana da tsada sosai. Kogin Cunene ne kawai, wanda ake rabawa da Angola, yake samar da ruwan sha ga yankuna huɗu na Arewa a Namibia. Jimillar matsakaicin "ruwa mai aminci" da za a iya samu daga albarkatun ruwan Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 660 a kowace shekara ($660 \text{ million m}^3/\text{year}$), wanda aka raba shi kamar haka: ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa miliyan 300, kogunan lokaci-lokaci miliyan 200, kogunan da ba sa kafewa miliyan 150, da kuma sauran hanyoyin zamani kamar ruwan datti da aka tace miliyan 10.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm |publisher=FAO |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2005 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa bai kafu daidai ba a fadin yankin Namibia, wanda hakan ya sa ginin bututun ruwa ya zama dole domin amfana da shi. Musamman ma yankin da ke gabar teku kusan ba shi da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sam. Ruwan sama da ke shiga ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna yana da ƙaranci kuma ba shi da tabbas, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da zurfi sosai kuma wani lokacin ba shi da kyau. Wasu yankunan kuma suna da kyau, suna zaune ne a kan manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) masu albarka waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa fiye da yadda manoma da al'ummomi ke buƙata a halin yanzu. Ƙananan idanun ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar suna rayawa namun daji, mutane, da dabbobi. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, an haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse fiye da 100,000 a Namibia. Rabinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, masana kimiyyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun gano wani katoton rariyar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifer) a Arewacin Namibia wanda zai iya samar da ruwa ga yankin, inda kashi 40% na al'ummar ƙasar ke zaune, har na tsawon shekaru 400. Wannan madatsar ruwa, da ake kira Ohangwena II, tana ɗauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 5 na ruwa wanda shekarunsa sun kai mazaunin 10,000. Madatsar tana da zurfin mita 300 kuma tana da matsin lamba, ta yadda za a iya famfo ruwanta a kan farashi mai sauƙi. Sai dai wani gishirin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana zaune a saman ruwan mai daɗi, don haka dole ne a yi hakar a tsanake don guje wa haɗuwar gishiri da ruwan daɗi. Madatsar tana samun ruwa daga Angola a Arewa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa, a lokacin da yanayi yake daidai, yawan fitar da ruwa ya zama daidai da adadin da ke shigowa daga Arewa domin gudanar da madatsar ruwan cikin dorewa. Duk da haka, a lokacin dogon fari da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa, za a iya amfani da ruwan madatsar sosai a matsayin garkuwa mai mahimmanci ga fari.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt McGrath |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385 |publisher=BBC News Science and Environment |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer |publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu yankunan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da ɗan gishiri (brackish). A yankin Omusati da ke Arewacin Namibia, an girka ƙananan masana'antu huɗu na tace ruwan gishiri a shekarar 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin bincike na Jamus da Namibia mai suna CuveWaters. Masana'antun suna amfani da makamashin rana (solar energy) kuma suna samar da tsakanin mita cubic 0.5 zuwa 3.3 na ruwan sha mai kyau a kowace rana, wanda ya isa ya biya bukatun yau da kullum na mutane tsakanin 10 zuwa 66. A kan Yuro 15 ga kowace mita cubic, farashin tace ruwan gishiri a waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu yana da tsada sosai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundwater Desalination |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034126/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tace ruwan teku (domin ya zama ruwan sha) === [[File:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwa ta Hardap Dam a kan kogin lokaci-lokaci na Fish River a Kudancin Namibia ita ce mafi girma a kasar.]] Mafi yawancin kogunan lokaci-lokaci (ephemeral) na cikin kasar Namibia ana gina musu madatsun ruwa, kuma a cewar FAO, suna samar da tabbacin ruwa na kashi 95% mai yawan mita cubic miliyan 96 a kowace shekara, bisa bayanan ruwan sama na tarihi. Waɗannan madatsun suna da ƙarancin ruwa mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da girman jimlarsu, saboda rashin daidaiton gudanar ruwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma asarar ruwa ta hanyar dumi (evaporation). Saboda haka, kusan rabin ruwan kogunan lokaci-lokaci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi. Akwai rarar ruwa a wasu madatsun, misali a Oanob Dam, Hardap Dam, Naute Dam, da Friedenau Dam.{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=10}} Wannan rarar ruwa ba za a iya amfani da ita ba saboda nisan wuraren madatsun da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar mutanen yankin. Namibia tana fuskantar fari akai-akai, inda na kwanan nan ya afkawa ƙasar a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of drought emergency extended |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796 |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Namibia 124.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kogin Cunene, da ake gani a nan a wurin Ruacana Falls a kan iyakar Namibia da Angola, wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun ruwa ce ga Arewacin Namibia.]] Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a Namibia daga kogunan da ba sa kafewa (perennial rivers) ya yi daidai da ƙarancin rabon da Namibia ke da shi a kogunan iyakokinta. Haƙiƙanin ruwan da aka ɗiba tun daga shekarar 1999 (bayanai na baya-bayan nan da ake da su) sun kai miliyan 23 daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana, miliyan 49 daga Kogin Orange a Noordoewer, miliyan 22 daga Kogin Okavango (wanda ke ratsa Namibia ta yankin Caprivi Strip) a Rundu, da miliyan 7 daga Kogin Zambezi. Namibia tana da yarjejeniyoyi da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu game da raba kogunan Cunene da Orange. Rabon ruwa daga Kogin Cunene mita cubic miliyan 180 ne, wanda hakan ya ninka adadin da ake ɗiba a halin yanzu nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="Namibia Water Report" />{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=11}} === Samar da abinci da ruwan sama === A Arewacin Namibia ruwan sama yana da ɗan yawa, amma yana faɗuwa ne kawai a lokacin damina, yana ƙirƙirar tafunnan halitta na ɗan lokaci da ake kira Oshanas. A lokacin kololuwar damina, ruwan waɗannan tafunnan yana da tsabta da inganci. A cikin wani shirin gwaji na shirin bincike na CuveWaters, a mace-macen ƙauyen Lipopo da ke kudancin yankin Oshana, an famfo ruwa daga Oshana zuwa tankin ajiya don amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa na kayan lambu a lokacin rani ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa na diga (drip irrigation). Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin gidan greenhouse da kuma rufin da ke kare tafunnan ajiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floodwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034121/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani ƙauyen kuma, Epyeshona kusa da Oshakati, ruwan sama ne kawai ake tattarawa, ko dai na mutum ɗaya daga rufin gidaje, ko na dukkan al'umma daga wani shafi na kankare a ƙasa da aka gina musamman don tattara ruwan sama. A duka biyun, ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu lokacin rani, ko dai a buɗaddiyar gona ko a gidan greenhouse na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |publisher=CuveWater |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621032443/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ruwan saman ƙasa === Babban kamfanin tace ruwan teku na farko a yankin Saharar Afirka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/1914/NAMIBIA-First-sub-Saharan-sea-water-desalination-plant |title=NAMIBIA: First sub-Saharan sea water desalination plant |date=12 September 2000 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hannun kamfanin Areva a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2010. Kamfanin Erongo yana kusa da Wlotzkasbaken, kilomita 30 arewa da Swakopmund. Matsakar ƙarfinsa ita ce miliyan 20 mita cubic a kowace shekara<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=66901&no_cache=1 |title=First desalination plant inaugurated |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=19 April 2010 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> amma da farko zai samar da miliyan 13 mita cubic. Babban dalilin gina shi shi ne samar da ruwa ga mahakar uranium da ke Trekkopje, wadda ke da nisan kilomita 48 a cikin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=61189&no_cache=1 |title=Desalination plant comes to life |last=Hartman |first=Adam |date=29 October 2009 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> Sai dai mahakar Trekkopje ba ta taɓa buɗewa ba saboda tsayuwar faɗuwar farashin uranium, don haka kamfanin yana da kwangilar sayar da ruwa ga hukumar samar da ruwa ta gwamnati NamWater kuma yana samar da wani ɓangare na buƙatun ruwa na birnin Swakopmund. A lokacin rariyar fari ta shekarar 2016, Areva ta yi tayin sayar da kamfaninta ga gwamnatin Namibia a kan dala miliyan 200.<ref name="OOSKA Drought" /> === Sake amfani da ruwa === Ana aiwatar da sake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a Namibia a yankunan birane da yawa kamar Swakopmund, Walvis Bay, Tsumeb, Otjiwarongo, Ngandjera, Mariental, Oranjemund, da Windhoek. A mafi yawan wurare, ana amfani da ruwan ne don ban ruwa. A Windhoek, ana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi har don ruwan sha. Windhoek tana amfani da ruwan da aka dawo da shi tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kusan kashi 30% na ruwan sha na mazauna birnin guda 400,000 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi ruwan datti ne da aka tace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Windhoek has been producing drinking water from its wastewater for 50 years |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-recycling-wastewater-windhoek-namibia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Veolia |date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years. |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The World from PRX |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195726/https://theworld.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-big-deal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Misali bayyananne na sake amfani da ruwan kai tsaye don sha shi ne yanayin Windhoek (Namibia, New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP)), inda aka gauraya ruwan datti da aka tace da ruwan sha sama da shekaru 45. Wannan ya ginu ne a kan tsarin matakai da yawa na tacewa (wato pre-ozonation, ingantaccen coagulation/dissolved air flotation/rapid sand filtration, sannan kuma ozone, biological activated carbon/granular activated carbon, ultrafiltration (UF), da sanya sinadarin chlorine) domin rage haɗari da inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Van Buynder |first2=Paul |last3=Lugg |first3=Richard |last4=Blair |first4=Palenque |last5=Devine |first5=Brian |last6=Cook |first6=Angus |last7=Weinstein |first7=Philip |date=17 March 2009 |title=Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1174–1203 |doi=10.3390/ijerph6031174 |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clemencia |pmc=2672392 |pmid=19440440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Michael |first2=C. |last3=Duan |first3=X. |last4=He |first4=X. |last5=Dionysiou |first5=D.D. |last6=Mills |first6=M.A. |last7=Fatta-Kassinos |first7=D. |date=June 2015 |title=Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications |journal=Water Research |volume=77 |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 |last1=Michael-Kordatou |first1=I. |pmid=25917290 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5070331}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1968, babban birnin Namibia, Windhoek, yake amfani da ruwan datti da aka tace a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyin samun ruwan sha,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726SCwAAQBAJ&q=Water+reuse+in+Windhoek%2C+Namibia%3A+37+years+and+still+the+only+case+of+direct+water+reuse+for+human+consumption&pg=PA424 |title=Water and Health - Volume II |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=978-1-84826-183-9 |language=en |last1=Grabow |first1=W. O. K. |date=26 May 2009}}</ref> wanda a yau yake wakiltar kusan kashi 14% na samar da ruwan sha na birnin.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Treatment of wastewater for re-use in the drinking water system of Windhoek |url=http://www.wastewater.co.za/images/files/Treatment_of_wastewater_for_Drinking_Water_in_Windhoek_J_Menge.pdf |last1=Menge |first1=J. |date=January 2010}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, birnin Windhoek ya gina New Goreangab Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) kuma ta fara bayar da ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 (kusan mita cubic 21,000 na ruwa kowace rana).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/150138.pdf |title=Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Akwai kuma wani shirin gwaji na ƙaramin sashi na sake amfani da ruwan datti a yankunan karkara a Outapi da ke Arewacin Namibia a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken CuveWaters. Ana tattara ruwan datti na mutane 1,500 ta amfani da vacuum sewers kuma ana tace shi ta yadda za a fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta (pathogens), amma sinadirai masu gina jiki suna raguwa sosai a cikin ruwan. Fasahar tana da ɗan rikitarwa ga yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa, tana amfani da upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion sannan kuma sai a yi amfani da rotating biological contactor, microsieve, da kuma tsaftace ruwan ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet (ultraviolet disinfection). Bayan haka ana amfani da ruwan don ban ruwa na kayan lambu na kasuwar gida. An horar da mambobin al'umma kan yadda za su sarrafa kayan aikin, kuma an fitar da tsarin biyan kuɗi don dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanar da kamfanin daga masu amfani da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanitation and Water Reuse |url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |publisher=CuveWaters |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621032513/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Sanitation-and-Water-Reuse.79.0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amfani da ruwa da samu damar shi=== [[File:Mandume Ndemufayo Street Ongwediva 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Hasumiyar ruwa a garin Ongwediva a Arewacin Namibia.]] Jimillar amfani da ruwa a Namibia an kiyasta shi a matakin mita cubic miliyan 300 a shekarar 2000. Sassan gudanarwa na birane gami da yawon buɗe ido da masana'antu sun yi amfani da miliyan 73 (kashi 24 cikin ɗari), yayin da mafi yawancin amfani da ruwan na fannin noma ne da kiwon dabbobi. Miliyan 13 ne kawai (kashi 4 cikin ɗari) aka yi amfani da shi a hakar ma'adanai a lokacin,{{sfn|Puz|2000|p=15}} kodayake wannan adadin ya ƙaru saboda haɓakar hakar ma'adanai – musamman hakar uranium – bayan shekarar 2000. Hakar ma'adanai a Namibia yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da sarrafa ma'adanai, sarrafa ƙura, jigilar laka (slurry), da kuma amfanin yau da kullum na ma'aikata. Hakar uranium yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da alkali heap leaching. Misali, mahakar Trekkopje da ke hamadar Namib tana amfani da mita cubic miliyan 14 a kowace shekara na ruwa mai inganci wanda dole ne ya kasance ba shi da gishiri ko kaɗan. Ruwan gishiri da ake ɗibowa ta hanyar rijiyoyin gida ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ƙura, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ruwan datti ana tace su kuma a sake amfani da su, ta yadda za a rage buƙatar ruwa. Ana samun buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi daga Erongo Desalination Plant wanda kuma ke samarwa al'ummomin da ke maƙwabtaka ruwa. Tunda tsawon rayuwar kamfanin (shekaru 30) ya fi tsawon rayuwar mahakar ma'adanar (shekaru 12), tun lokacin da aka tsara gina shi an yi tsammanin cewa NamWater ce za ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar da shi bayan rufe mahakar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia |url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Samar da ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Windhoek=== [[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bendin Von Bach yana samar da ruwan sha ga Windhoek da wasu wurare a tsakiyar Namibiya.]] [[File:Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Hoton sama na Bendin Goreangab]] Ana samar da ruwa ga Windhoek daga hanyoyi uku daban-daban. A shekarar 2006, kimanin miliyan 17 m^³ na bukatar ruwan an cika ta daga benduna a kusa da Windhoek, kamar Bendin Von Bach, miliyan 5.4 m^³ daga Masana’antar Tace Ruwan Goreangab, sannan tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 m^³ daga rijiyoyin burtsatse. Birnin ya kiyasta amfani da ruwa na kowanne mutum a rana (ciki har da masana’antu, kasuwanci da yawon bude ido) a lita 200, wanda ya fi na Turai kadan. Bincike kan amfani da ruwa a gidaje kadai ya kiyasta shi a lita 163 a kowanne mutum a rana a shekarar 2010, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin unguwanni. Misali, a unguwannin masu kuɗi a kudu maso gabas, amfani ya kai lita 306, yayin da a unguwannin marasa tsari a arewa ya kasance lita 27 kawai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. Uhlendahl |author2=D. Ziegelmayer |author3=A. Wienecke |author4=M. L. Mawisa |author5=Piet du Pisani |title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia |url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content |publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography |access-date=11 June 2016 |pages=16–18 |date=2010}}</ref> A lokacin matsanancin fari na shekarar 2015/16, masu amfani da ruwa a tsakiyar Namibiya an tilasta musu rage amfani da ruwa har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. A watan Afrilu 2016, birnin Windhoek ya ƙaddamar da manufofin “Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage”, inda za a yanke ko kuma a ci tarar duk wanda ya yi amfani da ruwan sha wajen shayar da lambu ko wanke motoci. Bendin Swakoppoort, Bendin Von Bach da Bendin Omatako, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga yankin, sun cika ne kawai da kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ƙarfin su. A watan Mayu, Kamfanin Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling ya dakatar da samarwa saboda matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{cite web |title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President |url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |publisher=OOSKA News |access-date=9 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president171781 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nauyin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli a Namibia. A cikin Ma'aikatar, Sashen Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Sashen Daidaita Ruwan Karkara da Tsaftace Muhalli ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia Water Corporation Ltd |url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225829/http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> NamWater kamfani ne na gwamnati mai samar da ruwa da yawa wanda ke kula da madatsun ruwa, pipelines (hanyoyin bututun ruwa) da masana'antar tace ruwa a fadin kasar. An kafa shi a shekarar 1997, yana samarwa da sayar da ruwa ga mahakar ma'adinai, gami da hukumomin gundumomi wadanda su kuma suke rarrabawa da sayar da ruwan ga gidaje, kasuwanci da ofisoshi a yankunan da suke yi wa hidima.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=66}} A yankunan karkara, Hukumar Samar da Ruwan Karkara ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Gandun Daji ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. == Kayan Aiki == NamWater tana kula da madatsun ruwa 16, hanyoyin rarraba ruwa 14 (wadanda ake kira "hanyoyin sadarwar samar da ruwa") da masana'antar tace ruwa 16. Hanyoyin rarraba ruwan sune kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Supply Networks |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Suna !! Manfata !! Tsawo (km) !! Karfin aiki m³/h !! Shekarar farawa |- | Tsarin Berg Aukas-Grootfontein || Canja wurin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Mahakar Berg Aukas da ke Gundumar Grootfontein zuwa Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas domin samarwa ga Tsakiyar Yankunan Namibia a lokutan karancin ruwa. || 18 || 720 || 1998 |- | Tsarin Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar Skorpion da garin Rosh Pinah. || 42 || 870 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Koichab Pan-Lüderitz || Samar da ruwan sha daga Koichab Aquifer zuwa Lüderitz. || 120 || 200 || 2002 |- | Tsarin Naute-Keetmanshoop || Samar da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop a Kudancin Namibia da ruwan ban ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa na Naute da ke kasa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Naute. || 44 || 400 || 1972 |- | Tsarin Omatako-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Omatako zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach. || 94 || 720 || 1984 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich || Samar da ruwan sha ga Mahakar Langer Heinrich, wato mahakar sinadarin uranium. || 82 || 205 || 2006 |- | Tsarin Swakoppoort-Von Bach || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach don samarwa yankin Windhoek, tare da zabin tura ruwan ta hanyar karfin maganadisu (gravity flow) daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Swakoppoort. || 54 || 1450 || 1979/2004 |- | Hanyar Calueque–Oshakati || Canja wurin danyen ruwa daga Kogin Cunene a Ruacana da ke kan iyakar Angola ta hanyar Ogongo zuwa masana'antar tace ruwa ta Oshakati don bukatun ruwan sha, dabbobi da ban ruwa. Bututun ya lalace a shekarar 1988 lokacin yakin Angola da Afirka ta Kudu. || 150 || b.u. || 1997 (Hanyar Ogongo-Oshakati) |- | Hanyar Grootfontein-Omatako || Wani babban bangare na Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas wanda ba a kammala ba, kuma a yanzu ba a amfani da shi. || 300 || 7,200 || 1987 |- | Tsarin Kuiseb-Mile7 || Samar da ruwan sha ga Walvis Bay. || 30 || 800 || b.u. |- | Tsarin Omafo-Eenhana || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Omafo zuwa Eenhana. || 48 || 20 || 1995 |- | Tsarin Omdel-Swakopmund || Samar da ruwan sha ga Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis da mahakar uranium na Rössing da Langer Heinrich. || 115 || 685 || 1975 |- | Tsarin Swakopmund-Rössing || Samar da ruwan sha ga mahakar uranium na Arandis & Rössing. || 55 || 1,100 || 1976 |- | Tsarin Von Bach-Windhoek || Canja wurin ruwan sha daga Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Von Bach zuwa Windhoek. || 62 || 2,740 || 1971/1981 |} == Tarihi == [[File:Goreangabdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Madatsar ruwan Goreangab kusa da Windhoek, kallon can kasar nesa da birnin.]] A Windhoek, ruwan karkashin kasa ne kusan kadai tushen ruwa har zuwa shekarar 1958 lokacin da aka gina wata karamar madatsar ruwa a saman kasa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, a can kasa da Windhoek. An kuma gina masana'antar tace ruwa ta gargajiya domin tace ruwan saman kasa daga wannan madatsar ruwa. A shekarar 1960, aka kaddamar da Masana'antar Tace Ruwan Sifata ta Gammams kusa da Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab, tana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a can kasa da madatsar ruwan. Bayan haka, an raba gurbataccen ruwan masana'antu da na gida a masana'antar tace ruwan sifata. Masana'antar da ke tace ruwan gida an inganta ta ta yadda za a iya sake tace ruwanta a cikin masana'antar tace ruwa da ke akwai.<ref name="Pisani" /> An kuma inganta masana'antar tace ruwan, ta yadda za ta iya sake tace gurbataccen ruwan da aka tace a layi guda, tare da layin da ke akwai na danyen ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab. Ta haka ne aka haifi Masana'antar Sake Dawo da Ruwa ta Goreangab a shekarar 1968. An gauraya ruwanta da ruwa daga rijiyoyin birnin kuma aka rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sha ga mazaunan birnin.<ref name="Pisani" /> Lokacin da birnin ya ci gaba da fadada, hukumar gundumar ta fara karbar ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da ke da tazarar kilomita 170 a arewacin Windhoek wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1970. Shirin Jagoran Ruwa na shekarar 1974 ya yi hasashen Babban Hanyar Ruwa na Kasa na Gabas zai samar da ruwa ga tsakiyar yankin Namibia daga Kogin Okavango, kimanin kilomita 750 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar Angola. An fara gina hanyar ruwan a karshen shekarun 1970 a matakai da dama daga Kudu zuwa Arewa, da farko an hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Von Bach da sabuwar madatsar ruwa ta Omatako da ke can Arewa a kan tazarar kilomita 94, sannan aka hada Madatsar Ruwa ta Omataku da Grootfontein a kan tazarar wani kilomita 300. Sai dai kuma, mataki na gaba kuma na karshe na shirin wanda zai hada Grootfontein da Kogin Okavango kusa da Rundu ba a taba gina shi ba. Madatsar Ruwa ta Omatako, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1981, yanzu tana karbar ruwan ambaliya ne kawai kuma mafi yawancin lokuta tana bushewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE OMATAKO DAM – SARTORIUS VON BACH DAM COMPONENTS OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL WATER CARRIER Brochure issued for the opening of the scheme on 4 May 1984. |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=1984 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1990, birnin ya gabatar da tsarin farashin ruwa mai tsauri da shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa wadanda suka rage amfani da ruwa sosai. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane mutumi a gidaje ya ragu daga lita 201 a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 117 a shekarar 1996/97, wani bangare saboda gabatar da harajin fari mai tsada sosai. Lokacin da aka dawo da daidaitaccen farashin ruwa a shekarar 1997/98, amfani da ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 130 ga mutum daya a rana. Jimillar amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum hadda na kasuwanci da masana'antu ya nuna raguwa daga lita 322 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1990/91 zuwa lita 201 ga mutum a rana a shekarar 1997/98. Kamar yadda binciken Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa domin Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ya nuna, an rage amfani da ruwa a duk fannoni, wanda hakan babban rabo ne domin rage amfani da ruwa a gine-ginen gwamnati ba abu ne mai sauki ba. A makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati da lambunan gundumomi, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, an rage amfani da ruwa da kusan kashi 50%. Wadannan tanade-tanade sun dage gina sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa da kusan shekaru 10.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=10–38 |date=1999}}</ref> Amma duk da wadannan tanade-tanade, ana bukatar karin ruwa. Saboda haka, an kusan ninka karfin masana'antar har sau uku a shekarar 2002, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar samar da fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na bukatar ruwan birnin tare da rage wa albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima lodi.<ref name="Pisani" /> [[File:Karte Vorstadt Windhoek-Goreangab.png|thumb|left|Yankin magudanar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Goreangab ya cika da gine-ginen birni sosai, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan taswira.]] Domin dorewar amincewar jama'a, ana sanya idanu kan ingancin ruwa a Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Goreangab a kai-a kai bayan kowane mataki na tacewa. Idan aka samu wata matsala ta inganci, masana'antar tana komawa tsarin sake tace ruwan (recycle mode) kuma ba a rarraba ruwan. A cewar Pisani "Mazauna Windhoek cikin lokaci sun saba da ra'ayin cewa sake amfani da ruwan sha yana cikin tsarin samar musu da ruwa. A gaskiya ma, sun girma suna alfahari da cewa birninsu a fannoni da dama yana gaba da duniya wajen sake dawo da ruwa kai tsaye."<ref name="Pisani">{{cite web |author=Petrus L. Du Pisani |title=Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant |url=http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |publisher=Arid Lands Newsletter No.56 |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=November–December 2004 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065428/http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tallafa wa inganta masana'antar ne wani bangare ta hanyar Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) da Jamus ta hanyar bankin ci gaba na KfW. A cikin kimantawarta ta baya kan aikin, KfW ta lura cewa masana'antar ta fuskanci matsalolin fasaha na gaske da rufewa na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai da ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. KfW ta lura cewa a cikin tsarin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin hadin gwiwa, ya kamata a yi fiye da haka don rage amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutumi a Windhoek da kuma kare Madatsar Ruwa ta Goreangab daga gurbataccen ruwa, misali ta hanyar kafa shiyyar kariya mai takaita ayyuka a kewayen madatsar ruwan. Ta kuma lura cewa masana'antar ta cimma burinta na rage lodi a kan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex Post-Evaluierung: Kurzbericht Namibia: Abwasserrückgewinnung Windhoek |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-L-P/Namibia_Abwasser_Windhoe_2011.pdf |publisher=KfW |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=2011}}</ref> == Fannonin kudi == Namibia tana kashe kusan kashi 3% na Jimillar Abubuwan da Kasar ke Fitarwa (Gross Domestic Product) wajen gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin ruwanta. Wannan shi ne mafi girman kaso a tsakanin daukacin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|p=56}} Ga kowane mutum, Namibia tana kashe kusan dala 80 na Amurka (US$) duk shekara wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, yayin da sauran kasashe a yankin ke kashe tsakanin dala 1 zuwa 10 na Amurka. Samar da hanyar samun ruwan kamfani a Namibia yana cin kudin dalar Amurka 4,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaici.{{sfn|Banerjee|Skilling|Foster|Briceño-Garmendia|2009|pp=60-61}} === Samar da Kudi === Babban kaso na wadannan kudade kamfanin NamWater ne ke daukar nauyinsa. NamWater yana mika kudaden ayyukansa gaba daya ga abokan cinikinsa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, wasu abokan ciniki sun gaza biyan kudaden ruwansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin kyawun gudanar da kudi. Sai dai kuma, tun daga shekarar 2003 kamfanin ya gyaru ta fannin kudi, har ma da rage kudaden da ake kashewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Plan |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616192722/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau NamWater yana samarwa kansa kudi mafi yawancin lokuta ta hanyar takardun kudi (notes) da ake bayarwa a kasuwar hannun jari ta Namibia. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kudin ruwa da aka biya a kan takardun kudi na shekaru biyar da aka bayar a daidai wannan shekarar ya kai kashi 9.05 cikin dari kuma kamfanin yana da darajar BBB daga hukumar tantancewa ta Fitch.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fitch Ratings |title=FITCH RATES NAMWATER'S NAD200M SENIOR UNSECURED BONDS 'BBB' |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |publisher=NamWater |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616202829/http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/bond/Fitch%20NamWater%202015%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Farashin Ruwa === Farashin ruwa a Namibia yana cikin mafi tsada a Afirka. Sashe na farko na farashin ruwan gidaje a Windhoek yana cin kudin N$13.86 (USD 0.92) a kowace mita mai siffar daki (cubic metre) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namibia: Windhoek Faces 10 Percent Water Increase |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606080132.html |newspaper=Namibian |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Farashin ruwan ya hada da tsayayyen kudin kowane wata na N$74.43 (USD 5) wanda bai danganta da yawan amfani da ruwa ba. Sashe na farko na amfani da ruwa ya hada da amfanin yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane gida a rana, adadin da yake da yawa ga kananan gidaje amma yana iya yin kadan ga manyan gidaje.Amfani da ruwa mafi girma ana cajinsa ne a farashi mafi tsada wanda ya kasance N$20.93 a kowace mita mai siffar daki (USD 1.40) a shekarar 2015. Hukumar gundumar tana lissafa kudin ruwa tare da na wutar lantarki, kwashe shara da harajin dukiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Windhoek: Understand your statement |url=http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224052638/http://www.cityofwindhoek.org.na/documents/145_cow_-_001498_-_df_-_understand_your_statement_-_pt1_final_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazauna matsugunai na wucin gadi suna samun ruwa ne ta hanyar famfunan gwamnati na bai-daya wadanda ke sanye da mita mai biyan kudi tukunna (prepaid water meters). Abokan ciniki masu amfani da prepaid suna biyan kusan dalar Amurka 1.9 ga kowace kilolita (mita mai siffar daki), ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 0.038 ga kowace jidda mai lita 20. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Chris Heymans |author2=Kathy Eales |author3=Richard Franceys |title=Prepaid Water in Windhoek: Case Study, in: The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa:Lessons from the Field |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |publisher=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank |access-date=11 June 2016 |date=August 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726014644/http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Windhoek-Africa-Prepaid-Water-Case-Study-2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farashin ruwa a sauran hukumomin gundumomi ya bambanta. Wadancan gundumomi da ke karbar ruwa mai yawa daga NamWater, wanda ya hada da dukkan manyan gundumomi, dole ne su dawo da kudaden samar da ruwa mai yawa tare da kudin rarraba ruwa ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar su na kansu. Kadan daga cikin kananan gundumomi da ke da nasu tushen ruwa ba sa karkashin wannan takaitawa. Misali, hukumar gundumar Oranjemund tana ba da ruwa ne kyauta don haka tana da mafi girman amfani da ruwa a kasar da ke da mamaki kwarai da lita 2,667 ga mutum daya a rana. Farashin ruwa mai yawa da NamWater ke cajinsa ya bambanta kadan a fadin kasar dangane da kudin samar da shi ga takamaiman wuri, amma wadannan bambance-bambance ba a mika su gaba daya ga gundumomi ba. Don haka NamWater yana tallafawa yankunan da ke da tsadar samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da rarar kudaden da aka samu daga yankunan da ke da karancin tsadar samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben van der Merwe |title=WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT COUNTRY STUDY NAMIBIA |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/WATER%20DEMAND%20MANAGEMENT_Report%20to%20IUCN.pdf |publisher=IUCN |access-date=12 June 2016 |pages=3–37 |date=1999}}</ref> ==Tsabtace Muhalli== Idan aka kwatanta da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen inganta samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, Namibiya tana baya wajen samar da isasshen tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="UN2011" /> Wannan ya haɗa da makarantu 298 da ba su da wuraren bayan gida.<ref name="N2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&pagetype=storydetail&category_id=1 |title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open |last=Tjihenuna |first=Theresia |date=2 April 2014 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Sama da kashi 50% na mutuwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, ko tsafta; kashi 23% na mutuwar yara daga gudawa ne kawai. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akwai “rikicin tsabtace muhalli” a ƙasar.<ref name="RedAlert" /> [[File:Agglomeration um den Goreangab Damm.jpg|thumb|Unguwar talakawa kusa da Bendin Goreangab]] Banda gidajen masu kuɗi da matsakaita, tsabtace muhalli bai wadatu ba a yawancin unguwanni. Bayan-gidan da ake amfani da ruwa (flush toilets) suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin mazauna unguwannin talakawa saboda yawan ruwan da suke bukata da kuma kuɗin shigarwa. Sakamakon haka, samun tsabtace muhalli mai inganci bai ƙaru sosai ba tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai: A yankunan karkara na Namibiya a shekarar 2008, kashi 13% na al’umma ne kawai ke da tsabtace muhalli fiye da na asali, daga kashi 8% a 1990. Yawancin mazauna Namibiya suna amfani da “bayan-gidan tashi” (flying toilets), wato jakunkunan roba da ake yin bayan gida a ciki sannan a jefa su cikin daji.<ref name="N2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&txttnews%5Bttnews%5D=42630&nocache=1 |title=Namibia is lagging behind on sanitation |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Namibian}}</ref> Yin amfani da fili kusa da gidaje wajen yin fitsari da bayan gida abu ne gama gari,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deffner |first1=Jutta |last2=Mazambani |first2=Clarence |title=Participatory empirical research on water and sanitation demand in central northern Namibia: A method for technology development with a user perspective |url=http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7deffner.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322212906/http://www.drfn.info/docs/water/cuve7_deffner.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |publisher=Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), CuveWaters Papers No. 7 |access-date=18 June 2016 |date=September 2010 |page=17}}</ref> kuma an gano shi a matsayin babban barazana ga lafiya.<ref name="N2014" /> Manufar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Ƙasa 2010-15 ta kiyasta cewa za a kashe N$1.64&nbsp;biliyan a cikin shekaru biyar domin cimma burin wannan tsari ta hanyar aiwatar da shirin guda 186. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba zai yiwu gwamnati ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namibia: National Sanitation Strategy 2010/11-2014/15 |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |publisher=Republic of Namibia: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205006/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/nat-sanitation-strategy-0910.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta== {{reflist}} Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a shekarar 2011 cewa Namibia ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwar samun ruwa sosai tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma, a yankunan karkara samun ruwa wani lokacin yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan da ke tsakanin gidaje da wuraren janyen ruwa.<ref name="UN2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?Cr1=&NewsID=39000&Cr=sanitaition |title=Independent UN expert urges Namibia to expand access to sanitation services |date=11 July 2011 |work=UN News Centre |publisher=[[United Nations]] News service}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, yawancin 'yan Namibia sun gwammace amfani dc606sred8m97pkoa2jyc67ifv5vwcw 0 157399 880016 864440 2026-07-10T07:49:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Tunisiya]] ta sami mafi girman adadin wadatar [[water supply|samar da ruwa]] da ayyukan [[sanitation|tsaftace muhalli]] a tsakanin yankunansu na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA). Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, samun ingantaccen ruwan sha ya kusan mamaye ko'ina inda ya kai kusan 100% a yankunan birane da kuma 90% a yankunan karkara.<ref name="JMP"/> Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Hakin kula da tsarin samar da ruwa a yankunan birane da manyan cibiyoyin karkara yana karkashin hukumar ''Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux'' (SONEDE), wata hukumar samar da ruwa ta kasa wacce take a matsayin madattai mai zaman kanta a karkashin Ma'aikatar Noma. Shirye-shirye, tsarawa, da sanya ido kan kananan da matsakaitan tsarin samar da ruwa a sauran yankunan karkara sassan aiki ne na ''Direction Générale du Génie Rurale'' (DGGR). A shekarar 1974, aka kafa hukumar ONAS domin gudanar da sashen tsaftace muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ONAS ta sami matsayin babban mai gudanarwa na kariya ga muhallin ruwa da yaki da gurbata yanayi. Adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga]] shi ne mafi kankanta a yankin da kashi 21% a shekarar 2012.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Samun Dama == A shekarar 2015, kashi 98% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun "ingantaccen ruwa", wato 100% na mutanen birni da kuma 93% na mutanen karkara. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar 2015, akwai mutane dubu 253 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli kuwa, a shekarar 2015, kashi 92% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli; kashi 98% a birane da kashi 80% a karkara. Jimillar mutanen da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2015 sun kai kusan mutane dubu 944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Sanya Ido na [[WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa, kashi 96% na al'ummar Tunisia suna da damar samun [[improved water source|ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] sannan kashi 90% suna da [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]] a shekarar 2004. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2011, samun damar ruwa ya karu daga 81% zuwa 96%, yayin da samun damar tsaftace muhalli ya karu daga 75% zuwa 90%.<ref name="JMP" /> Tunisia ta samu mafi girman adadin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a tsakanin [[MENA|kasashen MENA]] ta hanyar ingantacciyar manufar gina abubuwan more rayuwa. Kashi 96% na mazauna birane da kashi 52% na mazauna karkara riga suna da damar samun [[improved sanitation|ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli]]. Zuwa karshen shekarar 2006, an yi tsammanin samun amfanin ruwan sha mai tsafta zai kusan game ko'ina (ya kusanci 100% a birane da kashi 90% a karkara).<ref name="JMP"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaba da Hadin Gwiwa ta Kasa da Kasa ta Tunisia, a shekarar 2006 kashi 92.6% na al'ummar kasar suna da damar samun ruwan sha kai tsaye a gidajensu.<ref>[http://www.tunisiaonline.com/society/index.html Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006]</ref> == Ingancin aiki == === Dorewar samar da ruwa === [[Tunis]], babban birnin kasar Tunisia, yana da ikon samar da ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 24 tare da samar da lita 110 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.<ref>Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank</ref> Dorewar samar da ruwan yana da kyau kwarai da gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen yankin, domin yana tabbatar da samun ruwa mai inganci a tsawon shekara kuma yana da mafi karancin adadin [[non-revenue water|ruwan da ke batewa ba tare da kawo kudin shiga ba]] a yankin.<ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === Tunisia tana samar da ruwan sha mai inganci a tsawon shekara.<ref name="PSP"/> Ingancin ruwan da SONEDE da GBRE/ACI ke samarwa a yankunan karkara ya banbanta dangane da yanayin gida.<ref name="welfare">Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI)</ref> Ana sanya ido kan ingancin ruwan sha tun daga lokacin tacewa har zuwa rarrabawa ta fuskar kwayoyin cuta (bacteriological) da sinadarai (physico-chemical). Hukumar rarraba ruwa ta kasa (SONEDE) da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin sanya idon.<ref name="PSP"/> === Ayyukan magudanar ruwa === Adadin layukan da aka hade da tsarin magudanar ruwan kazanta (sewerage network) a biranen Tunisia ya karu daga 20.6% a shekarar 1975 zuwa 35.9% a shekarar 1987, kuma ya sake yin sama har ya kai 81.6% a shekarar 2007.<ref name="contribution">Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”</ref> === Sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa === {{Update|date=March 2018}} Tun daga shekarar 1960, Tunisia ta tsunduma cikin bincike kan [[Reclaimed water|sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa bayan an tace shi]]. A halin yanzu, filaye masu girman {{convert|7000|ha}}, wadanda aka shuka yawancinsu da [[orchards|itatuwan 'ya'yan itace]] da abincin [[livestock|dabbobi]], suna amfani da taccen ruwan don [[irrigation|noman ban-ruwa]] daidai da dokar kasa.<ref name="WIT"/> Adadin masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa ya karu a hankali a cikin shekaru guda da suka gabata, kuma an yi tsammanin zai kai 83 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="treated"/> A halin yanzu, masana'antun sarrafa [[wastewater|gurbataccen ruwa]] 61 ne ke aiki tare da layin magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|9650|km|mi|abbr=on}} wanda ke tattara mita cubic miliyan 178 (hm³) na gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="MAT">Ministry of Agriculture of Tunisia, 1998</ref> Mafi girman masana'antar sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa tana nan a Choutrana tare da ikon sarrafa mita cubic 120,000 kowace rana.<ref name="reuse">[[Akissa Bahri]], National Institute for Research on Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/03/35/PDF/Bahri.pdf Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects], Actes de l’atelier du PCSI, Montpellier, France, 28-29 mai 2002, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == ===Ruwa mai dadi=== Adadin dukkan ruwa mai dadi da za a iya amfani da shi a shekara a Tunisia ya kai kusan 4670 hm³, inda kusan kashi 57% (2700 hm³) yana a matsayin [[surface water|ruwan saman kasa]] sauran kashi 43% (1970 hm³) kuma [[groundwater|ruwan karkashin kasa]] ne.<ref name="treated"/> Tunisia kasa ce da ke fuskantar [[water stress|karancin ruwa]] inda adadin ruwan da mutum daya zai iya samu a shekara ya kai mita cubic 486—wanda hakan ya yi kasa sosai da matsakaicin mita cubic 1200 ga kowane mutum na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).<ref name="treated"/> Daga cikin albarkatun ruwan saman kasa da ke akwai na 2100 hm³, kusan 1220 hm³ ne kawai ake sa ran za a iya kamawa don amfanin gaske. Madatsun ruwa goma sha takwas da ake da su, madatsun ruwa 21 da aka tsara ginawa, da kuma madatsun ruwa na tuddai guda 235 ake sa ran za su kara yawan ruwan da ake bukata, amma saurin samun laka a madatsun ruwan zai rage karfin adana ruwa tare da takaita tsawon rayuwarsu. Cire ruwan karkashin kasa da ya wuce kima a yankunan gabar teku na Cap Bon, Soukra, da Ariana ya haifar da [[Saltwater intrusion|shigar ruwan gishiri]] a wurare da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan karkashin kasa bai dace da amfani ba a wasu yankunan. Kashi 50% ne kawai na dukkan albarkatun ruwa ke da matakin gishiri (salinity) kasa da 1500&nbsp;mg/L wanda za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da kowace irin kariya ba. Kashi 84% na dukkan albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa suna da gishiri sama da 1500&nbsp;mg/L, sannan kashi 30% na rumbun ruwan karkashin kasa marasa zurfi suna da sama da 4000&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="treated"/> Tebur na 1 yana nuna ruwan da za a iya samu (A) da kuma ruwan da ke akwai (B) a Tunisia cikin hm³ a kowace shekara don lokuta daban-daban:<ref name="MAT"/><ref name="reuse"/> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=9|Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia|<ref name="reuse"/> |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|1990<br> ! colspan=2|2010<br> ! colspan=2|2020 ! colspan= 2|2030 |- ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B ! A ! B |- | Manya-manya [[Dams|Madatsun Ruwa]] | 1340 | 871 | 1800 | 1170 | 1750 | 1138 | 1750 | 138 |- | Madatsun Tuddai da Tabkuna | 65 | 59 | 100 | 50 | 70 | 35 | 50 | 45 |- | [[Tubewell|Rijiyoyin Burtsatse]] da Madubai | 997 | 997 | 1250 | 1150 | 1250 | 1000 | 1250 | 1000 |- | Rijiyoyin Gidaje (Bude) | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 720 | 620 | 720 | 550 |- | Taccen Ruwan Kazanta | 120 | 120 | 200 | 200 | 290 | 290 | 340 | 340 |- | [[Desalination|Ruwan da aka Cire wa Gishiri]] | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 49 | 49 |- | Jimilla | 3249 | 2774 | 4080 | 3300 | 4104 | 3107 | 4159 | 3122 |} ===Cire Gishirin Ruwa (Desalination)=== Gwamnati tana tsara gina masana'antun cire gishirin ruwan teku guda hudu a [[Djerba]], [[Kerkennah]], Zaarat kusa da [[Gabes]] da kuma Sfax. Jimillar karfin masana'antun da za a girka shi ne mita cubic 381,000 a kowace rana a kan farashi mai nauyin dinarin Tunisia miliyan 620. An kara karfin masana'antun da kashi 50% a shekarar 2014 saboda samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya yi karanci fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma hasashen bukatar ruwa ya yi sama fiye da yadda binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya nuna. An bude takardun neman kwangila na masana'antar mita cubic 50,000 a kowace rana a Djerba wadda aka gudanar da tallafin bashi daga bankin ci gaba na Jamus [[KfW]] a cikin watan Afrilun 2014, tare da zabin kara karfin ta da wasu mita cubic 25,000 kowace rana. Har yanzu dai ba a yanke shawara ba ko manyan masana'antun da ke Ziarat da Sfax, masu karfin mita cubic 100,000 da 200,000 a kowace rana, za a gina su ta hanyar basussuka ko kuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su gina ta hanyar kwangilar [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). A cewar babban jami'in SONEDE Hedi Belhaj, an tsara masana'antun cire gishiri ne don lokacin tsananin bukata na tsawon watanni biyu na lokacin bazara, yayin da sauran kwanakin shekara bukatar takan kasance kashi kalilan ne na karfin da aka girka.<ref name="GWI April 2014">{{cite web|title=Tunisia sets out its water strategy for 2030|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|pages=24|date=April 2014}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa == An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ya kai sama da 2.4&nbsp;km³ a Tunisia a shekarar 2005.<ref name="evolution">{{in lang|fr}} Raqya Al Atiri, Diréction générale du génie rural et de l’exploitation des eaux, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques:[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/10/75/PDF/I-Al_Atiri.pdf Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie], in:L’avenir de l’agriculture irriguée en Méditerranée, Actes du séminaire Wademed, Cahors, France, 6-7 novembre 2006, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> A shekarar 1996, kashi 86% na ruwan da ake diba ana amfani da shi ne a fannin noma.<ref name="Earth Trends">Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia</ref> Sashen kula da ruwa kuma yana da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa da ke karuwa a dukkan yankunan birane da karkara, fannin noma, gami da bukatun yawon bude ido da na masana'antu. Ta hanyar gudanarwa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun ruwan da ke akwai sun karu daga 2.76&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 1991 zuwa 3.525&nbsp;km³ a shekarar 2000. An tsara cewa samar da ruwan zai kai 4.6&nbsp;km³ zuwa shekarar 2010. Wannan zai fi faruwa ne ta hanyar samar da albarkatun da ba na asali ba, gami da amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta.<ref name="governance">Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP</ref> Dangane da kiyasin da Ma'aikatar Noma ta yi na shekarar 2030, bukatar ruwa za ta daidaita a kan 2.7&nbsp;km³ a kowace shekara, koda kuwa al'ummar Tunisia da ake tsammani a shekarar 2030 za su kai kusan mutane miliyan 13 wanda idan aka duba da irin bukatar yau da kullum zai iya janyo bukatar 3.1&nbsp;km³ a shekara. == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == === Sauye-sauyen manufofin ruwa a Tunisia === Manufar ruwa a Tunisia tun daga farkon rabin na biyu na karni na 20 har zuwa shekarun 1970 ta kunshi takaitaccen tattara albarkatun ruwa – tare da gina [[dam|madatsun ruwa]] da [[reservoir|wuraren ajiye ruwa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 aka samu karfin aiwatar da manufar gina madatsun ruwa da kuma amfani da tsarin ''Plans Directeurs des Eaux'' (Babban Tsarin Kula da Ruwa).<ref name="centre">Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16</ref> A shekarar 1990 aka kafa Tsarin Gudanarwa na Shekaru Goma (1990-2000) don Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma matsanancin tattara albarkatun da ke akwai. An tsara wannan dabarar ne kuma aka aiwatar da ita domin samar da hadadden tsarin kula da hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kudin wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kusanci dalar Amurka biliyan biyu.<ref name="WIT">Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia</ref> Tebur na gaba yana nuna hangen nesa game da albarkatun ruwa a Tunisia: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia|<ref name="evolution"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Kayan albarkatun ruwa<br> ! rowspan=2|Abubuwan da za su iya zama ruwa [hm³] <br> ! rowspan=2|Ruwan da za a iya sarrafawa [hm³] ! colspan= 5|Ruwan da aka riga aka sarrafa [hm³]| |- ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2010 |- | Ruwan saman kasa | 2700 | 2500 | 1179 | 1876 | 2200 | 2400 | 2500 |- | Ruwan karkashin kasa | 2140 | 2140 | 1576 | 1818 | 1860 | 1900 | 1940 |- | Jimilla | 4840 | 4640 | 2755 | 3694 | 4060 | 4300 | 4440 |- | Adadin sarrafawa (%) | | | 59 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 96 |} === Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan === A shekarar 2003, Ma'aikatar Noma ta fitar da Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plan) don fannin ruwa.<ref name="PSP"/> An gano tare da aiwatar da manyan hanyoyin dabaru guda biyu: shirin shekaru 10 na tattara albarkatun ruwa (2001-2011) wanda aka fara shi a karon farko a shekarar 1990, da kuma shirin na dogon lokaci (2030). A shekarar 2023, yayin da kasar ke cikin shekara ta hudu na fari, Sonede wato kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati ya fara rarraba ruwa ta hanyar kayade lokaci, inda yake yanke manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwa tsakanin karfe 9 na dare zuwa karfe 4 na safe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Speakman Cordall |title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=en-GB |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> == Nauyi a kan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ke tsara manufofi game da albarkatun ruwa na asali a Tunisia, yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai Dorewa ke kula da tsaftace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa, da tsara ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="governance"/> Sashen ayyukan injiniyan ruwa na ma'aikatar, wato ''Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques'' (DGBGTH), shi ne ke da alhakin gina manyan ayyukan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="treated"/> === Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa === Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Arewacin Afirka, Tunisia ta dade da kirkiro tare da amfani da dokoki da tsare-tsare masu yawa game da albarkatun ruwanta. Babban Tsarin Ruwa (WMP) ya kasance tun kafin shekarar 1970, lokacin da aka fara tsara WMP na farko don sassan Arewacin Tunisia, kasancewar wannan shi ne yankin da ya kunshi mafi yawan albarkatu da ayyukan da suka dangance su. Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin kasar sun biyo baya a shekarun 1977 da 1983. Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ce ta kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da rarraba albarkatun ruwa. [[Image:Oued Mliz.jpg|250px|thumb|Wani kogi a kasar Tunisia]] Kasancewar albarkatun ruwan Tunisia na da rauni sosai ya haifar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka da dama da ke da nufin inganta amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, manyan matsaloli da mahimman dabarun aiki an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin rahoton kasar Tunisia kan fannin ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen da suka dace, za a iya fitar da wadannan manufofi na kasa:<ref name="etat">Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006</ref> a) Ci gaba da bunkasawa da tattara albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai domin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. b) Hadaddiyar gudanarwa na albarkatun ruwa, musamman inganta tura yawan ruwan da ya wuce kima daga lokutan damina zuwa lokutan [[drought|fari]]. c) Tsimon ruwa da sarrafa bukatarsa a dukkan fanni. d) Kara bunkasa albarkatun ruwa wadanda ba na asali ba ta hanyar fadada amfani da taccen ruwan kazanta a fannin noma da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan tekun don amfani a dukkan fannoni. e) Kare albarkatun ruwa daga [[pollution|gurbacewa]] da kuma [[over-exploitation|yin amfani da su fiye da kima]]. Domin cika wadannan manufofi, an sanya manyan dabaru guda uku: 1. Shirin Tattara Albarkatun Ruwa na Shekaru Goma (1990–2000): Babban fifiko na wannan dabarar shi ne kara yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa. Gina sama da 200 na kanana da manyan madatsun ruwa gami da haka rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi sama da 1000 sun haifar da ingantuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwan Tunisia daga 60% a shekarar 1990 zuwa 87.5% a shekarar 2004. Jimillar kudaden da aka ware wa wannan tsarin ya kai 2000 MTD (Miliyan Dinarin Tunisia) = dalar Amurka miliyan 1678<ref>http://www.waehrungsrechner.de (6 January 2004 or 1 June 2004){{vague|date=January 2010}}<!--06.01.2004 is ambiguous--> 1 Tunisian dinar&nbsp;= $0.83879</ref>). 2. Tsarin cikon aiki (2001–2011): Wannan dabarar tana kokarin tabbatar da manufofin dogon lokaci, musamman dorewar daidaito tsakanin bukata da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Kusan yana kunshe da matakai iri daya idan aka kwatanta da dabarar tattara ruwa ta farko, da nufin kaiwa ga adadin sarrafawa na kashi 95%. Bugu da kari, dabarar tana ba da fifiko kan matakan daidaitawa tsakanin shekarun damina da na fari, matakan kiyaye ruwa da kasa, da kuma sake cika rumbunan [[aquifer|ruwan karkashin kasa]]. Wannan tsarin na shekaru goma ya kasu kashi biyu na tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar-biyar, wato tsarin ci gaba na X (2002-2006) da kuma tsarin ci gaba na XI (2007-2011). 3. Shirin dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2030): Shirin na dogon lokaci ya ginu ne a kan Babban Tsarin Ruwa (Water Master Plans) na arewa, tsakiya da kudancin Tunisia da aka bayyana a sashi na 2. Dabarar ta kunshi bincike mai yawa da shirye-shiryen nazari da nufin tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata zuwa dogon lokaci. ===Samar da Ayyuka=== ====Ruwan sha==== Hukumar SONEDE ce ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a Tunisiya. Wannan hukuma ce ta jama’a mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa.<ref name="mapping">Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia</ref> Shirye-shirye da saka jari don rarraba ruwan sha a yankunan karkara ana gudanar da su ta hannun *Direction Générale du Genie Rurale* (DGGR), tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (*Groupements d’intérêt collectif – GIC*).<ref name="PSP"/> Sashen ruwan sha a Tunisiya bai samu shiga daga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu sosai ba. Har zuwa yanzu, shiga masu zaman kansu ya takaitu ne ga shirye-shiryen kwangila kaɗan, kamar tsaro da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP"/> ====Tsaftar Muhalli==== Hukumar ONAS ce ke da alhakin tsaftar muhalli a birane, yankunan masana’antu da wuraren yawon buɗe ido. An kafa ta a shekarar 1974 domin gudanar da sashen tsafta, kuma tun daga 1993 ta zama babban mai kula da kariyar muhalli da yaki da gurbatar ruwa. Ayyukan ONAS sun haɗa da:<ref name="contribution"/> * Yaki da gurbatar ruwa * Tsarawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsafta da aikin tace ruwan sharar gida da magudanar ruwan sama * Gina, gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da wuraren tsafta da aka ɗora mata ta hanyar doka * Sayarwa da rarraba kayayyakin da suka fito daga tace ruwan sharar gida da laka Sashen Injiniyan Karkara ne ke da alhakin tsafta a yankunan karkara da ONAS ba ta rufe, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke da alhakin tattara da zubar da shara da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.<ref name="PSP"/> == Ingancin tattalin arziki == '''Yawan aikin ma'aikata'''. A shekarar 2012, SONEDE tana da kusan ma'aikata 7016. Hukumar ONAS kuma tana da ma'aikata 5500 ya zuwa shekarar 2002. Adadin ma'aikata ga kowane haɗin famfo 1000 na ruwa kawai ya kasance 2.9, wanda ya ragu daga 4.1 a shekarar 2002. Adadin ya yi girma sosai idan aka haɗa da ma'aikatan ONAS, wanda hakan ya sa ya wuce matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/>{{cite web|title=Chiffres clés|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=43|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}<ref name="PSP"/> '''Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga'''. Adadin ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗin shiga (Non-revenue water) na hukumar SONEDE ya kai 20.7% a shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙaru daga kashi 14% kawai a shekarar 2000.<ref name="SONEDE Chiffres"/> == Sassan kuɗi == === Kuɗin fito (Tariffs) === Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha iri ɗaya ne a fadin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Sun haɗa da tsayayyen sashi da kuma sashi mai canzawa wanda ya dogara da yawan amfani da ruwa. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, canjin sashin kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia ya kasance kamar haka:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarification de l'eau potable|url=http://www.sonede.com.tn/index.php?id=111|publisher=SONEDE|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=2|Kuɗin fito na ruwan sha a Tunisia<ref name="PSP"/> |- ! Amfani cikin m³/na tsawon watanni 3<br> ! Kuɗin fito na DT '''ga kowane m³'''<br> |- | 0-20 | 0.200 |- | 21-40 | 0.325 |- | 41-70 | 0.450 |- | 71-100 | 0.770 |- | 101-150 | 0.940 |- | 151-500 | 1.260 |- |ya wuce 500 | 1.315 |} Adadin musayar kuɗi na dinarin Tunisia zuwa dalar Amurka shi ne 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.<ref>http://www.oanda.com 27.12.2013</ref> Duk masu amfani da ruwa, in ban da fannin yawon buɗe ido, dole ne su biya waɗannan kuɗaɗen fito masu canzawa da aka ambata a sama. Farashin ruwan sha ga fannin yawon buɗe ido shi ne 1.315 DT/m³ ba tare da la'akari da yawan amfani ba. Tsayayyen sashin kuɗin fito ya dogara ne da girman faɗin mita mai auna ruwa. Duk kuɗaɗen fito na ruwan sha ana cajin su harajin harhada daraja (VAT) na kashi 18%. Ana daidaita kuɗaɗen fito ne bisa shawarwarin da SONEDE da ONAS suka gabatar ga kwamitocin gudanarwarsu da kuma gwamnati (Ma'aikatar Noma, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi). Wani lokaci ana yin watsi da waɗannan buƙatun.<ref name="mapping" /> Hukumar SONEDE ce ke fitar da takardar kuɗi tare da karɓar kuɗaɗen tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="PSP" /> An ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa da na ruwan kazanta da kashi 7 cikin ɗari a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka samu ƙari sau biyu kacal a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.<ref name="GWI June 2013">{{cite web|title=Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/6/general/tunisia-spring-cleans-its-water-finances.html#sthash.PfnpOD4v.dpuf|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, June 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> An sake ƙara kuɗaɗen fito a watan Satumba na shekarar 2016 da kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari a matsakaici. === Maido da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe === SONEDE tana biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da gyare-gyare (da kashi kaɗan na kuɗaɗen hannun jari) ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu.<ref name="WIT"/> Kafin juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring), rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa ya kasance kusan kashi 4-5% ne kawai, amma ya faɗi zuwa kashi 30% bayan juyin juya halin. A shekarar 2012, ya koma ƙasa da kashi 10%. Kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na bashin da ake bin hukumomin yana wuyan cibiyoyin gwamnati ne. SONEDE tana fuskantar gibin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da ya kai TND82 miliyan ($50 miliyan). Matsakaicin kuɗin mita cubic ɗaya shi ne TND0.716 ($0.44) kuma ana sayar da shi a kan TND0.570 ($0.35). ONAS ta fi dogara ga tallafin gwamnati. Misali, jihar tana biya mata ainihin babban bashin da aka ci mata yayin da ONAS kawai za ta biya kuɗin ruwa na bashin.<ref name="GWI June 2013"/> === Hannun jari === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=4|Hannun jarin gwamnati daga kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa sun kasance kamar haka<ref name="etat"/> |- | ! Hannun Jarin Gwamnati [MTD] ! Sashin fannin ruwa [MTD] ! Adadin Kashi [%] |- | Tsari na 10 (2002–2006) | 1975.4 | 1252.1 | 63 |- | Tsari na 11 (2007–2011) | 2887.9 | 1580.1 | 55 |} Hannun jarin ONAS ya kamata ya tashi daga miliyan 390 TD a cikin Tsari na 9 zuwa miliyan 525 TD a cikin Tsari na 10, wato ƙari na kashi 32%. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun jarin SONEDE a fannin ruwa, hannun jari a fannin tsaftace muhalli ya kasance mafi girma. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gaba ce domin a yawancin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ana yin watsi da fannin tsaftace muhalli idan aka kwatanta da na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa farashin tsaftace muhalli ya yi girma idan aka kwatanta da matakan yankin, wanda ke nuna nuna ƙoƙari mai dorewa wajen karɓar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe, abin da babu shi a kusan dukkanin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="PSP"/> === Samar da kuɗi === Game da samar da kuɗi na sashen, yanayin a Tunisia an nuna shi a cikin tebur na ƙasa<ref name="etat"/> cikin MTD. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=8|Samar da Kuɗi na Fannin Ruwa a Tunisia|<ref name="etat"/> |- ! rowspan=2|Tushen Kuɗi<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 10 (2002-2006)<br> ! colspan=2|Tsari na 11 (2007-2011) |- ! Hannun Jari ! % ! Hannun Jari ! % |- | Kasafin Kuɗin Ƙasa | 947 | 48 | 1300 | 45 |- | Basussukan Waje | 808 | 41 | 1300 | 45 |- | Tallafi (Grants) | 150 | 8 | 200 | 7 |- | Kuɗin Kai (Self-financing) | 70 | 3 | 28 | 3 |- | Jimilla | 1975 | 100 | 2888 | 100 |} == Haɗin gwiwar waje == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje suna takawa rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Tunisia. Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa (AFD), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, bankin ci gaba na Jamus (KfW), hukumar haɗin gwiwar fasaha ta Jamus (GIZ), da Bankin Duniya suna cikin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje na Tunisia a fannin ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, masu ba da tallafi sun ƙara ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka cikin haɗin gwiwa maimakon kowane mai ba da tallafi ya rinka ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka daban kamar yadda ake yi a baya. === Ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa === '''Aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa (PISEAU)'''. A shekarar 2000, Bankin Duniya ya amince da aikin zuba jari na fannin ruwa na farko (PISEAU) wanda Ma'aikatar Noma da Albarkatun Ruwa ta aiwatar tare da jimillar kuɗi dalar Amurka miliyan 258. An ba da kuɗin tare da bankin ci gaba na KfW, wanda ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 17.5, yayin da Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 103. Ba a bayyana sarai yadda aka samar da sauran kuɗaɗen ba. Babban makasudin aikin shi ne inganta haɗaddiyar gudanarwa ta albarkatun ruwa, tare da ingantacciyar manufar kiyaye albarkatun ruwa. Aikin ya ƙunshi sassa biyar: Gudanar da ban-ruwa, gudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kiyaye ruwa da kare muhalli, samar da ruwan sha na karkara, da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. Matakan da aka ɗauka an sa ran za su inganta yawan amfanin gona da kuma ƙara samun ruwan sha ga al'ummar karkara. A shekarar 2007 aka kammala aikin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project | date = 2000-06-18 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P035707&theSitePK=40941&piPK=64290415&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&Type=Overview | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> Aikin biyo baya (PISEAU II) ya sami tallafi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka da kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 22.91 ($31.3 miliyan), haka kuma daga AFD ($61 miliyan) da Bankin Duniya ($31 miliyan). Aikin ya haɗa da inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa na asali da na zamani (ruwan da aka tace da ruwan gishiri) a yankunan karkara. Manoma suna shiga cikin yanke shawara ta hanyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Aikin Gona (ADGs) don ban-ruwa da ruwan sha. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2015. Jimillar kuɗin aikin dalar Turai miliyan 122 ($167.56 miliyan).<ref>Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka:[http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226130644/http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news230 |date=2012-02-26 }}, 16 December 2008, accessed on June 20, 2010</ref><ref>The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008 [http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=30771097&press_lang=us €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques : Le "PISEAU 2" entre en action…|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|access-date=2020-12-23|language=en|archive-date=2010-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508211635/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/33545|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan | date = 2009-09-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P095847 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> KfW ta ba da gudummawa a shekarar 2009 da adadin dalar Turai Miliyan 1 don nazarin kuɗin fito da matakan ƙarfafa shiga tsakani na ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = KfW | title = PISEAU II | date = 2010-08-04}}</ref> '''Shirin sake gina gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta da masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa'''. KfW, AFD, da Hukumar Turai tare sun ba da kuɗin wannan shirin tsaftace muhalli a kan jimillar kuɗi dalar Turai miliyan 81.5 don masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa 19 da gidajen famfo na kwashe ruwan kazanta 130 a cikin larduna 11. KfW ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 55, AFD ta ba da rancen dalar Turai miliyan 18.5, kuma Hukumar EU ta ba da tallafin kyauta na dalar Turai miliyan 8. Za a sake amfani da taccen ruwa daga wasu masana'antu don noman ban-ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = ONAS | title = Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS | date = 2009-06-15 | url = http://www.onas.nat.tn/en/projet_en_cours_par_region.php?code=12 | access-date = 2010-06-15 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Agence Française de Développement | author-link = French Development Agency | title = Projects - Tunisia : Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs | year = 2010 | url = http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/fr/pid/11115 | access-date = 2010-06-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka yana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai === '''Aikin sake gina ONAS 4'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya sanya hannu kan aikin sake gina ONAS 4. Jimillar kuɗinsa dalar Turai miliyan 90. Aikin yana da nufin ba da kuɗi don tattarawa da sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa a garuruwa daban-daban. Za a sake amfani da taccen gurbataccen ruwan don ayyukan noma. Yana tallafawa haɓaka manyan layukan magudanar ruwa a Greater Tunis; faɗaɗawa da sake gina tsarin tsaftace muhalli a garuruwan Monastir, Mahdia, Gabès, Medenine, Tataouine, da Gafsa; faɗaɗa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta Kudancin Hammamet; gina masana'antun sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa guda uku a garuruwan Enfidha/Hergla, Menzel Temime, da Tazarka/Somâa/Mâamoura.<ref>{{cite journal | last = European Investment Bank | author-link = European Investment Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : ONAS 4 rehabilitation project | date = June 2006 | url = http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2004/20040151.htm?lang=-en | access-date = 2010-06-10}}</ref> === Faransa === Hukumar Ci Gaba ta Faransa tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Jamus === Jamus tana haɗuwa da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na waje don ba da kuɗi ga ayyuka a fannin ruwa ta hanyar ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da KfW ke aiwatarwa (duba ƙarƙashin ayyukan masu ba da tallafi da yawa). === Bankin Dunia === '''Aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis'''. A shekarar 1997, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa na kazanta da sake amfani da shi na Greater Tunis. Jimillar jura ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 107. Hukumomin da ke aiwatar da aikin su ne ONAS da Ma'aikatar Noma. Aikin zai ba da kuɗi don inganta ayyukan magudanar ruwa na birni da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Aikin yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don amfanin ban-ruwa. Haka kuma, aikin yana haɓaka rage gurbatar birane da lalacewar gabar teku ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin fasahohi da taimakon fasaha. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Greater tunis sewerage and reuse project | date = 2005-11-02 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&contentFed=yes&Projectid=P005731 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> '''Aikin samar da ruwa na birni'''. A shekarar 2005, Bankin Dunia ya amince da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 38 ga SONEDE don aikin samar da ruwa na birni a Tunisia. Makasudin aikin ya ƙunshi inganta ingancin ruwa a Greater Tunis da sauran zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin birane. Domin cimma burinsa, aikin yana da niyyar zamanantarwa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na samar da ruwa da kuma haɓaka dorewar ayyukan SONEDE. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-17 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20727560~menuPK:3325337~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK=4607,00.html | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project | date = 2005-11-01 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P064836&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 | access-date = 2010-06-14}}</ref> '''Magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West'''. A shekarar 2006, Bankin Dunia ya amince da aikin magudanar ruwa ta kazanta ta Tunis West. Jimillar zuba jarin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 72, inda Bankin Dunia ya ba da kuɗi miliyan 67 daga ciki. Aikin yana da nufin inganta ingancin ayyukan tsaftace muhalli a Greater Tunis da na fannin magudanar ruwa na kazanta, sannan yana haɓaka sake amfani da gurbataccen ruwa don ban-ruwa da kuma inganta ayyukan ONAS ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. An tsara ranar rufe aikin a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Projects - Tunisia : Tunis west sewerage | date = 2006-06-11 | url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P099811 | access-date = 2010-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} dmxnw0oruxprvdmxcgy67zxh3qt8fwh 0 157773 879979 859238 2026-07-10T07:14:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randy Marcelino Vásquez''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na San Diego Padres na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya taba taka leda a MLB na New York Yankees . == Ayyuka == === Yankees na New York === Vásquez ya sanya hannu tare da New York Yankees a matsayin wakilin kyauta na kasa da kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Randy |date=2022-05-26 |title=How top Yankees prospect, destined for the Bronx rotation, taught himself to pitch with a homemade baseball |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/05/how-top-yankees-prospect-destined-for-the-bronx-rotation-taught-himself-to-pitch-with-a-homemade-baseball.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=NJ.com}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko tare da Yankees na Dominican Summer League da Gulf Coast Yankees . Ya shafe shekara ta 2019 tare da sabon matakin Pulaski Yankees, inda ya fara 11 kuma ya yi rikodin 3.29 ERA tare da 53 strikeouts a cikin 54.2 innings pitched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Randy Vasquez Stats & Scouting Report |url=https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/102046/randy-vasquez/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=baseballamerica.com |language=en}}</ref> Vásquez bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda cutar ta COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-canceled |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=mlb.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he pitched for the Single-A Tampa Tarpons, High-A Hudson Valley Renegades and Double-A Somerset Patriots. In 23 appearances (21 starts) between the three affiliates, Vásquez pitched to an 8–4 record and 2.52 ERA with 130 strikeouts in 107.1 innings of work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2023 |title=The Yankees should include talented starter Randy Vasquez in their 2023 plans |url=https://empiresportsmedia.com/new-york-yankees/the-yankees-should-include-talented-starter-randy-vasquez-in-their-2023-plans/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=empiresportsmedia.com |language=en |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525210753/https://empiresportsmedia.com/new-york-yankees/the-yankees-should-include-talented-starter-randy-vasquez-in-their-2023-plans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was assigned to Somerset to begin the 2022 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2022 |title=No. 15 Yankees prospect Randy Vasquez showing off 'special arm' in Somerset |url=https://www.trentonian.com/2022/05/20/no-15-yankees-prospect-randy-vasquez-showing-off-special-arm-in-somerset/}}</ref> In the Eastern League championship game, Vásquez pitched eight innings of a combined no-hitter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Somerset Patriots ride Jasson Dominguez, combined no-hitter to 1st title as Yankees' Double-A club |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/09/somerset-patriots-ride-jasson-dominguez-combined-no-hitter-to-1st-title-as-yankees-double-a-club.html}}</ref> In 25 starts for Somerset, he registered a 2–7 record and 3.90 ERA with 120 strikeouts in 115.1 innings of work. On November 15, 2022, the Yankees added Vásquez to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Joining 40-man roster |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-joining-40-man-roster/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> An zaɓi Vásquez zuwa Triple-A Scranton / Wilkes-Barre RailRiders don fara kakar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Reassigned to minor-league camp |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-reassigned-to-minor-league-camp/amp/ |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 9 farawa ga Scranton, Vásquez ya shiga rikodin 1-5 da 4.85 ERA tare da 50 strikeouts a cikin 42.2 innings pitched. A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2023, Yankees sun ba da sanarwar cewa za a kara Vásquez zuwa manyan wasanni a karo na farko don fara washegari da San Diego Padres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: In line for debut Friday |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-in-line-for-debut-friday/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Iyaye na San Diego === A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2023, Yankees sun sayar da Vásquez, Michael King, Drew Thorpe, [[Jhony Brito]], da Kyle Higashioka zuwa San Diego Padres ga Juan Soto da Trent Grisham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoch |first=Bryan |date=2023-12-07 |title=Juan Soto traded to Yankees from Padres |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/juan-soto-yankees-trade |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Yankees acquire Juan Soto in 7-player trade with Padres |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39060328/sources-yankees-acquire-juan-soto-7-player-trade-padres |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] djzpmu9v9qg9imqpswpg8fxib6vgwd0 0 157988 879652 858719 2026-07-09T16:15:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III''' tana aiki {{Convert|6.6|MW}}aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa , a [[Uganda|ƙasar Uganda]] . An ƙaddamar da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2025 ta hannun Ministar Makamashi ta ƙasar Uganda [[Ruth Nankabirwa]] . <ref name="OnR">{{Cite web |last=Mike Rwothomio |date=1 August 2025 |title=Nyagak III Hydropower Station Commissioned After Decade-Long Wait |url=https://chimpreports.com/nyagak-iii-hydropower-station-commissioned-after-decade-long-wait/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=ChimpRepots}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]] a gundumar Nyapea, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, a yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|15|km|0}} arewacin garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], kusa da, amma ƙasa da, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak I. <ref name="General">{{Cite web |last=UEGCL |date=3 August 2025 |title=Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Hydro Power Project |url=https://www.uegcl.com/projects/nyagak-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL)}}</ref> == Bayani == A watan Satumba na 2010, Lahmeyer International GmbH, wani kamfanin injiniyan ba da shawara na Jamus ya kammala wani [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|bincike kan tasirin muhalli]] (EIA). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Herter |first=Marco |date=21 June 2010 |title=Impact of Climate Change On Small Hydropower Plants In The West Nile Region, Uganda |url=http://www.hs-rottenburg.net/fileadmin/data/Hochschule/Forschung_Projekte/SENCE_Projekte/2010/projekt1/P1_2.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Hs-Rottenburg.net |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200559/http://www.hs-rottenburg.net/fileadmin/data/Hochschule/Forschung_Projekte/SENCE_Projekte/2010/projekt1/P1_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Company Limited (UEGCL) zai haɓaka Nyagak III ta hanyar Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu Zaman Kansu (PPP). A shekarar 2013, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya ya taimaka wa UEGCL wajen gano da kuma zaɓar mai zuba jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda zai zuba jari a hannun jari da kuma shirya ƙarin bashi da kuɗaɗen hannun jari don aikin. Wannan mai zuba jari zai tsara, haɓakawa, da kuma gudanar da aikin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar PPP da UEGCL. Ana sa ran wannan tsarin zaɓe zai ɗauki kimanin shekara guda, farawa a watan Yuli na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEGCL) |date=18 June 2013 |title=Selection of A Private Investor for Development of Nyagak III Hydro Power Plant Under A Public Private Partnership Arrangement |url=http://uegcl.com/NyagakIII%20RFQ%20Advert%2029May2013%20UPDATED.pdf |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]] (UEGCL) |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001055/http://uegcl.com/NyagakIII%20RFQ%20Advert%2029May2013%20UPDATED.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai zuba jari mai zaman kansa da aka zaɓa ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi Hydromax Limited da Dott Services Limited . Daga nan UEGCL da ƙungiyar suka kafa wata hanya ta musamman, Genmax Nyagak Limited, wadda za ta gina, ta yi aiki, da kuma kula da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="General"/> == Jadawalin aikin gini == An yi hasashen cewa tsarin zaɓen babban mai zuba jari zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2014. Daga nan za a fara ginin a shekarar 2015 kuma zai ɗauki shekaru uku, inda ake sa ran kammala aikin a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=2 November 2015 |title=Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1411151/construction-agreement-nyagak-iii-hydro-power-signed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=CRO |date=9 November 2015 |title=Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Project in Uganda to be constructed |url=http://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/11/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-project-uganda-constructed |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Construction Review Online.com (CRO)}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da aikin madatsar ruwa da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2025. <ref name="OnR"/> == Kudaden gini == A shekarar 2011, an yi hasashen cewa ginin tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak III zai ci kimanin dala miliyan 14. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=June 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm/73783 |access-date=11 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}</ref> Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke hade garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], wanda aka gina a kan kimanin kudin UGX: biliyan 44.2 (€13 miliyan) tsakanin 2013 da 2015 bayan gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile power line extension begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=15 February 2016 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2018, jaridar Daily Monitor ta ruwaito cewa KfW ta janye tallafin Shs36 biliyan (€8 miliyan), don kammala wannan aikin, saboda jinkiri mai tsawo wajen cimma matsaya kan kudi. Dole ne gwamnatin Uganda ta samar da sabbin kudade don cike gibin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson Wesonga |date=8 March 2018 |title=Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Germany-withholds-Nyagak-power-project-cash/688334-4332876-fdfeo5/index.html |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2019, an ruwaito cewa kuɗin ginin ya kai dala miliyan 19.4. An nemi rancen daga (a) Bankin Ci Gaban Kasuwanci (TDB) (b) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] da (c) Bankin Exim na China . TDB ta duba aikin da nufin samar da kuɗaɗen gudanar da shi. <ref name="RestR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 March 2019 |title=Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=Afrik21}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A watan Maris na 2019, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ci gaban Ma'adinai ta Uganda, ta nemi UEGCL da ta hanzarta dawo da aikin wannan tashar wutar lantarki. An ƙara ƙarfin sabon madatsar ruwa zuwa {{Convert|6.6|MW|0}} . Kamfanin SPV yanzu ana kiransa '''GenVax Nyagak''' . Gwamnatin Uganda ce ke da mallakarsa tare (kashi 30) da kuma wata ƙungiya (kashi 70) wadda ta ƙunshi (a) [[Kamfanin Tata|Injiniyoyin Tata Consulting]] (b) Dott Services Limited da (c) Hydromax Limited. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a GenVax Nyagak. <ref name="RestR"/> Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022, ana ci gaba da aikin ginin, ana sa ran kammala shi a rabin na biyu na 2022. <ref name="DelayR">{{Cite web |last=Tobbias Jolly Owiny, Marko Taibot and Rashul Adidi |date=11 January 2022 |title=Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nyagak-dam-works-contractor-blames-delay-on-govt-funding-3678556?view=htmlamp |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Bayan jinkiri da yawa, har zuwa watan Yulin 2023, an yi niyyar kammala aikin ne bisa ga gwamnatin Uganda ta ba wa dan kwangilar kimanin dala biliyan UGX:28 (dala miliyan 7.5). <ref name="StuckR">{{Cite web |last=Clement Aluma |date=3 July 2023 |title=Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-pushes-completion-of-nyagak-iii-dam-for-3rd-time-4291214 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 26e81bhkmhwg12znmc84dvylwryf3mh 0 158007 879653 858764 2026-07-09T16:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II''' {{Convert|5|MW}} an gabatar da ƙaramin aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=Okethwengu |first=Benedict |date=30 July 2012 |title=West Nile To Get 5 Megawatts Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin [[Kogin Nyagak]], a ƙauyen Rateng, gundumar Paidha, gundumar Okoro, gundumar Zombo, yankin Yammacin Nile, yankin Arewacin Uganda. Wannan wurin yana kusa da garin Paidha, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi}} ta ƙasan tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I. <ref name="Five"/> == Bayani == A lokacin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I (2006 - 2012), ya bayyana cewa samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 3.5 bai isa ba don biyan bukatun wutar lantarki na yankin Yammacin Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, garuruwan Aruu da Mahagi a DRC sun nuna sha'awar samar da wutar lantarki daga maƙwabciyarsu Uganda. Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatu yayin da ake jiran gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Karuma mai ƙarfin megawatt 600, gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da izinin gina Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak II a matsayin ma'aunin gada. Littattafan da ake da su sun nuna cewa gwamnati za ta ba da kuɗin wannan ci gaba da kanta. <ref name="Five"/> Da alama wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta bambanta da [[Nyagak III Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyagak III]], wadda za a haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DEVEX |date=29 September 2011 |title=Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm) |url=http://www.devex.com/en/projects/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Devex.com (DEVEX)}}</ref> == Kudaden gini == Duk da cewa ba a bayyana ainihin kuɗaɗen gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak II ba, tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyagak I ta kashe dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 14) don kammalawa a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musasizi |date=2012 |title=West Nile Power Crisis: Locals Chide Muloni |url=http://www.energyprogramme.or.ug/west-nile-power-crisis-locals-chide-muloni/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=EnergyProgramme.or.ug |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030847/http://www.energyprogramme.or.ug/west-nile-power-crisis-locals-chide-muloni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Za a kwashe wutar lantarkin da aka samar ta hanyar layukan wutar lantarki na kilovolt 33 da ke haɗe da garuruwan Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, da [[Arua]], waɗanda aka gina a kan kimanin kuɗin dalar Amurka miliyan 15 tsakanin 2006 da 2012 yayin haɓaka Nyagak I. Haka kuma za a faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki zuwa [[Pakwach]] da ke bakin [[White Nile|kogin Albert]], tare da tallafin kuɗi daga tallafin dala miliyan 18 (€ miliyan 13) daga KfW . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=15 November 2013 |title=West Nile Power Line Extension Begins |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda * Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == 0r4ny3lkpd5co1tpile6vt3vmdbjtqt 0 158246 879633 859578 2026-07-09T15:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Notoedres-cati-mite.JPG|image_alt=|image_caption=|status=|status_system=|status_ref=|genus=Notoedres|species=cati|authority=(Hering, 1838)|synonyms=*''[[Sarcoptes]] cati'' <small>Hering, 1838</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref>''Notoedres cati'' (Hering, 1838) in GBIF Secretariat (2019). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset {{doi|10.15468/39omei}} accessed via https://www.gbif.org/species/2181903 on 2020-02-24.</ref>}} '''Notoedric mange''', wanda kuma ake kira Feline scabies, ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu yaduwa da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyi masu yaduwar fata '''''Notoedres cati''''' (Acarina, Sarcoptidae). ''N. cati'' da farko kwayar cuta ce ta felids, amma kuma tana iya kamuwa da rodents, Lagomorphs, kuma a wasu lokuta kuma karnuka da foxes. Wannan cuta ta fata kuma tana da damar [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]].<ref name="Kumar et al 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=K. Senthil |last2=Selvaraj |first2=P. |last3=Vairamuthu |first3=S. |last4=Srinivasan |first4=S. R. |last5=Kathiresan |first5=D. |date=November 2008 |title=Ivermectin therapy in the management of notoedric mange in cats |url=https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810043400}}</ref> Ana kuma kiran kamuwa da cuta acariasis, wanda ke nufin rash wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar. == Alamomi da alamomi == Cutar ''N. cati'' tana haifar da alamomi da yawa kamar ƙishirwa mai tsanani, alopecia, sikelin da halayyar bushewa, ɓawon burodi, cututtukan pruritic waɗanda suka fara bayyana a yankin kunnuwa kuma da sauri suna yadawa a fuska, idanu, wuyansa kuma suna ci gaba da mamaye dukan jiki.<ref name="Kraabøl et al 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kraabøl |first=Morten |last2=Gundersen |first2=Vegard |last3=Fangel |first3=Kirstin |last4=Olstad |first4=Kjetil |date=17 December 2015 |title=The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective |journal=Fauna Norvegica |volume=35 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.5324/fn.v35i0.1652 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Alamomin asibiti suna bayyana a cikin lokacin shayarwa, wanda galibi kwanaki 10 zuwa makonni 8 bayan yaduwar ta faru ne daga hulɗa da dabba mai kamuwa.<ref name="DrydenMange">{{Cite web |last=Dryden |first=Michael W. |title=Mange in Dogs and Cats - Integumentary System |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/mange/mange-in-dogs-and-cats |website=Veterinary Manual}}</ref> Fata za ta zama mai kauri kuma launi na murfin zai canza rawaya ko launin toka yayin da cutar ke ci gaba.<ref name="Hnilica & Patterson 2017" /><ref name="Bowman2014">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Anastasia |date=June 25, 2014 |title=Notoedres cati |url=https://www.aavp.org/wiki/arthropods/arachnids/astigmata/notoedres-cati/ |website=American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202125313/https://www.aavp.org/wiki/arthropods/arachnids/astigmata/notoedres-cati/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="DrydenMange" /> Rashin jin daɗi na kai saboda ciwo mai tsanani na iya haifar da ciwon cututtukan fata mai tsanani, cututtuken ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu. Notoedric mange mai ci gaba da yawa yakan haifar da rashin kulawa, anorexia har ma da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hellmann |first=Klaus |last2=Petry |first2=Gabriele |last3=Capari |first3=Balazs |last4=Cvejic |first4=Dejan |last5=Krämer |first5=Friederike |date=13 June 2013 |title=Treatment of Naturally Notoedres cati-infested Cats with a Combination of Imidacloprid 10 % / Moxidectin 1 % Spot-on (Advocate® / Advantage® Multi, Bayer) |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=112 |issue=S1 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1007/s00436-013-3281-y |pmid=23760872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin mutane, kamuwa da ''N.cati'' na iya haifar da cututtukan pruritic na ɗan lokaci. == Dalilin da ya sa == Notoedric mange ya samo asali ne daga kwayar sarcoptic ''Notoedres cati'' wacce ke cikin iyalin Sarcoptidae wanda ya kunshi ƙwayoyin burrowing. ''N. cati'' yana tono hanyarsa ta cikin fata na dabba mai masaukin baki, wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani. Alamomin halayen Notoedric mange sun samo asali ne daga rashin lafiyan jikin mai masaukin akan samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma lalacewar inji da ta haifar da tonowa ta fata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panigrahi |first=P. N. |last2=Mohanty |first2=B. N. |last3=Gupta |first3=A. R. |last4=Patra |first4=R. C. |last5=Dey |first5=S. |date=2016 |title=Concurrent infestation of Notoedres, Sarcoptic and Psoroptic acariosis in rabbit and its management |journal=Journal of Parasitic Diseases |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=1091–1093 |doi=10.1007/s12639-014-0631-3 |pmc=4996244 |pmid=27605843}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Akwai yanayi da yawa waɗanda likitocin dabbobi galibi suna fara fitarwa lokacin da suke gano Notoedric mange. Wadannan yanayin da aka fitar na iya zama misali; otoacariasis, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, hypersensitivity na abinci, cututtukan autoimmune da [[Lupus|tsarin lupus erythematosus]]. Otoacariasis wani cuta ne mai ban sha'awa na tashar kunne, wanda zai iya haifar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cakabay |first=Taliye |last2=Gokdogan |first2=Ozan |last3=Kocyigit |first3=Murat |date=September 2016 |title=Human otoacariasis: Demographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ear-canal ticks and a review of literature |journal=Journal of Otology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=111–117 |doi=10.1016/j.joto.2016.06.003 |pmc=6002594 |pmid=29937819}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci N. cati a matsayin dalilin Notoedric mange ana iya gano shi daga samfurin cire fata tare da ganewar microscopic kai tsaye na ƙwayoyin cuta, saboda akwai adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyi a kan fata. Alamun halayen da na tsarin Notoedric mange suna taimakawa tare da ganewar asali. == Cutar da ke faruwa == Wannan cututtukan fata na kwayar cuta tana da yaduwa sosai kuma ana canja shi da farko ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da dabba mai kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Bowman2014"/><ref name="Kraabøl et al 2015"/> ''N. cati'' na iya rayuwa na kwanaki 1-3 a waje da mai masaukin, kuma a wannan lokacin ƙwayoyin zasu iya canja wurin zuwa wani dabba.<ref name="DrydenMange"/> == Magani == Wasu magungunan rigakafin cututtukan da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa Notoedric mange sun haɗa da selamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin da lemun tsami sulfur dips.<ref name="Kumar et al 2008" /><ref name="Bowman2014" /><ref name="DrydenMange" /> Ana amfani da sulfur na lemun tsami kuma yana da aminci don sarrafa Notoedric mange a kan cats. Bai kamata a ba da izinin cats da aka yi musu magani su yi ado ba kafin a bushe rigarsu sosai bayan magani, saboda sulfur na lemun tsami na iya haifar da guba idan an sha shi da baki.<ref name="Pinchbeck & Hillier 2006" /> Ana kuma amfani da sulfur na Lime a gefen Notoedres a matsayin magani ga Sarcoptes, Demodex, Cheyletiella, Lynxacarus, chiggers da cututtukan tsutsa. == Dubi kuma == * Ku ci * Sarcoptes scabiei * Demodicosis * Lime sulfur == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gydoflyq3yl2vzarykkjvwfrak0xwmo 0 158427 880057 864583 2026-07-10T09:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880057 wikitext text/x-wiki Raunin damuwa na aiki ko OSI ba na asibiti ba ne, kalmar da ba ta likita ba tana nufin ci gaba da wahalar tunani wanda ya haifar da Abubuwan da suka faru ko damuwa mai tsawo ko gajiya yayin aiki a matsayin memba na soja ko mai amsawa na farko.[1][2] Kalmar ba ta maye gurbin duk wani bincike ko rikice-rikice ba, amma a maimakon haka tana bayyana wani nau'i na damuwa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙalubalen da waɗannan mambobin soja ko masu amsawa na farko suka fuskanta a cikin hidimarsu. Har yanzu babu ma'anar ma'anar guda ɗaya. An fara fahimtar kalmar ne a cikin Sojojin Kanada don taimakawa wajen fahimtar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke fuskantar mambobin soja waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru suka shafi su kuma waɗanda ke fuskantar wahala a sakamakon haka.[2] OSI ya ƙunshi yawancin binciken da aka samo a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) tsarin rarraba, tare da zaren gama gari yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na masu fama da cutar.[3] Kalmar ta sami karbuwa a waje da al'ummar soja a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don bayyana irin waɗannan ƙalubalen da waɗanda aikinsu ke fuskanta a kai a kai, musamman masu ba da agajin gaggawa na farko kamar amma ba a iyakance su ga 'yan sanda ba, masu kashe gobara, likitoci, jami'an gyarawa, da masu aika gaggawa.[4] Kalmar, a halin yanzu galibi ana amfani da ita a cikin Kanada, tana da mahimmanci a ci gaban dokoki, manufofi, jiyya da fa'idodi a cikin sojoji da al'ummomin amsawa na farko.[4] == Tarihi == Sojojin da ke fama da rauni a lokacin yaƙi na iya shan wahala daga tasirin halayyarsu daga abubuwan da suka faru, kuma binciken tarihi ya sami nassoshi na wallafe-wallafen ga waɗannan fakitin halayyar mutum a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta.<ref name="USDVA-PTSD">{{Cite web |last=Friedman, Matthew |date=2015-08-13 |title=History of PTSD in Veterans: Civil War to DSM-5 |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/history-of-ptsd-vets.asp |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=US Department of Veterans Affairs}}</ref> A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, alamun tunanin da sojoji suka sha a yaƙi sun zama ana kiransu "shell shock".<ref name="USDVA-PTSD" /> Wannan ya ci gaba ta hanyar yakin duniya na biyu zuwa ana kiransa "[[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|gajiyawar yaƙi]]", ko kuma "matsalar yaƙi".<ref name="USDVA-PTSD" /> Yayinda bincike ya ci gaba kuma fahimtar ilimin halayyar dan adam da ilimin halayya sun ci gaba, sannu a hankali ya zama mafi fahimta a cikin karni na 20 cewa fuskantar rauni na iya samun tasirin halayyar mutum da motsin rai iri-iri waɗanda suka kasance ainihin likita a cikin yanayi.<ref name="USDVA-PTSD" /> Ci gaba da haka, bincike ya mayar da hankali kan bunkasa ma'anar asibiti da bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don jiyya da warkewa. Kalmar 'rashin damuwa na bayan rauni' (PTSD), an haɓaka ta ne don haɗa ta cikin DSM-III a cikin shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-11 |title=Caring for veterans with PTSD |url=http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/psychiatry-information-center/caring-for-veterans-with-ptsd/article/453197/ |website=Clinicaladvisor.com\accessdate=2017-03-14 |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223338/https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/psychiatry-information-center/caring-for-veterans-with-ptsd/article/453197/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da yake ba yanayin da aka iyakance ga waɗanda suka fuskanci rauni a lokacin yaƙi ba, PTSD sau da yawa ana danganta shi da sojoji da ke dawowa daga lokacin yaƙi. A shekara ta 2001, Lieutenant Colonel Stéphane Grenier na Sojojin Kanada ya kirkiro kalmar 'Rashin damuwa na aiki' don bayyana raunin tunani ko motsin rai da sojoji suka sha yayin hidimarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-26 |title=Stéphane Grenier &#124; Speaker &#124; National Speakers Bureau |url=https://www.nsb.com/speakers/stephane-grenier/ |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Nsb.com |archive-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715195308/https://www.nsb.com/speakers/stephane-grenier/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tsara kalmar ne don fadada fahimtar cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da sabis fiye da kawai PTSD, da kuma haɗa da wasu binciken asibiti da ke da alaka da rauni. An zaɓi kalmar 'raunin' don taimakawa wajen canza ra'ayi game da waɗannan cututtukan don ba su irin wannan halatta a cikin magana kamar raunin jiki, da kuma taimakawa wajen rage kunya da ke kewaye da lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="parl.gc.ca">{{Cite web |title=INTERIM REPORT ON THE OPERATIONAL STRESS INJURIES OF CANADA'S VETERANS |url=https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/Committee/412/secd/rep/rep17jun15-e.pdf |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Parl.gc.ca}}</ref> Ba ganewar asali ba ne, Sojojin Kanada sun bayyana raunin damuwa a matsayin "ƙungiyawar ganewar asali waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raunin da ke faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiki", galibi PTSD, [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban bakin ciki]], da damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surgeon General's Mental Health Strategy : Canadian Forces Health Services Group |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs-health/surg-gen-mental-health-strategy.pdf |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Forces.gc.ca |archive-date=2016-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803161157/http://forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs-health/surg-gen-mental-health-strategy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, Kwamitin Majalisa na Kanada kan Tsaron Jama'a da Tsaron Kasa sun amince da OSIs a matsayin batun da duk kungiyoyin masu amsawa na farko ke fuskanta, ba kawai sojoji ba.<ref name="secu">{{Cite web |title=HEALTHY MINDS, SAFE COMMUNITIES : SUPPORTING OUR PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS THROUGH A NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR OPERATIONAL STRESS INJURIES |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/421/SECU/Reports/RP8457704/securp05/securp05-e.pdf |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Parl.gc.ca}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2016, Majalisar dokokin Kanada tana bincika dabarun ƙasa don magance OSIs a cikin ayyukan tsaro na jama'a daban-daban.<ref name="secu" /> Kalmar ba ta da amfani na yau da kullun a waje da Kanada. == Ana amfani da ganewar asali == Ma'anar raunin damuwa na aiki har yanzu yana fitowa da haɓaka, kuma har yanzu ba shi da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita.<ref name="parl.gc.ca"/><ref name="secu"/> Bincike a cikin sojojin Kanada duk da haka ya gano cututtuka da yawa da aka fi danganta da abubuwan da suka shafi aiki, kuma waɗanda aka yarda da su gabaɗaya kamar yadda aka haɗa su a cikin kalmar.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Boulos |first=David |last2=Zamorski |first2=Mark A. |date=6 August 2013 |title=Deployment-related mental disorders among Canadian Forces personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan, 2001–2008 |journal=CMAJ |volume=185 |issue=11 |pages=E545–E552 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.122120 |pmc=3735772 |pmid=23820441}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayin ilimin halayyar dan adam shine batun bincike mai yawa da tattaunawar manufofin jama'a tsakanin ayyukan masu amsawa na farko.<ref name="parl.gc.ca1">{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Committees - SECU (42-1) - Healthy Minds, Safe Communities: Supporting our Public Safety Officers through a National Strategy for Operational Stress Injuries - STUDY ON OPERATIONAL STRESS INJURIES AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS AND FIRST RESPONDERS |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=e&Mode=1&Parl=42&Ses=1&DocId=8457704&File=18 |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Parl.gc.ca}}</ref> Biyu ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan ganewar asali na iya zama comorbid, kuma comorbidity na iya kasancewa tare da raunin jiki ko cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the Operational Stress Injury (OSI) Clinic Network - October 2008 - Departmental Audit and Evaluation Reports - Veterans Affairs Canada |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/reports/departmental-audit-evaluation/2008-10-evaluation-osi-clinic-network |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Veterans.gc.ca |archive-date=2017-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001239/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/reports/departmental-audit-evaluation/2008-10-evaluation-osi-clinic-network |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Rashin damuwa na bayan rauni === Cutar damuwa ta bayan rauni, ko PTSD, tana daga cikin cututtukan da aka fi sani da su da ke da alaƙa da bayyanar rauni a cikin soja ko sabis na farko.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Pickett |first=Treven |last2=Rothman |first2=David |last3=Crawford |first3=Eric F. |last4=Brancu |first4=Mira |last5=Fairbank |first5=John A. |last6=Kudler |first6=Harold S. |date=1 November 2015 |title=Mental Health Among Military Personnel and Veterans |journal=North Carolina Medical Journal |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=299–306 |doi=10.18043/ncm.76.5.299 |pmid=26946859 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="parl.gc.ca1"/> PTSD yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na damuwa, kuma yana da alaƙar sake fuskantar abubuwan da ba a so ba. Wadanda ke fama da PTSD sau da yawa za su nemi gujewa kuma ana iya haifar da su ta hanyar motsawa wanda ke haifar da tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru. Alamomin na iya haɗawa da rashin iya barci, fushi, fushi, tsoro, hypervigilance, da hyperarousal. Binciken da aka yi wa sojoji sama da 30,000 na Kanada bayan turawa zuwa Afghanistan da tsohuwar Yugoslavia ya gano cewa kashi 8.9% na binciken suna fama da PTSD bayan matsakaicin lokacin bin diddigin kusan shekaru hudu.<ref name="auto"/> === Mawuyacin hali === Mawuyacin yana nufin, gabaɗaya, babban rikicewar baƙin ciki ko rikicewar yanayi masu alaƙa. An yi imanin cewa bakin ciki shine mafi yawan binciken lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke fuskantar mambobin soja da masu amsawa na farko, wanda ke da alaƙa da wani ɓangare mai yawa na waɗanda ba su iya aiki cikakke ba ko kuma saboda dalilai na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Bincike a cikin Sojojin Kanada ya gano cewa akalla kashi 8% na mambobin cikakken lokaci na Sojojin Canada suna nuna alamun babban baƙin ciki.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-27 |title=Mental health of the Canadian Armed Forces |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2014001/article/14121-eng.htm |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> === Rashin damuwa === [[Matsalar damuwa|Rashin damuwa]], gami da rikicewar damuwa gabaɗaya, rikicewar matsananciyar damuwa, rikice-rikicen damuwa na zamantakewa, da sauran cututtukan da suka danganci ana samun su akai-akai a cikin sojoji da al'umma na farko.<ref name="auto2"/> Duk da yake PTSD ya fada ƙarƙashin babban rukuni na cututtukan damuwa, galibi ana la'akari da shi sosai saboda yawan yaduwarsa fiye da sauran cututtukani na damuwa. Rashin damuwa akai-akai yana bayyana ta hanyar raunana damuwa da damuwa da wanda aka azabtar ya samu a gaban ko tsammanin abubuwan da ke haifar da motsawa. Damuwa na iya zama nakasassu saboda yana iya sa wani ya kasa jimrewa da kyau ko kuma tare da halin da zai kasance a cikin iyawarsu ba tare da damuwa ta asibiti ba. Binciken soja ya gano cewa rikice-rikicen damuwa sun fi yawa a cikin waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don rikice-rikice.<ref name="auto1"/> Lokacin da PTSD ya cika tare da wasu cututtukan damuwa, wannan rukuni na ganewar asali na lafiyar kwakwalwa shine mafi yawanci tsakanin ma'aikatan soja na Kanada tare da turawa <ref name="auto"/> === Rashin daidaitawa === Wani bincike da ba a san shi sosai ba amma ba sabon abu ba ne tsakanin ma'aikatan soja, <ref name="auto"/> rikicewar daidaitawa (wani lokacin ana kiranta da baƙin ciki na yanayi) ana nuna shi ta hanyar rashin iya daidaitawa da abubuwan damuwa na waje, ko manyan abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa. Kodayake gabatarwa za ta bambanta, yana iya haɗawa da haɗuwa da alamun damuwa, damuwa, ko alamun damuwa na bayan rauni waɗanda ba su haɗu da ƙofar asibiti ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da ake kira ba. Rashin daidaitawa sau da yawa yana raguwa da zarar mutum ya iya daidaitawa da sababbin yanayi. Sojoji da masu amsawa na farko na iya fuskantar canje-canje masu mahimmanci na rayuwa a cikin ayyukansu, gami da sake komawa ƙasa, fallasawa ga ka'idojin al'adu daban-daban, da kuma yiwuwar canza rayuwar tasirin rauni ko rashin lafiya da rashin iya ci gaba da aikinsu. === Rashin jituwa da kwayoyi === Cutar da ke da alaƙa da [[Ƙwaya|miyagun ƙwayoyi]], ko cin zarafin barasa ko kwayoyi, ana iya haɗa su a cikin laima na rauni na aiki.<ref name="theroyal.ca">{{Cite web |title=Operational Stress Injuries and PTSD - The Royal |url=http://www.theroyal.ca/mental-health-centre/mental-health-programs/areas-of-care/operational-stress-injuries-and-ptsd/ |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Theroyal.ca |archive-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203133455/http://www.theroyal.ca/mental-health-centre/mental-health-programs/areas-of-care/operational-stress-injuries-and-ptsd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tasirin tunani daban-daban na abubuwa daban-daban, musamman tasirin baƙin ciki na yawan shan barasa, sau da yawa suna aiki a matsayin nau'in 'magungunan kai' ga waɗanda ke hulɗa da wasu masu damuwa ko rauni. Shan giya ko [[Addiction|jaraba]] miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya rufewa ko rikitar da maganin alamun wasu cututtuka, kuma yana iya buƙatar magance su kafin magani don cututtukan da ke tattare da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy Document - Veterans Affairs Canada |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/policy/document/1104 |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=Veterans.gc.ca |archive-date=2017-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001558/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-us/policy/document/1104 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dzw8006ubycqofuocn3vp4tlo4wta7k 0 158695 879906 863809 2026-07-10T01:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Peter_Preiser_at_AAAS_2025_03.jpg|thumb|Mai cin nama a cikin 2025]] '''Peter Preiser''' shi ne shugaban Makarantar Kimiyya ta Biological kuma farfesa a fannin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Nanyang (NTU) a Singapore. Ya ƙware a cikin nazarin Kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro <ref>{{Cite web |title=NTU: Academic Profile: Prof Peter Preiser |url=http://research.ntu.edu.sg/expertise/academicprofile/Pages/StaffProfile.aspx?ST_EMAILID=PRPREISER&CategoryDescription=nanotechnologynanoscience |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Research.ntu.edu.sg |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174718/http://research.ntu.edu.sg/expertise/academicprofile/Pages/StaffProfile.aspx?ST_EMAILID=PRPREISER&CategoryDescription=nanotechnologynanoscience |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma shine shugaban ƙungiyar a NTU wanda ya gano hanyar zuwa yiwuwar allurar rigakafin cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/aboutus/Faculty/PRPreiser/Pages/Home.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175012/http://www.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/aboutus/Faculty/PRPreiser/Pages/Home.aspx |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NTU scientists discover potential vaccine for malaria |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-12/ntu-ns121613.php |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=EurekAlert.org |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106165815/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-12/ntu-ns121613.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=NTU study makes key find towards malaria vaccine |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ntu-study-makes-key-find-towards-malaria-vaccine |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Straitstimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Peter R Preiser - Nanyang Technological University (ntu) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Preiser |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=ResearchGate}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sjz33v0w8dhmm8vznr137rvlw2qi8e4 0 158712 879661 861537 2026-07-09T17:01:46Z BnHamid 12586 879661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babesia divergens kwayar cuta ce ta intraerythrocytic, wacce ake watsawa ta hanyar tick ''Ixodes ricinus'' . <ref name=":0" /> Ita ce sanannen dalilin Babesiosis na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine |url=https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=Babesia+divergens |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.academie-medecine.fr}}</ref> Shi ne babban wakili na bovine Babesiosis, ko "redwater fever", a Turai. Ƙananan shanu ba su da saukin kamuwa. Ana iya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke dauke da cutar a Turai a kan [[Noma mai daurewa|Aikin noma mai ɗorewa]] da fadadawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zintl, A |last2=Mulcahy, G |last3=Skerrett, HE |last4=Taylor, SM |last5=Gray, JS |year=2003 |title=''Babesia divergens'', a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=622–36 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003 |pmc=207107 |pmid=14557289}}</ref> B. divergens kuma yana da yawa (rashin kamuwa da cuta na 11-23%) a cikin zomo a tsibirin Nantucket, Massachusetts, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Heidi K. Goethert]] & [[Sam R. 3rd Telford]] |year=2003 |title=Enzootic transmission of Babesia divergens among cottontail rabbits on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts |journal=[[The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.455 |pmid=14695079 |s2cid=2418317 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cututtukan mutane ba su da yawa.<ref name="Uguen1997">{{Cite journal |last=Uguen, C |last2=Girard, L |last3=Brasseur, P |last4=Leblay, R |year=1997 |title=La babésiose humaine en 1997 |trans-title=Human Babesiosis in 1997 |journal=La Revue de Médecine Interne |language=French |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=945–51 |doi=10.1016/S0248-8663(97)80114-2 |pmid=9499998}}</ref> An bayyana mafi tsanani, cututtukan da ke barazana ga rayuwa a cikin marasa lafiya na asplenic.<ref name="Uguen1997" /> An kuma lura da kamuwa da cuta a cikin marasa lafiya masu iya rigakafi, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin "mummunar cutar mura" wanda ke buƙatar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martinot, M |last2=Zadeh, MM |last3=Hansmann, Y |last4=Grawey, I |last5=Christmann, D |last6=Aguillon, S |last7=Jouglin, M |last8=Chauvin, A |last9=de Briel, D |year=2011 |title=Babesiosis in Immunocompetent Patients, Europe |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=114–6 |doi=10.3201/eid1701.100737 |pmc=3204631 |pmid=21192869}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last=Castro |first=Emma |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Luis Miguel |last3=Rubio |first3=Jose Miguel |last4=Ramiro |first4=Raquel |last5=Girones |first5=Nuria |last6=Montero |first6=Estrella |date=September 2014 |title=The efficacy of the ultraviolet C pathogen inactivation system in the reduction of Babesia divergens in pooled buffy coat platelets |journal=Transfusion |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=2207–2216 |doi=10.1111/TRF.12598 |pmid=24666393 |s2cid=23879006}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lobo |first=Cheryl-Ann |date=January 2005 |title=Babesia divergens and Plasmodium falciparum Use Common Receptors, Glycophorins A and B, To Invade the Human Red Blood Cell |url= |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=649–651 |doi=10.1128/IAI.73.1.649-651.2005 |pmc=538995 |pmid=15618210}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rar |first=V.A. |last2=Epikhina |first2=T.I. |last3=Suntsova |first3=O.V. |last4=Kozlova |first4=I.V. |last5=Lisak |first5=O.V. |last6=Pukhovskaya |first6=N.M. |last7=Vysochina |first7=N.P. |last8=Ivanov |first8=L.I. |last9=Tikunova |first9=N.V. |date=December 2014 |title=Genetic variability of Babesia parasites in Haemaphysalis spp. and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in the Baikal region and Far East of Russia |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=28 |pages=270–275 |bibcode=2014InfGE..28..270R |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.010 |pmid=25460820}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Marilis |last2=Alhassan |first2=Andy |last3=Ord |first3=Rosalynn |last4=Cursino-Santos |first4=Jeny |last5=Singh |first5=Manpreet |last6=Gray |first6=Jeremy |last7=Lobo |first7=Cheryl |date=September 2014 |title=Identification and Characterization of the RouenBd1987 Babesia divergens Rhopty-Associated Protein 1 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j7727R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0107727 |pmc=4166668 |pmid=25226276 |doi-access=free}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 73fypbo9bnqp3wgft1xbdtr5k45yxsi 0 159007 879908 862512 2026-07-10T01:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la Lukaya |work=Lac de Ma Vallée |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> [[Image:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya.]] A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Jesuit da suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yuni 1893 a Kimbangu, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne farkon Mishan na Katolika a yankin. Bayan wata guda da zuwansu, suka bar wuraren da ba su da lafiya, masu cike da tabo, suka koma Kimwenza, kusa da Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html |title=Kinshasa Then and Now |date=January 29, 2011 |first=Mwana |last=Mboka |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> Ƙananan faduwar ruwan suna zubewa cikin ƙaramin tafki mai bakin yashi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |title=Attractions |work=Ville de Kinshasa |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227032343/http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wurin yawon shakatawa ne ga masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa yin iyo, ko cin abinci a gidan abinci da ke kusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinshasa-congo.com/fr/places_to_visit/ |title=Aux alentours de Kinshasa: Chutes de La Lukaya |work=Kinshasa-congo |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar Lola ya Bonobo na kare bonobo masu fuskantar bacewa, wanda yake kusa da faduwar ruwan, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. An kafa wurin ajiyar ne daga Claudine André na ƙungiyar NGO ''Abokan Bonobos a Kongo'', a shekarar 1994, kuma tun daga 2002 wurin yana Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |title=Lola ya Bonobo |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2010-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917044756/http://africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 4obpuz2irued7894w4dnnt95yf61rbi 0 159067 879924 862744 2026-07-10T03:20:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Porto Novo''' birni ne a tsibirin Santo Antão, a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ita ce cibiyar karamar hukumar Porto Novo . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010, garin yana da mazauna 9,310, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wurin zama mafi yawan jama'a a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Novo tana kan kudu maso gabashin gabar Santo Antão, a gaban tsibirin San Vicente. Birnin ya kasu kashi masu zuwa:   == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Yawan jama'ar garin Porto Novo (1990-2010) |- style="text-align:center;" |'''1990''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010''' |- style="text-align:center;" |4867 |7685 |9310 |} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CaisPortoNovo.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo, da kuma bayan, tsibirin San Vicente]] Saboda busassun kudancin Santo Antão, an fara zama da wuri. Birnin da farko ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da ake kira ''Porto dos Carvoeiros'' . Daga gine-gine 30 kawai da aka warwatsa a cikin 1901, ya fara girma a cikin 1910s. : 21 An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa a 1962, kuma an sabunta ta a 2012-14.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kafin 1962, jiragen ruwa dole ne su tsaya a bakin tekun Alto Peixinho, kuma dole ne a kawo kayayyaki da fasinjoji zuwa bakin teku tare da ƙananan jiragen ruwa.<ref name="dias" /> : 24 Gidan karamar hukumar Porto Novo da aka kirkira a 1962, <ref name="dias" />: 29 a hankali ya zama mafi girman birni na tsibirin. A shekara ta 2005 Garin Porto Novo ya zama birni.<ref name="dias" /> : 40 {{Rp|40}} == Yanayi == Porto Novo tana da Yanayi mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''BWh''). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 191 millimeters ko 7.52 inci. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|23.8|C|F}} ° C (74.8 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Sufuri == Tun lokacin sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2014, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo tana da tashar jiragen kasa 3, wurin shakatawa na kwantena 1, ramuka 2 da kuma tashar jirgin ruwa. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 268 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 8 m.<ref name="ENAPOR"/> A cikin 2017 an sarrafa ton 134,141 na kaya da fasinjoji 301,813 (2017). Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa 4 na yau da kullun daga Porto Novo zuwa Mindelo a tsibirin San Vicente . Porto Novo memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Hanyar ƙasa EN1-SA01 ta haɗa Porto Novo da Ribeira Grande, ta wuce cikin tsaunuka. EN1-SA03 tana kaiwa Pombas a bakin tekun gabas. EN1-SA04 tana kaiwa yamma zuwa Ponte Sul. Tun lokacin da aka rufe Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto, wanda ke cikin Ponta do Sol, babu filin jirgin sama mai aiki a tsibirin. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] tlh0o6qheg0m9ukgaxs606e0uo9u5yu 0 159419 879671 864908 2026-07-09T17:06:37Z BnHamid 12586 879671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Platelet-Poor Plasma ('''PPP''') plasma ne na jini tare da ƙananan adadin platelets (< 10 X 10³/μL). A al'ada, an ba da shawarar PPP don amfani a cikin nazarin tarwatsa platelet don daidaita yawan plasma mai wadataccen platelet, da kuma aiki a matsayin iko. PPP na iya samun matakan Fibrinogen masu girma, wanda ke da ikon samar da kwayar cuta mai wadata da fibrin da zarar an kunna ta. Warkar da rauni yana buƙatar ƙaura da haɗe-haɗe, wanda wannan ƙuƙwalwar fibrin ke sauƙaƙewa. == Amfani na yanzu == Fibrin sealants sun sami amfani a yanayi da yawa na asibiti kamar kula da jini, tiyata ta orthopaedic, da tiyata ta kayan shafa. == Shirya platelet mara kyau plasma == # A cikin sa'a 1 na tattara jini, centrifuge capped citrate tube (blue saman) na minti 15. # Yin amfani da bututun canja wurin filastik, cire saman 3/4 na plasma kuma sanya shi a cikin bututun centrifuge na filastik tare da murfin. # Centrifuge plasma (a cikin bututun centrifuge na filastik) na wasu minti 15. # Yin amfani da bututun canja wurin filastik, cire saman 3/4 a cikin bututun filastik. Kada ku dame plasma a kasan bututun spin, inda duk wani platelets zai kasance. # Aliquots tare da jan sel masu ganuwa ko hemolysis (pink plasma) ba a yarda da su ba. # Gishiri plasma nan take. Ya kamata a daskare samfurori don mafi yawan gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje a cikin awanni 4 na tattarawa. == Abubuwan da za su iya faruwa a nan gaba == A matsayin samfur na shirye-shiryen PRP, PPP na iya samun amfani a aikace-aikacen injiniyan nama a matsayin ma'auni mai lalacewa. Ana watsar da wannan ɓangaren plasma akai-akai lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da maganin PRP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Jiahui |last2=Zhang |first2=Jun |last3=Zhang |first3=Nannan |last4=Li |first4=Tao |last5=Zhou |first5=Xiaohe |last6=Jia |first6=Jue |last7=Liang |first7=Yingying |last8=Sun |first8=Xiaochun |last9=Chen |first9=Huabiao |date=2020-08-26 |title=The Effects of Platelet-Rich and Platelet-Poor Plasma on Biological Characteristics of BM-MSCs In Vitro |journal=Analytical Cellular Pathology |language=en |volume=2020 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1155/2020/8546231 |issn=2210-7177 |pmc=7471809 |pmid=32908815 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayani == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rrm9uepdf30dv30r429m0elhnjw9ng7 0 159677 879984 866839 2026-07-10T07:20:09Z BnHamid 12586 879984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Delta-beta Talasemia''' wani nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa na thalassemía wanda ke da raguwar samar da ɓangaren haemoglobin delta da ɓangaren beta na haemoglobini da kuma haɓaka matakan haemoglobina. Yana da cuta ta autosomal recessive.<ref name="orph">{{Cite web |title=Delta-beta-thalassemia |url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009110436/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Orphanet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HBD - hemoglobin subunit delta |url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Genes.php?lng=EN&data_id=20551&MISSING%20CONTENT=hemoglobin-subunit-delta&search=Disease_Genes_Simple&title=hemoglobin-subunit-delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918085238/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Genes.php?lng=EN&data_id=20551&MISSING%20CONTENT=hemoglobin-subunit-delta&search=Disease_Genes_Simple&title=hemoglobin-subunit-delta |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=Orphanet}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Mutumin da ke fama da delta-beta thalassemia yawanci ba shi da alamomi, duk da haka microcytosis na iya faruwa inda jajayen ƙwayoyin jini suke da ƙanƙanta.<ref name="orph">{{Cite web |title=Delta-beta-thalassemia |url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009110436/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Orphanet}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == [[Fayil:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png|thumb|Tsarin haemoglobin sunadarai α da β suna cikin ja da shuɗi.]] Delta-beta thalassemia cuta ce ta autosomal recessive, <ref name="orph">{{Cite web |title=Delta-beta-thalassemia |url=http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009110436/http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=231237 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Orphanet}}</ref> wanda ke nufin iyaye biyu suna fama da cutar kuma kwafin kwayar halitta guda biyu dole ne su kasance. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autosomal recessive: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926134301/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> Mai ɗaukar hoto yana samun kwayar halitta ta al'ada don samar da haemoglobin A, daga ɗayan iyaye ɗayan kuma yana ba da kwayar halitta wanda ba ya yin haemoglobini A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta beta thalassemia carrier |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/540622/1746-delta_beta_thalassaemia-PRINT_250716.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924163415/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/540622/1746-delta_beta_thalassaemia-PRINT_250716.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=Public Health England}}</ref> Delta-beta thalassemia an dauke shi da wuya.<ref name="pat">{{Cite web |title=Thalassaemia {{!}} Health {{!}} Patient |url=http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909132730/http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=Patient}}</ref> Delta-beta-thalassemia ya samo asali ne daga share dukkan jerin kwayoyin halitta na delta da beta kuma kawai gamma-globin da HbF ne aka kafa. Ba sau da yawa, an bayar da rahoton siffofin da ba na rabuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcription and Translation - National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) |url=https://www.genome.gov/27552603/transcription-and-translation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918082728/https://www.genome.gov/27552603/transcription-and-translation/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=www.genome.gov |publisher=NIH}}</ref> Lokacin da aka gaji maye gurbi biyu na delta0, ba a sami haemoglobin A2 (alpha2, delta2) ba. Wannan ba shi da lahani saboda kawai 2-3% na haemoglobin manya na al'ada shine haemoglobin A2. Mutum zai sami ma'auni na hematological na al'ada (ƙididdigar erythrocyte, jimlar haemoglobin, ma'anar corpuscular). [abubuwan da ake buƙata na likitanci] delta-beta thalassaemia yana nuna maye gurbi ɗaya yana a matsayi +69.[1] === Dangantaka da beta thalassemia === Delta-Beta thalassemia na iya rufe ganewar asali na beta thalassemía. A cikin beta thalassemia, karuwar hemoglobin A2 yana haifar, amma kasancewar maye gurbin delta-beta thalassemie zai rage darajar hemoglobin A1 zuwa cikin kewayon al'ada, don haka ya rufe ganewar asali na beta thalas semia <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galanello |first=Renzo |last2=Origa |first2=Raffaella |date=2010 |title=Beta-thalassemia |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-5-11 |issn=1750-1172 |pmc=2893117 |pmid=20492708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Bayan ganowar kwayoyin jini na hypochromic microcytic, an tabbatar da delta-beta thalassemia ta hanyar high-performance ruwa chromatography.<ref name="pmid29132487">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahmad SQ, Zafar SI, Malik HS, Ahmed S |date=November 2017 |title=Delta-Beta Thalassaemia in a Pathan Family |journal=Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Pakistan) |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=722–724 |pmid=29132487}}</ref> == Magani == Lokacin da ake buƙata, ana amfani da magani don ƙarancin jini, kamar ƙarin jini.<ref name="pat">{{Cite web |title=Thalassaemia {{!}} Health {{!}} Patient |url=http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909132730/http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=Patient}}</ref> Cutar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa wani zaɓi ne, amma mai ba da gudummawa da mutumin da zai karɓi ƙwayar ƙwaya dole ne ya dace, ya kamata a kimanta haɗarin da ke tattare da shi.<ref name="pat">{{Cite web |title=Thalassaemia {{!}} Health {{!}} Patient |url=http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909132730/http://patient.info/health/thalassaemia-leaflet |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=Patient}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Antonio |last2=Galanello |first2=Renzo |date=2010-02-01 |title=Beta-thalassemia |journal=Genetics in Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181cd68ed |issn=1098-3600 |pmid=20098328 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Risks |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stem-cell-transplant/risks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093121/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stem-cell-transplant/risks/ |archive-date=2018-04-29 |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=nhs.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Alpha thalassemia * Beta-thalassemia * Haemoglobinopathy == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=S |last2=Bhargava |first2=M |last3=Mittal |first3=SK |last4=Gupta |first4=R |date=1 January 2013 |title=Homozygous delta-beta Thalassemia in a Child: a Rare Cause of Elevated Fetal Hemoglobin |journal=Iranian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=222–227 |issn=2008-8892 |pmc=3915439 |pmid=24575268}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=B. Vinodh |last2=Choccalingam |first2=Chidambharam |last3=Samuel |first3=Premila |date=1 March 2016 |title=Incidental Identification of Possible Delta-Beta Thalassemia Trait in a Family: A Rare Cause of Elevated Hb F. |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=BD01–BD02 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/16352.7409 |issn=2249-782X |pmc=4843246 |pmid=27134860}} * {{Cite web |title=Public Health Information Network Vocabulary Access and Distribution System (PHIN VADS) |url=https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/http://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=16360009 |access-date=17 September 2016 |website=CDC |publisher=Centers for Disease Control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] avgeobm5wwm7zl9vul27o8h2fbgmcy0 0 159779 880017 868044 2026-07-10T08:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880017 wikitext text/x-wiki Auramine phenol stain wani tabo ne da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin microbiology na asibiti da histology don gano [[tarin fuka]] mycobacteria. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan auramine phenol guda biyu, 1 da 2 don yin launi na nau'in mycobacterium da cryptosporidium bi da bi. Dukansu suna da tabo mai haske. Kwayoyin cuta ko kwayar cuta suna bayyana launin rawaya mai haske a kan bango mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microbiology training log |url=http://microblog.me.uk/306 |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618111900/http://microblog.me.uk/306 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mycolic acid na mycobacteria suna riƙe da wannan tabo yayin da suke canza launi tare da barasa. Hanyar ta fi sauri kuma mai hankali fiye da fasahar ZN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comparison of the value of two different sputum staining for diagnosis of acid-fast bacilli |url=http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijcid/article/download/198/143 |access-date=19 November 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == * Smears are prepared just like that for ZN staining * Stain with Auramine-Phenol for 20 mins * Rinse with water * Decolourise in acid alcohol * Rinse with water * Counterstain with 0.1% potassium permanganate for 30 seconds * Rinse and air dry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parasitology stains |url=http://www.diasys.com/products/parasitology/fixatives-reagents-and-stains/parasitology-stains/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410183546/http://www.diasys.com/products/parasitology/fixatives-reagents-and-stains/parasitology-stains/ |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Stains}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Tuberculosis}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3b8mjzryo5i0ogoczc60w27dx13xoc3 0 159865 879649 873301 2026-07-09T16:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:NupekoTV}} {{Infobox person | name = NupekoTV | image = NupekoTv.jpg | caption = NupekoTV | other_names = NupekoTV, Nupeko TV | company_types = Kamfani mai zaman kansa | occupation = Kafar yaɗa labarai ta dijital | years_active = 2021–zuwa yanzu | people = Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed | citizenship = Lafiagi, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | known_for = Labaran cikin gida, labaran ƙasashen duniya, sharhin al'amuran jama'a da bunƙasa al'adun Nupe | website = {{URL|https://www.nupekotv.com}} }} '''NupekoTV''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NupekoTV''' ko '''Nupeko TV''') kafar yaɗa labarai ce mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara. An kafa ta a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed'''. Kafar tana wallafa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da sharhin al'amuran jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adun Nupe da na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV.com: About Us - NupekoTV|url=https://www.nupekotv.com/p/about-us.html|website=NupekoTV}}</ref> Kafar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar wallafa labarai a yanar gizo da sauran kafafen sadarwa na zamani. == Tarihi == An kafa NupekoTV a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' domin samar da kafar yaɗa labarai mai zaman kanta da za ta mayar da hankali kan rahotannin labarai, harkokin jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adu. A shekarar 2026, NupekoTV ta sake ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan yaɗa labarai ta hanyar dijital da kuma ƙarfafa aikin jaridar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Ayyuka == NupekoTV tana wallafa labaran cikin gida, na ƙasa da na ƙasashen duniya tare da maƙaloli, ra'ayoyi da bayanai masu amfani ga jama'a. Haka kuma tana ba da muhimmanci ga rahotannin da suka shafi yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Kasancewa a kafafen sada zumunta == NupekoTV tana da shafuka masu aiki a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook da YouTube, inda take yaɗa labarai da sauran shirye shirye ga masu bibiyarta. Har ila yau, kafar tana gudanar da rahotannin da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma tare da ba da muhimmanci ga batutuwan tsaro da shugabanci a yankin Kwara ta Arewa. == Jagoranci == Jagorancin NupekoTV ya haɗa da: * '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' — Wanda ya kafa kafar kuma Babban Darakta (CEO) * '''[[Usman Haruna]]''' — Mataimakin Babban Darakta (Sub CEO) * '''Mohammed Idris Shaaba''' — Mairubutu * '''Abdullahi Adam Santali''' — Mataimakin Mairubutu == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2025, kungiyar Initial Language Legacy and Culture (ILLEC) ta karrama NupekoTV saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Nupe da al'adunsa a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Gets Award for Promoting Nupe Language |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-gets-award-for-promoting-nupe-language |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Shari'o'i da muhawara == NupekoTV ta shiga wasu shari'o'i da suka shafi 'yancin aikin jarida, waɗanda kafafen yaɗa labarai daban daban suka ruwaito. A wani lamari, wani kwamishina na Jihar Kwara ya shigar da ƙarar bata suna ta Naira miliyan 10 a kan kafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara commissioner slams N10m lawsuit against media outlet over allegations of negligence |url=https://theinformant247.com/kwara-commissioner-slams-n10m-lawsuit-against-media-outlet-over-allegations-of-negligence |website=The Informant247}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare aikin jarida da na farar hula, ciki har da ASKOMP, sun soki abin da suka bayyana a matsayin matsin lamba ga kafafen yaɗa labarai a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASKOMP condemns govt official’s clampdown on media in Kwara |url=https://theinformant247.com/askomp-condemns-govt-officials-clampdown-on-media-in-kwara |website=The Informant247}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun ce an tsare wani ɗan jaridar NupekoTV bisa zargin bata suna, lamarin da jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara PDP condemns Abdulrazaq’s govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand, accuses it of silencing critics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/16/kwara-pdp-condemns-abdulrazaqsa-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-accuses-it |website=SaharaReporters }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIB Movement condemns Kwara govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand in prison, calls charges ‘malicious’ |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/15/tib-movement-condemns-kwara-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-prison-calls-charges |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> Daga baya, wata kotu ta bayar da belin mawallafin NupekoTV a cikin shari'ar bata sunan da aka shigar a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court grants bail to NupekoTV publisher in defamation suit filed by Kwara commissioner Usman Lade |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/21/court-grants-bail-nupekoTV-publisher-defamation-suit-filed-kwara-commissioner-usman-lade |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> == Manufa == A cewar bayanan da kafar ta wallafa, manufar NupekoTV ita ce yaɗa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da bunƙasa al'adun Afirka da na al'ummar Nupe. == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nupekotv.com Shafin yanar gizon NupekoTV] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} __FORCETOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[Rukuni:Jarida]] [[Rukuni:Jarida mai wallafa labaran ta a yanar gizo]] [[Rukuni:Jarida a Najeriya]] __INDEX__ pzdyqtdvmo5lh5mdwenr68jet93yw6j 0 159973 879650 869437 2026-07-09T16:03:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:NupekoTV}} {{Infobox person | name = NupekoTV | image = NupekoTv.jpg | caption = NupekoTV | other_names = NupekoTV, Nupeko TV | company_types = Kamfani mai zaman kansa | occupation = Kafar yaɗa labarai ta dijital | years_active = 2021–zuwa yanzu | people = Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed | citizenship = Lafiagi, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | known_for = Labaran cikin gida, labaran ƙasashen duniya, sharhin al'amuran jama'a da bunƙasa al'adun Nupe | website = {{URL|https://www.nupekotv.com/}} }} '''NupekoTV''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NupekoTV''' ko '''Nupeko TV''') kafar yaɗa labarai ce mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara. An kafa ta a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed'''. Kafar tana wallafa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da sharhin al'amuran jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adun Nupe da na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV.com: About Us - NupekoTV|url=https://www.nupekotv.com/p/about-us.html|website=NupekoTV}}</ref> Kafar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar wallafa labarai a yanar gizo da sauran kafafen sadarwa na zamani. == Tarihi == An kafa NupekoTV a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' domin samar da kafar yaɗa labarai mai zaman kanta da za ta mayar da hankali kan rahotannin labarai, harkokin jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adu. A shekarar 2026, NupekoTV ta sake ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan yaɗa labarai ta hanyar dijital da kuma ƙarfafa aikin jaridar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Ayyuka == NupekoTV tana wallafa labaran cikin gida, na ƙasa da na ƙasashen duniya tare da maƙaloli, ra'ayoyi da bayanai masu amfani ga jama'a. Haka kuma tana ba da muhimmanci ga rahotannin da suka shafi yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Kasancewa a kafafen sada zumunta == NupekoTV tana da shafuka masu aiki a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook da YouTube, inda take yaɗa labarai da sauran shirye shirye ga masu bibiyarta. Har ila yau, kafar tana gudanar da rahotannin da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma tare da ba da muhimmanci ga batutuwan tsaro da shugabanci a yankin Kwara ta Arewa. == Jagoranci == Jagorancin NupekoTV ya haɗa da: * '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' — Wanda ya kafa kafar kuma Babban Darakta (CEO) * '''[[Usman Haruna]]''' — Mataimakin Babban Darakta (Sub CEO) * '''Mohammed Idris Shaaba''' — Mairubutu * '''Abdullahi Adam Santali''' — Mataimakin Mairubutu == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2025, kungiyar Initial Language Legacy and Culture (ILLEC) ta karrama NupekoTV saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Nupe da al'adunsa a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Gets Award for Promoting Nupe Language |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-gets-award-for-promoting-nupe-language |website=Factual Times}}</ref> == Shari'o'i da muhawara == NupekoTV ta shiga wasu shari'o'i da suka shafi 'yancin aikin jarida, waɗanda kafafen yaɗa labarai daban daban suka ruwaito. A wani lamari, wani kwamishina na Jihar Kwara ya shigar da ƙarar bata suna ta Naira miliyan 10 a kan kafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara commissioner slams N10m lawsuit against media outlet over allegations of negligence |url=https://theinformant247.com/kwara-commissioner-slams-n10m-lawsuit-against-media-outlet-over-allegations-of-negligence |website=The Informant247}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare aikin jarida da na farar hula, ciki har da ASKOMP, sun soki abin da suka bayyana a matsayin matsin lamba ga kafafen yaɗa labarai a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASKOMP condemns govt official’s clampdown on media in Kwara |url=https://theinformant247.com/askomp-condemns-govt-officials-clampdown-on-media-in-kwara |website=The Informant247}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun ce an tsare wani ɗan jaridar NupekoTV bisa zargin bata suna, lamarin da jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara PDP condemns Abdulrazaq’s govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand, accuses it of silencing critics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/16/kwara-pdp-condemns-abdulrazaqsa-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-accuses-it |website=SaharaReporters }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIB Movement condemns Kwara govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand in prison, calls charges ‘malicious’ |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/15/tib-movement-condemns-kwara-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-prison-calls-charges |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> Daga baya, wata kotu ta bayar da belin mawallafin NupekoTV a cikin shari'ar bata sunan da aka shigar a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court grants bail to NupekoTV publisher in defamation suit filed by Kwara commissioner Usman Lade |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/21/court-grants-bail-nupekoTV-publisher-defamation-suit-filed-kwara-commissioner-usman-lade |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> == Manufa == A cewar bayanan da kafar ta wallafa, manufar NupekoTV ita ce yaɗa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da bunƙasa al'adun Afirka da na al'ummar Nupe. == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nupekotv.com Shafin yanar gizon NupekoTV] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 5l0uem6dkr473do0mfq65ntud8657y0 0 160091 880014 870294 2026-07-10T07:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 17 sources and tagging 8 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wadata da tsaftace ruwan sha a Benin''' ya sami gagarumin ci gaba tun shekarun 1990, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda ake samun ruwa fiye da sauran kasashen Afirka da yawa,<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> kuma kusan duk abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba suna bin dabarun kasa na mayar da martani ga buƙatu, wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> An amince da sabbin dabarun haɓaka wadatar ruwa a yankunan karkara da na birane a cikin shekarun 2005 da 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 12-13</ref> Haraji a yankunan birane da na karkara yawanci yana da yawa yadda zai iya biyan kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Koyaya, kalubale suna nan da sauran su. An samar da ingantaccen tsarin hukumomi don yankunan karkara kuma an aiwatar da ayyuka tare da gagarumin taimako daga masu ba da agaji na waje. An ayyana nauyin da ke wuyan wadatar ruwa a cikin dabarun kasa na shekarar 2007 kuma kamfanin samar da ruwa na kasa SONEB yana samun gagarumin taimako ta fuskar zuba jari da tallafin fasaha.<ref name="WSP" /> Sha'anin tsaftace muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai. Kula da gurbataccen ruwa kusan ma ba ya wanzu.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> Domin cimma Muradun Tattalin Arziki na Millenium (MDGs) game da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar dalar Amurka miliyan 80 da dalar Amurka miliyan 22 kowace shekara daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> Don kwatantawa, ƙasa da dalar Amurka miliyan 10 kowace shekara aka zuba hannun jari a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara inda kashi 55% na al'ummar Benin ke rayuwa. Babu alkalumma da ke akwai kan ainihin jंधarin da aka yi a yankunan birane. Mafi kusantar magana, dole ne a ninka jंधarin zuba kudi sau da yawa don cimma MDGs. == Samun Ruwa == A shekarar 2015, kashi 78% na al'ummar Benin suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa, kashi 85% a yankunan birane da kashi 72% a yankunan karkara. A shekarar 2015, har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 2 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. Game da tsaftace muhalli, kashi 20% na al'ummar suna da damar samun "ingantaccen" tsarin tsafta, kashi 36% a birane da kashi 7% a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719214830/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Bisa rahoton hadin gwiwa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da UNICEF, kashi uku cikin hudu na al'ummar Benin suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a shekarar 2008, yayin da kashi 12% ke da damar samun ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli. Wannan rabo ya tashi daga kashi 63% na ruwa da kashi 5% na tsafta a shekarar 1990. Samun ruwa a yankunan birane ya fi na yankunan karkara yawa nesa ba kusa ba.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Na birni<br>(41% na al'umma) ! Na karkara<br>(59% na al'umma) ! Jimilla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa | Ingantaccen tushen ruwa | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Ruwan famfo a cikin gida | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Tsafta | Ingantaccen tsarin tsafta | 24% | 4% | 12% |} An sami gagarumin bambance-bambance a fannin wadatar ruwa tsakanin yankuna. Lamarin ya dogara ne da sauƙin samun ruwan karkashin kasa, tsarin zuba jari na masu ba da agaji, da kuma ainihin buƙatun mazauna kowace al'umma ko yanki.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> A yankunan birane, rashin samun ingantaccen ruwa ya fi ta'allaka ne a gefen birane.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> Gwamnatin kasa tana amfani da wani ma'anar daban na samun ruwa,<ref>A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, yawan samun ruwa yana wakiltar kashi na al'ummar da ke samun ruwa ta wuraren samar da ruwa, wadanda ke hidima ga mazauna har 250 bisa la'akari da lita 20 kowace rana ga kowane mutum (l/p/d) a nisa da bai wuce mita 500 daga wurin amfani ba. Ana amincewa da wadannan hanyoyin a matsayin wuraren samar da ruwa: *Rijiyar burtsatse (borehole) sanye da famfon hannu tana daidai da wurin ruwa guda daya *Ingantacciyar rijiya tana daidai da wurin ruwa guda daya *Famfon jama'a a tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara yana daidai da wuraren ruwa guda biyu *Wurin tsayuwar ruwa mai zaman kansa (Poste d'Eau Autonome) yana daidai da wuraren ruwa guda hudu A yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, an bayyana samun ruwa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa ga hanyar sadarwar ruwa na birni. Haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya yana ba da ruwa ga kusan mutane goma sha biyu (gidaje biyu masu mutane shida a kowane gida). Source: {{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 15-16</ref> wanda a karkashinsa samar da ruwa ya kasance kashi 50% a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, da kuma kashi 41% a yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane a shekarar 2005. Binciken shekara-shekara na fannin ruwa na shekarar kuɗi ta 2009 ya nuna kashi 55.1% na samun ruwa a yankunan karkara da kashi 57% a yankunan birane.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> Domin cimma MDGs, dabarun gwamnatin kasa shi ne ƙara yawan samun ruwa zuwa kashi 75% a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, da kuma kashi 67.5% a yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane nan da shekarar 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 5</ref> Game da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi ta ba da rahoton cewa a shekarar 2003 kashi 67% na al'ummar kasar ba su da isassun kayan aiki na zubar da bayan gida.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 9</ref> Binciken sashin na shekara-shekara ya nuna cewa samun damar gidaje ga kayan aikin tsafta ya kasance kashi 39.4% da kuma kashi 71.6% na yara 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2009.<ref name="com"/> ===Ma'anar yankunan birni da na karkara=== Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashe, an raba fannin samar da ruwa na Benin zuwa fannin birni da na karkara sannan kuma a mika shi ga talakawa. Sai dai a cikin takardun, yankunan karkara sun hada da yankunan kusa da birane, kuma yankunan birane sun hada da yankunan kewaye da birane. A shekarar 2002, an bayyana yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane a matsayin matsatsun gidaje masu mazauna kasa da 10,000 da kuma manyan garuruwa 22 masu mazauna sama da 10,000,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> yayin da sauran yankunan kuma aka kira su na birni da kewaye da birni. ==Ingancin Sabis== ===Ci gaba da samar da ruwa=== Ba a yi gagarumin zuba jari ba a yankin Greater Cotonou tun shekarar 1991. Bukatar ruwa da ke haɓaka cikin sauri (kashi 6-8% kowace shekara) tana wuce iyakar ƙarfin rijiyoyin, masana'antu biyu na tace ruwa, da tsarin rarraba ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarfe-ƙarfe ko ƙarancin karfin ruwa, wanda galibi ke takaita amfani da ruwa a yankunan gefen birni. Wadatar ruwa a Cotonou yawanci ana samun ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 a rana, sai dai tsarin yana samun matsala sosai saboda daukewar wutar lantarki daga Kamfanin Lantarki da Ruwa na Benin. Kamfanin na iya samar da kusan kashi 50% na bukatar wutar lantarki ta hanyar janareto domin cika tsarin famfo da babban tankin ruwa. Yawan katsewar wutar lantarki yana rage amincin tsarin.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Sai dai an ba da kuɗi tare da tsara gagarumin ayyukan faɗaɗa tun a shekarun 2007/2008 tare da tallafin manyan masu ba da agaji (Banka na Ci Gaban Afirka ta Yamma, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, KfW Entwicklungsbank, Netherlands). Ana ci gaba da aiwatarwa (duba ƙasa).<ref name="com"/> ===Ingancin ruwan sha=== Ba a yi wani gagarumin bincike na ko'ina ba game da ingancin ruwa a Benin. A karkashin tsarin wani bincike da ya binciko wadatar ruwa a yankunan kewaye da birnin Cotonou, an tattara samfuran ruwa daga rumfunan sayar da ruwa, mai sayar da ruwa, rijiyar al'umma da Tafkin Nokoué a cikin gundumomin Ladji da Vossa da ke kewaye da Cotonou. Binciken ya kammala da cewa samfuran da aka samu daga rumfunan ruwa da mai sayar da ruwa suna da inganci mai kyau.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Masu sayar da ruwa masu zaman kansu da ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwar SONEB sun bazu ko'ina a yankunan birane, suna hidima ga gidajen da ba su da haɗin gwiwa da bututun ruwa tukuna.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> Ma'aikatar da ke kula da ruwa da SONEB sun sanya wani farashi na musamman 'don talakawa' don sake sayar da ruwa domin daidaita wannan lamari, a watan Yulin 2009. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hakan tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙaramar hukuma.<ref name="com"/> An ba da rahoton shigar ruwan gishiri kusa da Cotonou, inda ake hako ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 11</ref> ===Kula da gurbataccen ruwa=== Kula da gurbataccen ruwa yana da matukar karanci a Benin. A mafi yawan lokuta, ba ma a zubar da gurbataccen ruwa yadda ya kamata. Kamar yadda binciken lafiya na kasa na shekarar 2001 ya nuna, a biranen Cotonou, Parakou da Porto-Novo, gidaje biyu kacal cikin 1,000 ke zubar da gurbataccen ruwansu ta hanyar da ta dace, yayin da akasarinsu ke zubar da shi kai tsaye zuwa cikin muhalli ko magudanar ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da gurbataccen muhalli kuma yana iya haifar da cututtukan da ake samu daga ruwa kamar malariya da zazzabin taifot.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Bisa ga wani labari na shekarar 2004, Cotonou ne kadai gari a Benin da ke da masana'antar kula da gurbataccen ruwa da ke aiki, inda ake tace duka datti daga tanka na bayan gida (septic tanks) da bayan gida na rami.<ref name="panapress" /> Wani labarin kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa masana'antar tacewa, wacce kamfanin tsabtace muhalli mai zaman kansa na Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) ke gudanarwa, tana tace kusan m³ 240-300 kowace rana. Kamfanin yana cajin kuɗi don tace datti daga motocin kwashe bayan gida. Ruwan gurbataccen yana samun tace na matakin farko da na biyu sannan bayan haka sai a zubar da shi cikin teku.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Bugu da kari, wasu cibiyoyi na cikin gida kamar asibiti da hotuna suna gudanar da nasu wuraren tace ruwan.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Albarkatun Ruwa== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|Kogi a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Pendjari a lokacin rani]] An kiyasta cewa wadatar albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a Benin sun isa su biya buƙatun na yanzu da na gaba, koda kuwa an haɗa da amfanin gona da na masana'antu. Amfani da ruwa na yanzu kusan kashi 1% ne na albarkatun da ake da su.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 3</ref> Adadin sabbin albarkatun ruwa a kasar an kiyasta shi akan 3,954 m³ ga kowane mutum a shekara,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> adadin da ke nuna cewa karancin ruwa yana faruwa ne kawai lokaci-lokaci ko a wasu takamaiman wurare kamar yadda ma'anar Falkenmark da Widstrand ta bayyana.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Murabba'in kilomita 2000 ko kuma kashi 1.8% na fadin kasar Benin (kilomita murabba'i 112,620) ruwa ne ya rufe shi. Ruwan sama yana kaiwa matsakaicin milimita 1,039 kowace shekara, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yanki da lokaci.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 2021, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya ba da rancen yuro miliyan 50 don taimakawa Cotonou wajen inganta magudanar ruwan sama, musamman ta hanyar haɓaka magudanar ruwan sama don kama filastik. Wannan shiri zai rage ambaliyar ruwa kusa da gine-gine, wanda zai amfani mutane 187,000 a ciki da kewayen Cotonou tare da rage robobi da sauran gurbataccen abu a cikin Tekun Guinea. <ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Amfani da ruwa== Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfani da ruwa ya kai lita 17 ga kowane mutum a rana (L/c/d) a yankunan karkara da kuma 29 L/c/d a birane. Marubutan sun bayyana karancin amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara da rashin hanyoyin samun ruwa, nisa mai nisa daga kauyuka zuwa rijiyoyi da kuma karancin ruwa a lokacin rani. A gefen yankunan garuruwa, sun sami yanayi irin na yankunan karkara. Suna sa ran karuwar bukatar ruwa sakamakon habakar birane da kuma inganta yanayin rayuwa.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna cewa a shekarar 2001, kashi 32% na jimillar ruwan da aka hako an yi amfani da shi ne don amfanin gida, yayin da kashi 45% aka yi amfani da shi don aikin gona da kashi 23% na masana'antu.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, mamakon ruwan sama a Benin ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga albarkatun ruwa da asarar kuɗi. Saboda ci gaba da tafka ruwan sama a yankin, ana fitar da manyan robobi da sauran tarkace zuwa Tafkin Nokoué da Tekun Guinea ta hanyar budaddun magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ke sanya albarkatun ruwa yin karanci. <ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == === Tarihi === Gine-ginen karkashin kasa (Souterrains) tun daga karni na 17 zuwa na 19 Masarautar Dahomey ce ta gina su don ayyuka daban-daban da suka hada da adana ruwa<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> ko kuma su zama tankunan ruwa na lokaci-lokaci (cisterns).<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Yankunan karkara:''' A karkashin tsarin shekaru goma na samar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1981–1990), Benin ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabe tare da kafa wurare 5,350 na samar da ruwa. Sakamakon wadannan kokarin ya bayyana wasu kasawa a cikin dabarun, wadanda suka hada da (i) rashin sa hannun masu amfani wajen kafa wuraren ruwan; (ii) rashin ilimantarwa kan lafiya da tsabta; (iii) rashin zuba jari a fannin tsafta da kiyaye muhalli; (iv) rashin sanya al'umma cikin gudanarwa da sarrafa wuraren ruwan; da kuma (v) karancin yawan wuraren ruwa da ke aiki yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Tunda wadannan kokari da jंधarin zuba kudi a fannin sun nuna cewa ba su da dorewa, an shirya sabuwar dabarar samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara mai amsa bukatar jama'a tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya kuma aka amince da ita a shekarar 1992. Dabarar ta ginu ne a kan madaidaitan maki guda hudu: *Raba iko wajen yanke shawara (Decentralization) *Gudunmawar kudi ta al'ummomi ga jंधarin zuba kudi na farko (kusan kashi 3-10% na jimillar kudaden da aka kashe<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 7</ref>) *Neman matakan rage tsada game da gudanarwa da kula da ababen more rayuwa *Sanya fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ayyukan gine-gine da gudanarwa Bugu da kari, dabarar ta kunshi karin wasu madaidaitan maki guda biyu na asali, wadanda ba a bayyana su kai tsaye ba kamar haka: *Sanya ilimin tsafta a cikin shirye-shiryen ruwa na karkara *Sake ayyana rawar da Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (DGEau) ke takawa, wadda ta zama mai tsara fanni da saukaka ayyuka Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka aiwatar da sabuwar dabarar ta hanyar wasu ayyuka da ake kira Shirin Tallafawa Ci Gaban Fannin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Yankunan Karkara (PADEAR) tare da gagarumin taimako na abokan hadin gwiwa da dama. An sake duba dabarar a shekarar 2003 domin dacewa da sabon tsarin hukumomi, dabarun rage radadin talauci na kasa da MDGs, tallafawa mika ayyuka da kuma nazarin lokacin da ya shude tun bayan fara amfani da dabarar.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 5-6</ref> A shekarar 1995, an amince da manufar tsaftace muhalli ta kasa. Manufofinta sun yi kama da na dabarar shekarar 1992 na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 20</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane:''' Har zuwa shekarar 2002, duka kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki da na ruwa na Benin ne ke samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki. Bayan haka, an mayar da babban bangare na fannin wutar lantarki ga masu zaman kansu, yayin da fannin ruwa na birane ya kasance na gwamnati kuma Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa na Benin (SONEB) ne ke samar da shi.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> === Sabbin dabarun kasa === A yankunan birane da na karkara an amince da sabbin dabarun a cikin shekarun 2005 da 2006 da nufin cimma burin MDGs game da samar da ruwa nan da shekarar 2015. '''Yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane:''' Sabuwar dabarar na tsawon lokaci daga 2005 zuwa 2015 tana bin dabarar kasa ta shekarar 1992 kuma tana da nufin cimma MDGs. Ka'idodinta sun yi kama da na dabarar shekarar 1992, amma an daidaita su da sauye-sauyen tsarin siyasa da na hukumomi. Kamar waccan ta baya, dabarar ta ginu ne a kan tsarin amsa bukatun jama'a kuma tana da maki guda biyar: *Raba ikon yanke shawara ga kananan hukumomi, wadanda ke aiki bisa tsarin amsa bukatar jama'a *Kasancewar mai amfani wajen samar da kudi, gudanarwa da kulawa gami da gyara ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan gine-gine *Bincike don nemo hanyoyin rage farashin ruwa ta hanyar yin la'akari da fasahohi masu rahusa *Mayar da ayyukan gine-gine, gudanarwa, kulawa da sulhun jama'a ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da kokari na musamman na kara kwarewar ma'aikata na cikin gida a fannin *Garfafa raba ikon fasaha da gudanarwa na tsakiyar gwamnati a rarraba ayyukanta a matsayin mai tsara fanni da kuma kafa alakar aiki tsakanin tsarin kananan hukumomin da aka raba wa iko<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 11-12</ref> A watan Mayun 2004, an yi kiran da a samar da Tsarin Ruwa na yankunan kusa da birane wadanda SONEB bai gudanar da ayyuka a can ba. Wannan shiri, wanda ba a aiwatar da shi ba a shekarar 2006, yana da nufin cimma MDGs a wadannan yankuna ta hanyar gina tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara a kusan garuruwa 500 nan da shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 12</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane:''' Dabarar 2006 zuwa 2015 ta samar da ruwa a birane, baya ga cimma MDGs nan da shekarar 2015, tana da manufar saukaka dorewar kudi na samar da ruwa na gwamnati da kuma ba da damar samun ruwa ga gidaje mafi fama da talauci. Dabarar ta ginu ne a kan madaidaitan maki guda hudu: *Hukumomi da mutanen da abin ya shafa suna taka rawar gani a cikin ingantaccen tsarin doka da na hukumomi *Cimma burin MDGs ya ginu ne a kan ci gaba da daidaiton fannin *Dorewar fannin tana samun goyon baya ta hanyar tattalin arziki da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa na gwamnati *Samun damar samun ruwa ga mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga wani babban lamari ne na hadin kan kasa<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 13</ref> Game da '''tsaftace muhalli''', Shirin Tsaftace Muhalli da Tsaftar jiki na Kasa ya kunshi lokaci daga 2004 zuwa 2008. An raba shi zuwa kananan shirye-shirye guda uku: *Inganta tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali a yankunan karkara *Inganta tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali a yankunan birane *Taimakon hukumomi ga Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali (DHAB) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da tsarukan da aka raba wa iko<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111650/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 17</ref> == Nauyin da ke wuyan samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == === Manufofi da tsari === [[Image:Benin-CIA WFB Map.png|200px|thumb|Taswirar Benin]] Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa ta kasa tana tsara manyan manufofin fannin ruwa tare da sanya ido kan yadda ake amfani da su. An ayyana manufofin tsaftace muhalli na kasa ta Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali (DHAB) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya.<ref name=gettingafrica /> A halin yanzu Benin tana kan aiwatar da manufar raba iko, inda samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli ya zama nauyi na gundunoni 77 na Benin, wadanda ke da mazauna tsakanin 25,000 zuwa 600,000. Kowace gunduma tana karkashin jagorancin zababbun kansiloli da magajin gari (mayor). Kamar yaddda doka ta 97-029 na shekarar 1999 ta tanada kan tsarin gudanar da kananan hukumomi, suna da cikakken nauyin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftace muhalli. Dokar ta kuma tanadi hakkin kananan hukumomi na neman tallafin fasaha daga matakin kasa ko fannoni masu zaman kansu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin kasa tana da alhakin tura kudaden da suka dace don gudanar da ayyukan ga kananan hukumomin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 23-27</ref> A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, ana sa ran Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (DGEau) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa za ta aiwatar da manufofin kasa, da daidaita amfanin ruwa don manufofi daban-daban da kuma inganta Tsarin Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa na Tare. Bugu da kari, DGEau yana da aikin kafawa da kula da rumbun bayanai kan albarkatun ruwa da yadda ake tattara su. Domin tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da manufofin kasa a matakin gida, DGEau yana da wakilci ta hanyar sassa 11 na Hidimar Ruwa kuma yana amfani da sassa shida na Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa na sassan kasar. A karkashin tsarin raba iko, an canza nauyi daga DGEau zuwa sassan sa na cikin gida.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13" /> Babu wata hukuma mai zaman kanta don tsara tattalin arziki na fannin ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Dabarar bunkasa tattalin arziki don rage radadin talauci na kasa na shekarar 2007 ta yi kiran da a kafa irin wannan hukuma.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 37</ref> === Samar da sabis === Tun bayan tsarin raba iko, kananan hukumomi da Kungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa da suka kafa sun zama da alhakin gudanarwa da kula da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli.<ref name="DANIDA 27">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 27</ref> A yankunan karkara da na kusa da birane, suna samun tallafi daga DGEau. A yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane, an sanya wa Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa na Benin (SONEB) alhakin tabbatar da samar da ruwa a birane da tace gurbataccen ruwa a madadin hukumomin gida.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 3</ref> SONEB ya samar da ruwa ga gundumomin birane 69 a shekarar 2007. Kashi tamanin na bukatar samar da ruwa a birane yana ta'allaka ne a Cotonou, Porto Novo, Parakou da Abomey/Bohicon. Kamar DGEau, SONEB yana karkashin Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa ne.<ref name="RoB 52" /> SONEB kamfani ne na gwamnati, amma yana da ikon cin gashin kansa wajen yanke shawara da gudanar da kudi.<ref>{{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 4</ref> Game da tsaftace muhalli, Hukumar Tsafta da Tsaftace Muhalli na Asali tana samar da tsafta a wuraren gwamnati kamar makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya. Hukumar tana raba alhakin tsaftace muhalli tare da SONEB, al'ummomi da sassa na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Gidaje da Tsara Birane da kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Gwamnati da Sufuri.<ref name=gettingafrica /> === Sauran ayyuka === '''Fannoni masu zaman kansu:''' A yankunan karkara, ana tallafawa sa hannun fannoni masu zaman kansu a karkashin dabarar PADEAR. Misali, kamfanonin hakar rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu FORAG da FORATECH suna kafa sabbin wuraren ruwa kusan 1,000 kowace shekara kuma ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ma suna da hannu a ayyukan kulawa.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Bayan wannan, ofisoshin tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu suna shirya binciken dacewar ayyuka (feasibility studies) kuma suna duba ginin ababen more rayuwa. Ma'aikata na cikin gida suna karbar kananan ayyuka.<ref>{{cite web | last = Office International de l'Eau (OIEAU) | title = Alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural au Bénin | url = http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191235/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 27-28</ref> A yankunan birane, ba a sa ran wani sa hannu na masu zaman kansu na SONEB ba.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Sai dai a Cotonou kamfanin mai zaman kansa SIBEAU yana gudanar da masana'antar tace gurbataccen ruwa daya tilo a kasar.<ref name="Solo" /> '''Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu:''' Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da dama suna gudanar da ayyuka a Benin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 28</ref> Yawanci suna ba da bayanai, shawarwari da tallafi ga al'ummomi game da nauyin da ke wuyansu na samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = IGIP Afrique | title = Intégration des aspects genre et développement dans le Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et Assainissement (PADSEA) et dans le Projet d'Assistance au Développement du secteur de l'alimentation en Eau et de l'Assainissement en zone Rurale.(PADEAR) au Bénin. Rapport Provisoire Version 2 | location = Cotonou | year = 2002|language=fr}}, p. 31</ref> == Ingantaccen tattalin arziki == Ana iya auna ingantaccen tattalin arziki na samar da ruwa ta hanyar wasu alamomi. Sai dai a Benin, samun damar yin amfani da bayanan da suka dace, idan ma akwai su, yana da wahala. Duk da haka, an rattaba hannu kan wani babban kwangila (tsarin kwangila) na lokacin 2008-2010 tsakanin SONEB da Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin kula da ruwa a watan Janairun 2008. Ya kunshi jerin alamomi da ke ba da damar auna nasarorin da aka samu na manufofin dabarun ruwa na birane da aka amince da su a shekarar 2007. SONEB yana rubuta wadannan nasarori a cikin nazarin fanni na shekara-shekara. Wata kafuwar alama ita ce rabon ruwan da ba ya kawo kudin shiga (NRW), wato ruwan da aka samar amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar yayyo (leakage) da hakar bututu ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta Benin, NRW na SONEB ya kasance kashi 21% a shekarar 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.bj.undp.org/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-09|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> Kodayake babu yarjejeniya kan matakan da suka dace na NRW tsakanin kwararru, Tynan da Kingdom sun ba da shawarar manufar mafi kyawun tsari na kashi 23% a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom"> The study uses data from 246 water utilities, of which half are in 44 developing countries. The utilities range from small ones, which serve fewer than 125,000 people to large ones, serving more than 500,000. All regions and within countries, all income levels are included. In each of the five categories (NRW, labor productivity, service coverage, water prices and connection costs and continuity of service), at least 30 utilities from developing countries and 30 from developed countries are included. The best practice targets for developing countries are based on the performance of the top 25 utilities of developing country utilities. The study uses data from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Utilities database and the Asian Development Bank; see: {{cite journal | last = Tynan | first = Nicola | author2 = Kingdom, Bill | title = A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities | journal = Public Policy Journal | issue = 242 | publisher = The World Bank Group | date = 2002-04-01 | url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304173501/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/242Tynan-040802.pdf | archive-date = 2009-03-04 | url-status = dead }} </ref> Kamar yadda alkaluman ma'aikatar suka nuna, SONEB ya cika wannan manufa. == Bangarorin kudi == === Kudin fito da dawo da kudaden da aka kashe === '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane''' An amince da garambawul ga kudin fito a watan Yulin 2009, bisa ga binciken kudin fito da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006. An kayyadewa kudin haɗi na musamman akan CFA 50,000 a cikin tsarin kudin fito. Babu bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan masu amfani daban-daban (na gida, na kasuwanci, na masana'antu), amma akwai guda biyu na kudin fito na rukuni daban-daban gwargwadon adadin amfani da ruwa.<ref name="com"/> Kafin garambawul din kudin fito, ana cajin dalar Amurka 0.41 akan kowace m³ ba tare da karin haraji ba na farkon m³ guda biyar. Ga amfani da ya wuce m³ biyar, kudin fito ya kasance dalar Amurka 1.03 gami da haraji akan kowace m³. Tsarin kudin fito ya kasance yana aiki tun a shekarar 2002. Bugu da kari, ana kara tsayayyen kudin fito na dalar Amurka 0.99 don kula da mita na ruwa.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref>The document does not give information on metering coverage. However, it seems to be universal or almost universal.</ref> Kamar yadda wani binciken digiri ya nuna, kudin fito yana rufe yawancin kudaden manyan ayyuka da dukkan kudaden gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43-44</ref> A shekarar 2004, kudaden da aka samu ta hanyar sayar da ruwa sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 16.7.<ref name="MMEE 9" /><ref name="CFA 2004">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002083 (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> '''Yankunan karkara da na rabin birane''' Inda AUE ke gudanarwa da kula da ayyuka, ana sa ran za su dauki nauyin kudaden wadannan ayyuka. A cewar Hukumar Raya Kasashe ta Danmaku (DANIDA), sayar da ruwa na iya zama mai matukar riba kuma yana iya rufe kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> Yawanci ana cajin amfani da ruwa idan akwai tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara da ke akwai. Cajin kudin fito ba kasafai ba ne idan ana amfani da rijiyoyi ko famfunan hannu.<ref name="DANIDA 7" /> Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004 ya kiyasta matsakaicin kudin ruwa na karkara akan dalar Amurka 1.04 (CFA 500)<ref name="CFA 2004" /> akan kowace m³ kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan kudin fito yawanci yana rufe kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa, gami da sauyawa. Binciken ya kuma ambata cewa a mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da ruwan sha ne kawai don girki da sha, sannan ana amfani da wasu hanyoyin daban don sauran bukatun. Ya kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da lita 5 kacal ga mutum daya a kowace rana daga ingantattun hanyoyi. Don haka, kudin fito na ruwa yana da sauki ga yawancin gidaje.<ref name="World Bank 126" /> === Zuba jari da samar da kudi === An yi gagarumin zuba jari a fannin ruwa na kasar tun da dadewa a cikin shekarun 1980. Zuba jari a fannin tsafta ya fara ne daga baya sosai kuma ya kasance mafi karanci. Duk da haka, ba a sake duba jंधarin zuba kudi na fannin ba har sai a shekarar 2004.<ref name="World Bank"/> Tun daga shekarar 2002, albarkatun kudi da aka ware wa Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa suna bin tsarin kasafin kudin shirin na shekaru uku, yana mai da hankali kan hadakar dukkan kudaden (kudaden gudanarwa da na zuba jari) da kuma ingantacciyar damar sake yin amfani da kudaden da tasirinsa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 | language = fr }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, appendix 9</ref> Yana da wahala a fitar da cikakken bincike kan kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a fannin ruwa. Wadannan alkaluma na gaba sun fito ne daga binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2004, wanda ke amfani da takardun kasafin kudi da dama.<ref>The sources are: *Public Investment Program (PIP) *''Comptes administratifs'', prepared by the budget department of the Ministry of Finance, recording the expenditure at the payment order stage. According to the World Bank document, they have numerous inconsistencies *2001 and 2002: Integrated System of Public Finances Administration (SIGFIP) Investments of other ministries (e.g. Agriculture, Planning) are not included.; see: {{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 118</ref> Tun da yake kudaden da DGEau ke kashewa ne kawai aka nuna, zuba jari a yankunan birane ba ya ciki. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=7|Kasafin kudin da aka aiwatar na DGEAu gwargwadon tushen samar da kudi a cikin miliyan dalar Amurka<ref>1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.001606 (2002-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> |- ! ! 1997 ! 1998 ! 1999 ! 2000 ! 2001 ! 2002 |- | Na gida | 1.01 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 2.17 |- | Na waje | 10.86 | 10.34 | 6.32 | 8.59 | 6.08 | 6.40 |- | '''Jimilla''' | '''11.87''' | '''11.22''' | '''7.19''' | '''9.45''' | '''6.96''' | '''8.57''' |} Rabon kudaden na gida ya karu daga kashi 9% a shekarar 1997 zuwa kashi 25% a shekarar 2002. Duk da haka, fannin har yanzu ya dogara sosai kan tallafin waje. Jimillar kudaden da aka kashe sun ragu daga dalar Amurka miliyan 11.87 a shekarar 1997 zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 8.57 a shekarar 2002. Rabon jimillar kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a fannin ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 1.2 zuwa 3.5%.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 119-120; 127</ref> Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta ruwaito a shekarar 2006 cewa babu wani tsari da ya dace don ci gaban samar da ruwa a birane. Taimakon waje yana da muhimmanci don aiwatar da shirye-shiryen zuba jari.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> A shekarar 2009, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa da SONEB sun ruwaito cewa rashawa babbar barazana ce ga ci gaban fannin. Albarkatun kudi galibi suna bacewa cikin aljihun 'yan siyasa da ‘yan kwangila. Kwangilolin gine-gine yawanci sun hada da karin kudaden jंधari na boge. Musamman a yankunan karkara, cin hancin jami'an gida ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don tabbatar da samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite news | last = Global Water News Watch | title = Benin: "Enormous" corruption in the water sector | publisher = SAHRA - Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas | date = 2009-02-19 | url = http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | access-date = 2009-02-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224804/http://sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==== Samar da kudi ga sabbin dabarun kasa ==== '''Yankunan karkara da na rabin birane''' Albarkatun kudi da ake bukata don cimma MDGs a yankunan karkara da na rabin birane daga 2006 zuwa 2015 an kiyasta kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 396 (CFA biliyan 189) jewa dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara.<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta kammala da cewa ba za a cimma burin MDGs ba idan kudaden da ake kashewa a fannin suka ci gaba da kasancewa a daidai adadin da aka kashe a shekarun 2002 zuwa 2005. To sai dai idan aka tattara dukkan albarkatun da ake da su, Benin za ta iya cimma burin MDGs game da samar da ruwa a karkara.<ref>Based on an extrapolation of the provided financial resources for the years 2006-2009; source: {{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 24</ref> '''Yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane''' Albarkatun kudi da ake bukata don samar da kudaden cimma burin MDGs a yankunan birane da na kewaye da birane an kiyasta kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 400 (CFA biliyan 191) jewa dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref>{{cite journal | publisher = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2008-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | url-status = dead }}, p. 18; 24</ref> Aiwatar da dabarar 2006-2015 don cimma MDGs a yankunan birane ana sa ran za a samu kudaden ne daga gwamnatin kasa, kananan hukumomi, abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba, cibiyoyin kudi da SONEB. Ga kananan da matsakaitan tsarin ruwa, kananan hukumomi za su samar da kudi, da gwamnatin tsakiya ta hanyar kasafin kudin gwamnati, da kuma abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba. Za a samar da manyan tsare-tsare ta hanyar gwamnatin kasa, kananan hukumomi, bankunan raya kasa da hukumomin ci gaba ta hanyar basussuka. Yankunan da ke kewaye da birane da mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga za su sami tallafi da gudunmawa tare da taimakon abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba. SONEB zai samar da kudaden zuba jari don kulawa da farfado da ayyukan lantarki da na'urori tare da albarkatun kudin kansa. Don haka, an yi shirin inganta ikon samar da kudi na SONEB ta hanyar tsarin kudin fito da ya dace da sauran matakan.<ref name="MMEE 13" /> '''Tsaftace muhalli''' Domin cimma burin MDGs game da tsaftace muhalli, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Kudi ta kiyasta cewa dalar Amurka miliyan 218 (CFA biliyan 104) ko dalar Amurka miliyan 22 a kowace shekara za a bukata daga 2006 zuwa 2015.<ref name="MEPN 24" /><ref name="CFA 2006" /> ==== Hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da kananan masu samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara ==== Wani babban kalubale da hukumomin kula da ruwa ke fuskanta shi ne yadda za su tafiyar da wajibansu na samar da ayyuka ga al'ummomin karkara. Haka kuma ko a fannonin da aka raba wa iko hukumomin ruwa na iya samun wahalar samar da ayyuka ga al'ummomin karkara masu nisa. Benin ta raba ikon ayyukan ruwa a shekarar 1999 kuma mallakar kadarori da alhakin samar da ruwa ya koma hannun "communes" (gundumomi). Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (Direction Generale D’Eau) ta samar da Jagora ga gundumomi wajen bunkasa ayyukan ruwa ga yankunan karkara da kuma jerin takardun kwangila da na bayar da bidi'a da za a yi amfani da su a cikin yanayi daban-daban da aka tattauna a wannan jagora. Tsarin doka ya nuna cewa inda akwai hanyar ruwa da ke da ko babu hanyar sadarwa ta bututu, gundumomin su mika aikin samar da ruwa ga mai samar da hidimar ruwa ko kuma ga kungiyar masu amfani da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=PPPIRC|title=Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure Resource Center|url=http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/ppp-sector/water-sanitation/small-water-providers#Water }}</ref> == Hadin gwiwar kasashen waje == An aiwatar da dabarun ba da amsa ga bukatun jama'a na shekarar 1992 don samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara (duba sama) tun daga shekarar 1993 tare da gagarumin taimakon abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba na waje a sassan kasar da dama. An takaita shirye-shirye daban-daban a karkashin Shirin Taimakawa don Bunkasa fannin samar da ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli a Yankunan Karkara (PADEAR).<ref name="MMEE 6">{{cite journal |last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2 = Ministry of Mines |author3 = Energy and Water |title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) |date = December 2006 |url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |access-date = 2008-05-21 |language = fr |archive-date = 2008-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111432/http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf |url-status = dead }}, p. 6</ref> === Hukumar Raya Kasashe ta Danmaku (DANIDA) === DANIDA ita ce abokiyar ci gaba ta farko, wadda tare da Bankin Dunia suka ba da kudaden aiwatar da dabarar 1992 a sassan Zou da Atlantique a shekarar 1993. Bayan shekaru biyar, PADEAR wanda DANIDA ke tallafawa ya fara a sassan Alibori da Borgou.<ref name="MMEE 6" /> Kashi na Biyu na Shirin Taimakawa Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ya fara ne a shekarar 2005 kuma ana sa ran zai kare a shekarar 2010. Manufar shirin ita ce rage radadin talauci a yankunan karkara da na rabin birane ta hanyar inganta samar da ruwa, bunkasa tsafta da tsaftace muhalli na asali da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa. Shirin ya kunshi sassa guda biyar: tallafin kasafin kudin fanni, tallafin hukumomi, samar da ruwa da ilimantarwa kan tsafta, tsaftace muhalli da kuma tallafi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Jimillar kasafin kudin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 65 (DKK miliyan 306.4).<ref>1 Danish Krone = US$0.21150 (2008-05-26); source: http://oanda.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark | author-link = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark | title = Benin - Danida DevForum | date = 2007-10-05 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/en/menu/Topics/SocialDevelopment/Water+and+Sanitation/Programmes/CountryProgrammes/Benin/ | access-date = 2008-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607032348/http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/en/menu/Topics/SocialDevelopment/Water+and+Sanitation/Programmes/CountryProgrammes/Benin/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-06-07}}</ref> === Hukumar Raya Kasar Faransa === Hukumar Raya Kasar Faransa (AFD) tana ba da gudunmawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 22 (EUR miliyan 13.8)<ref>1 Euro = US$1.57672 (2008-05-26); source: http://oanda.com</ref> ga kasafin kudin shirin na 2005-2008, wanda ke da nufin yaki da talauci da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Baya ga gudunmawar da aka bayar ga kasafin kudin shirin na Sashen Collines, tallafin shirin ya hada da wani bangare na tallafawa tsarin kasafin kudin shirin na manufofi (BPO) da raba iko, da sauran su, da kuma wani bangare na taimakawa wajen ayyana dorewar manufofin gudanarwa na tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa na karkara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=French Development Agency |author-link=French Development Agency |title=Base projets - Hydraulique Rural |date=2007-10-16 |url=http://www.afd.fr/jahia/jsp/jahia/templates/myjahiasite//AFD/projet/pdf_import/20071214_CBJ1108_HYDRAULIQUE_RURALE.pdf |access-date=2008-05-06 |language=fr }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> === Jamus === Abokan hadin gwiwa na ci gaba na Jamus, wato Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) da Bankin Raya Kasar Jamus (KfW) sun ba da kudaden PADEAR a sassan Oueme da Mono a shekarar 1996. Tun daga shekarar 2001, sun kuma ba da kudaden PADEAR a kananan hukumomi biyar na Sashen Atakora da kananan hukumomi biyu na Sashen Donga.<ref name="MMEE 6" /> Bugu da kari, hadin gwiwar ci gaban kasar Jamus yana tallafawa samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar SONEB da rassan sa na yankuna.<ref>{{cite web | last = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit | author-link = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit | title = GTZ. Priority areas in Benin | url = http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/benin/1006.htm | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> === Netherlands === Godiya ga tallafin kasar Netherlands, sama da mutane 300,000 aka samar mawa da sabbin wuraren ruwa. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011, kasar Netherlands ta ba da kudin shirin inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli a karkara. Gwamnatin kasar Benin ta kuma karbi kudaden don aiwatar da yakin neman wanke hannu. Bugu da kari, ana tallafawa aiwatar da raba iko a hankali ga cibiyoyin gida da kananan hukumomi.<ref>{{cite web | last = Dutch Embassy in Cotonou | title = Ambassade Cotonou (Fr) - Coopération | url = http://larepubliquedubenin.nlambassade.org/cooperation | access-date = 2008-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517065228/http://larepubliquedubenin.nlambassade.org/cooperation <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-05-17|language=fr}}</ref> ===Bankin Duniya=== Tun daga shekarar 2003, Bankin Duniya ya tallafa wa Jamhuriyar Benin ta hanyar ''Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSCs)''. Na farko (2004–2005) da na biyu (2005–2006) sun bayar da dala miliyan 50, kuma an tsara su don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da ''Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper'' na 2002 tare da tallafi wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit - 1st PRSC | date = 2004-02-24 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit | date = 2005-05-24 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> '''Shirin Gudanar da Birane na biyu''' Tare da Hukumar Ci gaban Faransa, Bankin Duniya yana ba da gudummawa ga shirin ''Second Decentralized City Management'' wanda ya fara a 2005 kuma ake sa ran zai ƙare a 2010. Manufar shirin ita ce ƙara samun damar amfani da ababen more rayuwa da sabis na asali a manyan biranen Benin kamar Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou, Abomey-Calavi, Kandi da Lokossa. A karkashin shirin, ana gyara ko gina sabbin ababen more rayuwa ciki har da magudanar ruwa. Ana kuma tallafawa shiga da haɗin kan al’umma musamman a unguwanni masu talauci.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Projects - Benin : Second Decentralized City Management | date = 2005-09-22 | access-date = 2008-05-26}}</ref> '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli''' Bankin Duniya yana da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe da dama a cikin ''Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)'' wanda ya fara aiki a Benin tun 2004. Ayyukan suna mai da hankali kan cimma ''MDGs'' musamman a yankunan karkara, inda WSP ke tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da shirin sadarwa da kuma gwajin kulawa. Tare da sauran abokan ci gaba, WSP na ƙoƙarin gabatar da dabarun samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a birane. Bugu da ƙari, WSP na taimakawa wajen haɓaka shirin ƙasa na wanke hannu. Shirin yana aiki tare da ''Water and Urban Unit - West Africa'' na Bankin Duniya da kuma hukumomin ci gaban ƙasa.<ref name="WSP" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 7otx0nvv1kiorz47rfb8h2pwfdddqy2 0 160236 879743 871402 2026-07-09T18:39:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olufolasade "Sade" Ayomide Danielle Adamolekun '''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olufolasade_Adamolekun</ref> An haife ta a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2001) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce wacce ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba ko ɗan tsakiya a Hearts. An haife ta a Amurka, tana wakiltar [[Jamaica]] a ƙasashen duniya.<ref>[[https://web.archive.org/web/20190708190751/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF]]</ref> Ta taɓa bugawa USC Trojans wasa a baya. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Austin, Texas ga mahaifinta ɗan Najeriya ɗan kabilar Yarbawa Lanre Adamolekun da mahaifiyarta ɗan Jamaica Michelle Adamolekun, Olufolasade an rene ta ne tare da babban ɗan'uwanta Nathaniel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190708190751/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF (PDF) on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</ref> A shekarar 2016, Adamolekun ta sami kyautar UIL Girls Soccer All District 14-6A a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Travis da ke Austin, Texas. A matsayinta na ɗalibi na biyu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fleming Island, ta sami kyautar All-First Coast 1st Team Award a shekarar 2017 bayan ta zira kwallaye 22. A shekarar 2017 da 2018, Adamolekun ta sami kyautar United Soccer Coaches Youth Girls All-South Region Award. An kuma karrama ta kuma sanya ta cikin jerin 'Yan Matan Gabashin U16/U17 na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka a kakar farko ta shirin 'Yan Mata a shekarar 2018.<ref>http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/adamolekun-sticking-to-her-jamaican-roots_114256?profile=1513 Jamaica Observer. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2019.</ref> === Jami'ar Kudancin California (2019–2022) === Adamolekun ta karɓi tallafin karatu na ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ta fara aikinta na kwaleji tare da Jami'ar Kudancin California a watan Agusta na 2019. Duk da ci gaba da rashin zuwa saboda kiran ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica da kuma alƙawarin da ta ɗauka a duk shekararta ta farko, Adamolekun ta sami lambar yabo ta PAC-12 Conference na zama memba na "Dukan Sabbin Ƙungiyoyi" don kakar wasannin kwaleji ta 2019.<ref>http://www.theathleticsdepartment.com/orgs/UIL/honors/2015-2016-All-District-14-6A-Girls-Soccer-46702/ www.theathleticsdepartment.com. Retrieved 19 March 2019.</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Santa Clara Blue Heat FC === Adamolekun ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta United Women's Soccer ta 2021 a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Santa Clarita Blue Heat, inda ta ba da gudummawa wajen cin ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Connecticut Fusion FC da ci 5-0.<ref>https://www.jacksonville.com/sports/high-schools/2017-04-11/all-first-coast-girls-soccer-2017-spartans-newton-headlines-deep-area he Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> === Hearts === A watan Agusta na 2023, Adamolekun ta koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Scotland Heart of Midlothian a kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin tsawaita shekara ɗaya. A shekarar 2024 ta sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila don ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20190119/girlz-integrating-well-camp jamaica-gleaner.com. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasashen waje == === Ƙungiyoyin Matasa na Ƙasa === A watan Maris na 2014, tana da shekaru 13, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin horar da 'yan wasan Amurka na ID2 da ke Portland, OR. An yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kimantawa ga sansanin horar da 'yan wasan Amurka na gaba. Daga nan aka kira Adamolekun cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 14 a watan Yuni, Agusta da Oktoba na 2014. A watan Afrilu na 2014, ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 15 da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Horar da 'Yan wasan Soccer ta Amurka da ke Carson, California. Tana da shekaru 14, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan mata na Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 17 daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, zuwa 22 ga Yuni, 2014 a Cibiyar Horar da 'Yan wasan Olympics ta Amurka da ke Chula Vista, California. A watan Maris, Satumba da Nuwamba na 2015, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 15 na Amurka. Daga baya an kira Adamolekun zuwa sansanin 'yan wasan mata na ƙasa na Amurka 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 a Bradenton, Florida daga 6-13 ga Oktoba, 2018.<ref>https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/05/24/reggae-girlz-unbeaten-run-continues-ahead-of-world-cup-bow/</ref> Adamolekun ya karɓi kiran Jamaica 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 don shiga gasar CONCACAF ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2018 daga 16-22 ga Oktoba, 2017 a Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Adamolekun ya sami yabo mafi yawan masu zura kwallaye a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 3 a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar.<ref>https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/76415/rosters-heavy-us-flavor-at-concacaf-under-20-wo.html</ref> Lokacin da yake da shekara 16, an sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan Jamaica 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 don neman cancantar shiga gasar CONCACAF ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2018 a Basseterre, St. Kitts. A wasan farko, Adamolekun ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ta bai wa Jamaica nasara 1-0 a kan Jamhuriyar Dominican. Jamaica ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2018, bayan ta kare a matsayi na farko a zagaye na karshe na neman gurbin shiga gasar Caribbean. Adamolekun ya kammala gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar da kwallaye biyu a wasanni uku.<ref>https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/hearts/jamaican-international-becomes-hearts-latest-new-signing-4242331</ref> An sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar CONCACAF ta mata ta Jamaica ta 2018 a Couva, Trinidad & Tobago. Adamolekun ya zura kwallo a wasan Jamaica da Nicaragua da ci 2-2, kuma an yaba masa da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ya sanya Jamaica ta yi daidai da [[Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://britishlinkz.com/ent/interviews/untold-athletes-features-reggae-girl-olufolasade-sade-adamolekun/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202095520/https://britishlinkz.com/ent/interviews/untold-athletes-features-reggae-girl-olufolasade-sade-adamolekun/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, Adamolekun ta fara fitowa a matsayin babbar 'yar wasan mata ta Jamaica a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2018, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan sada zumunta da Nottingham Forest Ladies da ci 3-0. Lura cewa wannan fitowar ba ta cancanta a matsayin 'yar wasan kasa da kasa ba, kuma kwallayen ba su da tasiri ga jimillar kwallayen da ta zura a gasar kasa da kasa tun lokacin da aka buga wasan da kungiyar kwallon kafa ba ta babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ba. Bayan samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a tarihi daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica, an sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 a watan Janairun 2019. Ta samu kiran da aka yi mata na gaba don shiga sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 a Jamaica, kuma ta fara buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Chile da ci 1-0 a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Ta kuma buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Jamaica ta doke Chile da ci 3-2 a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2019. An gayyaci Adamolekun zuwa sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku da Jamaica ta fafata da Afirka ta Kudu a watan Afrilun 2019, inda ta buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan da Jamaica ta buga da ci 1-1 da Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2019. An gayyaci Adamolekun zuwa sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta hudu da Jamaica ta fafata da Afirka ta Kudu a Kingston, Jamaica a watan Mayun 2019 kuma ta fito a cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa wajen taimakawa. Nasarar da Jamaica ta samu a wasan sada zumunci da Panama a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2019. A lokacin tana da shekaru 18 kuma kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare, an nada Adamolekun a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jamaica ta zaba domin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2019, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jamaica ta buga wasanta na karshe a Miramar, Florida a gasar Reggae Girlz Foundation World Cup Send Off Celebration, kafin ta tafi gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a Faransa. Adamolekun ya zura kwallo a wasan sada zumunci da Jamaica ta doke FC Surge ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Surge da ci 2-1. Lura cewa wannan bayyanar ba ta cancanta a matsayin kasa da kasa ba kuma ba a kirga kwallayen da ta zura a manyan kwallayen kasa da kasa ba tun lokacin da aka buga wasan da kungiyar kwallon kafa ba ta babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ba. === Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 === Adamolekun ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica 'yan wasa 23 waɗanda suka kafa tarihi a matsayin ƙungiyar Caribbean ta farko da ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA. Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica kuma an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasa 10 da suka kalli gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a Faransa. Tana da shekaru 18, ta fara shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica wadda ta fara wasa da Italiya a Reims, Faransa a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2019. === Wasannin Pan American na 2019 === Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 18 da aka zaɓa don Gasar Wasannin Pan American ta 2019 a Lima, Peru, inda aka nuna ta a cikin 'yan wasa 11 da suka fara kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa a wasan da Jamaica ta doke Peru da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2019. Gasar Cin Kofin Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2020 Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 20 da aka zaɓa don Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2020 a Edinberg, Texas, inda aka nuna ta a cikin 'yan wasa 11 da suka fara da Mexico da St. Kitts & Nevis kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa ɗaya a wasan da Jamaica ta yi da St. Kitts & Nevis da ci 7-0 a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020. === Jerin Wasannin bazara na WNT na 2021 === Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) ta WNT Summer Series ta 2021 daga 10 ga Yuni zuwa 16, 2021 a Houston, Texas, inda Adamolekun An fito a wasannin da aka yi da Costa Rica da Amurka. === Ceton Gasar Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 === Adamolekun na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) a gasar cancantar shiga gasar CONCACAF W ta 2022 daga 16 ga Fabrairu - 12 ga Afrilu, 2022. Adamolekun ya fito a wasannin gasar da Grenada, Bermuda da Tsibirin Cayman. Adamolekun ya samu yabo da taimakon da ya bayar a nasarar da Reggae Girlz ta samu a kan Tsibirin Cayman da ci 9-0. === Gasar Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 === Adamolekun na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 daga 4-18 ga Yuli, 2022 a Monterrey, Mexico, kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica wadda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Bronze ta biyu a gasar CONCACAF W Championships don cimma cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. An nuna Adamolekun a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 da Kanada da Haiti. === Wasannin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean na 2023 === Adamolekun yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 20 da aka zaɓa don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) ta wasannin Tsakiyar [[Amurka]] da Caribbean na 2023 a San Salvador, El Salvador daga 23 ga Yuni - 8 ga Yuli, 2023. Adamolekun ya fito a dukkan wasanni uku na rukuni na B da El Salvador, Puerto Rico da Mexico, an danganta Adamolekun da zura ƙwallo a wasan Reggae Girlz da [[Mexico]]. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === ƙwallayen ƙasa da ƙasa === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"|Lamba !scope="col"|Rana !scope="col"|Wuri !scope="col"|Abokin hamayya !scope="col"|Ci !scope="col"|Sakamako !scope="col"|Gasa |- | 1. || 3 July 2023 || [[Estadio Las Delicias]], [[Saint Tecla]], El Salvador || {{fbw|MEX}} || align=center|'''2'''–4 || align=center| 3–7 ||[[Football at the 2023 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's tournament#Group B|CAC games group stage]] |- |} == Rayuwar Kai == An haifi Adamolekun a Amurka ga mahaifin wani Ba’amurke ɗan Najeriya kuma mahaifiyar ɗan Jamaica. Ɗan’uwanta Nathaniel Adamolekun shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Travis da ke Austin, Texas a shekararta ta farko kafin ta koma Florida, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Fleming Island da ke Florida. == Sauran Ayyuka == === Jagoranci === A shekarar 2020, a lokacin rikicin zamantakewa a faɗin Amurka, Adamolekun ta haɗu da kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa (UBSAA) a Jami'ar Kudancin California (USC) tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar USC don ƙarfafa takwarorinta su yi amfani da dandamalinsu a matsayin 'yan wasa na ɗalibai don yin tasiri mai kyau da kuma taimakawa wajen cike gibin da ke akwai a Jami'ar Kudancin California da kuma cikin al'ummominsu. == Manazarta == mtu64mnj62i612hrm7sbc8h9k7vchap 0 160281 880021 871952 2026-07-10T08:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox medical condition | name = Strychnine poisoning | synonym = | image = Strychnine2.svg | caption = [[Strychnine]] | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | onset = 10–20 minutes after exposure | duration = | causes = Exposure to strychnine | risks = | diagnosis = 1–30 mg/L strychnine in blood | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = Anticonvulsants | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Gubar Strychnine guba ce da strychnine ke haifarwa. Yana iya zama mai kisa ga mutane da sauran dabbobi kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar shaƙa, haɗiyewa ko sha ta idanu ko baki. Yana haifar da wasu daga cikin alamun da suka fi ban mamaki da raɗaɗi na duk wani mummunan martanin guba da aka sani, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama abin lura kuma zaɓi ne gama gari ga kisan kai da hare-haren guba. Saboda wannan dalili, ana nuna gubar strychnine a cikin adabi da fina-finai, kamar asirin kisan kai da Agatha Christie ta rubuta. [1] Maganin da ake iya sha ta hanyar baki a cikin mutane shine 1.5 zuwa 2&nbsp;mg/kg. Hakazalika, matsakaicin adadin da ake buƙata don kare, kuliyoyi, da beraye yana tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 2.35&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-02 |title=CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Strychnine - NIOSH Publications and Products |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/57249.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> == Gabatarwa a cikin mutane == Minti goma zuwa ashirin bayan fallasa, tsokoki na jiki suna fara yin amai, suna farawa da kai da wuya a cikin nau'in trismus da risus sardonicus . Daga nan sai amai ya bazu zuwa kowace tsoka a jiki, tare da kusan ci gaba da girgiza, kuma ya tsananta a ɗan ƙaramin abin da ke motsa shi. Maƙarƙashiyar tana ci gaba, tana ƙaruwa da ƙarfi har sai ƙashin baya ya ci gaba da yin amai. Maƙarƙashiyar tana haifar da lactic acidosis, hyperthermia da rhabdomyolysis . Waɗannan suna biyo bayan ɓacin rai na bayan haihuwa . Mutuwa tana faruwa ne sakamakon shanyewar jiki da ke haifar da gurguwar hanyoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke sarrafa numfashi, ko kuma gajiya daga maƙarƙashiyar. Mai fama da cutar yawanci yana mutuwa cikin sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku bayan kamuwa da cutar. Wani ɗalibi a fannin likitanci a shekarar 1896 ya bayyana abin da ya faru a cikin wata wasiƙa da ya rubuta wa ''jaridar The Lancet'' :<blockquote>Shekaru uku da suka wuce ina karatu don gwaji, kuma ina jin "ƙarancin ruwa". Na sha minti 10 na maganin strychnia (BP) tare da adadin sinadarin phosphoric acid mai narkewa sau biyu a rana. A rana ta biyu da na sha, da yamma, na ji matsewar "tsokokin fuska" da kuma ɗanɗanon ƙarfe a baki. Akwai babban rashin jin daɗi da rashin natsuwa, kuma na ji sha'awar yin wani abu maimakon zama na yi karatu. Na kwanta a kan gado sai tsokoki na maraƙi suka fara tauri da rawa. Yatsun ƙafata sun ja a ƙarƙashin ƙafafuna, kuma yayin da nake motsawa ko juya kaina walƙiyar haske ta ci gaba da yawo a idanuna. Sai na san wani abu mai tsanani yana tasowa, don haka na rarrafe daga kan gadon na yi karo da wani akwati a ɗakina na fita (da sa'a) bromide na potassium da chloral . Ba ni da kwarin gwiwa ko ƙarfin hali don auna su, don haka na yi hasashen adadin - kimanin gr 30 [ hatsi 30, kimanin gram 2] na bromide na potassium da gr 10. chloral—na saka su a cikin kwalba da ruwa, na sha. Duk jikina yana cikin gumi mai sanyi, tare da hare-haren angina a yankin da ke da matsala, da kuma jin kamar "yana tafiya." Ban kira neman taimakon likita ba, domin na yi tunanin cewa alamun suna raguwa. Na ji daɗi, amma ƙananan gaɓoɓina sun yi sanyi kamar kankara, kuma tsokoki na maraƙi sun yi tsauri kuma suna rawa. Babu opisthotonos, sai dai ɗan tauri a bayan wuya. Bayan rabin sa'a, kamar yadda zan iya tantancewa, na sha irin wannan adadin bromide, potassium da chloral—kuma ɗan lokaci bayan na rasa sani na faɗi cikin "barci mai zurfi," ina farkawa da safe ba tare da wata alama mai daɗi ba, babu ciwon kai, da sauransu, amma sha'awar "yin tafiya" da ɗan jin tauri a muƙamuƙi. Waɗannan sun yi aiki da rana. </blockquote> == Magani == Babu maganin gubar strychnine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Strychnine: Biotoxin {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750018.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Gubar Strychnine tana buƙatar kulawa mai ƙarfi tare da sarrafa bugun tsoka da wuri, intubation don rasa ikon sarrafa iska, cire guba ( [[Cire gurbatawa|warkar da gurɓata]] ), ruwa a cikin jijiya da kuma ƙoƙarin sanyaya jiki a cikin mahallin hyperthermia da kuma hemodialysis a cikin gazawar koda (ba a nuna cewa strychnine an cire shi ta hanyar hemodialysis ba). <ref name="CDC_card2">{{Cite web |title=CDC – The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Biotoxin: Strychnine – NIOSH |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750018.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221180423/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750018.html |archive-date=2015-12-21 |access-date=2016-01-02 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Magani ya ƙunshi shan gawayi mai aiki ta baki, wanda ke sha strychnine a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci; ana cire strychnine da ba a sha ba daga ciki ta hanyar wanke ciki, tare da tannic acid ko potassium permanganate mafita don oxidize strychnine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patocka |first=Jiri |date=December 2015 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Ramesh C. |title=Strychnine |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282272675 |journal=Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents |edition=2nd |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |pages=215–222 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800159-2.00017-8 |isbn=978-0-12-800159-2 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> === Gawayi da aka kunna === Gawayi mai aiki wani sinadari ne da zai iya ɗaurewa da wasu guba a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci kuma ya hana su shiga cikin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charcoal, Activated (Oral Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/charcoal-activated-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20070087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206023304/https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/charcoal-activated-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20070087 |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> Ingancin wannan magani, da kuma tsawon lokacin da yake aiki bayan shansa, ana iya muhawara a kai. <ref name="pmid150802072">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shadnia S, Moiensadat M, Abdollahi M |date=April 2004 |title=A case of acute strychnine poisoning |journal=Veterinary and Human Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=76–9 |pmid=15080207 |s2cid=23272093}}</ref> <ref name="pmid85402352">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cooney DO |date=August 1995 |title=Evaluation of the US pharmacopeia adsorption tests for activated charcoals and proposals for changes |journal=Veterinary and Human Toxicology |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=371–7 |pmid=8540235 |s2cid=67975596}}</ref> A cewar wata majiya, gawayi mai aiki yana aiki ne kawai cikin awa daya bayan shan guba, kodayake tushen bai dauki strychnine musamman ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lapus |first=Robert Michael |date=April 2007 |title=Activated charcoal for pediatric poisonings: the universal antidote? |url=https://emergency.med.ufl.edu/files/2013/02/Activated-charcoal.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–222 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e32801da2a9 |pmid=17496769 |s2cid=6728477 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206022505/https://emergency.med.ufl.edu/files/2013/02/Activated-charcoal.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-06}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi da suka shafi strychnine sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da gawayi mai aiki bayan awa daya bayan shansa, ya danganta da yawan da kuma nau'in samfurin da ke dauke da strychnine. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hayden JW, Comstock EG |date=1975 |title=Use of Activated Charcoal in Acute Poisoning |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/15563657508988096 |url-status=live |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=515–533 |doi=10.3109/15563657508988096 |pmid=770060 |s2cid=42542989 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308030358/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/15563657508988096 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-02-06}}</ref> <ref name="pmid290837952" /> Saboda haka, ana fifita wasu hanyoyin magani fiye da gawayi mai aiki. <ref name="pmid290837952" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=CDC Strychnine &#124; Facts about Strychnine &#124; Public Health Emergency Preparedness& Response |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/strychnine/basics/facts.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206022505/https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/strychnine/basics/facts.asp |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar amfani da gawayi mai aiki a matsayin mai haɗari ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalar numfashi ko kuma waɗanda suka canza yanayin kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith BA |year=1990 |title=Strychnine poisoning |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=321–325 |doi=10.1016/0736-4679(90)90013-L |pmid=2197324}}</ref> === Sauran jiyya === Yawancin sauran hanyoyin magani sun fi mayar da hankali kan sarrafa girgizar da ke tasowa sakamakon gubar strychnine. Waɗannan jiyya sun haɗa da ajiye majiyyaci a cikin ɗaki mai natsuwa da duhu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drugs and Poisons Fact Sheet: Strychnine Permits - What you need to know |url=https://www.bulloo.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/978/9-strychnine-guide |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Queensland Health |archive-date=17 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241017164703/https://www.bulloo.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/978/9-strychnine-guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> magungunan hana zubar jini kamar phenobarbital ko diazepam, <ref name="CDC_card2"/> magungunan shakatawa na tsoka kamar dantrolene, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Diagnosis -- Case 550 |url=https://path.upmc.edu/cases/case550/dx.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=path.upmc.edu}}</ref> barbiturates da propofol, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lages A, Pinho J, Alves R, Capela C, Lourenço E, Lencastre L |date=16 May 2013 |title=Strychnine Intoxication: A Case Report |journal=Journal of Medical Cases |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.4021/jmc1189w |s2cid=54707248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da chloroform ko allurai masu yawa na chloral, bromide, urethane ko amyl nitrite . <ref name="pmid296408802">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley S |date=September 1873 |title=Case of Strychnine Poisoning Successfully Treated by Atropine |journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=211–213 |pmc=5315983 |pmid=29640880 |s2cid=4760315}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1932 |title=The Treatment of Strychnine Poisoning |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/280615 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=98 |issue=23 |page=1992 |doi=10.1001/jama.1932.02730490038013 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206023304/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/280615 |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-02-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2021 |title=Strychnine and Vomit: The Untold Story of Past US Addiction Treatments |url=https://filtermag.org/strychnine-addiction-treatments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206023305/https://filtermag.org/strychnine-addiction-treatments/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Idan mutum mai guba ya sami damar rayuwa na tsawon awanni 6 zuwa 12 bayan shan maganin farko, suna da kyakkyawan hasashen. <ref name="CDC_card2" /> Gubar sine qua non na strychnine ita ce farfadiya "farkawa", inda aikin tonic-clonic ke faruwa amma majiyyaci yana cikin shiri kuma yana mai da hankali a duk tsawon lokacin da kuma bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boyd RE, Brennan PT, Deng JF, Rochester DF, Spyker DA |date=March 1983 |title=Strychnine poisoning. Recovery from profound lactic acidosis, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=507–512 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90999-3 |pmid=6829597 |s2cid=3222667}}</ref> Saboda haka, George Harley (1829–1896) ya nuna a shekara ta 1850 cewa curare (wourali) yana da tasiri wajen magance cutar tetanus da gubar strychnine. == Ganowa a cikin samfuran halittu == Ana iya auna Strychnine cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan jiki da kyallen takarda ta amfani da hanyoyin kayan aiki don tabbatar da gano guba a cikin waɗanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma don taimakawa wajen binciken shari'a na shari'ar mutuwa ta hanyar shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima. Yawan da ke cikin jini ko fitsari na waɗanda ke da alamun cutar galibi yana tsakanin 1-30.&nbsp;Matsakaicin mg/L. == Gubar Strychnine a cikin dabbobi == Gubar Strychnine a cikin dabbobi yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon cin abincin da aka tsara don amfani da shi ga beraye (musamman gophers da moles ) da coyotes . Ana samun beraye ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, amma beraye haramun ne a Amurka. Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar 1990 a Amurka, an maye gurbin yawancin beraye da ke ɗauke da strychnine da beraye zinc phosphide . Dabbar gida da ta fi kamuwa da cutar ita ce [[kare]], ko dai ta hanyar cin abinci ba da gangan ba ko kuma guba da gangan. Farawar alamun yana faruwa ne mintuna 10 zuwa 120 bayan cin abinci. <ref name="Beasley">{{Cite web |last=Beasley, V. |year=1999 |title=Toxicants Associated with Seizures |url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/Cpt2B/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1# |access-date=2006-06-18 |website=Veterinary Toxicology}}</ref> Alamomin sun haɗa da farfadiya, tsayuwar " sawhorse ", da opisthotonus (ƙarfafa dukkan gaɓoɓi huɗu). Mutuwa yawanci tana biyo bayan gurguwar numfashi. Maganin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar cire guba ta hanyar amfani da gawayi mai aiki, pentobarbital don alamun, da kuma numfashi na wucin gadi don apnea . A yawancin ƙasashen yamma, ana buƙatar lasisi na musamman don amfani da kuma mallakar strychnine don amfanin gona. == Fitattun misalan == An lissafa manyan abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda wataƙila sun haɗa da gubar strychnine a nan. * [[Alakszandira|Alexander the Great]] may have been poisoned by strychnine in contaminated wine in 323 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Graham Phillips (author)}}</ref> * Christiana Edmunds, the "Chocolate Cream Poisoner", laced chocolates with strychnine. She poisoned a number of people and murdered a four-year-old boy in Brighton in the 1870s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christiana Edmunds |url=https://www.oldpolicecellsmuseum.org.uk/content/history/sussex_murders/christiana_edmunds |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231814/https://www.oldpolicecellsmuseum.org.uk/content/history/sussex_murders/christiana_edmunds |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Old Police Cells Museum}}</ref> * Emeline Meaker murdered her husband's eight-year-old half-sister Alice by lacing her drink with strychnine. As Alice convulsed from the effects of the poison, Meaker held her hand over Alice's mouth to muffle her cries until the girl was dead. Emeline Meaker was executed for Alice's murder in 1883. * Margot Begemann, a friend of [[Vincent van Gogh]], attempted suicide by ingesting strychnine in 1884. * In the late 19th century, serial killer Thomas Neill Cream used strychnine to murder several prostitutes on the streets of London. * Walter Horsford was hanged in 1898 for murdering his cousin with strychnine, to whom he had sent it on the pretense it was an otherwise harmless abortifacient. He was implicated in two other murders which also involved mailing it to women who suspected they were pregnant by him. * Belle Gunness of La Porte, Indiana, also known as "Lady Bluebeard", allegedly used strychnine to murder some of her victims at the turn of the 20th century. * Jane Stanford, co-founder of [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]] and wife of California governor [[Leland Stanford]], died from strychnine poisoning in 1905. Her last recorded words were "My jaws are stiff. This is a horrible death to die." Her murderer was never identified. * Early 20th-century Portuguese poet and novelist Mário de Sá-Carneiro committed suicide via strychnine poisoning in 1916 aged 25. * French inventor Jean-Pierre Vaquier poisoned Alfred Jones, the husband of his lover Mabel Jones, by putting strychnine in his hangover cure in Byfleet, Surrey, in 1924. Vaquier was hanged for the crime. * Hubert Chevis, a lieutenant in the British Army, died in suspicious circumstances after eating partridge laced with strychnine at Blackdown Camp, Surrey, in 1931. The poisoner was never identified. * Yoshio Nishimura, a prominent Japanese expatriate and president of the Japanese Association, died of strychnine poisoning shortly after arriving at police headquarters in [[Singafora|Singapore]] for questioning by Special Branch in 1934. The coroner rendered an open verdict. The incident was speculated to be connected to espionage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruder |first=Stephen |date=29 April 2019 |title=Espionage Double Cross in Singapore |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/espionage-double-cross-in-singapore/ |access-date=2019-06-02 |website=Warfare History Network}}</ref> * In 1938, blues musician Robert Johnson died after drinking a bottle of whiskey which was allegedly laced with strychnine. This account of Johnson's death is disputed, as he died several days after the alleged poisoning. * Oskar Dirlewanger, the commander of the SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, was known to have tortured several Jewish women by stripping them naked and having them injected with strychnine. Dirlewanger and a few Wehrmacht logistic officers then watched them convulse until death. * Irene Bates, mother of possible Zodiac Killer victim Cheri Jo Bates, died of strychnine poisoning in July 1969. She had been living in the city of Riverside, California. * Turgut Özal, the 8th president of the Republic of Turkey, died in 1993 while in office and is theorized to have been assassinated via strychnine poisoning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Late Turkish President Turgut Özal : Had he been poisoned indeed ? Confusing reports from forensics – NationalTurk |url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/late-turkish-president-turgut-ozal-had-he-been-poisoned-indeed-confusing-reports-from-forensics-27597}}</ref> In 2012, Özal's body was exhumed for testing, but the results were inconclusive. * In 2008, Hannes Hirtzberger, the Mayor of Spitz in Lower Austria, was reported to have been poisoned by local wine producer Helmut Osberger using strychnine. Hirtzberger barely survived and suffered permanent disability. * The body of David Lytton was found on Saddleworth Moor, northwest England, in December 2015 after he consumed a lethal dose of strychnine. His identity remained a mystery until January 2017. == A cikin al'ada == Strychnine ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abin wahayi a cikin littattafai da dama, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin. === A cikin adabi === * A cikin littafin William S. Burroughs ''mai suna Naked Lunch'', an bayyana strychnine a matsayin "harbi mai zafi," wani guba na heroin da ake sayarwa ga masu ba da labari . * A cikin ''littafin Anne of Green Gables,'' an gargaɗi Miss Cuthbert game da ɗaukar wata maraya da labarin wata yarinya da ta ba wa dukkan danginta guba ta hanyar saka strychnine a cikin rijiya. * A cikin littafin [[Agatha Christie]] mai suna ''The Mysterious Affair at Styles'', an kashe Mrs. Emily Inglethorp sakamakon gubar strychnine. * A cikin ɗan gajeren labarin Agatha Christie ''mai suna The Coming of Mr Quin'', Mr Appleton ya mutu sakamakon gubar strychnine. * A cikin labarin Agatha Christie mai suna ''"Ta Yaya Lambun Ku Ke Girki?"'', an kashe Miss Amelia Barrowby sakamakon gubar strychnine. * Joker ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna DC Comics ''Elseworld mai'' ''suna Gotham ta Gaslight'' a matsayin mai kisan kai wanda ke ƙoƙarin kashe kansa da strychnine; gubar tana haifar da matsewar tsoka wanda ke barin shi da murmushi na dindindin. Bugu da ƙari, an ambaci wani abu da aka samo daga strychnine a matsayin muhimmin sinadari a cikin iskar gas mai guba ta Joker a cikin babban ci gaba. * A cikin littattafan James Herriott ''All Creatures Great and Small'' (1972) da ''All Things Wise and Wonderful'' (1977), babban jarumin/likitan dabbobi na yankin ya yi magana da mutane da dama da suka kamu da gubar strychnine lokacin da wani mai kisan kare ya kai hari ga karnukan unguwa. * A cikin babin "The Fox Hunter" na William Le Queux 's ''Secrets of the Foreign Office'', ana zargin wani nau'in strychnine da ya samo asali daga kisan Beatrice Graham da kuma yunƙurin kisan jarumi Duckworth Drew. An shafa gubar a kan fil da aka ɓoye a cikin shawl ɗin gashi na Graham da tawul ɗin otal ɗin Drew. * A cikin littafin [[Gabriel García Márquez]] ''na shekara ɗari na kaɗaici'', Kanar Aureliano Buendía ya tsira daga gubar strychnine. * A cikin littafin Peter Robinson mai suna ''Cold Is the Grave'', 'yar Chief Constable Riddle, Emily, ta mutu ba da gangan ba sakamakon hodar iblis da aka saka mata maganin strychnine mai kisa. * A cikin littafin Hans Scherfig ''mai suna Stolen Spring'', wani ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare ya kashe malaminsa da digon malt mai launin strychnine. * A cikin manga ''Spiral: Suiri no Kizuna'' (na Kyou Shirodaira kuma Eita Mizuno ya zana shi), babban jarumin Ayumu Narumi ya ɗauki strychnine bayan Rio Takeuchi ya yi masa barazanar gwada sa'arsa a wasa. * A cikin ''littafin "The Sign of the Four"'' na Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, inda aka kashe Bartholomew Sholto da wani kibiya mai guba. Dr. Watson ya tabbatar da cewa gubar strychnine ce, wadda ta haifar da tetanus, don haka murmushin shaidan ya yi wa fuskar Sholto da ya mutu. * A cikin ''littafin The Invisible Man'' na HG Wells, Invisible Man ya ba da labarin cewa ya ɗauki strychnine a matsayin maganin barci. "Strychnine," in ji shi, "abu ne mai kyau...don cire ƙaiƙayi daga cikin mutum." * A cikin ''littafin The Count of Monte Cristo'' na Alexandre Dumas, an yi wa Saint-Mérans da baran Barrois guba a jere har suka mutu bayan sun sha abin sha mai ɗauke da strychnine. Mutuwar Barrois an nuna ta da alamun girgiza mai tsanani, rashin isasshen numfashi, ciwo mai tsanani, ƙara a kunne da kuma hasken da ke fitowa daga kunne ta hanyar taɓawa. * A cikin ''The Anubis Gates,'' jarumin ya yi yaƙi da gubar strychnine ta hanyar cin toka da kuma kumfa na murhu, yana tuna cewa carbon yana kawar da strychnine daga ciki. * A cikin littafin [[Stephen King]] mai suna ''Mr. Mercedes'', Brady Hartsfield ya yi niyyar ba wa kare guba ta hanyar amfani da hamburger da aka lulluɓe da gubar gopher mai tushen strychnine. Mahaifiyarsa ta sami hamburger ɗin da kanta ta cinye shi, kuma Brady ta dawo gida ta same shi tana fama da azabar suma. Lokacin da ta mutu, bakinta ya murɗe ya zama murmushi. * A cikin ɗan gajeren labarin Jack London mai suna "The Story of Jees Uck", an ba wa Neil Bonner guba sakamakon cin biskit da aka lulluɓe da strychnine wanda Amos Pentley ya yi. Neil ya tsira kuma ya aika Amos cikin dajin da ya yi sanyi har ya mutu. * A cikin ɗan gajeren labarin Jack London mai suna "Just Meat", Matt da Jim, abokan hulɗar aikata laifuka, sun yi nasarar sace dala $500,000 na lu'u-lu'u da lu'u-lu'u daga wani ɗan kasuwa mai suna Jewel. Da kwadayi ya mamaye su, dukkan jaruman biyu suna son kawar da ɗayan kuma su lalata junansu da strychnine ba tare da sani ba. * A cikin ɗan gajeren labarin Jack London mai suna " Moon-Face ", mai ba da labarin ya haifar da ƙiyayya mai zurfi ga maƙwabcinsa, wanda koyaushe yana cikin farin ciki ko da a cikin mawuyacin hali. Ya ba wa karen maƙwabcin guba da strychnine don ƙoƙarin sa shi ko da ba shi da farin ciki. Maƙwabcin, duk da mutuwar karensa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin farin ciki da farin ciki mara misaltuwa, wanda ya tilasta wa jarumin ya ƙirƙiri wani shiri mai ban tsoro. === A cikin fim === * ''Tsarin Kisa'' (1953) yana magana ne game da yadda ake tsayar da uwar kishi bayan ta fara kashe 'yan uwanta don kuɗin inshora. * A cikin ''littafin Psycho'' (1960), an kashe mahaifiyar Norman Bates da masoyinta da strychnine. Sheriff ya yi tsokaci: "Mummunan hanyar mutuwa." Littafin asali na Robert Bloch ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da kisan gillar strychnine. * A cikin ''littafin Cape Fear'' (1962), Max Cady ya ba wa karen Sam Bowden guba da maganin strychnine. * A cikin fim ''ɗin The Wild Geese'' (1978), halin Roger Moore Shawn Flynn ya ba wa ɗan wani babban mai aikata laifuka guba ta hanyar sa shi ya ci magungunan da ya sa shi ya kai masa, bayan ya saka musu strychnine. * A cikin ''littafin Shubho Mahurat'' (2003), Padmini Chowdhury, ya aikata jerin kisan kai ta hanyar ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa maganin strychnine daban-daban. Bayan da Ranga Pishima ya fallasa shi, Padmini ya kashe kansa ta amfani da maganin strychnine. * A cikin fim ɗin ''Red Dog'' (2011), an yi imanin cewa strychnine ya ba wa ja kelpie guba da gangan a shekarar 1979. * A cikin ''Otal ɗin Grand Budapest'' (2014), an sami Madame Desgoffe-und-Taxis a mace sakamakon gubar strychnine. Daga baya, an ga kwalba mai suna "strychnine" a kan teburin wani mai kisan kai a cikin ma'aikacin ɗanta Dmitri. * A cikin ''fim ɗin Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!'' (2015), an kashe ɗan majalisar Gajanand Sikdaar ta hanyar ƙara strychnine a cikin karin kumallo kafin ya iya bayyana sunan mai kisan ga jarumin fim ɗin, Bakshy. === A cikin talabijin === * An yi kisan gillar da aka yi a cikin ''shirin'' " Mr. Monk and the Secret Santa " ta hanyar sanya wa kwalbar port guba da strychnine. * An bai wa fursunonin da ke cikin ''The Wire'' allurai na hodar iblis da heroin da aka haɗa da strychnine. * A kakar wasa ta 9 ta ''The Office'', Dwight Schrute ya gaya wa Angela Martin cewa goggonsa ta ba wa ma'aikaciyar jinyata guba da strychnine. * A cikin shirin "The Lion and the Rose" na ''Game of Thrones'', an kashe Joffrey Baratheon bayan an ba shi guba a lokacin liyafar aurensa. Alamomin sun yi kama da na gubar strychnine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Poison That Killed A Major Game Of Thrones Character Is Real |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/joffreys-game-of-thrones-poison-is-real-2014-4?IR=T |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> * A kashi na goma na shirin ''The Haunting of Hill House'', Luke Crain ya kusa mutuwa bayan ya yi wa kansa allurar strychnine yayin da yake ƙarƙashin sihirin fatalwa mai mugunta. * A kakar wasa ta takwas ta <nowiki><i id="mwAck">Wentworth</i></nowiki>, fursunan mai suna Sheila Bausch ta sami zaɓi na ƙarshe daga abokin fursuna Lou Kelly - ta sha kwalbar strychnine, ko kuma ta yanke makogwaronta. Bausch ta zaɓi na farko. Daga baya Marie Winter ta kashe Bausch don kawo ƙarshen radadin da gubar ta haifar. === A cikin kiɗa === * A cikin waƙarsa mai suna "I'm Gonna Kill You", Hank Green ya yi waƙa game da son sanya wani ya ci abinci mai gina jiki. * A cikin "Ƙarshen Duk Abin da Zai Zo", Mudvayne ya yi waƙa game da kashe duniya gaba ɗaya da strychnine. * Waƙar Sonics mai suna "Strychnine" (wanda daga baya The Cramps da The Fuzztones suka yi bayani a kai) ta yi magana ne game da shan strychnine. * A cikin kundin wakokin "Composing" na kundin wakokin Boys Night Out mai suna Trainwreck, The Patient ya ba wa iyalansa guba a teburin cin abinci da strychnine. * A cikin "Waƙar Bomb", Darwin Deez ya yi waka game da mutanen da ke rashin lafiya daga strychnine a cikin ruwa. * A cikin fim ɗin "Coyote, My Little Brother," mawakin Amurka Peter La Farge ya rera waƙar yadda aka "yi wa muhalli" don kashe yawan coyote. * A cikin waƙar The Mountain Goats mai suna "An Antidote for Strychnine" mai ba da labarin ya rera game da ƙoƙarin neman maganin da zai hana gubar strychnine. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=N/A|ICD10={{ICD10|T|65|1|t|51}}|ICD9={{ICD9|989.1}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=}}{{Poisoning and toxicity}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hoooysf76n1zdjpyypokg460abmyvcp 0 160408 879721 872755 2026-07-09T17:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Olanipekun Olukoyede | nickname = | image = | image_size = | caption = | office1 = [[Chairman of the EFCC]] | president1 = [[Bola Tinubu]] | term_start1 = 12 October 2023 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = [[Abdulrasheed Bawa]] | successor1 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|10|14|df=y}} | birth_place = Ikere, [[Western State (Nigeria)|Western State]], [[Nigeria]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Harvard University]] * [[Lagos State University]] * [[University of Lagos]] }} | occupation = Civil servant }} '''Olanipekun Olukoyede''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1969) wanda aka fi sani da Ola shi ne Shugaban [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] (EFCC). Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ne ya nada shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ola Olukoyede: Who be the RCCG Pastor wey Tinubu appoint new head of EFCC |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cnk3wxeq7peo |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinubu Appoints Ola Olukoyede As EFCC Chair |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/10/12/breaking-tinubu-appoints-ola-olukoyede-as-efcc-chair/amp/ |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=BusinessDayNG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adeola |first=Ridwan |date=2023-10-12 |title=Breaking: After Bawa's ouster, Tinubu appoints new EFCC chairman |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1558231-breaking-tinubu-appoints-efcc-chairman-secretary-details-emerge/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=2023-10-12 |title=Tinubu appoints Olukoyede as EFCC Chairman |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-appoints-olukoyede-as-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == An haifi Olanipekun a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1969, a [[Ikere|Ikere-Ekiti]] . Ya yi aiki a matsayin fasto a Birnin Mafarki, Lardin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] 12, Shasha, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], na Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Allah.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Wahab |first=Bayo |date=2023-10-12 |title=10 things to know about Ola Olukoyede, the new EFCC Chairman |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/10-things-to-know-about-ola-olukoyede-the-new-efcc-chairman/l621dem |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref>Ola ta halarci [[Jami'ar Harvard]] don Makarantar Ilimi ta Zartarwa ta Kennedy, da [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]]. Cibiyar Arbitration a cikin [[Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci Ta Duniya|Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Duniya (ICC)]] a Paris, Faransa, da Cibiyar Arbitrage a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ola Olukoyede's Biography: All You Need To Know About New EFCC Chairman |url=https://www.herald.ng/ola-olukoyedes-biography-all-you-need-to-know-about-new-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=The Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kafin shigar Olanipekun da nadin shi a matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na EFCC, ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauya mallakar tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban [[Najeriya]], [[Yemi Osinbajo]] .<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Balogun |first=Folake |date=2023-10-12 |title=Tinubu appoints Olanipekun Olukoyede as new EFCC chairman |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/tinubu-appoints-olanipekun-olukoyede-as-new-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref>Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Shugaban zartarwa (2016-2018) da Sakataren Hukumar (2018-2021).........<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usigbe |first=Leon |date=2023-10-12 |title=Tinubu appoints Ola Olukoyede as new EFCC Chairman |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tinubu-appoints-ola-olukayode-as-new-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref>An zabi shi a matsayin Sakatare na EFCC a shekarar 2018 daga Shugaban Najeriya na lokacin, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=PAST AND PRESENT NIGERIAN PRESIDENTS – Embassy of Nigeria Sweden |url=https://nigerianembassy.se/past-and-present-nigerian-presidents/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en}}</ref> Mai magana da yawun shugaban kasa, Ajuri Ngelale, a lokacin sanarwar nadin Olukoyede na tsawon shekaru hudu ya bayyana kamar haka: "Olukoyede yana da shekaru 22 na ba da shawara kan bin ka'idoji, gudanar da zamba, da ƙwarewar leken asiri na kasuwanci. " <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Balogun |first=Folake |date=2023-10-12 |title=Tinubu appoints Olanipekun Olukoyede as new EFCC chairman |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/tinubu-appoints-olanipekun-olukoyede-as-new-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> Olukoyede memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Cin Hanci, Ƙasar Ingila <ref name=":0" /> da Kwamitin Fasaha na Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Maido da Sashin Leken Asiri na Najeriya.."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2023-10-12 |title=Tinubu appoints Olukoyede new EFCC chairman |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/tinubu-appoints-olukoyede-new-efcc-chairman/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015075238/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/tinubu-appoints-olukoyede-new-efcc-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fqam1x1qlqdepktjjtotaf5vdqbdqrs 0 160414 879698 872897 2026-07-09T17:35:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879698 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Okey Wali''', [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|SAN]] (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1958) [[lauya]] ne na Najeriya kuma shugaban kasa na 26 na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abducted ex-NBA president, Okey Wali released |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/170013-abducted-ex-nba-president-okey-wali-released.html |accessdate=8 February 2015 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 12, 2014 |title=Okey Wali, Ex-NBA president, kidnapped, Articles – THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okey-wali-ex-nba-president-kidnapped/191109/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208180946/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okey-wali-ex-nba-president-kidnapped/191109/ |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Wali a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1958, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Obio-Akpor a cikin babban birnin Port Harcourt, wani yanki na kudancin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former NBA president 'Okey Wali' kidnapped in Rivers State |url=http://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/former-nba-president-okey-wali-kidnapped-in-rivers-state.95829/ |access-date=February 8, 2015 |website=Nigerian Bulletin – Trending News & Updates}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar Port Harcourt Township School don karatun firamare amma ya kammala shi a makarantar firamare ta St. Paul a Diobu, Port Harcoort.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How NBA election was won and lost |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/how-nba-election-was-won-and-lost/ |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Baptist, Port Harcourt, inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a 1973 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Buckingham, Ingila, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a 1983..<ref>{{Cite news |title=NBA presidency: It's a battle between hawks and doves – Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/07/nba-presidency-its-a-battle-between-hawks-and-doves/ |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ya koma [[Najeriya]] don horar da kwararru a [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kuma an kira shi zuwa [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Bar na Najeriya]] a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okey Wali declared president-elect of Nigeria Bar Association - www.channelstv.com |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2012/07/17/okey-wali-declared-president-elect-of-nigeria-bar-association/ |access-date=February 8, 2015 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == He was called to the [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Nigerian Bar]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NBA elects Wali as new president |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/nba-elects-wali-as-new-president/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208184242/http://www.punchng.com/news/nba-elects-wali-as-new-president/ |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref>After few years of working experience, he was appointed as secretary of Port Harcourt branch of the [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|NBA]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Leadership Newspaper |date=July 15, 2014 |title=NBA: Okey Wali's emergence as NBA president fraudulent – Falana |url=http://leadership.ng/news/377838/nba-okey-walis-emergence-nba-president-fraudulent-falana |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref>He later served as the Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice of [[Jihar Rivers|Rivers State]] before he was elected as the 26th president of the [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Nigerian Bar Association,]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gunmen Abduct Former NBA president, Okey Wali, in Port Harcourt |url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/10/12/gunmen-abduct-former-nba-president-okey-wali-port-harcourt |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref>having polled 688 votes to defeat Emeka Ngige (SAN), who had 449 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahaha |title=Okey Wali emerges as NBA new president |url=http://www.frontiersnews.com/index.php/news/1120-okey-wali-emerges-as-nba-new-president |access-date=February 8, 2015 |website=frontiersnews.com |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030041627/http://www.frontiersnews.com/index.php/news/1120-okey-wali-emerges-as-nba-new-president |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Augusustine Alegeh|Augustine Alegeh]] == Rikici == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an ruwaito cewa an sace Wali a garin Rumualogu, Akpor City, Jihar Rivers ta hanyar 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba kuma an sake shi 'yan kwanaki bayan sacewarabduction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former NBA president, Okey Wali, kidnapped in Rivers |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/former-nba-president-oke-wali-kidnapped-rivers/ |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kidnappers release ex-NBA President, Okey Wali |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/kidnappers-release-ex-nba-president-okey-wali/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208184246/http://www.punchng.com/news/kidnappers-release-ex-nba-president-okey-wali/ |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |accessdate=February 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2inrnj2roh39nfa22w5hxeu9eqdgcnh 0 160772 879746 876095 2026-07-09T18:49:14Z Nnamadee 31123 879746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. Since the poor spend a greater proportion of == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.[1] Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.[2] Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4tbhjspkjncnuh96oxz9uhw8j1abnd5 879747 879746 2026-07-09T18:49:38Z Nnamadee 31123 879747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.[1] Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.[2] Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nspptfbdx0kcd1pme8o9k7lu9hwjo4i 879748 879747 2026-07-09T18:50:34Z Nnamadee 31123 879748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.[2] Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kb14fu3qervaldfipirmpr8chhxkagb 879749 879748 2026-07-09T18:51:39Z Nnamadee 31123 879749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.<ref>Strnad, Jeff (July 1, 2004). "Conceptualizing the 'Fat Tax': The Role of Food Taxes in Developed Economies". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 561321. </ref> Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nvhp8uppygk3qkjqxns57exfoat9hj5 879750 879749 2026-07-09T18:52:13Z Nnamadee 31123 879750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.<ref>Strnad, Jeff (July 1, 2004). "Conceptualizing the 'Fat Tax': The Role of Food Taxes in Developed Economies". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 561321. </ref> Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref>[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g78cs434cnf4zeinpqduj62oov4t08x 879751 879750 2026-07-09T18:52:33Z Nnamadee 31123 879751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[haraji]] mai''' shi ne haraji ko ƙarin haraji wanda aka sanya akan kitse abinci, abin sha ko a kan mutane masu kiba. An dauke shi misali na Harajin Pigovian. Harajin mai yana da niyyar hana [[Abinci mai kyau|Abinci mara lafiya]] da kuma rage farashin tattalin arziki na kiba. Harajin mai yana da niyyar rage amfani da abinci da ke da alaƙa da [[kiba]]. Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shine abincin haraji wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|Cutar zuciya]]. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yayin da farashin abinci ke raguwa, mutane suna samun kitse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=S.A. |year=2003 |title=Pricing effects on food choices |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=841–843 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.841S |pmid=12612165 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinciripini |first=P.M. |year=1984 |title=Changing food selections in a public cafeteria: an applied behavior analysis |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=520–539 |doi=10.1177/01454455840084004 |s2cid=145429454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Handley |first2=E.A. |last3=Dearing |first3=K.K. |last4=Roemmich |first4=JN |last5=Paluch |first5=RA |last6=Raja |first6=S |last7=Pak |first7=Y |last8=Spring |first8=B |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Purchases of food in youth: influence of price and income |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01668.x |pmid=16371148 |s2cid=22764196}}</ref> A zahiri, halayyar cin abinci na iya zama mafi dacewa da karuwar farashi fiye da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horgen |first=K.B. |last2=Brownell |first2=K.D. |year=2002 |title=Comparison of price change and health message interventions in promoting healthy food choices |journal=Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.505 |pmid=12211518}}</ref> Kimanin ya nuna cewa haraji na 1 cent a kan abin sha mai sukari na iya rage yawan amfani da waɗannan abin sha da kashi 25 cikin dari.<ref name="Brownell & Farley">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Farley |first2=Thomas |last3=Willett |first3=Walter C. |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M. |last5=Chaloupka |first5=Frank J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Joseph W. |last7=Ludwig |first7=David S. |year=2009 |title=The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1599–605 |doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 |pmc=3140416 |pmid=19759377}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai kuma shaidar cewa mutane masu kiba ba su da amsa ga canje-canje a farashin abinci fiye da mutane masu nauyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=L.H. |last2=Dearing |first2=K.K. |last3=Paluch |first3=R.A. |last4=Roemmich |first4=J.N. |last5=Cho |first5=D. |year=2007 |title=Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods. |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=914–922 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.4.914 |pmc=2175079 |pmid=17921365}}</ref> Don aiwatar da harajin mai, ya zama dole a ƙayyade wane abinci da kayan abin sha za a yi niyya. Dole ne a yi wannan da hankali, saboda harajin abinci da aka zaɓa ba tare da kulawa ba na iya samun sakamako mai ban mamaki da mummunar tasiri.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)">{{Cite journal |last=Mytton |first=O |last2=Gray |first2=A |last3=Rayner |first3=M |last4=Rutter |first4=H |year=2007 |title=Could targeted food taxes improve health? |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=689–694 |doi=10.1136/jech.2006.047746 |pmc=2652984 |pmid=17630367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142447/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/Jan%2025%20-%20Reading%201.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Misali, alamu na amfani sun nuna cewa haraji mai cike da kitse zai sa masu amfani su kara yawan gishiri, don haka sanya kansu cikin haɗari ga mutuwar zuciya.<ref name="Mytton, Gray, Rayner, & Rutter (2007)" /> Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa a yanzu sau da yawa suna fitar da Abin sha mai sukari a matsayin manufa don haraji.<ref name="Brownell & Frieden (2009)">{{Cite journal |last=Brownell |first=Kelly D. |last2=Frieden |first2=Thomas R. |year=2009 |title=Ounces of Prevention&nbsp;— The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages |url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=18 |pages=1805–1808 |doi=10.1056/nejmp0902392 |pmid=19357400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142843/http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/industry/SodaTaxNEJMApr09.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2009}}</ref> Nazarin sashi, hangen nesa, da gwaji sun sami alaƙa tsakanin kiba da amfani da abin sha mai sukari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=V.S. |last2=Schulze |first2=M.B. |last3=Hu |first3=F.B. |year=2006 |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–28 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 |pmc=3210834 |pmid=16895873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vartanian |first=L.R. |last2=Schwartz |first2=M.B. |last3=Brownell |first3=K.D. |year=2007 |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–675 |citeseerx=10.1.1.583.3469 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 |pmc=1829363 |pmid=17329656}}</ref> Koyaya, nazarin gwaji ba koyaushe ba ne suka sami haɗin kai, kuma girman tasirin na iya zama mai ladabi sosai. == Fa'idodin haraji mai yawa == Likitocin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da malamai a kasashe daban-daban sun yi kira ga harajin kitse a kan abinci mara lafiya. Dalilin da ke bayan aiwatar da harajin mai shine fatan cewa mutane za su guji halayyar abinci mai haɗari, inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa annobar kiba ta yanzu tana ƙaruwa sakamakon fadada masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Gidajen cin abinci na yau da kullun suna canza dabi'un abinci na al'umma, suna fitar da gidajen cin abinci masu gargajiya kuma suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na kiba, ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya.<ref>Strnad, Jeff (July 1, 2004). "Conceptualizing the 'Fat Tax': The Role of Food Taxes in Developed Economies". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 561321. </ref> Haraji kan taba sigari sun ga raguwar yawan shan sigari, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi kira ga a aiwatar da harajin kitse a wasu ƙasashe a ƙoƙarin rage amfani da abinci mara lafiya.<ref>Laurance, Jeremy (2009). "Time for a fat tax?". The Lancet. 373 (9675): 1597. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60893-x. <nowiki>PMID 19427946</nowiki>. S2CID 45412689.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpdvu7o5qttvkvn890ibqkikiyn36r8 0 160774 879999 876110 2026-07-10T07:29:55Z BnHamid 12586 879999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Euthenics''' (/juːˈθɛnɪks/) shine nazarin inganta aiki ɗan adam da jin daɗi ta hanyar inganta Yanayin rayuwa.<ref name="free dictionary">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Euthenics |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/euthenics |access-date=23 August 2013 |website=thefreedictionary.com}}</ref> "Ingantawa" ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar canza abubuwan waje kamar ilimi da yanayin sarrafawa, gami da muhalli, ilimi game da aiki, tattalin arzikin gida, tsaftacewa, da [[Gida|gidaje]], da rigakafi da cire cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa da kwayar cuta. A cikin wata kasida ta ''[[New York Times]]'' mai kwanan wata 23 ga Mayu, 1926, Rose Field ya lura da bayanin, "rayuwa mafi sauki [shi ne] inganci".[is] An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "dama ga muhalli", yawanci a matsayin nau'i biyu ga "dama na haihuwa" wanda ya dace da ikon [[eugenics]]. Ya bambanta da eugenics, euthenics ba da gangan ba ya ƙoƙarin canza abun da ke cikin kwayar halitta ta mutum. Koyaya, ingantaccen ingancin rayuwar mutum, kamar kawar da cututtuka ko samun damar samun abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau, na iya samun tasiri na kai tsaye akan kwayoyin halittar yawan jama'a.<ref name="JohnKGrandy">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a ƙarshen karni ''na'' 19 ''da'' kalmar Helenanci ''eutheneo'', εὐθηνέω (eu, da kyau; tushen τίθημι tithemi, don haifar). (Don kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai tasowa, don yalwa, don bunƙasa. - ''Demosthenes''. Don zama mai ƙarfi ko mai ƙarfi. - ''Herodotus''. Don zama marar ƙarfi a jiki. - ''[[Aristotle]]''.) <ref name="EllenSwallowRichards">{{Cite book|last3=Ellen Swallow Richards}}</ref> Har ila yau daga Girkanci Euthenia, Εὐθηνία . Kyakkyawan yanayin jiki: wadata, wadata mai kyau, wadata. - ''Herodotus'' . <ref name="EllenSwallowRichards">{{Cite book|last3=Ellen Swallow Richards}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRichards1912">[[Ellen Swallow Richards|Richards, Ellen H. Swallow]] (1912) [1910]. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31508 ''Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment : A Plea for Better Conditions As a First Step Toward Higher Human Efficiency''] (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Boston: [[Whitcomb & Barrows]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0405098278|<bdi>0405098278</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">ISBN / Date incompatibility ([[Help:CS1 errors#invalid isbn date|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date]]</ref> Sabanin Euthenia shine Penia, Πενία ("rashin lafiya" ko "[[talauci]]") mutum ne na talauci da bukata. == Tarihi == [[Ellen Swallow Richards]] (1842-1911) na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka yi amfani da kalmar, a cikin The Cost of Shelter (1905), tare da ma'anar "kimiyya ta rayuwa mafi kyau".<ref name="JohnKGrandy">{{Cite book|last3=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrandy2006">Grandy, John K. (2006). [[iarchive:BirxH.J.EncyclopediaOfAnthropologyBookSee.org2/page/873/mode/1up|"Euthenics"]]. In Birx, H. J. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Anthropology''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Thousand Oaks, California: [[SAGE Publications]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">873–</span>875. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4135/9781412952453|10.4135/9781412952453]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781412952453|<bdi>9781412952453</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ba a san ko (kuma mai yiwuwa ba) kowane ɗayan shirye-shiryen nazarin euthenics ya taɓa rungumar ra'ayin Richards na fannoni da yawa, kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a yau, musamman na hadin kai. === Cibiyar Kwalejin Vassar ta Euthenics === Bayan rasuwar Richards a 1911, Julia Lathrop (1858-1932) ta ci gaba da inganta ci gaban shirin hadin gwiwa a cikin euthenics a Kwalejin Vassar, wanda ita da Richards sun kasance tsofaffi. Ba da daɗewa ba Lathrop ta haɗu da tsohuwar Minnie Cumnock Blodgett (1862-1931), wanda tare da mijinta, John Wood Blodgett, ya ba da tallafin kuɗi don ƙirƙirar shirin euthenics a kwalejin. Shirye-shiryen karatun, wanda shugaban Vassar Henry Noble MacCracken ya ba da shawarar a 1922, ya fara da gaske a 1923, a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Annie Louise Macleod, wanda ya zama mace ta farko ta PhD a [[Jami'ar McGill]] a 1910. <ref name="VassarEuthenicsHistory">{{Cite web |title=The Disappointing First Thrust of Euthenics |url=http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/three-chapters/the-disappointing-first-thrust-of-euthenics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020842/http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/three-chapters/the-disappointing-first-thrust-of-euthenics.html |archive-date=27 January 2014 |access-date=26 August 2013 |website=Vassar Encyclopedia |publisher=Vassar College}}</ref> Dangane da shigarwar tarihin Vassar na ranar 17 ga Maris, 1924, "masu koyarwa sun amince da euthenics a matsayin filin da ya gamsar da karatu na tsari (babban). An ba da izinin Sashen Euthenics don bayar da Shirin da ya shafi fannoni da yawa [mai tsananin a lokacin] wanda ke mai da hankali kan dabarun da horo na zane-zane, kimiyya da kimiyyar zamantakewa sun zo kan rayuwar da alaƙar mata. Dalibai a cikin euthenics na iya ɗaukar darussan a cikin aikin lambu, ilmin abinci, ilimin zamantakewa da kididdiga, ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, ilimin lissafi, ilimin yara na farko, ilimin kimiyyar jama'a.[1] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdg3o1fg5jpjeejlxv7d9v52l1i6gzk 880000 879999 2026-07-10T07:30:06Z BnHamid 12586 880000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Euthenics''' (/juːˈθɛnɪks/) shine nazarin inganta aiki ɗan adam da jin daɗi ta hanyar inganta Yanayin rayuwa.<ref name="free dictionary">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Euthenics |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/euthenics |access-date=23 August 2013 |website=thefreedictionary.com}}</ref> "Ingantawa" ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar canza abubuwan waje kamar ilimi da yanayin sarrafawa, gami da muhalli, ilimi game da aiki, tattalin arzikin gida, tsaftacewa, da [[Gida|gidaje]], da rigakafi da cire cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa da kwayar cuta. A cikin wata kasida ta ''[[New York Times]]'' mai kwanan wata 23 ga Mayu, 1926, Rose Field ya lura da bayanin, "rayuwa mafi sauki [shi ne] inganci".[is] An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "dama ga muhalli", yawanci a matsayin nau'i biyu ga "dama na haihuwa" wanda ya dace da ikon [[eugenics]]. Ya bambanta da eugenics, euthenics ba da gangan ba ya ƙoƙarin canza abun da ke cikin kwayar halitta ta mutum. Koyaya, ingantaccen ingancin rayuwar mutum, kamar kawar da cututtuka ko samun damar samun abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau, na iya samun tasiri na kai tsaye akan kwayoyin halittar yawan jama'a.<ref name="JohnKGrandy">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a ƙarshen karni ''na'' 19 ''da'' kalmar Helenanci ''eutheneo'', εὐθηνέω (eu, da kyau; tushen τίθημι tithemi, don haifar). (Don kasancewa a cikin yanayi mai tasowa, don yalwa, don bunƙasa. - ''Demosthenes''. Don zama mai ƙarfi ko mai ƙarfi. - ''Herodotus''. Don zama marar ƙarfi a jiki. - ''[[Aristotle]]''.) <ref name="EllenSwallowRichards">{{Cite book|last3=Ellen Swallow Richards}}</ref> Har ila yau daga Girkanci Euthenia, Εὐθηνία . Kyakkyawan yanayin jiki: wadata, wadata mai kyau, wadata. - ''Herodotus'' . <ref name="EllenSwallowRichards">{{Cite book|last3=Ellen Swallow Richards}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRichards1912">[[Ellen Swallow Richards|Richards, Ellen H. Swallow]] (1912) [1910]. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31508 ''Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment : A Plea for Better Conditions As a First Step Toward Higher Human Efficiency''] (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Boston: [[Whitcomb & Barrows]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0405098278|<bdi>0405098278</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">ISBN / Date incompatibility ([[Help:CS1 errors#invalid isbn date|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date]]</ref> Sabanin Euthenia shine Penia, Πενία ("rashin lafiya" ko "[[talauci]]") mutum ne na talauci da bukata. == Tarihi == [[Ellen Swallow Richards]] (1842-1911) na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka yi amfani da kalmar, a cikin The Cost of Shelter (1905), tare da ma'anar "kimiyya ta rayuwa mafi kyau".<ref name="JohnKGrandy">{{Cite book|last3=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrandy2006">Grandy, John K. (2006). [[iarchive:BirxH.J.EncyclopediaOfAnthropologyBookSee.org2/page/873/mode/1up|"Euthenics"]]. In Birx, H. J. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Anthropology''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Thousand Oaks, California: [[SAGE Publications]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">873–</span>875. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4135/9781412952453|10.4135/9781412952453]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781412952453|<bdi>9781412952453</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ba a san ko (kuma mai yiwuwa ba) kowane ɗayan shirye-shiryen nazarin euthenics ya taɓa rungumar ra'ayin Richards na fannoni da yawa, kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a yau, musamman na hadin kai. === Cibiyar Kwalejin Vassar ta Euthenics === Bayan rasuwar Richards a 1911, Julia Lathrop (1858-1932) ta ci gaba da inganta ci gaban shirin hadin gwiwa a cikin euthenics a Kwalejin Vassar, wanda ita da Richards sun kasance tsofaffi. Ba da daɗewa ba Lathrop ta haɗu da tsohuwar Minnie Cumnock Blodgett (1862-1931), wanda tare da mijinta, John Wood Blodgett, ya ba da tallafin kuɗi don ƙirƙirar shirin euthenics a kwalejin. Shirye-shiryen karatun, wanda shugaban Vassar Henry Noble MacCracken ya ba da shawarar a 1922, ya fara da gaske a 1923, a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Annie Louise Macleod, wanda ya zama mace ta farko ta PhD a [[Jami'ar McGill]] a 1910. <ref name="VassarEuthenicsHistory">{{Cite web |title=The Disappointing First Thrust of Euthenics |url=http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/three-chapters/the-disappointing-first-thrust-of-euthenics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020842/http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/three-chapters/the-disappointing-first-thrust-of-euthenics.html |archive-date=27 January 2014 |access-date=26 August 2013 |website=Vassar Encyclopedia |publisher=Vassar College}}</ref> Dangane da shigarwar tarihin Vassar na ranar 17 ga Maris, 1924, "masu koyarwa sun amince da euthenics a matsayin filin da ya gamsar da karatu na tsari (babban). An ba da izinin Sashen Euthenics don bayar da Shirin da ya shafi fannoni da yawa [mai tsananin a lokacin] wanda ke mai da hankali kan dabarun da horo na zane-zane, kimiyya da kimiyyar zamantakewa sun zo kan rayuwar da alaƙar mata. Dalibai a cikin euthenics na iya ɗaukar darussan a cikin aikin lambu, ilmin abinci, ilimin zamantakewa da kididdiga, ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, ilimin lissafi, ilimin yara na farko, ilimin kimiyyar jama'a.[1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9gc8vmv152ualg3tsb4ityxgwojbnsq 0 160785 879896 876198 2026-07-10T00:01:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peabody''' / / ˈpiːbədi / ) birni ne da ke gundumar Essex, Massachusetts, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 54,481 a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta Amurka ta 2020. Peabody yana cikin yankin North Shore na Massachusetts, kuma an san shi da tarihin [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] mai wadata. == Tarihi == An daɗe ana zaune a yankin da mutanen 'yan asalin Amurka da aka sani da Naumkeag . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Naumkeag |url=https://www.pioneervillagesalem.org/new-page-1 |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=PIONEER VILLAGE |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Dustin Luca Staff |date=24 October 2019 |title=President Jackson's portrait to make way for Naumkeag leader |url=https://www.salemnews.com/news/local_news/president-jacksons-portrait-to-make-way-for-naumkeag-leader/article_e1e382ee-d91f-5cf5-9373-f81c43ed9b13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711010903/https://www.salemnews.com/news/local_news/president-jacksons-portrait-to-make-way-for-naumkeag-leader/article_e1e382ee-d91f-5cf5-9373-f81c43ed9b13.html |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Salem News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MASSACHUSETTS INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY RESOURCES |url=http://www.salemhistorical.org/massachusetts-indigenous-community-resources |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Salem Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Salem a shekara ta 1626 ta hannun ƙaramin rukuni na Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila daga Cape Ann ƙarƙashin jagorancin Roger Conant . Daga baya aka kira shi da Northfields, Salem Farms, da Brooksby. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Peabody Historical Society |url=https://peabodyhistorical.org/history/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> An zargi mazauna yankin da dama da yin sihiri a lokacin shari'ar mayu na Salem a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu aka kashe ( John Proctor, Giles Corey, da Martha Corey ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Peabody |url=https://salemwitchmuseum.com/locations/welcome-to-peabody/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Salem Witch Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1752, an raba yankin daga Salem, aka kuma haɗa shi da gundumar Danvers . An kira shi "Paris na Kudu", wanda ke da alaƙa da cocin da ke cikin Peabody Square na yanzu. A shekara ta 1855, al'ummar ta rabu da Danvers, kuma aka haɗa shi da garin South Danvers mai zaman kansa. An canza sunan zuwa Peabody a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1868, don girmama George Peabody, sanannen mai taimakon jama'a wanda aka haifa a Peabody na yanzu, wanda aka fi sani da "uban taimakon jama'a na zamani". An ba shi matsayin birni a shekara ta 1916. Yankin yamma, wanda ba shi da cunkoson jama'a a garin galibi ana kiransa da West Peabody daban, amma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Peabody ta fara ne a matsayin al'ummar [[noma]], amma koguna da rafukanta sun jawo hankalin masana'antun da ke amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa . A ƙarni na 18, hanyar Peabody's Central Street ta kasance cibiyar masana'antar tukwane, musamman kayan redware . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://peabodyhistorical.org/history/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Peabody Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref> Musamman ma, Peabody babbar cibiyar masana'antar fata ce ta New England, wadda ta jawo hankalin baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. A shekarar 1915, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar an haife su ne a wajen Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Acehan |first=Işıl |date=December 2009 |title="Ottoman Street" in America: Turkish Leatherworkers in Peabody, Massachusetts |journal=International Review of Social History |volume=54 |pages=19–44 |doi=10.1017/S0020859009990228 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Baya ga zama gida ga manyan al'ummomin Irish da Rasha, Peabody ya samar da babban al'umma na ma'aikata waɗanda suka fito daga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], galibi masu magana da harshen Turkanci da Kurdawa daga yankin Harput, wanda yanzu ake kira Elazığ. <ref name=":0" /> Al'ummar suna zaune ne a titin Walnut, inda suka cika gidajen kwana da gidajen kofi har suka zama sananne a matsayin "Titin Ottoman," kuma, a takaice, ba daidai ba, "Peabody's Barbary Coast", yayin da Amurka ke yaƙi da Daular Ottoman a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . <ref name=":0" /> Wani baƙo ya lura cewa an rubuta alamun a cikin gari da Turanci da Turkanci na Ottoman . <ref name=":0" /> A safiyar ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1915, an kashe ƙananan yara ashirin da ɗaya a gobarar makarantar St. Johns a yankin tsakiyar gari a kan titin Chestnut. An gano gawarwakinsu bayan gobarar ta lafa, ta taru wuri ɗaya ta ƙone har ba a iya gane ta ba, kusa da ƙofar shiga ta ɗan nisa da rayuwa. Sakamakon haka, Peabody ya zama birni na farko a Amurka da ya kafa doka cewa duk hanyoyin shiga ko fita a gine-ginen jama'a a buɗe su, maimakon ta hanyar hannu ko maɓalli. Birnin yana da siffar yanki, kuma tsakiyar birnin yana gefen arewa maso gabas. Unguwar South Peabody tana kudu da shi, kuma unguwar da ke kusa da birnin West Peabody, inda makarantar sakandare take, tana yamma da tsakiyar birnin, inda manyan hanyoyi da unguwar Proctor suka raba. Tsakiyar Peabody tana da {{Convert|2|mi|0}} daga tsakiyar birnin Salem, {{Convert|15|mi}} arewa maso gabas da [[Boston]], {{Convert|18|mi}} yamma-kudu maso yamma na Gloucester, da kuma {{Convert|18|mi}} kudu maso gabashin Lawrence . Peabody kuma tana da iyaka da Middleton a arewa maso yamma, Danvers a arewa, Salem a gabas, Lynn a kudu da Lynnfield a kudu maso yamma. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] ===manazarta=== c4j9aqgu8nsdd53z3kdcqc6mic5s2ib 0 160793 879662 876226 2026-07-09T17:02:52Z BnHamid 12586 879662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ismael Saibari Ben El Basra[i] (an haife shi a shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga ta FC Bayern. An haife shi a Spain kuma ya tashi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Morocco.<ref>Mali, le Maroc et l'Égypte qualifiés pour les JO 2024". ''SO FOOT'' (in French). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ismael Saibari a ranar 28 ga Janairu shekara ta 2001 a Terrassa, Spain, ga dangin Moroccan daga Ksar el-Kebir.[1] Sa’ad da Saibari yake ɗan shekara shida, iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Willebroek a ƙasar Belgium inda ya girma. A cikin 2020, Saibari ya ƙaura zuwa Netherlands shi kaɗai lokacin da ya shiga PSV Eindhoven.[2][1] Saibari yana da zama ɗan ƙasar Moroko, Sipaniya da Belgium sau uku.lSaibari yana iya magana da Flemish, Faransanci, Ingilishi, Larabci da Sifen.<ref>Mali, le Maroc et l'Égypte qualifiés pour les JO 2024". ''SO FOOT'' (in French). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} qabxqkrr6qzz30jr5g8h7is7vghf8yn 879663 879662 2026-07-09T17:03:04Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Ismael saibari]] to [[Ismael Saibari]] 879662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ismael Saibari Ben El Basra[i] (an haife shi a shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga ta FC Bayern. An haife shi a Spain kuma ya tashi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Morocco.<ref>Mali, le Maroc et l'Égypte qualifiés pour les JO 2024". ''SO FOOT'' (in French). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ismael Saibari a ranar 28 ga Janairu shekara ta 2001 a Terrassa, Spain, ga dangin Moroccan daga Ksar el-Kebir.[1] Sa’ad da Saibari yake ɗan shekara shida, iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Willebroek a ƙasar Belgium inda ya girma. A cikin 2020, Saibari ya ƙaura zuwa Netherlands shi kaɗai lokacin da ya shiga PSV Eindhoven.[2][1] Saibari yana da zama ɗan ƙasar Moroko, Sipaniya da Belgium sau uku.lSaibari yana iya magana da Flemish, Faransanci, Ingilishi, Larabci da Sifen.<ref>Mali, le Maroc et l'Égypte qualifiés pour les JO 2024". ''SO FOOT'' (in French). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} qabxqkrr6qzz30jr5g8h7is7vghf8yn 0 160940 880096 877781 2026-07-10T10:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 880096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regina Keresi Mogolola''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' [[Mai buga tsakiya|yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] JVW FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu . Ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta farko tare da Mamelodi Sundowns . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Matan Sundowns === Mogolola ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kuma lashe gasar SAFA Women's League tare da kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=FARPost |date=8 June 2022 |title=Regina Mogolola relishes tough First Touch Ladies test |url=https://farpost.co.za/2022/06/08/regina-mogolola-relishes-tough-first-touch-ladies-test/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=FARPost |language=en-ZA |archive-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709213628/https://farpost.co.za/2022/06/08/regina-mogolola-relishes-tough-first-touch-ladies-test/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === JVW === Mogolola ya shiga JVW a farkon kakar wasa ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CentreCircle |date=21 May 2025 |title=My Banyana Banyana call-up is a perfect lesson of not giving up – Regina Mogolola |url=https://centrecircle.online/my-banyana-banyana-call-up-is-a-perfect-lesson-of-not-giving-up-regina-mogolola%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Centre Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ta kasance cikin manyan ' yan wasan ƙungiyar COSAFA ta 2017 . Mogolola ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka zo na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2024 da aka yi a Morocco. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Teamwork key in quest to retain WAFCON title - Regina Mogolola {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/teamwork-key-in-quest-to-retain-wafcon-title-regina-mogolola |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta 2025 . == Daraja == '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar Mata ta COSAFA: 2025 '''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns''' * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023 * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 {{South Africa squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> c1kfc4th0d1mab3jirhewyf7dysyogm 0 160986 879669 878222 2026-07-09T17:05:38Z BnHamid 12586 879669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adetokunbo Olufela Durotoye''' (an haife shi a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1971), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fela Durotoye''', mashawarcin harkokin kasuwanci ne, ƙwararren jagoranci, ɗan siyasa, kuma mai gabatar da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa daga Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2019.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-is-now-anns-presidential-candidate-id8918274.html</ref> A shekarar 2023, an naɗa Durotoye a matsayin Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu kan harkokin ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-to-serve-in-presidential-media-team/e8hpev7</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Fela Durotoye ga Layiwola da Adeline Durotoye, waɗanda dukkansu farfesoshi ne a Jami'ar Ibadan.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/10/21/fela-durotoye-i-am-willing-to-serve-nigeria-if-power-brokers-are-transparent-and-honest/</ref> Bayan iyayensa sun koma Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife, Fela ya halarci Makarantar 'Ya'yan Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo tsakanin shekarun 1974 zuwa 1981, sannan ya yi karatu a Moremi High School daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1986. Daga baya ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta tare da Tattalin Arziki, sannan ya samu digirin Babbar Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife. Haka kuma, tsohon ɗalibi ne na shirin Executive Education na John F. Kennedy School of Government na Jami'ar Harvard.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143156/http://www.thefutureafrica.com/menu/fela-durotoye/</ref><ref>https://www.inigerian.com/fela-durotoye-proudly-nigerian/</ref> Durotoye ya halarci shirin High Impact Leadership for a Better Society a Jami'ar Yale. Har ila yau, ƙwararren mai horas da shugabanci ne da ke da takardar shaidar ƙungiyar John Maxwell Team.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya kammala shirin horaswa kan dabaru, kirkire-kirkire da shugabanci a Lagos Business School.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref> Bayan haka ya halarci shirin horaswa na Supernumerary Police a Kwalejin Horar da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, inda ya kammala da sakamako mai daraja.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810193627/https://feladurotoye.net/about/</ref> == Aiki == A shekarar 1992, Fela Durotoye ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin harkokin kuɗi a kamfanin Ventures & Trusts Limited.<ref>https://punchng.com/profile-fela-durotoye/</ref> A shekarar 1998 kuma, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da abokan ciniki na Phillips Consulting Limited. A shekarar 2000, ya kafa kamfanin V.I.P Consulting Limited, wanda ya yi suna wajen gudanar da harkokin abokan ciniki da bunƙasa albarkatun ɗan adam a Najeriya. Daga baya an sake fasalin kamfanin ya koma wata cibiyar zamantakewa mai suna Visible Impact Limited.<ref>http://www.citypeopleonline.com/motivational-speaker-fela-durotoye-storms-city-people-talks-create-new-nigeria/</ref> Durotoye yana gudanar da tarurruka da horaswa kan shugabanci da gudanarwa a Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180308050458/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/07/egbemode-fela-durotoye-speak-rccg-conference/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/ohiwerei-durotoye-for-students-fortress-conference/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/obasanjo-gov-ahmed-dabiri-erewa-others-attend-investment-forum-u-s/</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya gabatar da jawabi ga fiye da 'yan kasuwa 200 a taron farko na Nigerian American Business Forum da aka gudanar a Tampa, Florida, inda ya yi jawabi tare da manyan mutane da suka haɗa da Sanata Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, Sanata Ben Murray-Bruce, shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Najeriya Abimbola Ogunbanjo, Biodun Shobanjo, Peter Obi da Ade Olufeko.<ref>https://www.medianigeria.com/profile-of-fela-durotoye/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/amp/</ref> == Shirin Gyaran Mushin == A watan Disambar shekarar 2009, Fela Durotoye ya jagoranci aikin sabunta muhalli mai suna ''Mushin Makeover''. Aikin ya samu goyon bayan fitattun mutane da dama daga masana'antar nishaɗi da sauran fannoni. Ya tara sama da masu sa kai 2,000 waɗanda suka yi wa gidaje 296 fenti a tituna bakwai na unguwar Mushin da ke Legas ba tare da cajin masu gidajen komai ba. A yayin gudanar da aikin, kamfanin Berger Paints PLC ya horar da matasa marasa aikin yi sama da 100 a fannin zanen gine-gine da dabarunsa. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan matasa sun samu hanyar samun abin dogaro da kai bayan kammala horon.<ref>http://www.pulse.ng/news/local/fela-durotoye-shares-5-important-facts-about-himself-id8030918.html</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2009/12/mushin-makeover-today/?amp</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2018/02/22/young-strong-fela-durotoye-declares-presidential-ambition/amp/</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Durotoye ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a zaɓen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN).<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/</ref><ref>http://saharareporters.com/2018/08/30/fela-durotoye-emerges-pact-consensus-presidential-candidate</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-says-running-for-president-is-not-easy/pzqngtb</ref> Haɗakar 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa guda 11 ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Presidential Aspirants Coming Together (PACT) ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar bai ɗaya.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-election-durotoye-picks-khadijah-abdullahi-iya-as-running-mate/</ref> A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2018, ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ANN a zaɓen shekarar 2019.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190124212611/https://oak.tv/newstrack/fela-durotoye-commends-oby-ezekwesili/</ref> Yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya bayyana cewa neman muƙamin shugaban ƙasa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma ya ce hanya mafi kyau ta yi wa ƙasarsa hidima ita ce ta hanyar jagorantar ƙasar daga mafi girman muƙami.<ref>http://allovernaija.com/2019-ypp-ann-form-coalition-to-present-consensus-presidential-candidate/</ref> Daga baya ya zaɓi Khadijah Abdullahi-Iya a matsayin abokiyar takararsa ta mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa. An san ta a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa mai gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa.<ref>https://punchng.com/breaking-president-tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-as-presidential-media-aides/</ref> A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2019, Durotoye ya yabawa Oby Ezekwesili saboda ƙoƙarinta na gina haɗin gwiwa domin fitar da ɗan takarar bai ɗaya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/fela-durotoye-i-served-as-tinubus-aide-for-6-months-without-pay/</ref> Ya kuma bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya mara wa duk ɗan takarar bai ɗaya da aka zaɓa ta hanyar gaskiya baya idan shi bai samu wannan matsayi ba. Kafin hakan, an yi yunƙurin kafa wata haɗakar siyasa tsakanin Young Progressive Party da Alliance for New Nigeria da za a kira ''The Force''.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/nigeria-needs-heroes-now/</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, an naɗa shi Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaban Ƙasa kan ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki ba tare da karɓar albashi daga gwamnatin Bola Tinubu ba daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Maris 2024.<ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/</ref> == Rayuwar Kai == Fela Durotoye ya auri Tara Fela-Durotoye, fitacciyar mai kwalliya, lauya kuma shugabar kamfanin House of Tara a Najeriya. Suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, wato Mobolurin, Demilade da Morolaoluwa. Fela Durotoye mabiyin addinin Kirista ne.<ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1971]] nhi86at8zjqa7pbcjxztukd3lxnnqzb 0 161083 879950 878948 2026-07-10T05:28:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Radmila Beresneva''' (an haife (a ) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Kazakhstan. Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Kazakhstan kuma ta buga wa [[Irtysh Kazchrome]] wasa a shekarar 2014. Ta kasance cikin tawagar ƙasa ta Kazakhstan a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2014 a Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Team Roster – Kazakhstan |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/KAZ-Kazakhstan/team_roster |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=italy2014.fivb.org |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907220808/http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/KAZ-Kazakhstan/team_roster |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci gasar Grand Prix ta FIVB Volleyball ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Players - Kazakhstan - FIVB World Grand Prix 2016 |url=http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50805 |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-date=2024-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221153011/http://worldgrandprix.2016.fivb.com/en/group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50805 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == * {{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Irtysh Kazchrome]] (2014) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * http://worldoqt.japan.2016.women.fivb.com/en/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/radmila-beresneva?id=50252 * http://astanatimes.com/2016/06/kazakhstan-narrowly-misses-promotion-in-womens-volleyball-world-grand-prix/ * http://www.todor66.com/volleyball/Olympics/Women_OQ_2016.html [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> kx2btxcmbt977b2m6n1lmizuq4a7563 0 161147 879576 2026-07-09T13:19:07Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333713638|Hadith of Fatima tablet]]" 879576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama. == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] . Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|My father said to him: "Look at your copy to see (if) what I say (matches your copy)." This is what was written on that tablet: "In the name of [[Allah]], most Gracious, most Merciful. This is a letter from Allah, the most Honourable, the most Knowledgeable, which was sent with the guardian spirit to Muhammad, the last of the messengers. O Muhammad! Glorify My names, be thankful for My grace, and do not deny My blessings. Do not desire anyone but Me and do not fear anyone but Me, because those who desire anyone but Me or fear anyone but Me will be punished in a way that I have never punished anyone else from all of the worlds. O Muhammad! I have chosen you from amongst all of the prophets and I have given preference to your successor above all of the successors. I have made [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] the container of My Knowledge after the time of his father, and (I have made) [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] the best of the sons from the first to the last, and through Husayn the Imamate will continue. [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali]], the beauty of the worshippers, will remain from Husayn, and then (it will be) [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad]], the one who rips open My Knowledge, the one who will invite (people) to My path through the right methods. Then (it will be) [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far]], the truthful in his speech and his actions, after whom there will be a deafening conspiracy. Woe and more woe unto those who deny My slave and the best of My creation, [[Musa al-Kazim|Musa]]! Then [[Ali al-Rida|Ali]], the pleasant, will be killed by a Kafir demon, and he will be buried in the city that was built by the righteous slave, next to the worst of Allah’s creation. Then [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad]] (will come), the guide to My path, the one who safeguards My sanctity, and the one who will leave Ali behind. [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] will be the one with two names (Ali and Naqi). After him, [[Hasan al-Askari|Hasan]], the honourable, will lead his people. And after him his son, [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad]], will rise at the end of time. There will be a white cloud over him to offer him shade from the sun. He will speak with an eloquent language and his voice will reach everyone and everywhere. He is the [[Mahdi]] of the family of Muhammad and he will fill the earth with justice, just as it's been filled with injustice."<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3sh3slerj4rscu3zwt0zwg7od2p4uet 879577 879576 2026-07-09T13:22:15Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Hadisi */ 879577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama. == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] . Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sjkzxah83k16d0rqa6wuc4csjcizkpw 879578 879577 2026-07-09T13:23:17Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book|author=Linda G. Jones|title=The Power of Oratory in the Medieval Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53680-6|pages=237–}}</ref> == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] . Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} swuv70ibtz474ez7kizfh4nb36lncts 879579 879578 2026-07-09T13:24:20Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Jabir ibn Abd Allah */ 879579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book|author=Linda G. Jones|title=The Power of Oratory in the Medieval Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53680-6|pages=237–}}</ref> == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] .<ref name="Rizvi">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. Manzoor Rizvi|title=The Sunshine Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m80eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-312-60094-2|pages=176–}}</ref> Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i1wanhbzqb66uwum6l67nogv4svyez3 879580 879579 2026-07-09T13:25:09Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book|author=Linda G. Jones|title=The Power of Oratory in the Medieval Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53680-6|pages=237–}}</ref> == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] .<ref name="Rizvi">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. Manzoor Rizvi|title=The Sunshine Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m80eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-312-60094-2|pages=176–}}</ref> Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} f7t19izy7nmoaisd4fwq2a3xgcqz2zs 879581 879580 2026-07-09T13:25:28Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book|author=Linda G. Jones|title=The Power of Oratory in the Medieval Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53680-6|pages=237–}}</ref> == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] .<ref name="Rizvi">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. Manzoor Rizvi|title=The Sunshine Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m80eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-312-60094-2|pages=176–}}</ref> Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali. == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lq0nw4gw5fyze7fjqqjux3l60yu51yg 879583 879581 2026-07-09T13:30:22Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ruwayoyi */ 879583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Binte_Muhammad.jpg|alt=Fatima al-Zahra|thumb|Fatima al-Zahra]] Hadisi na Fatima, wanda aka fi sani da '''Hadisi na Lawh na Fatima''' al'adar [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Imam al-Sadiq]] ce wanda ya ba da labarin mahaifinsa [[Al-Baqir|Imam al-Baqir]] wanda shi ma ya nakalto [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] a matsayin mai ba da labari na asali na hadisi. Wannan hadisi musamman ya ambaci [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai goma sha biyu]] a matsayin magajin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], [[Manzo|annabi]] Islama.<ref name="Jones2012">{{cite book|author=Linda G. Jones|title=The Power of Oratory in the Medieval Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53680-6|pages=237–}}</ref> == Jabir ibn Abd Allah == Jābir ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAmr ibn Ḥarām al-Anṣārī (Arabic) ya kasance fitaccen abokin [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], annabin Islama, da kuma Imamai na Shi'i'a na gaba. Ya gabatar da gaisuwar annabin ga jikansa na biyu, [[Al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] .<ref name="Rizvi">{{cite book|author=Dr. S. Manzoor Rizvi|title=The Sunshine Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m80eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-312-60094-2|pages=176–}}</ref> Jabir ya shiga cikin kamfen goma sha takwas da annabin ya jagoranta kuma ya yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Siffin]] wanda [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya jagorance.<ref name="Rizvi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu Shahba |first=Jerrmein |title=Jabir Ibn Abdullah Al Ansari – The 1st Narrator |url=http://www.al-islam.org/brief-commentary-hadeeth-al-kisaa-jerrmein-abu-shahba/jabir-ibn-abdullah-al-ansari-1st-narrator |website=Al-Islam}}</ref> == Ruwayoyi == A cikin ''Kitab al-Kafi'', Jabir ya ba da labarin cewa ya taɓa ganin Fatima tare da allon da ke lissafin sunayen waɗanda ke da ikon allahntaka, wanda ya ƙidaya goma sha biyu. Na ƙarshe an kira shi ''al-Qa'im'', an kira uku Muhammad kuma an kira uku Ali.<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref> == Hadisi == Musulmai [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] sun rubuta cewa [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ya ba da labarin hadisi: {{Blockquote|Mahaifina ya ce masa: "Duba kwafinka don ganin (ko) abin da na faɗa (ya yi daidai da kwafinka)." Ga abin da aka rubuta a kan wannan allo: "Da sunan Allah, Mai rahama, Mai jin ƙai. Wannan wasiƙa ce daga Allah, Mafi girma, Mafi ilimi, wacce aka aiko da ruhin mai tsaro zuwa ga Muhammadu, na ƙarshe daga cikin manzanni. Ya Muhammadu! Ka ɗaukaka sunana, ka gode wa ni'imata, kuma kada ka musanta ni'imata. Kada ka so kowa sai Ni, kuma kada ka ji tsoron kowa sai Ni, domin waɗanda ke son kowa sai Ni ko kuma suna jin tsoron kowa sai Ni za a hukunta su ta hanyar da ban taɓa hukunta kowa daga dukkan talikai ba. Ya Muhammadu! Na zaɓe ka daga cikin dukkan annabawa kuma na fifita wanda zai gaje ka fiye da duk magada. Na sanya Hasan a cikin akwati na Ilimina bayan zamanin mahaifinsa, kuma (na sanya) Husaini mafi kyau daga cikin 'ya'ya maza daga na farko zuwa na ƙarshe, kuma ta hanyar Husaini Imami zai ci gaba. Ali, kyawun masu bauta, zai kasance daga Husaini, sannan (zai zama) Muhammadu, wanda zai buɗe Ilimina, wanda zai kira (mutane) zuwa ga hanyata. ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Sannan (zai zama) Ja'afar, mai gaskiya a cikin maganarsa da ayyukansa, wanda bayansa za a yi wani makirci mai kururuwa. Kaito da ƙarin bala'i ga waɗanda suka ƙaryata bawana kuma mafi kyawun halittata, Musa! Sannan Ali, mai daɗi, aljani Kafiri zai kashe shi, kuma za a binne shi a cikin birnin da bawan Allah mai adalci ya gina, kusa da mafi munin halittar Allah. Sannan Muhammad (zai zo), mai shiryarwa zuwa ga hanyata, wanda ke kiyaye tsarkina, da wanda zai bar Ali a baya. Ali zai zama wanda ke da sunaye biyu (Ali da Naqi). Bayansa, Hasan, mai daraja, zai jagoranci mutanensa. Bayansa kuma ɗansa, Muhammad, zai tashi a ƙarshen zamani. Za a sami farin gajimare a kansa don ya ba shi inuwa daga rana. Zai yi magana da harshe mai kyau kuma muryarsa za ta isa ga kowa da ko'ina. Shi ne Mahadi na iyalan Muhammadu kuma zai cika duniya da adalci, kamar yadda aka cika ta da rashin adalci. "<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>}} == Karɓuwa == An ambaci Hadith na Fatima a cikin tushen [[Shi'a|shia]] da Sunni hadith ciki har da Kamal al-din wa тама al-ni'mah na Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Kitab al-Kafi na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Al-Istibsar na Shaykh Tusi, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">al-Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal, [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] na Muhammad al-Bukari, [[Ibn Majah]]">Sunan ibn Majah na Ibn Majah . <ref name="Torkamani">{{Cite journal |last=Torkamani |first=Hussain Ali |date=1376 |title=Hadith of fatima tablet and interpretation of it |url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1571/%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-(%D8%B3)-%D9%88-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A2%D9%86?q=%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%20%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87&score=42.71336&rownumber=1 |journal=Hadith Science |volume=6 |page=14}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * The event of Ghadir Khumm § The sermon * Littafin Fatimah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 84pmjjfkkrk3eoof593tw6cn31stc8p 0 161148 879586 2026-07-09T13:45:44Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262662699|Judiciary of Abia State]]" 879586 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu Shari'a ta [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]''' reshe ne na Gwamnatin Jihar Abia wanda ke fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokokin Jihar Abía. Yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar warware rikice-rikice kuma yana tabbatar da daidaito a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia State Judiciary |url=http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070812/http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Law Nigeria}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Kotun Shari'a ta kunshi Babban Kotun tare da [[Alkali|Alƙalai]] 23, [[Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers|Kotun daukaka kara ta al'ada]] tare da Alkalai 4, [[Kotun Majistare|Kotunan majistare]] tare da Alkalyoyi 56 da kotunan al'ada duk suna karkashin jagorancin Alƙalai da Alƙalisuna. Babban Alkalin, wanda Gwamna ya nada shi ne shugaban bangaren shari'a. == Duba kuma == * Gwamnatin Jihar Abia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6lqual551cbrtwkbm2xowo97hdu22zi 879587 879586 2026-07-09T13:46:29Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shari'a ta [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]''' reshe ne na Gwamnatin Jihar Abia wanda ke fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokokin Jihar Abía. Yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar warware rikice-rikice kuma yana tabbatar da daidaito a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia State Judiciary |url=http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070812/http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Law Nigeria}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Kotun Shari'a ta kunshi Babban Kotun tare da [[Alkali|Alƙalai]] 23, [[Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers|Kotun daukaka kara ta al'ada]] tare da Alkalai 4, [[Kotun Majistare|Kotunan majistare]] tare da Alkalyoyi 56 da kotunan al'ada duk suna karkashin jagorancin Alƙalai da Alƙalisuna. Babban Alkalin, wanda Gwamna ya nada shi ne shugaban bangaren shari'a. == Duba kuma == * Gwamnatin Jihar Abia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} timqcmnjzyz850opohmanvfgjh0argt 879588 879587 2026-07-09T13:46:53Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shari'a ta [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]''' reshe ne na Gwamnatin Jihar Abia wanda ke fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokokin Jihar Abía. Yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar warware rikice-rikice kuma yana tabbatar da daidaito a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia State Judiciary |url=http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070812/http://lawnigeria.com/Judicature/State%20Judicature%20and%20Judiciary/AbiaStateJudicature.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Law Nigeria}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Kotun Shari'a ta kunshi Babban Kotun tare da [[Alkali|Alƙalai]] 23, [[Kotun daukaka kara ta Jihar Rivers|Kotun daukaka kara ta al'ada]] tare da Alkalai 4, [[Kotun Majistare|Kotunan majistare]] tare da Alkalyoyi 56 da kotunan al'ada duk suna karkashin jagorancin Alƙalai da Alƙalisuna. Babban Alkalin, wanda Gwamna ya nada shi ne shugaban bangaren shari'a. == Duba kuma == * Gwamnatin Jihar Abia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 31m1vxyfovvcktcax1nksxc72wytw4x 0 161149 879592 2026-07-09T13:56:31Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361615761|2007 in Nigeria]]" 879592 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''[[2007]] a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2007 |title=Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Atiku Abubakar]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Goodluck Jonathan]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Ken Nnamani]] (Har zuwa Mayu) David Mark (Tun daga Yuni) * Kakakin majalisar: Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: Aminu Bello Masari 6 ga Yuni - 30 ga Oktoba: Patricia Etteh Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: Dimeji Bankole ** Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: [[Aminu Bello Masari]] ** 6 Yuni - 30 Oktoba: [[Patricia Etteh]] ** Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore|Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore]] (Har zuwa Janairu) [[Idris Legbo Kutigi]] (Tun daga Janairu) === Gwamnoni ===   == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Maris === * 27 Maris - Fiye da mutane casa'in sun ƙone har suka mutu bayan gobara bayan zubar da man fetur a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Nigeria: 90 Burnt to Death in Kaduna Petrol Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200703280032.html |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=allafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> === Afrilu === * 4 ga Afrilu - An saki 'yan kasashen waje hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=Surprise as Delta hostages freed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6525529.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * 14 ga Afrilu - Masu jefa kuri'a na Najeriya sun tafi zaben gwamna da na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Confusion mars Nigeria election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6554461.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Tsaro yana da tsauri a arewacin birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] biyo bayan kisan gillar mayakan Islama Ustaz Ja'afar Adam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2007 |title=Cleric killed in Nigeria mosque |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6551489.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Agusta === * Agusta - lita 100,000 na mai ya ɓace daga rijiyar Shell Oil a Ikot Ada Udo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Alvin |last2=Liu |first2=Rita |last3=Craig |first3=Jess |date=1 June 2022 |title=‘We were eating, drinking, breathing the oil’: the villagers who stood up to big oil – and won |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/jun/01/oil-pollution-spill-nigeria-shell-lawsuit |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} sfeo6h21vvjo9lkvd9klvdwduc18w6v 879593 879592 2026-07-09T13:57:45Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879593 wikitext text/x-wiki Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''[[2007]] a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2007 |title=Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Atiku Abubakar]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Goodluck Jonathan]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Ken Nnamani]] (Har zuwa Mayu) David Mark (Tun daga Yuni) * Kakakin majalisar: Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: Aminu Bello Masari 6 ga Yuni - 30 ga Oktoba: Patricia Etteh Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: Dimeji Bankole ** Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: [[Aminu Bello Masari]] ** 6 Yuni - 30 Oktoba: [[Patricia Etteh]] ** Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore|Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore]] (Har zuwa Janairu) [[Idris Legbo Kutigi]] (Tun daga Janairu) === Gwamnoni ===   == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Maris === * 27 Maris - Fiye da mutane casa'in sun ƙone har suka mutu bayan gobara bayan zubar da man fetur a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Nigeria: 90 Burnt to Death in Kaduna Petrol Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200703280032.html |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=allafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> === Afrilu === * 4 ga Afrilu - An saki 'yan kasashen waje hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=Surprise as Delta hostages freed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6525529.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * 14 ga Afrilu - Masu jefa kuri'a na Najeriya sun tafi zaben gwamna da na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Confusion mars Nigeria election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6554461.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Tsaro yana da tsauri a arewacin birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] biyo bayan kisan gillar mayakan Islama Ustaz Ja'afar Adam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2007 |title=Cleric killed in Nigeria mosque |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6551489.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Agusta === * Agusta - lita 100,000 na mai ya ɓace daga rijiyar Shell Oil a Ikot Ada Udo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Alvin |last2=Liu |first2=Rita |last3=Craig |first3=Jess |date=1 June 2022 |title=‘We were eating, drinking, breathing the oil’: the villagers who stood up to big oil – and won |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/jun/01/oil-pollution-spill-nigeria-shell-lawsuit |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} mkjyhdd7jrqfhasnf5scia6cmwqg946 879594 879593 2026-07-09T13:58:08Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''[[2007]] a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2007 |title=Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Atiku Abubakar]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Goodluck Jonathan]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Ken Nnamani]] (Har zuwa Mayu) David Mark (Tun daga Yuni) * Kakakin majalisar: Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: Aminu Bello Masari 6 ga Yuni - 30 ga Oktoba: Patricia Etteh Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: Dimeji Bankole ** Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: [[Aminu Bello Masari]] ** 6 Yuni - 30 Oktoba: [[Patricia Etteh]] ** Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore|Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore]] (Har zuwa Janairu) [[Idris Legbo Kutigi]] (Tun daga Janairu) === Gwamnoni ===   == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Maris === * 27 Maris - Fiye da mutane casa'in sun ƙone har suka mutu bayan gobara bayan zubar da man fetur a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Nigeria: 90 Burnt to Death in Kaduna Petrol Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200703280032.html |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=allafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> === Afrilu === * 4 ga Afrilu - An saki 'yan kasashen waje hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=Surprise as Delta hostages freed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6525529.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * 14 ga Afrilu - Masu jefa kuri'a na Najeriya sun tafi zaben gwamna da na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Confusion mars Nigeria election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6554461.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Tsaro yana da tsauri a arewacin birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] biyo bayan kisan gillar mayakan Islama Ustaz Ja'afar Adam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2007 |title=Cleric killed in Nigeria mosque |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6551489.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Agusta === * Agusta - lita 100,000 na mai ya ɓace daga rijiyar Shell Oil a Ikot Ada Udo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Alvin |last2=Liu |first2=Rita |last3=Craig |first3=Jess |date=1 June 2022 |title=‘We were eating, drinking, breathing the oil’: the villagers who stood up to big oil – and won |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/jun/01/oil-pollution-spill-nigeria-shell-lawsuit |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} cacboyiw7vb8lzdqvd0msnd46t715vg 879595 879594 2026-07-09T13:59:29Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Gwamnoni */ 879595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''[[2007]] a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2007 |title=Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6584393.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Atiku Abubakar]] (har zuwa 29 ga Mayu), [[Goodluck Jonathan]] (farawa 29 ga Mayu) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Ken Nnamani]] (Har zuwa Mayu) David Mark (Tun daga Yuni) * Kakakin majalisar: Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: Aminu Bello Masari 6 ga Yuni - 30 ga Oktoba: Patricia Etteh Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: Dimeji Bankole ** Har zuwa 29 ga Mayu: [[Aminu Bello Masari]] ** 6 Yuni - 30 Oktoba: [[Patricia Etteh]] ** Farawa 1 ga Nuwamba: [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore|Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore]] (Har zuwa Janairu) [[Idris Legbo Kutigi]] (Tun daga Janairu) === Gwamnoni === * [[List of Governors of Abia State|Abia State]]: [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] (until 29 May), [[Theodore Orji]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Adamawa State|Adamawa State]]: [[Boni Haruna]] (until 29 May), [[Murtala Nyako]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom State]]: [[Victor Attah]] (until 29 May), [[Godswill Akpabio]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Anambra State|Anambra State]]: [[Virginia Etiaba]] (until 9 February), [[Peter Obi]] (starting 9 February) * [[List of Governors of Bauchi State|Bauchi State]]: [[Adamu Mu'azu]] (until 29 May), [[Isa Yuguda]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Bayelsa State|Bayelsa State]]: [[Goodluck Jonathan]] (until 29 May), [[Timipre Sylva]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Benue State|Benue State]]: [[George Akume]] (until 29 May), [[Gabriel Suswam]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Borno State|Borno State]]: [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] * [[List of Governors of Cross River State|Cross River State]]: [[Donald Duke]] (until 29 May), [[Liyel Imoke]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Delta State|Delta State]]: [[James Ibori]] (until 29 May), [[Emmanuel Uduaghan]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Ebonyi State|Ebonyi State]]: [[Sam Egwu]] (until 29 May), [[Martin Elechi]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Edo State|Edo State]]: [[Lucky Igbinedion]] (until 29 May), [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams Aliyu Oshiomle]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Ekiti State|Ekiti State]]: ** until 27 April: [[Tunji Olurin]] ** 27 April-29 May: [[Tope Ademiluyi]] ** starting 29 May: [[Olusegun Oni]] * [[List of Governors of Enugu State|Enugu State]]: [[Chimaroke Nnamani]] (until 29 May), [[Sullivan Chime]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Gombe State|Gombe State]]: [[Mohammed Danjuma Goje]] * [[List of Governors of Imo State|Imo State]]: [[Achike Udenwa]] (until 29 May), [[Ikedi Ohakim]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Jigawa State|Jigawa State]]: [[Ibrahim Saminu Turaki]] (until 29 May), [[Sule Lamido]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Kaduna State|Kaduna State]]: [[Ahmed Makarfi]] (until 29 May), [[Namadi Sambo]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Kano State|Kano State]]: [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] (until 29 May), [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Katsina State|Katsina State]]: [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] (until 29 May), [[Ibrahim Shema]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Kebbi State|Kebbi State]]: [[Adamu Aliero]] (until 29 May), [[Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Kogi State|Kogi State]]: [[Ibrahim Idris]] * [[List of Governors of Kwara State|Kwara State]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] * [[List of Governors of Lagos State|Lagos State]]: [[Bola Tinubu]] (until 29 May), [[Babatunde Fashola]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Nasarawa State|Nasarawa State]]: [[Abdullahi Adamu]] (until 29 May), [[Aliyu Doma]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Niger State|Niger State]]: [[Abdulkadir Kure]] (until 29 May), [[Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Ogun State|Ogun State]]: [[Gbenga Daniel]] * [[List of Governors of Ondo State|Ondo State]]: [[Olusegun Agagu]] * [[List of Governors of Osun State|Osun State]]: [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]] * [[List of Governors of Oyo State|Oyo State]]: [[Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja]] (until 29 May), [[Christopher Alao-Akala]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Plateau State|Plateau State]]: ** until 27 April: [[Michael Botmang]] ** 27 April-29 May: [[Joshua Dariye]] ** starting 29 May: [[Jonah David Jang]] * [[List of Governors of Rivers State|Rivers State]]: ** until 29 May: [[Peter Odili]] ** 29 May–25 October: [[Celestine Omehia]] ** starting 25 October: [[Chibuike Amaechi]] * [[List of Governors of Sokoto State|Sokoto State]]: [[Attahiru Bafarawa]] (until 29 May), [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Taraba State|Taraba State]]: [[Jolly Nyame]] (until 29 May), [[Danbaba Suntai]] (starting 29 May) * [[List of Governors of Yobe State|Yobe State]]: [[Ahmad Sani Yarima]] (until 29 May), [[Mahmud Shinkafi]] (starting 29 May) == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Maris === * 27 Maris - Fiye da mutane casa'in sun ƙone har suka mutu bayan gobara bayan zubar da man fetur a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Nigeria: 90 Burnt to Death in Kaduna Petrol Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200703280032.html |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=allafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> === Afrilu === * 4 ga Afrilu - An saki 'yan kasashen waje hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=Surprise as Delta hostages freed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6525529.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * 14 ga Afrilu - Masu jefa kuri'a na Najeriya sun tafi zaben gwamna da na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2007 |title=Confusion mars Nigeria election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6554461.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Tsaro yana da tsauri a arewacin birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] biyo bayan kisan gillar mayakan Islama Ustaz Ja'afar Adam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2007 |title=Cleric killed in Nigeria mosque |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6551489.stm |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Agusta === * Agusta - lita 100,000 na mai ya ɓace daga rijiyar Shell Oil a Ikot Ada Udo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Alvin |last2=Liu |first2=Rita |last3=Craig |first3=Jess |date=1 June 2022 |title=‘We were eating, drinking, breathing the oil’: the villagers who stood up to big oil – and won |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/jun/01/oil-pollution-spill-nigeria-shell-lawsuit |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 92v7ywf5qlzn110n7nqfea4mjt491yr 0 161150 879598 2026-07-09T14:24:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362134166|Antonela Roccuzzo]]" 879598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya Antonela Roccuzzo''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) 'yar asalin Argentina ce wacce aka fi sani da kasancewa matar dan wasan kwallon kafa [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . == Ayyuka == Roccuzzo ta yi karatun likitan hakora a Jami'ar Rosario, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> amma daga baya ta canza babban aikinta zuwa sadarwar jama'a, sai kawai ta fita daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Este es el grado de estudios que alcanzó Antonela Roccuzzo, la mujer de Lionel Messi |trans-title=This is the degree of studies reached by Antonela Roccuzzo, the wife of Lionel Messi |url=https://www.panoramahoy.es/tendencias/2022/5/20/este-es-el-grado-de-estudios-que-alcanzo-antonela-roccuzzo-la-mujer-de-lionel-messi-1610.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=Panorama |publisher=Heraldo Media Group |language=es}}</ref> Ita jakada ce ga kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da yawa, musamman Asusun Gaggawa na Yara na Duniya (UNICEF) da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crispin |first=Gerrard |date=2 September 2023 |title=Lionel Messi’s wife Antonela Roccuzzo and Victoria Beckham extend their friendship with similar fashion taste |url=https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121647/https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=First Sportz}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta amince da kamfen din UNICEF na #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia don yaki da talauci da take hakkin dan adam a kan yara a Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo y la Liga Profesional de Fútbol se sumaron a la campaña de UNICEF #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |trans-title=Antonela Roccuzzo and the Professional Football League joined the UNICEF campaign #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |url=https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121650/https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=es}}</ref> Roccuzzo ya yi samfurin tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da [[Adidas]], Alo Yoga da Ricky Sarkany, kuma ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara kayan ado na Ingila Stella McCartney . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrancombe2022">Francombe, Amy (20 December 2022). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html "Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football"]. ''[[Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html Archived] from the original on 15 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=27 June 2023 |title=Everything to Know About Lionel Messi's Wife, Model Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121023/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Roccuzzo was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ames |first=Suzanne |date=25 June 2024 |title=15 Mind-blowing Facts About Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://facts.net/celebrity/15-mind-blowing-facts-about-antonella-roccuzzo/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Facts.net}}</ref> She met [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] through her cousin Lucas Scaglia when she and Messi were toddlers. In 2009, Roccuzzo and Messi confirmed their relationship to the press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harb |first=Esra |date=2022 |title=Everything to know about Messi's wife, Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117041811/https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Grazia]]}}</ref> They married on 30 June 2017 and have three sons.<ref name="people2023">{{Cite web |last=Krol |first=Jacklyn |date=31 July 2023 |title=Who Is Lionel Messi's Wife? All About Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127165721/https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] rsbzvskpiii13wyiactf7zzvyzjc84g 879599 879598 2026-07-09T14:25:37Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonela Roccuzzo''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) 'yar asalin Argentina ce wacce aka fi sani da kasancewa matar dan wasan kwallon kafa [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . == Ayyuka == Roccuzzo ta yi karatun likitan hakora a Jami'ar Rosario, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> amma daga baya ta canza babban aikinta zuwa sadarwar jama'a, sai kawai ta fita daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Este es el grado de estudios que alcanzó Antonela Roccuzzo, la mujer de Lionel Messi |trans-title=This is the degree of studies reached by Antonela Roccuzzo, the wife of Lionel Messi |url=https://www.panoramahoy.es/tendencias/2022/5/20/este-es-el-grado-de-estudios-que-alcanzo-antonela-roccuzzo-la-mujer-de-lionel-messi-1610.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=Panorama |publisher=Heraldo Media Group |language=es}}</ref> Ita jakada ce ga kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da yawa, musamman Asusun Gaggawa na Yara na Duniya (UNICEF) da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crispin |first=Gerrard |date=2 September 2023 |title=Lionel Messi’s wife Antonela Roccuzzo and Victoria Beckham extend their friendship with similar fashion taste |url=https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121647/https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=First Sportz}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta amince da kamfen din UNICEF na #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia don yaki da talauci da take hakkin dan adam a kan yara a Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo y la Liga Profesional de Fútbol se sumaron a la campaña de UNICEF #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |trans-title=Antonela Roccuzzo and the Professional Football League joined the UNICEF campaign #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |url=https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121650/https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=es}}</ref> Roccuzzo ya yi samfurin tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da [[Adidas]], Alo Yoga da Ricky Sarkany, kuma ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara kayan ado na Ingila Stella McCartney . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrancombe2022">Francombe, Amy (20 December 2022). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html "Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football"]. ''[[Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html Archived] from the original on 15 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=27 June 2023 |title=Everything to Know About Lionel Messi's Wife, Model Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121023/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Roccuzzo was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ames |first=Suzanne |date=25 June 2024 |title=15 Mind-blowing Facts About Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://facts.net/celebrity/15-mind-blowing-facts-about-antonella-roccuzzo/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Facts.net}}</ref> She met [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] through her cousin Lucas Scaglia when she and Messi were toddlers. In 2009, Roccuzzo and Messi confirmed their relationship to the press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harb |first=Esra |date=2022 |title=Everything to know about Messi's wife, Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117041811/https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Grazia]]}}</ref> They married on 30 June 2017 and have three sons.<ref name="people2023">{{Cite web |last=Krol |first=Jacklyn |date=31 July 2023 |title=Who Is Lionel Messi's Wife? All About Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127165721/https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] gmk3px6qgo1kpgaz4ampjjxldj4i9t4 879601 879599 2026-07-09T14:27:45Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 879601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonela Roccuzzo''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) 'yar asalin Argentina ce wacce aka fi sani da kasancewa matar dan wasan kwallon kafa [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . == Ayyuka == Roccuzzo ta yi karatun likitan hakora a Jami'ar Rosario, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> amma daga baya ta canza babban aikinta zuwa sadarwar jama'a, sai kawai ta fita daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Este es el grado de estudios que alcanzó Antonela Roccuzzo, la mujer de Lionel Messi |trans-title=This is the degree of studies reached by Antonela Roccuzzo, the wife of Lionel Messi |url=https://www.panoramahoy.es/tendencias/2022/5/20/este-es-el-grado-de-estudios-que-alcanzo-antonela-roccuzzo-la-mujer-de-lionel-messi-1610.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=Panorama |publisher=Heraldo Media Group |language=es}}</ref> Ita jakada ce ga kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da yawa, musamman Asusun Gaggawa na Yara na Duniya (UNICEF) da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crispin |first=Gerrard |date=2 September 2023 |title=Lionel Messi’s wife Antonela Roccuzzo and Victoria Beckham extend their friendship with similar fashion taste |url=https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121647/https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=First Sportz}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta amince da kamfen din UNICEF na #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia don yaki da talauci da take hakkin dan adam a kan yara a Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo y la Liga Profesional de Fútbol se sumaron a la campaña de UNICEF #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |trans-title=Antonela Roccuzzo and the Professional Football League joined the UNICEF campaign #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |url=https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121650/https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=es}}</ref> Roccuzzo ya yi samfurin tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da [[Adidas]], Alo Yoga da Ricky Sarkany, kuma ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara kayan ado na Ingila Stella McCartney . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=27 June 2023 |title=Everything to Know About Lionel Messi's Wife, Model Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121023/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Roccuzzo was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ames |first=Suzanne |date=25 June 2024 |title=15 Mind-blowing Facts About Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://facts.net/celebrity/15-mind-blowing-facts-about-antonella-roccuzzo/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Facts.net}}</ref> She met [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] through her cousin Lucas Scaglia when she and Messi were toddlers. In 2009, Roccuzzo and Messi confirmed their relationship to the press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harb |first=Esra |date=2022 |title=Everything to know about Messi's wife, Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117041811/https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Grazia]]}}</ref> They married on 30 June 2017 and have three sons.<ref name="people2023">{{Cite web |last=Krol |first=Jacklyn |date=31 July 2023 |title=Who Is Lionel Messi's Wife? All About Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127165721/https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] sfvreee9a8om8ir9tz9quv3lypd8e8x 879603 879601 2026-07-09T14:28:31Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Antonela Roccuzzo''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) 'yar asalin Argentina ce wacce aka fi sani da kasancewa matar dan wasan kwallon kafa [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] . == Ayyuka == Roccuzzo ta yi karatun likitan hakora a Jami'ar Rosario, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> amma daga baya ta canza babban aikinta zuwa sadarwar jama'a, sai kawai ta fita daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Este es el grado de estudios que alcanzó Antonela Roccuzzo, la mujer de Lionel Messi |trans-title=This is the degree of studies reached by Antonela Roccuzzo, the wife of Lionel Messi |url=https://www.panoramahoy.es/tendencias/2022/5/20/este-es-el-grado-de-estudios-que-alcanzo-antonela-roccuzzo-la-mujer-de-lionel-messi-1610.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=Panorama |publisher=Heraldo Media Group |language=es}}</ref> Ita jakada ce ga kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da yawa, musamman Asusun Gaggawa na Yara na Duniya (UNICEF) da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crispin |first=Gerrard |date=2 September 2023 |title=Lionel Messi’s wife Antonela Roccuzzo and Victoria Beckham extend their friendship with similar fashion taste |url=https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121647/https://firstsportz.com/fooball-news-lionel-messi-wife-antonela-roccuzzo-victoria-beckham-friendship-fashion-taste/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=First Sportz}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta amince da kamfen din UNICEF na #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia don yaki da talauci da take hakkin dan adam a kan yara a Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo y la Liga Profesional de Fútbol se sumaron a la campaña de UNICEF #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |trans-title=Antonela Roccuzzo and the Professional Football League joined the UNICEF campaign #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia |url=https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121650/https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/antonela-roccuzzo-y-la-liga-profesional-de-futbol-guardavidas-infancia |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=es}}</ref> Roccuzzo ya yi samfurin tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da [[Adidas]], Alo Yoga da Ricky Sarkany, kuma ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara kayan ado na Ingila Stella McCartney . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Francombe |first=Amy |date=20 December 2022 |title=Antonela Roccuzzo — the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122637/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=27 June 2023 |title=Everything to Know About Lionel Messi's Wife, Model Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121023/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a44335759/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Roccuzzo was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ames |first=Suzanne |date=25 June 2024 |title=15 Mind-blowing Facts About Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://facts.net/celebrity/15-mind-blowing-facts-about-antonella-roccuzzo/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Facts.net}}</ref> She met [[Messi|Lionel Messi]] through her cousin Lucas Scaglia when she and Messi were toddlers. In 2009, Roccuzzo and Messi confirmed their relationship to the press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Harb |first=Esra |date=2022 |title=Everything to know about Messi's wife, Antonella Roccuzzo |url=https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117041811/https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/antonella-roccuzzo-messi-wife/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Grazia]]}}</ref> They married on 30 June 2017 and have three sons.<ref name="people2023">{{Cite web |last=Krol |first=Jacklyn |date=31 July 2023 |title=Who Is Lionel Messi's Wife? All About Antonela Roccuzzo |url=https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127165721/https://people.com/sports/who-is-antonela-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ilmyv21oc7sn1knpfkgd1wn7m1piy4o 0 161151 879624 2026-07-09T14:47:13Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357620534|Yuri Kanō]]" 879624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop}}Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu Yuri Kanō ɗan wasan Japan ne wanda ya ƙware a tseren nesa, gami da [[Marathon]] . Babban lambar yabo ta farko ta zo ne a Summer Universiade, inda ta lashe azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000. Ta canza don mayar da hankali kan gudu a kan hanya kuma bayan nasarar bayyanar a gasa ta ekiden, ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a 2007 - Hokkaido Marathon . Tana wakiltar kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kanta ta shiga cikin Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London a shekara ta 2009. Ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karo na farko a wannan shekarar, kuma ta ƙare tseren Marathon na Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a matsayi na bakwai. Ta lashe azurfa a wasan rabin marathon a [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasanni]] Gabashin Asiya na 2009 kuma ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko ba da daɗewa ba, ta dauki Nagoya Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:27:11. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tseren Mita 10,000 a kan hanya kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a bayan Leigh Daniel a 1999 Summer Universiade . Ta ci gaba da tsere sama da mita 5,000 da 10,000 a tarurrukan waƙa na Japan amma ta fara yin tasiri a cikin gudu a hanya a maimakon haka, tana fafatawa a cikin rabin marathon.&nbsp; A gasar zakarun mata ta Ekiden a shekara ta 2004, ta gudu don Shiseido kuma tawagar ta kammala ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ta kafa rikodin mataki na biyu a 2005 Yokohama International Ekiden, tana gudana a tsawon kilomita 10 a 31:25, kuma ta dauki zinare na tawagar tare da Japan. Ta gudu don Japan a cikin Chiba Ekiden na Duniya a shekara ta 2006, ta taimaka wa tawagarta zuwa matsayi na uku. Ta kuma fara fafatawa a kasashen waje kuma ta shiga cikin Carlsbad 5000 kuma ta gama a matsayi na shida. Ta rufe shekara tare da matsayi na huɗu a Sanyo Half Marathon . &nbsp; === Gudun Marathon === Bayan shekara ta 2007, Kanō ta zama abin mamaki a matsayin mai tsere a kan hanya saboda ta yi gasa don kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kansa (Second Wind) maimakon kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ke da yawa a Japan. Wannan ya ba ta damar mayar da hankali kan yin aiki a manyan tseren duniya maimakon a sanya ta a cikin tseren inda za ta kasance da tabbacin cin nasara. Ta fara fafatawa a kan nisan marathon kuma ta fara bugawa a 2007 Osaka International Ladies Marathon, inda ta kammala ta uku gabaɗaya tare da lokaci na 2:24:43. Ta lashe tseren marathon na farko daga baya a wannan shekarar a Hokkaido Marathon, inda ta fara daga farkon nasarar ta ta farko. A shekara mai zuwa ta lashe a Rock 'n' Roll San Jose Half Marathon, sama da rabin minti a gaban sauran filin. Ta yi rikodin rabin marathon mafi kyau na 1:08:57 don cin nasara a 2008 Sapporo Half Marathon . A shekara ta 2009, ta kasance ta biyu a Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon kuma ta biyar a Sapporo Half Marathon . Ta bayyana a Manyan Marathon na Duniya guda biyu a wannan shekarar: Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London . Ta fadi a kan hanya a cikin tsohuwar tseren amma ta sami nasarar murmurewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na tara. Ta gama a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya a London. An zaɓi Kanō don wakiltar Japan a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009 a Wasanni . Ta kammala ta bakwai gabaɗaya kuma ita ce ta biyu mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a tseren marathon na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya bayan mai lashe lambar azurfa Yoshimi Ozaki . Ta kawo karshen kamfen dinta na 2009 tare da lambar azurfa a rabin marathon a Wasannin Gabashin Asiya na 2009, ta kammala a bayan Kim Kum-Ok na [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. Ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a shekara ta 2010: ganin gasar ciki har da [[Derartu Tulu]], ta lashe gasar Marathon na Mata na Nagoya a 2:27:11, wanda kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin nasarar gasar zakarun kasa. Ta yi farin ciki da nasarar da ta samu a marathon na biyu, tana cewa: "Na yi wa kaina alkawarin kalubalanci nasara sau da yawa a baya amma ban iya cimma burina a baya ba...a wannan lokacin na yanke shawarar cin nasara". Nasarar da ta samu a Sapporo Half Marathon a watan Yuli ta zo bayan haka yayin da ta dakatar da kalubalen da ta samu daga Azausa Nojiri don ci gaba da jagorantar a matakai na karshe. == Nasarorin da aka samu == * <small>Duk sakamakon game da marathon, sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka</small> {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="5"|Representing {{JPN}} |- |2007 |[[Hokkaido Marathon]] |[[Sapporo, Japan]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |2:30:43 |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany]] |7th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:26:57]] |- |2010 |[[Nagoya Marathon]] |[[Nagoya, Japan]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |2:27:11 |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="70%" !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci ([[Second|s]]="cx-link" data-linkid="149" href="./Hour" id="[[Dakika|m]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hour">h:m:s) !Tseren !Wurin da ake ciki !Ranar |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |1:08:57 |Sapporo Half Marathon |Sapporo, [[Japan]] |15 Yuni 2008 |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:24:27 |Gasar Mata ta Duniya ta Tokyo |[[Tokyo]], Japan |16 ga Nuwamba 2008 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317214130/http://www.rikuren.or.jp/fan/player/wom007.html Bayanan JAAF] (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://www.sw-ac.com/member/kanou.shtml Bayanan iska na biyu] (a cikin Jafananci) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 95mfbhfgkbjm04evpclehdxvoa9uick 879628 879624 2026-07-09T14:52:12Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 879628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yuri Kanō ɗan wasan Japan ne wanda ya ƙware a tseren nesa, gami da [[Marathon]] . Babban lambar yabo ta farko ta zo ne a Summer Universiade, inda ta lashe azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000. Ta canza don mayar da hankali kan gudu a kan hanya kuma bayan nasarar bayyanar a gasa ta ekiden, ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a 2007 - Hokkaido Marathon . Tana wakiltar kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kanta ta shiga cikin Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London a shekara ta 2009. Ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karo na farko a wannan shekarar, kuma ta ƙare tseren Marathon na Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a matsayi na bakwai. Ta lashe azurfa a wasan rabin marathon a [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasanni]] Gabashin Asiya na 2009 kuma ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko ba da daɗewa ba, ta dauki Nagoya Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:27:11. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tseren Mita 10,000 a kan hanya kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a bayan Leigh Daniel a 1999 Summer Universiade . Ta ci gaba da tsere sama da mita 5,000 da 10,000 a tarurrukan waƙa na Japan amma ta fara yin tasiri a cikin gudu a hanya a maimakon haka, tana fafatawa a cikin rabin marathon.&nbsp; A gasar zakarun mata ta Ekiden a shekara ta 2004, ta gudu don Shiseido kuma tawagar ta kammala ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ta kafa rikodin mataki na biyu a 2005 Yokohama International Ekiden, tana gudana a tsawon kilomita 10 a 31:25, kuma ta dauki zinare na tawagar tare da Japan. Ta gudu don Japan a cikin Chiba Ekiden na Duniya a shekara ta 2006, ta taimaka wa tawagarta zuwa matsayi na uku. Ta kuma fara fafatawa a kasashen waje kuma ta shiga cikin Carlsbad 5000 kuma ta gama a matsayi na shida. Ta rufe shekara tare da matsayi na huɗu a Sanyo Half Marathon . &nbsp; === Gudun Marathon === Bayan shekara ta 2007, Kanō ta zama abin mamaki a matsayin mai tsere a kan hanya saboda ta yi gasa don kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kansa (Second Wind) maimakon kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ke da yawa a Japan. Wannan ya ba ta damar mayar da hankali kan yin aiki a manyan tseren duniya maimakon a sanya ta a cikin tseren inda za ta kasance da tabbacin cin nasara. Ta fara fafatawa a kan nisan marathon kuma ta fara bugawa a 2007 Osaka International Ladies Marathon, inda ta kammala ta uku gabaɗaya tare da lokaci na 2:24:43. Ta lashe tseren marathon na farko daga baya a wannan shekarar a Hokkaido Marathon, inda ta fara daga farkon nasarar ta ta farko. A shekara mai zuwa ta lashe a Rock 'n' Roll San Jose Half Marathon, sama da rabin minti a gaban sauran filin. Ta yi rikodin rabin marathon mafi kyau na 1:08:57 don cin nasara a 2008 Sapporo Half Marathon . A shekara ta 2009, ta kasance ta biyu a Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon kuma ta biyar a Sapporo Half Marathon . Ta bayyana a Manyan Marathon na Duniya guda biyu a wannan shekarar: Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London . Ta fadi a kan hanya a cikin tsohuwar tseren amma ta sami nasarar murmurewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na tara. Ta gama a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya a London. An zaɓi Kanō don wakiltar Japan a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009 a Wasanni . Ta kammala ta bakwai gabaɗaya kuma ita ce ta biyu mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a tseren marathon na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya bayan mai lashe lambar azurfa Yoshimi Ozaki . Ta kawo karshen kamfen dinta na 2009 tare da lambar azurfa a rabin marathon a Wasannin Gabashin Asiya na 2009, ta kammala a bayan Kim Kum-Ok na [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. Ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a shekara ta 2010: ganin gasar ciki har da [[Derartu Tulu]], ta lashe gasar Marathon na Mata na Nagoya a 2:27:11, wanda kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin nasarar gasar zakarun kasa. Ta yi farin ciki da nasarar da ta samu a marathon na biyu, tana cewa: "Na yi wa kaina alkawarin kalubalanci nasara sau da yawa a baya amma ban iya cimma burina a baya ba...a wannan lokacin na yanke shawarar cin nasara". Nasarar da ta samu a Sapporo Half Marathon a watan Yuli ta zo bayan haka yayin da ta dakatar da kalubalen da ta samu daga Azausa Nojiri don ci gaba da jagorantar a matakai na karshe. == Nasarorin da aka samu == * <small>Duk sakamakon game da marathon, sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka</small> {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="5"|Representing {{JPN}} |- |2007 |[[Hokkaido Marathon]] |[[Sapporo, Japan]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |2:30:43 |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany]] |7th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:26:57]] |- |2010 |[[Nagoya Marathon]] |[[Nagoya, Japan]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |2:27:11 |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="70%" !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci ([[Second|s]]="cx-link" data-linkid="149" href="./Hour" id="[[Dakika|m]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hour">h:m:s) !Tseren !Wurin da ake ciki !Ranar |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |1:08:57 |Sapporo Half Marathon |Sapporo, [[Japan]] |15 Yuni 2008 |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:24:27 |Gasar Mata ta Duniya ta Tokyo |[[Tokyo]], Japan |16 ga Nuwamba 2008 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317214130/http://www.rikuren.or.jp/fan/player/wom007.html Bayanan JAAF] (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://www.sw-ac.com/member/kanou.shtml Bayanan iska na biyu] (a cikin Jafananci) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] joi50cp7cx87gu94khluewpx41tx2e5 879631 879628 2026-07-09T15:10:18Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Farkon aiki */ 879631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yuri Kanō ɗan wasan Japan ne wanda ya ƙware a tseren nesa, gami da [[Marathon]] . Babban lambar yabo ta farko ta zo ne a Summer Universiade, inda ta lashe azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000. Ta canza don mayar da hankali kan gudu a kan hanya kuma bayan nasarar bayyanar a gasa ta ekiden, ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a 2007 - Hokkaido Marathon . Tana wakiltar kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kanta ta shiga cikin Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London a shekara ta 2009. Ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karo na farko a wannan shekarar, kuma ta ƙare tseren Marathon na Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a matsayi na bakwai. Ta lashe azurfa a wasan rabin marathon a [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasanni]] Gabashin Asiya na 2009 kuma ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko ba da daɗewa ba, ta dauki Nagoya Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:27:11. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tseren Mita 10,000 a kan hanya kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a bayan Leigh Daniel a 1999 Summer Universiade . Ta ci gaba da tsere sama da mita 5,000 da 10,000 a tarurrukan waƙa na Japan amma ta fara yin tasiri a cikin gudu a hanya a maimakon haka, tana fafatawa a cikin rabin marathon.<ref name=Bio>[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=k/athcode=139789/index.html Kano Yuri]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-03-17.</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta Ekiden a shekara ta 2004, ta gudu don Shiseido kuma tawagar ta kammala ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ta kafa rikodin mataki na biyu a 2005 Yokohama International Ekiden, tana gudana a tsawon kilomita 10 a 31:25, kuma ta dauki zinare na tawagar tare da Japan. Ta gudu don Japan a cikin Chiba Ekiden na Duniya a shekara ta 2006, ta taimaka wa tawagarta zuwa matsayi na uku. Ta kuma fara fafatawa a kasashen waje kuma ta shiga cikin Carlsbad 5000 kuma ta gama a matsayi na shida. Ta rufe shekara tare da matsayi na huɗu a Sanyo Half Marathon . &nbsp; === Gudun Marathon === Bayan shekara ta 2007, Kanō ta zama abin mamaki a matsayin mai tsere a kan hanya saboda ta yi gasa don kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kansa (Second Wind) maimakon kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ke da yawa a Japan. Wannan ya ba ta damar mayar da hankali kan yin aiki a manyan tseren duniya maimakon a sanya ta a cikin tseren inda za ta kasance da tabbacin cin nasara. Ta fara fafatawa a kan nisan marathon kuma ta fara bugawa a 2007 Osaka International Ladies Marathon, inda ta kammala ta uku gabaɗaya tare da lokaci na 2:24:43. Ta lashe tseren marathon na farko daga baya a wannan shekarar a Hokkaido Marathon, inda ta fara daga farkon nasarar ta ta farko. A shekara mai zuwa ta lashe a Rock 'n' Roll San Jose Half Marathon, sama da rabin minti a gaban sauran filin. Ta yi rikodin rabin marathon mafi kyau na 1:08:57 don cin nasara a 2008 Sapporo Half Marathon . A shekara ta 2009, ta kasance ta biyu a Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon kuma ta biyar a Sapporo Half Marathon . Ta bayyana a Manyan Marathon na Duniya guda biyu a wannan shekarar: Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London . Ta fadi a kan hanya a cikin tsohuwar tseren amma ta sami nasarar murmurewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na tara. Ta gama a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya a London. An zaɓi Kanō don wakiltar Japan a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009 a Wasanni . Ta kammala ta bakwai gabaɗaya kuma ita ce ta biyu mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a tseren marathon na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya bayan mai lashe lambar azurfa Yoshimi Ozaki . Ta kawo karshen kamfen dinta na 2009 tare da lambar azurfa a rabin marathon a Wasannin Gabashin Asiya na 2009, ta kammala a bayan Kim Kum-Ok na [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. Ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a shekara ta 2010: ganin gasar ciki har da [[Derartu Tulu]], ta lashe gasar Marathon na Mata na Nagoya a 2:27:11, wanda kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin nasarar gasar zakarun kasa. Ta yi farin ciki da nasarar da ta samu a marathon na biyu, tana cewa: "Na yi wa kaina alkawarin kalubalanci nasara sau da yawa a baya amma ban iya cimma burina a baya ba...a wannan lokacin na yanke shawarar cin nasara". Nasarar da ta samu a Sapporo Half Marathon a watan Yuli ta zo bayan haka yayin da ta dakatar da kalubalen da ta samu daga Azausa Nojiri don ci gaba da jagorantar a matakai na karshe. == Nasarorin da aka samu == * <small>Duk sakamakon game da marathon, sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka</small> {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="5"|Representing {{JPN}} |- |2007 |[[Hokkaido Marathon]] |[[Sapporo, Japan]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |2:30:43 |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany]] |7th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:26:57]] |- |2010 |[[Nagoya Marathon]] |[[Nagoya, Japan]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |2:27:11 |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="70%" !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci ([[Second|s]]="cx-link" data-linkid="149" href="./Hour" id="[[Dakika|m]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hour">h:m:s) !Tseren !Wurin da ake ciki !Ranar |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |1:08:57 |Sapporo Half Marathon |Sapporo, [[Japan]] |15 Yuni 2008 |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:24:27 |Gasar Mata ta Duniya ta Tokyo |[[Tokyo]], Japan |16 ga Nuwamba 2008 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317214130/http://www.rikuren.or.jp/fan/player/wom007.html Bayanan JAAF] (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://www.sw-ac.com/member/kanou.shtml Bayanan iska na biyu] (a cikin Jafananci) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] ivd05y1ad4l6rkn9r4wbclu9hj88879 879632 879631 2026-07-09T15:12:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Farkon aiki */ 879632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yuri Kanō ɗan wasan Japan ne wanda ya ƙware a tseren nesa, gami da [[Marathon]] . Babban lambar yabo ta farko ta zo ne a Summer Universiade, inda ta lashe azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000. Ta canza don mayar da hankali kan gudu a kan hanya kuma bayan nasarar bayyanar a gasa ta ekiden, ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a 2007 - Hokkaido Marathon . Tana wakiltar kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kanta ta shiga cikin Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London a shekara ta 2009. Ta yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karo na farko a wannan shekarar, kuma ta ƙare tseren Marathon na Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a matsayi na bakwai. Ta lashe azurfa a wasan rabin marathon a [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasanni]] Gabashin Asiya na 2009 kuma ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko ba da daɗewa ba, ta dauki Nagoya Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:27:11. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tseren Mita 10,000 a kan hanya kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a bayan Leigh Daniel a 1999 Summer Universiade . Ta ci gaba da tsere sama da mita 5,000 da 10,000 a tarurrukan waƙa na Japan amma ta fara yin tasiri a cikin gudu a hanya a maimakon haka, tana fafatawa a cikin rabin marathon.<ref name=Bio>[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=k/athcode=139789/index.html Kano Yuri]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-03-17.</ref> A gasar zakarun mata ta Ekiden a shekara ta 2004, ta gudu don Shiseido kuma tawagar ta kammala ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ta kafa rikodin mataki na biyu a 2005 Yokohama International Ekiden, tana gudana a tsawon kilomita 10 a 31:25, kuma ta dauki zinare na tawagar tare da Japan. Ta gudu don Japan a cikin Chiba Ekiden na Duniya a shekara ta 2006, ta taimaka wa tawagarta zuwa matsayi na uku. Ta kuma fara fafatawa a kasashen waje kuma ta shiga cikin Carlsbad 5000 kuma ta gama a matsayi na shida. Ta rufe shekara tare da matsayi na huɗu a Sanyo Half Marathon . <ref>Nakamura, Ken (2006-12-23). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=2/newsId=37137.html Benita Johnson wins Sanyo Half Marathon with new course record ]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-03-17.</ref> === Gudun Marathon === Bayan shekara ta 2007, Kanō ta zama abin mamaki a matsayin mai tsere a kan hanya saboda ta yi gasa don kulob din 'yan wasa mai zaman kansa (Second Wind) maimakon kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ke da yawa a Japan. Wannan ya ba ta damar mayar da hankali kan yin aiki a manyan tseren duniya maimakon a sanya ta a cikin tseren inda za ta kasance da tabbacin cin nasara. Ta fara fafatawa a kan nisan marathon kuma ta fara bugawa a 2007 Osaka International Ladies Marathon, inda ta kammala ta uku gabaɗaya tare da lokaci na 2:24:43. Ta lashe tseren marathon na farko daga baya a wannan shekarar a Hokkaido Marathon, inda ta fara daga farkon nasarar ta ta farko. A shekara mai zuwa ta lashe a Rock 'n' Roll San Jose Half Marathon, sama da rabin minti a gaban sauran filin. Ta yi rikodin rabin marathon mafi kyau na 1:08:57 don cin nasara a 2008 Sapporo Half Marathon . A shekara ta 2009, ta kasance ta biyu a Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon kuma ta biyar a Sapporo Half Marathon . Ta bayyana a Manyan Marathon na Duniya guda biyu a wannan shekarar: Marathon na Birnin New York da Marathon na London . Ta fadi a kan hanya a cikin tsohuwar tseren amma ta sami nasarar murmurewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na tara. Ta gama a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya a London. An zaɓi Kanō don wakiltar Japan a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009 a Wasanni . Ta kammala ta bakwai gabaɗaya kuma ita ce ta biyu mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a tseren marathon na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya bayan mai lashe lambar azurfa Yoshimi Ozaki . Ta kawo karshen kamfen dinta na 2009 tare da lambar azurfa a rabin marathon a Wasannin Gabashin Asiya na 2009, ta kammala a bayan Kim Kum-Ok na [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. Ta lashe gasar marathon ta farko a shekara ta 2010: ganin gasar ciki har da [[Derartu Tulu]], ta lashe gasar Marathon na Mata na Nagoya a 2:27:11, wanda kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin nasarar gasar zakarun kasa. Ta yi farin ciki da nasarar da ta samu a marathon na biyu, tana cewa: "Na yi wa kaina alkawarin kalubalanci nasara sau da yawa a baya amma ban iya cimma burina a baya ba...a wannan lokacin na yanke shawarar cin nasara". Nasarar da ta samu a Sapporo Half Marathon a watan Yuli ta zo bayan haka yayin da ta dakatar da kalubalen da ta samu daga Azausa Nojiri don ci gaba da jagorantar a matakai na karshe. == Nasarorin da aka samu == * <small>Duk sakamakon game da marathon, sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka</small> {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="5"|Representing {{JPN}} |- |2007 |[[Hokkaido Marathon]] |[[Sapporo, Japan]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |2:30:43 |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany]] |7th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:26:57]] |- |2010 |[[Nagoya Marathon]] |[[Nagoya, Japan]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |2:27:11 |} == Mafi kyawun mutum == {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:95%;" width="70%" !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci ([[Second|s]]="cx-link" data-linkid="149" href="./Hour" id="[[Dakika|m]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hour">h:m:s) !Tseren !Wurin da ake ciki !Ranar |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |1:08:57 |Sapporo Half Marathon |Sapporo, [[Japan]] |15 Yuni 2008 |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:24:27 |Gasar Mata ta Duniya ta Tokyo |[[Tokyo]], Japan |16 ga Nuwamba 2008 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317214130/http://www.rikuren.or.jp/fan/player/wom007.html Bayanan JAAF] (a cikin Jafananci) * [http://www.sw-ac.com/member/kanou.shtml Bayanan iska na biyu] (a cikin Jafananci) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] jdbf3kvlmfeqcxheo7ga3ygzb9veyjd 0 161152 879664 2026-07-09T17:03:04Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Ismael saibari]] to [[Ismael Saibari]] 879664 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ismael Saibari]] 5sw2nwgfnag5tqr16kxh2hx6m6l3p3c 0 161153 879715 2026-07-09T17:46:43Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326480826|Microschool]]" 879715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karatun ƙananan makarantu''' shine sake fasalin [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|makarantar mai ɗaki ɗaya]], inda girman aji yawanci ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na yawancin makarantu. == Abubuwan da suka gabata a tarihi == An bayyana ilimin ƙananan makarantu a matsayin wani sabon abu na zamani na makarantar daki ɗaya. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A Amurka, kimanin makarantu 150,000 na malamai ɗaya suna aiki a farkon shekarun 1930, amma ƙasa da 400 suna aiki a shekarar 2005; girman makarantu ya fi girma a duk faɗin ƙarni na 20, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙaruwar birane, yaɗuwar bas ɗin makaranta, da kuma ƙwarewar ilimi da daidaita su. <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> == Amurka ta ƙarni na 21 == A ƙarni na 21 a Amurka, ƙananan makarantu ƙananan nau'ikan makarantu ne na masu zaman kansu ; galibi ana yin rijista da su tare da gwamnati a matsayin ayyukan koyar da gida . Ƙananan makarantu na Amurka yawanci suna ɗaukar ɗalibai kaɗan fiye da a cikin aji ɗaya na makarantar gargajiya. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Rijista ya bambanta daga kaɗan zuwa da dama. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Da yawa suna fitowa daga ƙungiyoyin iyalai na koyar da gida waɗanda ke tara albarkatu don ɗaukar malami. <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu suna jaddada batutuwa ko hanyoyin daban-daban, kamar ilmantarwa bisa ga ayyuka, fasaha, ko hanyar Socratic . <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na ƙananan makarantu na Amurka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar malaman makaranta masu lasisi ko waɗanda suka riga suka sami lasisi. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu Kiristoci ne, yayin da wasu kuma ba na addini ba ne. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu suna haɗuwa a gidaje, majami'u, ko shaguna. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Cibiyar Kula da Ƙananan Makarantu ta Ƙasa ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a; ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar makaranta ta 2023 &#x2013; 24, akwai makarantun ƙananan makarantu 95,000 da kuma makarantun gida a Amurka a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da ɗalibai sama da miliyan ɗaya da suka shiga. Wani bincike da ƙungiyar ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi 40% na ɗaliban ƙananan makarantu sun riga sun yi rajista a makarantun gwamnati, yayin da wani kashi uku kuma an riga an koyar da su a gida. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Shahararren makarantun ƙananan makarantu ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun 2020 saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da katsewar da ke tattare da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati ta hanyar shirye-shiryen zaɓen makarantu, da kuma ƙaruwar shaharar asusun ajiyar ilimi. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun sami kuɗaɗen gwamnati a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen [[Shafin makaranta|nau'in takardar shaidar makaranta]] . <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Yawancin makarantun ƙananan makarantu ba su da tsari; a wasu jihohi, ba a kula da manhajojin karatu, ba a duba wurare, kuma binciken tarihin ma'aikata zaɓi ne. Duk da haka, wasu makarantun ƙananan makarantu suna aiki kwana huɗu ko biyar a kowane mako, suna da malamai na cikakken lokaci da manhajoji na yau da kullun, kuma suna amfani da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun . <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Saboda galibi ana ɗaukar makarantun ƙananan makarantu a matsayin makarantun gida, yawancin makarantun ƙananan makarantu ba sa buƙatar takardar izini . Duk da haka, wasu makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun nemi kuma sun sami takardar izini a matsayin makarantu masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> A cikin wani bincike da Cibiyar Kula da Ƙananan Makarantu ta Ƙasa ta yi kan ƙananan makarantu 400, wanda aka raba wa jaridar ''The Hill'' a 2024, kashi 16% na makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun ba da rahoton cewa an amince da su. <ref name="HillMicro" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu kaɗan sun girma sosai har ba za a sake ɗaukar su a matsayin "ƙananan makarantu ba." <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wani labarin NPR na 2014 ya ambaci Brightworks na [[San Francisco]], Brooklyn Apple Academy da Acton Academy na [[Austin|Austin, Texas]] a matsayin misalai na ƙananan makarantu. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Kamfanonin da aka rufe yanzu sune AltSchool <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> da CottageClass <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Brooklyn's new thing is taking your kids out of school and using this startup instead |url=https://technical.ly/brooklyn/2018/03/01/cottageclass-homeschooling-startup |access-date=26 July 2018 |website=Technical.ly Brooklyn |publisher=}}</ref> sun goyi bayan ƙananan makarantu. Prenda kamfani ne da VC ke tallafawa wanda ya taimaka wa mutane sama da dubu su fara ƙananan makarantu na kansu. Kudin makaranta na ƙananan makarantu na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu, kamar Makarantar Beekman da ke Manhattan, wacce ke da azuzuwan ɗalibai shida ko bakwai kuma an kira ta makarantar ƙananan makarantu, suna karɓar kuɗin makaranta na $50,000 ko fiye. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, faɗaɗa makarantun ƙananan makarantu na kwanan nan ya ga tayin da ya yi ƙasa da farashi, tare da kuɗin makaranta ƙasa da $6,200. Wasu ƙananan makarantu sun fito daga makarantun gargajiya. Misali, a shekarar 2024, Makarantar Lab ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Purdue Polytechnic ta kafa ƙaramin makaranta a Indianapolis ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare 20 waɗanda aka gano a matsayin ɗaliban da za su iya amfana daga manhajar da aka keɓance da kuma ƙarin albarkatun [[Koyon zamantakewar jama'a|zamantakewa da motsin rai]] . == A wajen Amurka == A cikin shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar aiki ta Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Iain Duncan Smith ta ba da shawarar cewa jam'iyyar ta ba da shawara ga "makarantu na majagaba" (wanda iyaye da kungiyoyin agaji suka jagoranta) a matsayin manufa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brendan Carlin |date=6 July 2007 |title=Tories propose parent-run 'pioneer schools' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556740/Tories-propose-parent-run-pioneer-schools.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ƙaramin motsi na makarantu * Girman aji == Manazarta == 395h67amgvjr3t0gxsxp6vubl1c7dd9 879716 879715 2026-07-09T17:47:53Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karatun ƙananan makarantu''' shine sake fasalin [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|makarantar mai ɗaki ɗaya]], inda girman aji yawanci ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na yawancin makarantu. == Abubuwan da suka gabata a tarihi == An bayyana ilimin ƙananan makarantu a matsayin wani sabon abu na zamani na makarantar daki ɗaya. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A Amurka, kimanin makarantu 150,000 na malamai ɗaya suna aiki a farkon shekarun 1930, amma ƙasa da 400 suna aiki a shekarar 2005; girman makarantu ya fi girma a duk faɗin ƙarni na 20, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙaruwar birane, yaɗuwar bas ɗin makaranta, da kuma ƙwarewar ilimi da daidaita su. <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> == Amurka ta ƙarni na 21 == A ƙarni na 21 a Amurka, ƙananan makarantu ƙananan nau'ikan makarantu ne na masu zaman kansu ; galibi ana yin rijista da su tare da gwamnati a matsayin ayyukan koyar da gida . Ƙananan makarantu na Amurka yawanci suna ɗaukar ɗalibai kaɗan fiye da a cikin aji ɗaya na makarantar gargajiya. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Rijista ya bambanta daga kaɗan zuwa da dama. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Da yawa suna fitowa daga ƙungiyoyin iyalai na koyar da gida waɗanda ke tara albarkatu don ɗaukar malami. <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu suna jaddada batutuwa ko hanyoyin daban-daban, kamar ilmantarwa bisa ga ayyuka, fasaha, ko hanyar Socratic . <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na ƙananan makarantu na Amurka ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar malaman makaranta masu lasisi ko waɗanda suka riga suka sami lasisi. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu Kiristoci ne, yayin da wasu kuma ba na addini ba ne. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu suna haɗuwa a gidaje, majami'u, ko shaguna. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Cibiyar Kula da Ƙananan Makarantu ta Ƙasa ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a; ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar makaranta ta 2023 &#x2013; 24, akwai makarantun ƙananan makarantu 95,000 da kuma makarantun gida a Amurka a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da ɗalibai sama da miliyan ɗaya da suka shiga. Wani bincike da ƙungiyar ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi 40% na ɗaliban ƙananan makarantu sun riga sun yi rajista a makarantun gwamnati, yayin da wani kashi uku kuma an riga an koyar da su a gida. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Shahararren makarantun ƙananan makarantu ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun 2020 saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da katsewar da ke tattare da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati ta hanyar shirye-shiryen zaɓen makarantu, da kuma ƙaruwar shaharar asusun ajiyar ilimi. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun sami kuɗaɗen gwamnati a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen [[Shafin makaranta|nau'in takardar shaidar makaranta]] . <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Yawancin makarantun ƙananan makarantu ba su da tsari; a wasu jihohi, ba a kula da manhajojin karatu, ba a duba wurare, kuma binciken tarihin ma'aikata zaɓi ne. Duk da haka, wasu makarantun ƙananan makarantu suna aiki kwana huɗu ko biyar a kowane mako, suna da malamai na cikakken lokaci da manhajoji na yau da kullun, kuma suna amfani da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun . <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Saboda galibi ana ɗaukar makarantun ƙananan makarantu a matsayin makarantun gida, yawancin makarantun ƙananan makarantu ba sa buƙatar takardar izini . Duk da haka, wasu makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun nemi kuma sun sami takardar izini a matsayin makarantu masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> A cikin wani bincike da Cibiyar Kula da Ƙananan Makarantu ta Ƙasa ta yi kan ƙananan makarantu 400, wanda aka raba wa jaridar ''The Hill'' a 2024, kashi 16% na makarantun ƙananan makarantu sun ba da rahoton cewa an amince da su. <ref name="HillMicro" /> Wasu ƙananan makarantu kaɗan sun girma sosai har ba za a sake ɗaukar su a matsayin "ƙananan makarantu ba." <ref name="Goldstein2024" /> Wani labarin NPR na 2014 ya ambaci Brightworks na [[San Francisco]], Brooklyn Apple Academy da Acton Academy na [[Austin|Austin, Texas]] a matsayin misalai na ƙananan makarantu. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Kamfanonin da aka rufe yanzu sune AltSchool <ref name="Kamenetz2014" /> da CottageClass <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Brooklyn's new thing is taking your kids out of school and using this startup instead |url=https://technical.ly/brooklyn/2018/03/01/cottageclass-homeschooling-startup |access-date=26 July 2018 |website=Technical.ly Brooklyn |publisher=}}</ref> sun goyi bayan ƙananan makarantu. Prenda kamfani ne da VC ke tallafawa wanda ya taimaka wa mutane sama da dubu su fara ƙananan makarantu na kansu. Kudin makaranta na ƙananan makarantu na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu, kamar Makarantar Beekman da ke Manhattan, wacce ke da azuzuwan ɗalibai shida ko bakwai kuma an kira ta makarantar ƙananan makarantu, suna karɓar kuɗin makaranta na $50,000 ko fiye. <ref name="Kamenetz2014">{{Cite web |last=Anya Kamenetz |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Return Of The One-Room Schoolhouse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/07/02/326196530/the-return-of-the-one-room-schoolhouse |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, faɗaɗa makarantun ƙananan makarantu na kwanan nan ya ga tayin da ya yi ƙasa da farashi, tare da kuɗin makaranta ƙasa da $6,200. Wasu ƙananan makarantu sun fito daga makarantun gargajiya. Misali, a shekarar 2024, Makarantar Lab ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Purdue Polytechnic ta kafa ƙaramin makaranta a Indianapolis ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare 20 waɗanda aka gano a matsayin ɗaliban da za su iya amfana daga manhajar da aka keɓance da kuma ƙarin albarkatun [[Koyon zamantakewar jama'a|zamantakewa da motsin rai]] . == A wajen Amurka == A cikin shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar aiki ta Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Iain Duncan Smith ta ba da shawarar cewa jam'iyyar ta ba da shawara ga "makarantu na majagaba" (wanda iyaye da kungiyoyin agaji suka jagoranta) a matsayin manufa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brendan Carlin |date=6 July 2007 |title=Tories propose parent-run 'pioneer schools' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556740/Tories-propose-parent-run-pioneer-schools.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ƙaramin motsi na makarantu * Girman aji == Manazarta == dt8qjm8z4klddxdhefmyn8r1i8qf2op 0 161154 879717 2026-07-09T17:49:18Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330377320|HTMS Makut Rajakumarn]]" 879717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HTMS ''Makut Rajakumarn''''' ( Thai ) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai saukar ungulu da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Thai ke sarrafawa. Kamfanin Yarrow Shipbuilders ne ya gina jirgin a Glasgow, Scotland a shekarar 1971. Jirgin ya fara aiki a shekarar 1973 kuma a halin yanzu (2010) yana aiki a matsayin jirgin horo. An tsara wannan ƙirar ne bisa ga jirgin ruwan Malaysia mai suna KD Rahmat, amma ya fi girma kuma yana da bindiga ta biyu a bayan jirgin. An sake gyara jirgin a shekarar 1985-1988 bayan gobarar da ta tashi a ɗakin injin a shekarar 1984, inda aka cire makamai masu linzami na Sea Cat da kuma turmi mai linzami na Limbo aka maye gurbinsu da bututun torpedo na ƙarƙashin ruwa da sabbin radar da kuma sonar. == Manazarta == iqznzrn049au48a0tnnlnsjtjtnsgn6 879718 879717 2026-07-09T17:49:47Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HTMS ''Makut Rajakumarn''''' ( Thai ) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai saukar ungulu da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Thai ke sarrafawa. Kamfanin Yarrow Shipbuilders ne ya gina jirgin a Glasgow, Scotland a shekarar 1971. Jirgin ya fara aiki a shekarar 1973 kuma a halin yanzu (2010) yana aiki a matsayin jirgin horo. An tsara wannan ƙirar ne bisa ga jirgin ruwan Malaysia mai suna KD Rahmat, amma ya fi girma kuma yana da bindiga ta biyu a bayan jirgin. An sake gyara jirgin a shekarar 1985-1988 bayan gobarar da ta tashi a ɗakin injin a shekarar 1984, inda aka cire makamai masu linzami na Sea Cat da kuma turmi mai linzami na Limbo aka maye gurbinsu da bututun torpedo na ƙarƙashin ruwa da sabbin radar da kuma sonar. == Manazarta == rww8zxm38s6fndep1blg3ajopqump6g 0 161155 879719 2026-07-09T17:50:41Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301956510|Tetterode]]" 879719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tetterode''' wani katafaren gini ne da ke Amsterdam-West a Netherlands. An gina shi a matsayin Amsterdam Type Foundry daga 1902 zuwa gaba ga kamfanin buga littattafai na Tetterode, wurin ya lalace a 1980. Bayan an sanar da shirin rushe gine-ginen, an yi musu katanga a 1981 kuma daga baya aka halatta su a 1986. Tetterode tana karbar bakuncin ko kuma ta dauki nauyin ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da gidan kayan tarihi, bita kan fasaha da sana'o'i, cibiyar ba da shawara kan 'yan ƙasa, shagon tufafi, gidan kayan tarihi na Eddie the Eagle, wani disco na 'yan luwaɗi da madigo, mai gyaran gashi, makarantar yara (wanda ake kira {{Lang|nl|De Tettertjes}} . ), firintocin stencil, injin yin takalma da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2021 ta yi bikin cika shekaru arba'in da kafuwa. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bilderdijkstraat_163.jpg|alt=Three storey art nouveau building in the sunshine|right|thumb|Bilderdijkstraat 163 a shekarar 2010]] [[File:Uitbreiding_lettergieterij_(Tetterode).JPG|alt=Building constructed in style of [[Nieuwe Zakelijkheid]]|right|thumb| Da Costakade 148 a shekarar 2010]] Kamfanin Amsterdam Type Foundry ( Dutch An gina shi a shekarar 1902 don kamfanin buga Tetterode a 163–167 {{Interlanguage link|Bilderdijkstraat|nl|Bilderdijkstraat (Amsterdam)}}, ta hannun mai ginin JWF Hartkamp a cikin salon Art Nouveau . <ref name="GA" /> <ref name="T1">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (1), Bilderdijkstraat 163–167 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(1) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="Monumenten">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Da Costakade 148, Amsterdam |url=https://www.monumenten.nl/monument/524831 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Monumenten.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Wannan mai ginin ya gina wani gini a 158–164 {{Interlanguage link|Da Costakade|nl|Da Costagracht}} a cikin 1912 kuma ya sake haɓaka tsohon kiwo a 157A-161 Bilderdijkstraat tsakanin 1920 da 1921. <ref name="T2">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (2), Da Costakade 158–164 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Da_Costakade/Tetterode_(2) |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="T3">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (3), Bilderdijkstraat 157A-161 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(3) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> An fara sabon ginin a 148-156 Da Costakade ta JF van Erven Dorens a 1940 kuma ya ƙare ta B.5 Karling a cikin P.1940. a cikin salon Nieuwe Zakelijkheid . <ref name="GA">{{Cite web |title=Erfgoed van de Week: "Mede mogelijk gemaakt door de kraakbeweging" [Heritage building of the week: "Made possible by the squatters movement"] |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/kunst-cultuur/monumenten/erfgoed-week/tetterode/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Gemeente Amsterdam}}</ref> <ref name="T4">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (4), Da Costakade 148–156 – Wederopbouw Amsterdam |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/wederopbouw/Da_Costakade/Tetterode_(4) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="Monumenten" /> == Sana'a == An bar ginin manyan gine-gine guda huɗu a cikin 1981, lokacin da Tetterode ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Willem de Zwijgerlaan|nl|Willem de Zwijgerlaan (Amsterdam)}} . Masu haɓaka gine-gine sun yi shirin rushe su da gina gidaje masu tsada; a cikin zanga-zangar, 'yan gudun hijira sun mamaye ginin a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1981. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}</ref> <ref name="T1">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (1), Bilderdijkstraat 163–167 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(1) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> Mallakar ta zama cibiyar zamantakewa mai sarrafa kanta ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma al'ummar yankin, waɗanda aka yi wa laƙabi da {{Lang|nl|De Rode Tetter}} (The Red Tetter). A lokacin hunturu, gine-ginen suna da sanyi sosai kuma suna da beraye, don haka masu zama a wurin suna dumama da gwangwanin gas, suna gina ɗakuna kuma suna share tsoffin injunan masana'antu. <ref name="HP" /> An fara wani gidan rawa a cikin ginshiki mai suna Flux; zuwa 1985 ya zama {{Lang|nl|De Trut}} (The Bitch), wani disco na 'yan luwadi da madigo wanda ke faruwa kowace Lahadi. <ref name="Trut">{{Cite web |title=De Trut – History |url=https://www.detrut.amsterdam/en/history.html |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=De Trut |language=en}}</ref> == Halatta == A shekarar 1986, an halatta mallakar gidaje lokacin da birnin ya sayi ginin. Masu zama sun kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, suka zama masu haya; a ƙarƙashin {{Lang|nl|casco}} kwangilar ("hull") su ne ke da alhakin haɓaka cikin gine-ginen da kuma kamfanin gidaje na Het Oosten (wanda yanzu {{Interlanguage link|Stadgenoot|nl}} ) ne ke da alhakin kula da wajen ginin. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGelderen2019">Gelderen, Mikel van (2019). [https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 "WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users"]. ''Delft Architectural Studies on Housing'' (15): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>145. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7007 1877-7007].</cite></ref> Dangane da haya, kamfanin ya amince ya karɓi kuɗin haya ba fiye da abin da ya kashe wajen gyaran gine-ginen ba. Daga baya wani mai haya ya ƙalubalanci wannan kwangilar, wanda ke zaune a Tetterode tun daga shekarar 1990 zuwa gaba. Ya yi zargin cewa Stadgenoot ya karɓi kuɗin Yuro miliyan 1.1 fiye da yadda ya kamata; lokacin da wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa wanda farfesa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Delft ya jagoranta ya tantance halin da ake ciki a shekarar 2016, ya yanke shawarar cewa Stadgenoot ya karɓi kuɗin haya fiye da kima, amma da ƙarancin Yuro 500,000. Mai haya ya soki ƙungiyar mazauna Tetterode kuma a shekarar 2018 wani alkali ya yi masa gargaɗi da ya daina yin tsokaci. Ya ci gaba da yin hakan kuma aka kore shi a shekarar 2020. <ref name="Graaff" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, ayyukan da ake amfani da su a cikin ginin Tetterode sun haɗa da gidan adana kayan fasaha, bita na fasaha da sana'o'i, shagon tufafi, cibiyar ba da shawara ga 'yan ƙasa, De Trut, mai gyaran gashi, makarantar yara (wanda ake kira {{Lang|nl|De Tettertjes}} ), firinta, mai yin takalma da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="DCS">{{Cite web |last=Carr-Smith |first=David |title=Improvised homes in Amsterdam industrial squats – Tetterode |url=http://www.davecarrsmith.co.uk/D-WWW_TET-2_WRK-SPACS.htm |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=davecarrsmith.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ginin Tetterode kai tsaye/aiki ya yi bikin cika shekaru arba'in da kafuwa kuma mahalarta sun gudanar da baje kolin a {{Interlanguage link|De Hallen|nl|De Hallen (Amsterdam)}} . Ayyukan da aka yi amfani da rukunin sun haɗa da gidan adana kayan fasaha, gidan kayan tarihi na Eddie the Eagle, mai gyaran gashi, [[Yin takalma|mai yin takalma]], firintocin stencil da {{Lang|nl|De Trut}} A wancan lokacin, kimanin mutane 150 ne ke zaune a cikin gine-ginen; wani littafi mai suna {{Lang|nl|Zeggenschap zonder bezit}} An buga ( ''ikon sarrafawa ba tare da mallaka ba'' ) duka suna rikodin tarihin gama gari kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa gine-ginen zama/aiki na iya zama samfuri mai amfani don inganta biranen Holland. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == [[Fayil:Kraakpand_Rode_Tetter_(Tetterode)_in_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_933-1161.jpg|alt=Black and white photograph of Tetterode with a banner saying (in translation) "You can demolish Wyers but not the ideas!"|right|thumb|An yi masa ado a shekarar 1984 tare da tuta mai goyon bayan squat ɗin Wyers]] * Marubuta daban-daban (2020) ''Zeggenschap zonder bezit'' ( ''Sarrafa ba tare da mallaka ba'' ) * Nuis, Ad (2011) ''30 jaar Tetterode'' ( ''Shekaru talatin na Tetterode'' ) * Marubuta daban-daban (2000) ''Thuis in Tetterode'' ( ''A gida a Tetterode'' ) * Satumba, Peter (1999) ''Tetterode complex: Van kraakaffair tot volkshuisvestingsmodel'' ( ''Tetterode complex: Daga squat zuwa tsarin gidaje na jama'a'' ) * Marubuta daban-daban (1991) ''Tetter Ode'' == Manazarta == 18ti76u2iz1g34lwtr9wvv4ok8lggsi 879720 879719 2026-07-09T17:51:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetterode''' wani katafaren gini ne da ke Amsterdam-West a Netherlands. An gina shi a matsayin Amsterdam Type Foundry daga 1902 zuwa gaba ga kamfanin buga littattafai na Tetterode, wurin ya lalace a 1980. Bayan an sanar da shirin rushe gine-ginen, an yi musu katanga a 1981 kuma daga baya aka halatta su a 1986. Tetterode tana karbar bakuncin ko kuma ta dauki nauyin ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da gidan kayan tarihi, bita kan fasaha da sana'o'i, cibiyar ba da shawara kan 'yan ƙasa, shagon tufafi, gidan kayan tarihi na Eddie the Eagle, wani disco na 'yan luwaɗi da madigo, mai gyaran gashi, makarantar yara (wanda ake kira {{Lang|nl|De Tettertjes}} . ), firintocin stencil, injin yin takalma da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2021 ta yi bikin cika shekaru arba'in da kafuwa. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bilderdijkstraat_163.jpg|alt=Three storey art nouveau building in the sunshine|right|thumb|Bilderdijkstraat 163 a shekarar 2010]] [[File:Uitbreiding_lettergieterij_(Tetterode).JPG|alt=Building constructed in style of [[Nieuwe Zakelijkheid]]|right|thumb| Da Costakade 148 a shekarar 2010]] Kamfanin Amsterdam Type Foundry ( Dutch An gina shi a shekarar 1902 don kamfanin buga Tetterode a 163–167 {{Interlanguage link|Bilderdijkstraat|nl|Bilderdijkstraat (Amsterdam)}}, ta hannun mai ginin JWF Hartkamp a cikin salon Art Nouveau . <ref name="GA" /> <ref name="T1">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (1), Bilderdijkstraat 163–167 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(1) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="Monumenten">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Da Costakade 148, Amsterdam |url=https://www.monumenten.nl/monument/524831 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Monumenten.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Wannan mai ginin ya gina wani gini a 158–164 {{Interlanguage link|Da Costakade|nl|Da Costagracht}} a cikin 1912 kuma ya sake haɓaka tsohon kiwo a 157A-161 Bilderdijkstraat tsakanin 1920 da 1921. <ref name="T2">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (2), Da Costakade 158–164 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Da_Costakade/Tetterode_(2) |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="T3">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (3), Bilderdijkstraat 157A-161 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(3) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> An fara sabon ginin a 148-156 Da Costakade ta JF van Erven Dorens a 1940 kuma ya ƙare ta B.5 Karling a cikin P.1940. a cikin salon Nieuwe Zakelijkheid . <ref name="GA">{{Cite web |title=Erfgoed van de Week: "Mede mogelijk gemaakt door de kraakbeweging" [Heritage building of the week: "Made possible by the squatters movement"] |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/kunst-cultuur/monumenten/erfgoed-week/tetterode/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Gemeente Amsterdam}}</ref> <ref name="T4">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (4), Da Costakade 148–156 – Wederopbouw Amsterdam |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/wederopbouw/Da_Costakade/Tetterode_(4) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name="Monumenten" /> == Sana'a == An bar ginin manyan gine-gine guda huɗu a cikin 1981, lokacin da Tetterode ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Willem de Zwijgerlaan|nl|Willem de Zwijgerlaan (Amsterdam)}} . Masu haɓaka gine-gine sun yi shirin rushe su da gina gidaje masu tsada; a cikin zanga-zangar, 'yan gudun hijira sun mamaye ginin a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1981. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}</ref> <ref name="T1">{{Cite web |title=Tetterode (1), Bilderdijkstraat 163–167 – Amsterdam 1850–1940 |url=https://amsterdamopdekaart.nl/1850-1940/Bilderdijkstraat/Tetterode_(1) |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Amsterdam op de kaart |language=nl}}</ref> Mallakar ta zama cibiyar zamantakewa mai sarrafa kanta ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma al'ummar yankin, waɗanda aka yi wa laƙabi da {{Lang|nl|De Rode Tetter}} (The Red Tetter). A lokacin hunturu, gine-ginen suna da sanyi sosai kuma suna da beraye, don haka masu zama a wurin suna dumama da gwangwanin gas, suna gina ɗakuna kuma suna share tsoffin injunan masana'antu. <ref name="HP" /> An fara wani gidan rawa a cikin ginshiki mai suna Flux; zuwa 1985 ya zama {{Lang|nl|De Trut}} (The Bitch), wani disco na 'yan luwadi da madigo wanda ke faruwa kowace Lahadi. <ref name="Trut">{{Cite web |title=De Trut – History |url=https://www.detrut.amsterdam/en/history.html |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=De Trut |language=en}}</ref> == Halatta == A shekarar 1986, an halatta mallakar gidaje lokacin da birnin ya sayi ginin. Masu zama sun kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, suka zama masu haya; a ƙarƙashin {{Lang|nl|casco}} kwangilar ("hull") su ne ke da alhakin haɓaka cikin gine-ginen da kuma kamfanin gidaje na Het Oosten (wanda yanzu {{Interlanguage link|Stadgenoot|nl}} ) ne ke da alhakin kula da wajen ginin. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGelderen2019">Gelderen, Mikel van (2019). [https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 "WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users"]. ''Delft Architectural Studies on Housing'' (15): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>145. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7007 1877-7007].</cite></ref> Dangane da haya, kamfanin ya amince ya karɓi kuɗin haya ba fiye da abin da ya kashe wajen gyaran gine-ginen ba. Daga baya wani mai haya ya ƙalubalanci wannan kwangilar, wanda ke zaune a Tetterode tun daga shekarar 1990 zuwa gaba. Ya yi zargin cewa Stadgenoot ya karɓi kuɗin Yuro miliyan 1.1 fiye da yadda ya kamata; lokacin da wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa wanda farfesa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Delft ya jagoranta ya tantance halin da ake ciki a shekarar 2016, ya yanke shawarar cewa Stadgenoot ya karɓi kuɗin haya fiye da kima, amma da ƙarancin Yuro 500,000. Mai haya ya soki ƙungiyar mazauna Tetterode kuma a shekarar 2018 wani alkali ya yi masa gargaɗi da ya daina yin tsokaci. Ya ci gaba da yin hakan kuma aka kore shi a shekarar 2020. <ref name="Graaff" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, ayyukan da ake amfani da su a cikin ginin Tetterode sun haɗa da gidan adana kayan fasaha, bita na fasaha da sana'o'i, shagon tufafi, cibiyar ba da shawara ga 'yan ƙasa, De Trut, mai gyaran gashi, makarantar yara (wanda ake kira {{Lang|nl|De Tettertjes}} ), firinta, mai yin takalma da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="DCS">{{Cite web |last=Carr-Smith |first=David |title=Improvised homes in Amsterdam industrial squats – Tetterode |url=http://www.davecarrsmith.co.uk/D-WWW_TET-2_WRK-SPACS.htm |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=davecarrsmith.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ginin Tetterode kai tsaye/aiki ya yi bikin cika shekaru arba'in da kafuwa kuma mahalarta sun gudanar da baje kolin a {{Interlanguage link|De Hallen|nl|De Hallen (Amsterdam)}} . Ayyukan da aka yi amfani da rukunin sun haɗa da gidan adana kayan fasaha, gidan kayan tarihi na Eddie the Eagle, mai gyaran gashi, [[Yin takalma|mai yin takalma]], firintocin stencil da {{Lang|nl|De Trut}} A wancan lokacin, kimanin mutane 150 ne ke zaune a cikin gine-ginen; wani littafi mai suna {{Lang|nl|Zeggenschap zonder bezit}} An buga ( ''ikon sarrafawa ba tare da mallaka ba'' ) duka suna rikodin tarihin gama gari kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa gine-ginen zama/aiki na iya zama samfuri mai amfani don inganta biranen Holland. <ref name="DASH">{{Cite journal |last=Gelderen |first=Mikel van |date=2019 |title=WoonWerkPand Tetterode Amsterdam (NL): Johan W.F. Hartkamp, Jan Frederik van Erven Dorens, Merkelbach & Karsten, Merkelbach & Elling, K.P.C. de Bazel, residents and users |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/dash/article/view/5098 |journal=Delft Architectural Studies on Housing |language=en |issue=15 |pages=138–145 |issn=1877-7007}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == [[Fayil:Kraakpand_Rode_Tetter_(Tetterode)_in_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_933-1161.jpg|alt=Black and white photograph of Tetterode with a banner saying (in translation) "You can demolish Wyers but not the ideas!"|right|thumb|An yi masa ado a shekarar 1984 tare da tuta mai goyon bayan squat ɗin Wyers]] * Marubuta daban-daban (2020) ''Zeggenschap zonder bezit'' ( ''Sarrafa ba tare da mallaka ba'' ) * Nuis, Ad (2011) ''30 jaar Tetterode'' ( ''Shekaru talatin na Tetterode'' ) * Marubuta daban-daban (2000) ''Thuis in Tetterode'' ( ''A gida a Tetterode'' ) * Satumba, Peter (1999) ''Tetterode complex: Van kraakaffair tot volkshuisvestingsmodel'' ( ''Tetterode complex: Daga squat zuwa tsarin gidaje na jama'a'' ) * Marubuta daban-daban (1991) ''Tetter Ode'' == Manazarta == l3j5dxfzcdfgbpcx37hsmw5sqde19l0 0 161156 879726 2026-07-09T18:23:14Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345773448|Federal Science and Technical College, Yaba]]" 879726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba,''' makarantar sakandare ce mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ga ɗaliban ƙananan da manyan makarantun sakandare kawai, wacce Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ke gudanarwa. Makarantar sakandare ce ta gauraya da ke [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Complete List of Federal Unity Schools / Colleges in Nigeria |url=https://www.allschool.com.ng/list-of-federal-unity-schools-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=Allschool |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST: Federal Unity Colleges in Nigeria {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/list-federal-unity-colleges-nigeria |access-date=2022-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == ntkifkjn2mpqebop2e37k64os934jtk 879727 879726 2026-07-09T18:23:46Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba,''' makarantar sakandare ce mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ga ɗaliban ƙananan da manyan makarantun sakandare kawai, wacce Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ke gudanarwa. Makarantar sakandare ce ta gauraya da ke [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Complete List of Federal Unity Schools / Colleges in Nigeria |url=https://www.allschool.com.ng/list-of-federal-unity-schools-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=Allschool |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST: Federal Unity Colleges in Nigeria {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/list-federal-unity-colleges-nigeria |access-date=2022-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == 47u9bogxq8ex1ved44kzwkswq0y098p 0 161157 879728 2026-07-09T18:25:51Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360683835|Land-based education]]" 879728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilimi bisa ƙasa''' hanya ce ta ilimi wadda ke jaddada koyo ta hanyar dangantaka kai tsaye da [[Yanayi na halitta|muhallin halitta]], yanayin ƙasa, da tsarin ilimin da ke tattare da su. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana yin amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban a duk duniya, kalmar ta fi amfani a [[Kanada]] don bayyana ayyukan ilimi na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke haɗa ɗalibai da yankunansu na gargajiya ta hanyar [[Koyon gogewa|koyon ƙwarewa]], koyarwa masu dacewa da al'adu, harshe, da kula da ƙasa . Ilimi bisa ƙasa ya bambanta da ilimin waje da [[Ilimi na muhalli|ilimin muhalli]] domin yana ɗaukar ƙasa ba kawai a matsayin wuri ko batun karatu ba, har ma a matsayin tushen ilimi mai aiki da kuma tushe ga asalin al'adu, jin daɗin al'umma, da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu. Hanyar ta sami karɓuwa sosai a makarantu, jami'o'i, da shirye-shiryen al'umma a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban ƙoƙari na tallafawa [[Ƙaddamar da kai|ƙudurin kai]] na 'yan asalin ƙasar, farfaɗo da al'adu, da sulhu . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arellano |first=Alexandra |last2=Friis |first2=Joseph |last3=Stuart |first3=Stephen A. |date=1 July 2019 |year=2019 |title=Pathways to Reconciliation: the Kitcisakik Land-Based Education Initiative |journal=Leisure/Loisir |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=389–417 |doi=10.1080/14927713.2019.1629832}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Shirye-shiryen sun fi mayar da hankali kan matsayin babban malami, domin tsarin ilimin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za a iya raba shi da ƙasashensu ba. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> <ref name="Bowra-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bowra |first=Andrea |last2=Mashford-Pringle |first2=Angela |last3=Poland |first3=Blake |date=2021 |title=Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 |journal=The Canadian Geographer |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=132–140 |doi=10.1111/cag.12659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen na iya samun manufofi da yawa, babban abu shine su isar da ilimi ga tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name="Redvers-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Redvers |first=Jennifer |date=2020 |title="The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada |url=https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |journal=International Journal of Indigenous Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |doi=10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba za a iya kwafi shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa cikin sauƙi a wasu wurare ba, domin an yi nufin su kasance a tushen al'adu da aka haɗa da wani wuri da kuma al'ummar da ta daɗe tana kula da waɗannan ƙasashe. Suna iya zaburar da wasu al'ummomi don haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi ko ayyukan ƙasa na kansu. <ref name="BecerraPosada & Ehret">{{Cite journal |last=BecerraPosada |first=Tatiana |last2=Ehret |first2=Christian |date=2 July 2024 |title=Land-based literacies in local naturecultures: Walking, reading, and storying the forests in rural Colombia |journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=1, 5 |doi=10.1002/jaal.1375 |issn=1081-3004 |ref=4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka yi kama da juna a tsakanin ilimin ƙasa: 1. ya haɗa da jagoranci daga shugabannin al'umma da masu kula da ilimi, 2. ƙarfafa halartar matasa, 3. jaddada harsunan gargajiya, da kuma, 4. amfani da ayyukan rayuwa. <ref name="Bowra-2021" /> Ilimi na ƙasa na iya zama ƙarami ko babba. A cikin kalmomin masanin Yellowknives Dene, Glen Coulthard, misalan ilimin ƙasa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: "'Yin tafiya a ƙasa' a ƙoƙarin sake fahimtar yanayin ƙasa da wurare waɗanda ke ba da tarihinmu, harsunanmu, da al'adunmu siffa da abun ciki; zuwa farfaɗo da shiga cikin ayyukan girbi na ƙasa kamar farauta, kamun kifi, da tattarawa, da/ko ayyukan samar da al'adu kamar yin tanning da sassaka, duk waɗannan kuma suna aiki don tabbatar da kasancewarmu mai iko a yankunanmu ta hanyoyin da za su iya zama ilimi da ƙarfafawa sosai; zuwa sake mamaye wurare masu tsarki don manufar sake koyo da kuma yin ayyukan bukukuwanmu." <ref name="Unsettling America-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=For Our Nations to Live, Capitalism Must Die |url=https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/for-our-nations-to-live-capitalism-must-die/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Unsettling America |language=en}}</ref> Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna amfani da shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙarfafa al'ummarsu daga haɗakar jama'a, haɓaka kawar da mulkin mallaka, da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na [[Ƙaddamar da kai|son kai]] . <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> Turtle Island tana ba da misali ɗaya na ilimin ƙasa. <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> <ref name="Bowra-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bowra |first=Andrea |last2=Mashford-Pringle |first2=Angela |last3=Poland |first3=Blake |date=2021 |title=Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 |journal=The Canadian Geographer |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=132–140 |doi=10.1111/cag.12659 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBowraMashford-PringlePoland2021">Bowra, Andrea; Mashford-Pringle, Angela; Poland, Blake (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 "Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning"]</span>. ''The Canadian Geographer''. '''65''' (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>140. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cag.12659|10.1111/cag.12659]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Redvers-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Redvers |first=Jennifer |date=2020 |title="The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada |url=https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |journal=International Journal of Indigenous Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |doi=10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRedvers2020">Redvers, Jennifer (2020). [[doi:10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046|""The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada"]]. ''International Journal of Indigenous Health''. '''15''' (1): <span class="nowrap">90–</span>107. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046|10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046]]</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Corntassel-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |last2=Hardbarger |first2=Tiffanie |date=2019 |title=Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |journal=International Review of Education |volume=65 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Mulkin mallaka da kuma 'yan asalin Arewacin Amurka == Mulkin mallaka da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a faɗin Arewacin Amurka ya kori al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin daga ƙasashensu. Misali, a Kanada, dokoki kamar ''Dokar Indiya ,'' yarjejeniyoyi masu lamba, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a hukumomi kamar Makarantun Mazauna Indiya ko Sittin's Scoop sun kori mutane daga ƙasashensu, suna haifar da rauni, baƙin ciki, da asarar al'adu tsakanin tsararraki Masana 'Yan Asalin sun bayyana cewa ƙasar ita ce babbar hanyar ilimi da ƙarfi ta 'Yan Asalin. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> Ta hanyar cire mutane daga ƙasashensu, su daga ƙasashensu, gwamnatoci suna yanke igiyoyin rayuwa zuwa ƙasar, suna hana mutane mika hanyoyin saninsu ga tsara mai zuwa, da kuma sauƙaƙe kawar da 'Yan Asalin a Kanada . Al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin, rukunin iyali, dattawa, da matasa duk sun sha wahala kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a hannun gwamnati saboda, kamar yadda masana 'Yan Asalin suka bayyana, "an wargaza hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na iyali da al'umma waɗanda suka ba da tallafi na motsin rai, ruhaniya da na jiki cikin mummunan yanayi da tsari." <ref name="Corntassel-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |last2=Hardbarger |first2=Tiffanie |date=2019 |title=Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |journal=International Review of Education |volume=65 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorntasselHardbarger2019">Corntassel, Jeff; Hardbarger, Tiffanie (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1|"Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence"]]</span>. ''International Review of Education''. '''65''': <span class="nowrap">87–</span>116. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1|10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1]].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, 'Yan Asalin sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin haɗa kansu da Kanada ke ci gaba da yi kuma sun nuna juriya mai ban mamaki. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> Suna yin tsayayya da ƙarfin 'yan gudun hijira masu zalunci ta hanyar ci gaba da magana da harsunansu, kula da filayensu, da kuma mamaye yankunansu. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> Ilimi bisa ƙasa, wanda aka gina bisa hanyoyin sanin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar a faɗin Arewacin Amurka ke ci gaba da tabbatar da asalinsu da 'yancinsu na neman 'yancin kai da kuma ƙarfafa mutanensu. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> Masanin Cherokee [[Jeff Corntassel]] ya bayyana cewa ci gaba da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar koyaushe yana wanzuwa; duk da haka, farfaɗowar al'adu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi bisa ƙasa ko ayyukan yau da kullun a cikin gidaje ko al'ummomi zai ƙarfafa canja wurin ilimi ga tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name="Corntassel-2019" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Ganohalidoh Corntassel - University of Victoria |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/indigenous/people/faculty/corntassel-jeff.php |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=UVic.ca |language=en}}</ref> == Fa'idodin ilimin ƙasa == === Farfadowar al'adu === Ilimi a fannin ƙasa yana da fa'idodi da yawa kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen gabaɗaya suna da nufin ƙara yawan membobin al'umma waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan gargajiya na ƙasa da kuma inganta ingancin ƙwarewar da ake amfani da su. <ref name="Alfred-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Alfred |first=Taiaiake |date=2014-11-29 |title=The Akwesasne cultural restoration program: A Mohawk approach to land-based education |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22233 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Ta hanyar farfaɗo da ayyukan al'adu da ƙara yawan masu ilimi, ilimin ƙasa yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa asalin al'adu da kuma sake farfaɗo da al'adun al'ummomi. Zurfin alaƙar ruhaniya da ƙasar, wanda ko dai an yanke ta hanyar cire su da ƙarfi daga filayensu ko kuma ba a yada ta hanyar dangantaka ta iyali ba saboda dalilai na cibiyoyi da tashin hankali (misali makarantun zama ), ana taimaka musu wajen gyara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa. <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> Kasancewar sun koma ƙasarsu kuma masu kula da ilimin al'umma suna jagorantar su, 'Yan asalin ƙasar za su iya fara ƙarfafawa da/ko sake kafa dangantakar dangi tsakanin mutanen 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa da filayensu da duk halittun da ke zaune a kansu. <ref>McGregor, D. (2022). Mino-Mnaamodzawin: Achieving Indigenous Environmental Justice in Canada. In J. Dhillon (Ed.), ''Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice'' (pp. 9–26). Berghahn Books. {{Doi|10.2307/j.ctv2vr8tm0.4}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda masanin Cherokee [[Jeff Corntassel]] ya ambata, wannan farfaɗowar al'adu yana taimaka wa mutane da al'ummomi su sake tunanin rayuwarsu fiye da abin da gwamnati ta ɗora musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |date=2012 |title=Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=86–101}}</ref> Ƙara yawan masu magana da kyau da kuma adadin mutanen da ke kula da filayensu ta hanyar amfani da filaye yana ƙarfafa tsarin iliminsu. Suna kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na son kai da kuma tsayayya da matsin lamba na haɗakar mulkin mallaka yadda ya kamata. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna taimakawa sake farfaɗo da 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda, kamar yadda masana 'yan asalin ƙasar Glen Coulthard da Taiaiake Alfred suka bayyana, al'ummomi "suna "juya baya" daga ƙoƙarin haɗakar mulkin mallaka ta hanyar farfaɗo da ayyukan al'umma na gargajiya da kuma nisantar da kai daga dabi'un mulkin mallaka '''.''' == Manazarta == 7catvgreoqjb0k8wn0iclckd93vwwx8 879729 879728 2026-07-09T18:26:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimi bisa ƙasa''' hanya ce ta ilimi wadda ke jaddada koyo ta hanyar dangantaka kai tsaye da [[Yanayi na halitta|muhallin halitta]], yanayin ƙasa, da tsarin ilimin da ke tattare da su. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana yin amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban a duk duniya, kalmar ta fi amfani a [[Kanada]] don bayyana ayyukan ilimi na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke haɗa ɗalibai da yankunansu na gargajiya ta hanyar [[Koyon gogewa|koyon ƙwarewa]], koyarwa masu dacewa da al'adu, harshe, da kula da ƙasa . Ilimi bisa ƙasa ya bambanta da ilimin waje da [[Ilimi na muhalli|ilimin muhalli]] domin yana ɗaukar ƙasa ba kawai a matsayin wuri ko batun karatu ba, har ma a matsayin tushen ilimi mai aiki da kuma tushe ga asalin al'adu, jin daɗin al'umma, da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu. Hanyar ta sami karɓuwa sosai a makarantu, jami'o'i, da shirye-shiryen al'umma a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban ƙoƙari na tallafawa [[Ƙaddamar da kai|ƙudurin kai]] na 'yan asalin ƙasar, farfaɗo da al'adu, da sulhu . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arellano |first=Alexandra |last2=Friis |first2=Joseph |last3=Stuart |first3=Stephen A. |date=1 July 2019 |year=2019 |title=Pathways to Reconciliation: the Kitcisakik Land-Based Education Initiative |journal=Leisure/Loisir |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=389–417 |doi=10.1080/14927713.2019.1629832}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Shirye-shiryen sun fi mayar da hankali kan matsayin babban malami, domin tsarin ilimin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba za a iya raba shi da ƙasashensu ba. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> <ref name="Bowra-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bowra |first=Andrea |last2=Mashford-Pringle |first2=Angela |last3=Poland |first3=Blake |date=2021 |title=Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 |journal=The Canadian Geographer |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=132–140 |doi=10.1111/cag.12659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen na iya samun manufofi da yawa, babban abu shine su isar da ilimi ga tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name="Redvers-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Redvers |first=Jennifer |date=2020 |title="The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada |url=https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |journal=International Journal of Indigenous Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |doi=10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba za a iya kwafi shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa cikin sauƙi a wasu wurare ba, domin an yi nufin su kasance a tushen al'adu da aka haɗa da wani wuri da kuma al'ummar da ta daɗe tana kula da waɗannan ƙasashe. Suna iya zaburar da wasu al'ummomi don haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi ko ayyukan ƙasa na kansu. <ref name="BecerraPosada & Ehret">{{Cite journal |last=BecerraPosada |first=Tatiana |last2=Ehret |first2=Christian |date=2 July 2024 |title=Land-based literacies in local naturecultures: Walking, reading, and storying the forests in rural Colombia |journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=1, 5 |doi=10.1002/jaal.1375 |issn=1081-3004 |ref=4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka yi kama da juna a tsakanin ilimin ƙasa: 1. ya haɗa da jagoranci daga shugabannin al'umma da masu kula da ilimi, 2. ƙarfafa halartar matasa, 3. jaddada harsunan gargajiya, da kuma, 4. amfani da ayyukan rayuwa. <ref name="Bowra-2021" /> Ilimi na ƙasa na iya zama ƙarami ko babba. A cikin kalmomin masanin Yellowknives Dene, Glen Coulthard, misalan ilimin ƙasa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: "'Yin tafiya a ƙasa' a ƙoƙarin sake fahimtar yanayin ƙasa da wurare waɗanda ke ba da tarihinmu, harsunanmu, da al'adunmu siffa da abun ciki; zuwa farfaɗo da shiga cikin ayyukan girbi na ƙasa kamar farauta, kamun kifi, da tattarawa, da/ko ayyukan samar da al'adu kamar yin tanning da sassaka, duk waɗannan kuma suna aiki don tabbatar da kasancewarmu mai iko a yankunanmu ta hanyoyin da za su iya zama ilimi da ƙarfafawa sosai; zuwa sake mamaye wurare masu tsarki don manufar sake koyo da kuma yin ayyukan bukukuwanmu." <ref name="Unsettling America-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=For Our Nations to Live, Capitalism Must Die |url=https://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/for-our-nations-to-live-capitalism-must-die/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Unsettling America |language=en}}</ref> Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna amfani da shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙarfafa al'ummarsu daga haɗakar jama'a, haɓaka kawar da mulkin mallaka, da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na [[Ƙaddamar da kai|son kai]] . <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> Turtle Island tana ba da misali ɗaya na ilimin ƙasa. <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> <ref name="Bowra-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bowra |first=Andrea |last2=Mashford-Pringle |first2=Angela |last3=Poland |first3=Blake |date=2021 |title=Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 |journal=The Canadian Geographer |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=132–140 |doi=10.1111/cag.12659 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBowraMashford-PringlePoland2021">Bowra, Andrea; Mashford-Pringle, Angela; Poland, Blake (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cag.12659 "Indigenous learning on Turtle Island: A review of the literature on land-based learning"]</span>. ''The Canadian Geographer''. '''65''' (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>140. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cag.12659|10.1111/cag.12659]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Redvers-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Redvers |first=Jennifer |date=2020 |title="The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada |url=https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |journal=International Journal of Indigenous Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |doi=10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRedvers2020">Redvers, Jennifer (2020). [[doi:10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046|""The land is a healer": Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada"]]. ''International Journal of Indigenous Health''. '''15''' (1): <span class="nowrap">90–</span>107. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046|10.32799/ijih.v15i1.34046]]</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Corntassel-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |last2=Hardbarger |first2=Tiffanie |date=2019 |title=Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |journal=International Review of Education |volume=65 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Mulkin mallaka da kuma 'yan asalin Arewacin Amurka == Mulkin mallaka da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a faɗin Arewacin Amurka ya kori al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin daga ƙasashensu. Misali, a Kanada, dokoki kamar ''Dokar Indiya ,'' yarjejeniyoyi masu lamba, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a hukumomi kamar Makarantun Mazauna Indiya ko Sittin's Scoop sun kori mutane daga ƙasashensu, suna haifar da rauni, baƙin ciki, da asarar al'adu tsakanin tsararraki Masana 'Yan Asalin sun bayyana cewa ƙasar ita ce babbar hanyar ilimi da ƙarfi ta 'Yan Asalin. <ref name="Wildcat-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Wildcat |first=Matthew |last2=McDonald |first2=Mandee |last3=Irlbacher-Fox |first3=Stephanie |last4=Coulthard |first4=Glen |date=2014-12-01 |title=Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildcatMcDonaldIrlbacher-FoxCoulthard2014">Wildcat, Matthew; McDonald, Mandee; Irlbacher-Fox, Stephanie; Coulthard, Glen (2014-12-01). [https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22248 "Learning from the land: Indigenous land based pedagogy and decolonization"]. ''Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society''. '''3''' (3). [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-8692 1929-8692].</cite></ref> Ta hanyar cire mutane daga ƙasashensu, su daga ƙasashensu, gwamnatoci suna yanke igiyoyin rayuwa zuwa ƙasar, suna hana mutane mika hanyoyin saninsu ga tsara mai zuwa, da kuma sauƙaƙe kawar da 'Yan Asalin a Kanada . Al'ummomin 'Yan Asalin, rukunin iyali, dattawa, da matasa duk sun sha wahala kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a hannun gwamnati saboda, kamar yadda masana 'Yan Asalin suka bayyana, "an wargaza hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na iyali da al'umma waɗanda suka ba da tallafi na motsin rai, ruhaniya da na jiki cikin mummunan yanayi da tsari." <ref name="Corntassel-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |last2=Hardbarger |first2=Tiffanie |date=2019 |title=Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |journal=International Review of Education |volume=65 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorntasselHardbarger2019">Corntassel, Jeff; Hardbarger, Tiffanie (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1|"Education to perpetuate: Land-based pedagogies and community resurgence"]]</span>. ''International Review of Education''. '''65''': <span class="nowrap">87–</span>116. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1|10.1007/s11159-018-9759-1]].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, 'Yan Asalin sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin haɗa kansu da Kanada ke ci gaba da yi kuma sun nuna juriya mai ban mamaki. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> Suna yin tsayayya da ƙarfin 'yan gudun hijira masu zalunci ta hanyar ci gaba da magana da harsunansu, kula da filayensu, da kuma mamaye yankunansu. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> Ilimi bisa ƙasa, wanda aka gina bisa hanyoyin sanin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar a faɗin Arewacin Amurka ke ci gaba da tabbatar da asalinsu da 'yancinsu na neman 'yancin kai da kuma ƙarfafa mutanensu. <ref name="Yellowhead Institute" /> <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> Masanin Cherokee [[Jeff Corntassel]] ya bayyana cewa ci gaba da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar koyaushe yana wanzuwa; duk da haka, farfaɗowar al'adu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi bisa ƙasa ko ayyukan yau da kullun a cikin gidaje ko al'ummomi zai ƙarfafa canja wurin ilimi ga tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name="Corntassel-2019" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Ganohalidoh Corntassel - University of Victoria |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/indigenous/people/faculty/corntassel-jeff.php |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=UVic.ca |language=en}}</ref> == Fa'idodin ilimin ƙasa == === Farfadowar al'adu === Ilimi a fannin ƙasa yana da fa'idodi da yawa kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen gabaɗaya suna da nufin ƙara yawan membobin al'umma waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan gargajiya na ƙasa da kuma inganta ingancin ƙwarewar da ake amfani da su. <ref name="Alfred-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Alfred |first=Taiaiake |date=2014-11-29 |title=The Akwesasne cultural restoration program: A Mohawk approach to land-based education |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/22233 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Ta hanyar farfaɗo da ayyukan al'adu da ƙara yawan masu ilimi, ilimin ƙasa yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa asalin al'adu da kuma sake farfaɗo da al'adun al'ummomi. Zurfin alaƙar ruhaniya da ƙasar, wanda ko dai an yanke ta hanyar cire su da ƙarfi daga filayensu ko kuma ba a yada ta hanyar dangantaka ta iyali ba saboda dalilai na cibiyoyi da tashin hankali (misali makarantun zama ), ana taimaka musu wajen gyara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi na ƙasa. <ref name="Wildcat-2014" /> Kasancewar sun koma ƙasarsu kuma masu kula da ilimin al'umma suna jagorantar su, 'Yan asalin ƙasar za su iya fara ƙarfafawa da/ko sake kafa dangantakar dangi tsakanin mutanen 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa da filayensu da duk halittun da ke zaune a kansu. <ref>McGregor, D. (2022). Mino-Mnaamodzawin: Achieving Indigenous Environmental Justice in Canada. In J. Dhillon (Ed.), ''Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice'' (pp. 9–26). Berghahn Books. {{Doi|10.2307/j.ctv2vr8tm0.4}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda masanin Cherokee [[Jeff Corntassel]] ya ambata, wannan farfaɗowar al'adu yana taimaka wa mutane da al'ummomi su sake tunanin rayuwarsu fiye da abin da gwamnati ta ɗora musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |date=2012 |title=Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=86–101}}</ref> Ƙara yawan masu magana da kyau da kuma adadin mutanen da ke kula da filayensu ta hanyar amfani da filaye yana ƙarfafa tsarin iliminsu. Suna kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na son kai da kuma tsayayya da matsin lamba na haɗakar mulkin mallaka yadda ya kamata. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna taimakawa sake farfaɗo da 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda, kamar yadda masana 'yan asalin ƙasar Glen Coulthard da Taiaiake Alfred suka bayyana, al'ummomi "suna "juya baya" daga ƙoƙarin haɗakar mulkin mallaka ta hanyar farfaɗo da ayyukan al'umma na gargajiya da kuma nisantar da kai daga dabi'un mulkin mallaka '''.''' == Manazarta == mjk3qof0f1akxtcbvomqww87ki6qmgq 0 161158 879731 2026-07-09T18:28:15Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360740051|Ellinor Walker]]" 879731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ellinor Gertrude Walker''' OBE (9 ga Afrilu 1893 – 7 ga Nuwamba 1990) malamar makarantar yara ce ta Australiya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Ta rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi kuma ana yaba mata da rubuta Dokar Kula da Jarirai da aka zartar a shekarar 1940 a Kudancin Ostiraliya . == Rayuwa == An haifi Walker a shekarar 1893 a yankin South Yarra da ke wajen Melbourne. A shekarar 1902 ta ƙaura da iyalinta zuwa Adelaide, inda ta sami ilimi a [[Makarantar daji|Makarantar Wilderness]] da Makarantar Sakandare ta Norwood . A shekarar 1916 ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Horar da Yara ta Adelaide <ref name="iview">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ellinor Gertrude Walker Interviewer: Beth M. Robertson [Full interview] |url=https://digital.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/7762 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=State Library of South Australia |language=en}}</ref> (wata majiya ta ce 1917). Lillian Daphne de Lissa ce ke jagorantar kwalejin wacce aka yi wa farauta a farkon 1917 don jagorantar wata kwaleji makamanciyar haka a Burtaniya. de Lissa ta ce za ta yi ƙoƙarin nemo wa kanta wanda zai maye gurbinta. Walker ta zama shugabar Makarantar Yara ta Halifax Street Free wacce ke ba da taimako ga matalautan iyaye mata na yankin. <ref name="eadrb" /> A shekarar 1919, annobar mura ta kashe mutane da yawa a duniya. Walker ba ta mutu ba amma ta kamu da cutar kuma dole ne a killace ta yayin da ta fara murmurewa na dogon lokaci. Bayan ta warke, Walker ta buɗe kuma ta gudanar da Greenways, wata makaranta ga yara ashirin masu shekaru 3 zuwa 8 da ke gidanta bisa ga hanyar Montessori tsawon shekaru 24. Da yammacin rana, tana da wasu ayyuka na kanta. Ta karanta labaran muhawarar majalisar dokoki kuma ta rubuta wasiƙu inda za ta iya taimakawa. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an yi ɗaya a Adelaide a watan Mayu 1933 a taron Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Zaɓe ta Australiya . An kira wasan kwaikwayo ''The Spring of Power'' kuma ya damu da yadda mata suka sami ƙuri'a. Wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, ''Heritage: A Pageant of South Australia'', an nuna shi a bikin cika shekaru 100 na Kudancin Australia kuma ya gudana har sau goma. <ref name="eadrb" /> Rubuce-rubucenta sun haɗa da waƙoƙi kuma an buga ''The Silver wing da sauran waƙoƙi'' a 1939. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The silver wing and other poems / by Ellinor G. Walker - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/928160 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pageant_1936_Ellinor_Walker_and_Heather_Gell.png|left|thumb|Ellinor Walker da Heather Gell sun kafa wani bikin baje koli a shekarar 1936 a Adelaide don Majalisar Mata ta Shekaru 100]] A shekarar 1940, majalisar dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya ta amince da ''Dokar Kula da Jarirai'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislation |first=South Australian |date=2021-11-22 |title=LZ |url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=South Australian Legislation |language=en-AU}}</ref> Wannan doka kusan ta samo asali ne daga Walker. Bincikenta na tsawon shekaru takwas ne ya ba ta damar rubuta rubutun. Lauya Roma Mitchell ta duba daftarinta kuma da gyara ɗaya gwamnati ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar wannan shekarar. Ta shiga ƙungiyar siyasa ta mata marasa jam'iyya kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba mai himma tsawon shekaru 65. Bayan yaƙin, ita da ƙungiyar sun kasance masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya . <ref name="iview">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ellinor Gertrude Walker Interviewer: Beth M. Robertson [Full interview] |url=https://digital.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/7762 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=State Library of South Australia |language=en}}</ref> An naɗa Walker a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 1971 saboda hidimar da ya yi wa al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Ellinor Gertrude WALKER |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1108387 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Australian Honours Search Facility}}</ref> Walker ta mutu a Norwood, Kudancin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990. An sanya mata suna Ellinor Walker Street, a yankin Canberra na Franklin, don girmama ta. <ref name="eadrb" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=News of Friends of Grasslands |url=https://www.fog.org.au/Newsletters/2009-09newsletter.htm |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Friends of Grasslands |issn=1832-6315}}</ref> == Manazarta == 02xuuqcap1cyl2a6wobhdipainuj4e8 879732 879731 2026-07-09T18:28:48Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ellinor Gertrude Walker''' OBE (9 ga Afrilu 1893 – 7 ga Nuwamba 1990) malamar makarantar yara ce ta Australiya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Ta rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi kuma ana yaba mata da rubuta Dokar Kula da Jarirai da aka zartar a shekarar 1940 a Kudancin Ostiraliya . == Rayuwa == An haifi Walker a shekarar 1893 a yankin South Yarra da ke wajen Melbourne. A shekarar 1902 ta ƙaura da iyalinta zuwa Adelaide, inda ta sami ilimi a [[Makarantar daji|Makarantar Wilderness]] da Makarantar Sakandare ta Norwood . A shekarar 1916 ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Horar da Yara ta Adelaide <ref name="iview">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ellinor Gertrude Walker Interviewer: Beth M. Robertson [Full interview] |url=https://digital.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/7762 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=State Library of South Australia |language=en}}</ref> (wata majiya ta ce 1917). Lillian Daphne de Lissa ce ke jagorantar kwalejin wacce aka yi wa farauta a farkon 1917 don jagorantar wata kwaleji makamanciyar haka a Burtaniya. de Lissa ta ce za ta yi ƙoƙarin nemo wa kanta wanda zai maye gurbinta. Walker ta zama shugabar Makarantar Yara ta Halifax Street Free wacce ke ba da taimako ga matalautan iyaye mata na yankin. <ref name="eadrb" /> A shekarar 1919, annobar mura ta kashe mutane da yawa a duniya. Walker ba ta mutu ba amma ta kamu da cutar kuma dole ne a killace ta yayin da ta fara murmurewa na dogon lokaci. Bayan ta warke, Walker ta buɗe kuma ta gudanar da Greenways, wata makaranta ga yara ashirin masu shekaru 3 zuwa 8 da ke gidanta bisa ga hanyar Montessori tsawon shekaru 24. Da yammacin rana, tana da wasu ayyuka na kanta. Ta karanta labaran muhawarar majalisar dokoki kuma ta rubuta wasiƙu inda za ta iya taimakawa. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an yi ɗaya a Adelaide a watan Mayu 1933 a taron Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Zaɓe ta Australiya . An kira wasan kwaikwayo ''The Spring of Power'' kuma ya damu da yadda mata suka sami ƙuri'a. Wasan kwaikwayo na gaba, ''Heritage: A Pageant of South Australia'', an nuna shi a bikin cika shekaru 100 na Kudancin Australia kuma ya gudana har sau goma. <ref name="eadrb" /> Rubuce-rubucenta sun haɗa da waƙoƙi kuma an buga ''The Silver wing da sauran waƙoƙi'' a 1939. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The silver wing and other poems / by Ellinor G. Walker - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/928160 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pageant_1936_Ellinor_Walker_and_Heather_Gell.png|left|thumb|Ellinor Walker da Heather Gell sun kafa wani bikin baje koli a shekarar 1936 a Adelaide don Majalisar Mata ta Shekaru 100]] A shekarar 1940, majalisar dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya ta amince da ''Dokar Kula da Jarirai'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislation |first=South Australian |date=2021-11-22 |title=LZ |url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=South Australian Legislation |language=en-AU}}</ref> Wannan doka kusan ta samo asali ne daga Walker. Bincikenta na tsawon shekaru takwas ne ya ba ta damar rubuta rubutun. Lauya Roma Mitchell ta duba daftarinta kuma da gyara ɗaya gwamnati ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar wannan shekarar. Ta shiga ƙungiyar siyasa ta mata marasa jam'iyya kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba mai himma tsawon shekaru 65. Bayan yaƙin, ita da ƙungiyar sun kasance masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya . <ref name="iview">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ellinor Gertrude Walker Interviewer: Beth M. Robertson [Full interview] |url=https://digital.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/7762 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=State Library of South Australia |language=en}}</ref> An naɗa Walker a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 1971 saboda hidimar da ya yi wa al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Ellinor Gertrude WALKER |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1108387 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Australian Honours Search Facility}}</ref> Walker ta mutu a Norwood, Kudancin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990. An sanya mata suna Ellinor Walker Street, a yankin Canberra na Franklin, don girmama ta. <ref name="eadrb" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=News of Friends of Grasslands |url=https://www.fog.org.au/Newsletters/2009-09newsletter.htm |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Friends of Grasslands |issn=1832-6315}}</ref> == Manazarta == i1kbblvvd5bv4iks6t0qdcm35qv9jxy 0 161159 879734 2026-07-09T18:29:53Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1124968461|The Cooperative]]" 879734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa''' ƙungiya ce ta masana ilimi ta Faransa da aka kafa a shekarar 1907 don koyar da 'ya'yansu a wani mataki mafi girma fiye da yadda ake da shi a birnin Paris a lokacin. Ƙungiyar ta fara ne lokacin da [[Marie Curie|Marie]] da Pierre Curie suka lura da ƙarfin ilimin lissafi na 'yarsu, Irène . Ba tare da samun makarantar da za ta iya biyan buƙatunta ba, sun haɗu da wasu iyaye da dama waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, ciki har da Paul Langevin da Jean Perrin, kuma suka yanke shawarar koyar da 'ya'yan junansu. Manhajar karatun ƙungiyar The Cooperative ta bambanta kuma ba wai kawai ta ƙunshi ka'idodin kimiyya da binciken kimiyya ba, har ma da fannoni daban-daban kamar Sinanci da sassaka, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan bayyana kai da wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene Joliet-Curie |url=http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/IreneJoliot-Curie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714121032/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/IreneJoliot-Curie.html |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2012-10-19}} Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation</ref> == Sakamako masu mahimmanci == Irène Curie ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1935. == Manazarta == e2ouhua11ffxxtyj626uwoltlxuijhn 879735 879734 2026-07-09T18:30:19Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa''' ƙungiya ce ta masana ilimi ta Faransa da aka kafa a shekarar 1907 don koyar da 'ya'yansu a wani mataki mafi girma fiye da yadda ake da shi a birnin Paris a lokacin. Ƙungiyar ta fara ne lokacin da [[Marie Curie|Marie]] da Pierre Curie suka lura da ƙarfin ilimin lissafi na 'yarsu, Irène . Ba tare da samun makarantar da za ta iya biyan buƙatunta ba, sun haɗu da wasu iyaye da dama waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, ciki har da Paul Langevin da Jean Perrin, kuma suka yanke shawarar koyar da 'ya'yan junansu. Manhajar karatun ƙungiyar The Cooperative ta bambanta kuma ba wai kawai ta ƙunshi ka'idodin kimiyya da binciken kimiyya ba, har ma da fannoni daban-daban kamar Sinanci da sassaka, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan bayyana kai da wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene Joliet-Curie |url=http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/IreneJoliot-Curie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714121032/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/IreneJoliot-Curie.html |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2012-10-19}} Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation</ref> == Sakamako masu mahimmanci == Irène Curie ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1935. == Manazarta == 7dmqgssk6mx3cahe19qk2up915395jf 0 161160 879738 2026-07-09T18:31:51Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359746190|Lanzhou Jiaotong University]]" 879738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong''' ( Chinese ) [[Jami'a|jami'ar]] sufuri ce a Lanzhou, lardin Gansu, na kasar Sin. An kafa ta a shekarar 1958 a matsayin Jami'ar Lanzhou Railway don injiniyan jirgin ƙasa, haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Southwest Jiaotong, Jami'ar Beijing Jiaotong da Ma'aikatar Jiragen Ƙasa ta China . Har zuwa shekarar 2000, tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Jiragen Ƙasa. A shekarar 2003, ta sauya sunanta na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=历史沿革-兰州交通大学 |url=https://www.lzjtu.edu.cn/jdgk/lsyg.htm}}</ref> == Makarantu == * Injiniyan Farar Hula * Injin Injiniyan Lantarki da Atomatik * Injiniyan Lantarki da Bayanai * Injiniyan Mechatronic * Injiniyan Muhalli da Birni * Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa * Sufuri da Zirga-zirga * Injiniyoyin Sinadarai da Halittu * Harsunan Waje * Lissafi, Fizik da Injiniyan Software * Tsarin Gine-gine da Tsarin Birane * Zane da Fasaha * Ci gaba da Ilimi * Ilimin Haɗin gwiwa na Duniya === Tsarin Ilimi === Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong (LZJTU) ta ƙunshi fannoni takwas na ilimi: Injiniyanci, Kimiyya, Tattalin Arziki, Gudanarwa, Adabi, Shari'a, Fasaha, da Ilimin Halayya. Jami'ar tana da izinin bayar da digirin digirgir a fannoni bakwai na matakin farko da kuma rukuni ɗaya na digirin digirgir a fannoni daban-daban. Tana kuma da cibiyoyin bincike guda biyar na digirin digirgir. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}</ref> A matakin digiri na biyu, LZJTU tana ba da shirye-shirye a fannoni 28 na matakin farko da kuma nau'ikan digiri na biyu 16. Jami'ar tana da fannoni 24 da aka ware a matsayin manyan fannoni a matakin lardi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Lanzhou_Jiaotong_University_(No.88_West_Anning_Road)_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong]] LZJTU tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko guda 66 (65 tare da waɗanda suka yi rajista a yanzu), waɗanda suka shafi fannoni daban-daban na ilimi da ƙwararru. Shirye-shirye da dama a Injiniya, Sinadarai, Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki, da Kimiyyar Muhalli sun shiga cikin manyan kashi 1% a duniya bisa ga Ma'aunin Kimiyya Mai Muhimmanci (ESI). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Malamai da Dalibai == Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong tana da ma'aikata 2,279, ciki har da ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci 1,838. Daga cikinsu akwai farfesoshi 322 da kuma farfesoshi 703, tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 916 da ke da digirin digirgir. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Jami'ar a halin yanzu tana ɗaukar ɗalibai 30,437 na cikakken lokaci, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗaliban digiri 22,102, ɗaliban digiri na biyu 7,587 (ciki har da ɗaliban ɗan lokaci 915), ɗaliban digiri na uku 496, ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 212, da ɗaliban kwalejin sana'o'i 804. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Haɗin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya == Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong ta kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da jami'o'i da cibiyoyi sama da 67 a ƙasashe da yankuna 25, ciki har da Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Rasha, Kanada, Japan, Spain, da Brazil. A shekarar 2021, jami'ar, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Seville, sun kafa Cibiyar Confucius a Spain ƙarƙashin izinin Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya ta China. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == dgowdbmw1to7ze8qerfwc8grmmwv77p 879739 879738 2026-07-09T18:32:34Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong''' ( Chinese ) [[Jami'a|jami'ar]] sufuri ce a Lanzhou, lardin Gansu, na kasar Sin. An kafa ta a shekarar 1958 a matsayin Jami'ar Lanzhou Railway don injiniyan jirgin ƙasa, haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Southwest Jiaotong, Jami'ar Beijing Jiaotong da Ma'aikatar Jiragen Ƙasa ta China . Har zuwa shekarar 2000, tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Jiragen Ƙasa. A shekarar 2003, ta sauya sunanta na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=历史沿革-兰州交通大学 |url=https://www.lzjtu.edu.cn/jdgk/lsyg.htm}}</ref> == Makarantu == * Injiniyan Farar Hula * Injin Injiniyan Lantarki da Atomatik * Injiniyan Lantarki da Bayanai * Injiniyan Mechatronic * Injiniyan Muhalli da Birni * Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa * Sufuri da Zirga-zirga * Injiniyoyin Sinadarai da Halittu * Harsunan Waje * Lissafi, Fizik da Injiniyan Software * Tsarin Gine-gine da Tsarin Birane * Zane da Fasaha * Ci gaba da Ilimi * Ilimin Haɗin gwiwa na Duniya === Tsarin Ilimi === Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong (LZJTU) ta ƙunshi fannoni takwas na ilimi: Injiniyanci, Kimiyya, Tattalin Arziki, Gudanarwa, Adabi, Shari'a, Fasaha, da Ilimin Halayya. Jami'ar tana da izinin bayar da digirin digirgir a fannoni bakwai na matakin farko da kuma rukuni ɗaya na digirin digirgir a fannoni daban-daban. Tana kuma da cibiyoyin bincike guda biyar na digirin digirgir. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}</ref> A matakin digiri na biyu, LZJTU tana ba da shirye-shirye a fannoni 28 na matakin farko da kuma nau'ikan digiri na biyu 16. Jami'ar tana da fannoni 24 da aka ware a matsayin manyan fannoni a matakin lardi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Lanzhou_Jiaotong_University_(No.88_West_Anning_Road)_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong]] LZJTU tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko guda 66 (65 tare da waɗanda suka yi rajista a yanzu), waɗanda suka shafi fannoni daban-daban na ilimi da ƙwararru. Shirye-shirye da dama a Injiniya, Sinadarai, Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki, da Kimiyyar Muhalli sun shiga cikin manyan kashi 1% a duniya bisa ga Ma'aunin Kimiyya Mai Muhimmanci (ESI). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Malamai da Dalibai == Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong tana da ma'aikata 2,279, ciki har da ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci 1,838. Daga cikinsu akwai farfesoshi 322 da kuma farfesoshi 703, tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 916 da ke da digirin digirgir. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Jami'ar a halin yanzu tana ɗaukar ɗalibai 30,437 na cikakken lokaci, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗaliban digiri 22,102, ɗaliban digiri na biyu 7,587 (ciki har da ɗaliban ɗan lokaci 915), ɗaliban digiri na uku 496, ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 212, da ɗaliban kwalejin sana'o'i 804. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Haɗin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya == Jami'ar Lanzhou Jiaotong ta kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da jami'o'i da cibiyoyi sama da 67 a ƙasashe da yankuna 25, ciki har da Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Rasha, Kanada, Japan, Spain, da Brazil. A shekarar 2021, jami'ar, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Seville, sun kafa Cibiyar Confucius a Spain ƙarƙashin izinin Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya ta China. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University |url=https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=en.lzjtu.edu.cn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://en.lzjtu.edu.cn/About/lntroduction.htm "lntroduction-Lanzhou Jiaotong University"]. ''en.lzjtu.edu.cn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 9726ymd978lt9jv9eeul8nhwicbbfbu 0 161161 879742 2026-07-09T18:38:48Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 879742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fabian Osuji | caption = | order = | office1 = Federal Minister of Education | term_start1 = July 2003 | term_end1 = March 2005 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = [[Chinwe Obaji]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|1|20|df=y}} | birth_place = Umuoda, Nguru, Aboh Mbaise, [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|02|28|1942|01|20|df=y}} | death_place = | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) }} '''Fabian Ngozichukwu Chinedum Osuji''' (20 ga Janairu, 1942 – 28 ga Fabrairu, 2024) malami ne, farfesa kuma ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Ilimi na Tarayyar Najeriya daga watan Yuli na shekarar 2003 zuwa Maris 2005. == Aikin ilimi == Osuji ya yi karatu a '''Holy Ghost College, Owerri''', [[Government College Umuahia]], [[Jami'ar Najeriya]] da ke [[Nsukka]], da kuma [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. Ya kuma gudanar da binciken bayan digirin-digirgir (postdoctoral research) a [[Imperial College London]]. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, babban malami (Senior Lecturer) da kuma Mataimakin Farfesa (Associate Professor) a Sashen Ilimin Dabbobi (Zoology) na [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1981. A lokacin yana aiki a jami'ar, ya kasance memba na majalisar dattawan jami'ar (Senate). Haka kuma ya kasance Baƙon Masanin Kimiyya a [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) da kuma [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). Osuji ya riƙe muƙaman shugabanci da dama a fannin ilimi, ciki har da Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya, Shugaban Makarantar Digiri na Biyu, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Deputy Vice-Chancellor), da memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta [[Jami'ar Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin jami'a a Najeriya ta hanyar tsara manufofi, gudanar da bincike da wallafa ayyukan ilimi. Ya wallafa sama da takardu da littattafai 35 a fannin kimiyya da ilimi. Daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 1999, ya kasance Farfesan Ilimin Halittu Mai Aiki (Applied Biology) a [[St. John's University (New York City)|Jami'ar St. John's]] da ke New York, Amurka. == Harkokin siyasa == Osuji ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Jihar Imo a shekarar 1990 domin shiga siyasa. A shekarar 1991, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Imo]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party (SDP)]]. Duk da cewa ana kallonsa a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara a zaɓen, gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ta hana shi tsayawa takara tare da wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa kwanaki kaɗan kafin zaɓen. Daga baya an ba shi damar sake tsayawa takara a kowace kujera ta siyasa a Najeriya. Tsakanin shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Yaɗa Labarai, Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni na Jihar Imo. Daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003 kuma, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa (Pro-Chancellor) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa ta [[Jami'ar Najeriya]] da ke Nsukka. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2003, Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya naɗa shi Ministan Ilimi na Tarayyar Najeriya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2005, an cire shi daga muƙaminsa bayan [[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission]] (EFCC) ta zarge shi da bayar da cin hancin naira miliyan 55 ga Majalisar Dokoki domin amincewa da kasafin kuɗi mai ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Bayan haka, an miƙa shari'ar ga [[Independent Corrupt Practices Commission]] (ICPC) domin ci gaba da bincike da gurfanarwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/thisday/2005/04/08/icpc_questions_wabara_more_senators_face_mamora_panel.php |date=8 April 2005 |title=ICPC Questions Wabara; More senators face Mamora panel |author=Lillian Okenwa, Kola Ologbondiyan and Ahamefula Ogb |work=BNW News }}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2005, ya gurfana a Babbar Kotun Abuja tare da tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa [[Adolphus Wabara]] da wasu 'yan majalisa biyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4552281.stm |date=16 May 2005 |title=Top Nigerian politicians on trial |work=BBC News }}</ref> Bayan shekaru da dama na shari'a, a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2010, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara da ke [[Abuja]] ta yanke hukuncin cewa masu gabatar da ƙara sun kasa gabatar da hujjojin da za su tabbatar da zargin. Kotun ta soke dukkan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi masa, tare da bayyana matakan da gwamnati ta ɗauka a kansa a matsayin abin kunya da rashin adalci.<ref name="leader209">{{Cite news |url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/columns/views/perspective/16209-wabaras-seven-years-to-recovery |title=Wabara's Seven Years To Recovery |author=Ahuraka Yusuf |date=13 June 2010 |newspaper=Leadership }}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri da mutuwa == Osuji ya kasance mai riƙe da sarautun gargajiya da dama, musamman '''Dike Eji-Eje Mba''' na ƙabilar Mbaise. Ya auri Dakta Philomena Osuji, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar; mata biyu da maza uku, tare da jikoki takwas. Osuji ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2024 yana da shekaru 82 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewhistler.ng/breaking-former-education-minister-osuji-dies-at-81/|title=Former Education Minister Osuji Dies At 81|date=28 February 2024|newspaper=The Whistler}}</ref> == Manazarta == 37m2gza8tk6nhfjpmlthcv4w56kpd4w 0 161162 879752 2026-07-09T18:53:47Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346509923|Rose Farm, Ohio]]" 879752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rose Farm''' wani yanki ne da ba a haɗa shi da wani tsari ba kuma wurin da aka keɓe don ƙidayar jama'a (CDP) a kudu maso yammacin York Township, Morgan County, da kudu maso gabashin Harrison Township, Perry County, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 111 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. == Yanayin ƙasa == Gonar Rose tana arewa maso yammacin gundumar Morgan, tare da ƙaramin yanki da ya faɗa yamma zuwa gundumar Perry. Tana gefen kudu na hanyar State 669 a mahadarta da titin McKinley. Hanya ta 669 tana kaiwa arewa maso yamma {{Convert|3|mi|0}} <span>)</span> zuwa Crooksville da gabas-kudu maso gabas {{Convert|20|mi}} zuwa McConnelsville, hedikwatar gundumar Morgan. (Ta hanyar hanyoyin gida, McConnelsville yana da {{Convert|16|mi}} kudu maso gabashin gonar Rose.) Akwai tituna uku daga gabas zuwa yamma a Rose Farm: Titin 1, Titin 2, da Titin 3, suna tafiya daidai da Titin State 669. Titunan arewa zuwa kudu sune McKinley, Garfield, da Lincoln. Titin Argo yana cikin kudancin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TIGERweb: Rose Farm, Ohio |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerweb/ |access-date=April 28, 2025 |publisher=Geography Division, U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Titin McKinley yana ci gaba da kudu daga Rose Farm kamar yadda Titin County 75, ke jagorantar kudu {{Convert|4|mi|0}} zuwa State Route 37 a Sayre. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, Rose Farm CDP tana da jimillar fadin {{Convert|0.15|sqmi|2}} , wanda {{Convert|0.001|sqmi|3}} , ko kuma kashi 0.68%, ruwa ne. Black Fork yana ratsa cikin al'ummar, yana kwarara zuwa arewa don haɗuwa da Moxahala Creek a Brigglesville, kudu da Crooksville. Moxahala Creek kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Muskingum, wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Kogin Ohio]] . Cocin Rose Farm na Christ (wanda ke kusurwar McKinley da Titin 2) shine kawai ginin da ba na zama ba da ake amfani da shi a cikin al'umma. Sauran ginin da ba na zama ba shine tsohon Makarantar Rose Farm, wanda gida ne na makaranta mai ɗakuna biyu wanda ke aiki daga aji na 1 zuwa 8 har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. == Mutane masu shahara == * Mell G. Underwood, ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar alƙalin gunduma na Ohio da Amurka == Manazarta == cwgp7pi6gl9gibsnskhdmgnjy7f8631 879753 879752 2026-07-09T18:55:58Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rose Farm''' wani yanki ne da ba a haɗa shi da wani tsari ba kuma wurin da aka keɓe don ƙidayar jama' {{Databox}} Jama,a (CDP) a kudu maso yammacin York Township, Morgan County, da kudu maso gabashin Harrison Township, Perry County, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 111 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. == Yanayin ƙasa == Gonar Rose tana arewa maso yammacin gundumar Morgan, tare da ƙaramin yanki da ya faɗa yamma zuwa gundumar Perry. Tana gefen kudu na hanyar State 669 a mahadarta da titin McKinley. Hanya ta 669 tana kaiwa arewa maso yamma {{Convert|3|mi|0}} <span>)</span> zuwa Crooksville da gabas-kudu maso gabas {{Convert|20|mi}} zuwa McConnelsville, hedikwatar gundumar Morgan. (Ta hanyar hanyoyin gida, McConnelsville yana da {{Convert|16|mi}} kudu maso gabashin gonar Rose.) Akwai tituna uku daga gabas zuwa yamma a Rose Farm: Titin 1, Titin 2, da Titin 3, suna tafiya daidai da Titin State 669. Titunan arewa zuwa kudu sune McKinley, Garfield, da Lincoln. Titin Argo yana cikin kudancin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TIGERweb: Rose Farm, Ohio |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerweb/ |access-date=April 28, 2025 |publisher=Geography Division, U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Titin McKinley yana ci gaba da kudu daga Rose Farm kamar yadda Titin County 75, ke jagorantar kudu {{Convert|4|mi|0}} zuwa State Route 37 a Sayre. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, Rose Farm CDP tana da jimillar fadin {{Convert|0.15|sqmi|2}} , wanda {{Convert|0.001|sqmi|3}} , ko kuma kashi 0.68%, ruwa ne. Black Fork yana ratsa cikin al'ummar, yana kwarara zuwa arewa don haɗuwa da Moxahala Creek a Brigglesville, kudu da Crooksville. Moxahala Creek kuma wani yanki ne na Kogin Muskingum, wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Kogin Ohio]] . Cocin Rose Farm na Christ (wanda ke kusurwar McKinley da Titin 2) shine kawai ginin da ba na zama ba da ake amfani da shi a cikin al'umma. Sauran ginin da ba na zama ba shine tsohon Makarantar Rose Farm, wanda gida ne na makaranta mai ɗakuna biyu wanda ke aiki daga aji na 1 zuwa 8 har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. == Mutane masu shahara == * Mell G. Underwood, ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar alƙalin gunduma na Ohio da Amurka == Manazarta == dbszr6uo928rpk6gi3nttc355swosm2 0 161163 879755 2026-07-09T18:57:03Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:yo:Special:Redirect/revision/626978|Ilé Ẹjọ́ Àtijọ́ Collin County]]" 879755 wikitext text/x-wiki   <u>'''Old Collin County Courthouse'''</u> Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin wani tsohon kotu ne mai tarihi da ke cikin tsakiyar birnin McKinney, Texas. An gina shi a shekarar 1876 a cikin salon Daular Biyu kafin a gyara shi a shekarar 1927 a cikin salon Neoclassical. An ci gaba da amfani da kotun har zuwa shekarar 1979 lokacin da aka rufe shi saboda kammala sabon kotun mai hawa 6. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas da aka rubuta kuma a shekarar 2006, an sake gyara shi aka sake bude shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>.. Tun daga shekarar 2025, Kotun Gundumar Collin tana da tsarin gyarawa da aka amince da shi don cikakken gyara daga Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Tarihi ta Texas ''Texas Historic Landmark.'' [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|left|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin a cikin salon Daular Biyu]] [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|Alamar Kotun Gundumar Collin ta Tsohon]] A shekarar 1979, an rufe kotun bayan an gina sabon kotun a kan titin McDonald da ke McKinney. An gudanar da zaman sauraron ƙara na ƙarshe a kotun a tsohon kotun Collin a shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas, kuma a shekarar 1983, kotun, tare da sauran sassan tsakiyar gundumar Collin, sun zama wani ɓangare na gundumar tarihi ta McKinney, wadda aka jera a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa. Daga baya a shekarar 1998, kotun ta sami wani wurin tarihi na Texas a matsayin wurin tarihi na Collin County na 1927. Kotun ta ci gaba da rufewa na tsawon shekaru 27 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da aka sake amfani da shi aka sake buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>. Tun daga shekarar 2003, gundumar Collin ta kasance mai karɓar Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas kuma tun daga shekarar 2004 an amince da babban shiri don gyara gaba ɗaya..<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{cite web |title=Collin County Courthouse History |url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Collin County History}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE |url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref> lp7ib0pscubn9szhu6bbvw6k8sj0307 879757 879755 2026-07-09T18:59:11Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:yo:Special:Redirect/revision/626978|Ilé Ẹjọ́ Àtijọ́ Collin County]]" 879757 wikitext text/x-wiki   <u>'''Old Collin County Courthouse'''</u> Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin wani tsohon kotu ne mai tarihi da ke cikin tsakiyar birnin McKinney, Texas. An gina shi a shekarar 1876 a cikin salon Daular Biyu kafin a gyara shi a shekarar 1927 a cikin salon Neoclassical. An ci gaba da amfani da kotun har zuwa shekarar 1979 lokacin da aka rufe shi saboda kammala sabon kotun mai hawa 6. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas da aka rubuta kuma a shekarar 2006, an sake gyara shi aka sake bude shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>.. Tun daga shekarar 2025, Kotun Gundumar Collin tana da tsarin gyarawa da aka amince da shi don cikakken gyara daga Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Tarihi ta Texas ''Texas Historic Landmark.'' [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|left|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin a cikin salon Daular Biyu]] [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|Alamar Kotun Gundumar Collin ta Tsohon]] A shekarar 1979, an rufe kotun bayan an gina sabon kotun a kan titin McDonald da ke McKinney. An gudanar da zaman sauraron ƙara na ƙarshe a kotun a tsohon kotun Collin a shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas, kuma a shekarar 1983, kotun, tare da sauran sassan tsakiyar gundumar Collin, sun zama wani ɓangare na gundumar tarihi ta McKinney, wadda aka jera a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa. Daga baya a shekarar 1998, kotun ta sami wani wurin tarihi na Texas a matsayin wurin tarihi na Collin County na 1927. Kotun ta ci gaba da rufewa na tsawon shekaru 27 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da aka sake amfani da shi aka sake buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>. Tun daga shekarar 2003, gundumar Collin ta kasance mai karɓar Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas kuma tun daga shekarar 2004 an amince da babban shiri don gyara gaba ɗaya..<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{cite web |title=Collin County Courthouse History |url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Collin County History}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE |url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref> '''References''' c8gfljkc0n7ubhxyec94xl8tudxo8q1 879758 879757 2026-07-09T18:59:46Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 Zarra Bold 879758 wikitext text/x-wiki   <u>'''Old Collin County Courthouse'''</u> Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin wani tsohon kotu ne mai tarihi da ke cikin tsakiyar birnin McKinney, Texas. An gina shi a shekarar 1876 a cikin salon Daular Biyu kafin a gyara shi a shekarar 1927 a cikin salon Neoclassical. An ci gaba da amfani da kotun har zuwa shekarar 1979 lokacin da aka rufe shi saboda kammala sabon kotun mai hawa 6. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas da aka rubuta kuma a shekarar 2006, an sake gyara shi aka sake bude shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>.. Tun daga shekarar 2025, Kotun Gundumar Collin tana da tsarin gyarawa da aka amince da shi don cikakken gyara daga Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Tarihi ta Texas ''Texas Historic Landmark.'' [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|left|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin a cikin salon Daular Biyu]] [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|Alamar Kotun Gundumar Collin ta Tsohon]] '''A shekarar 1979, an rufe kotun bayan an gina sabon kotun a kan titin McDonald da ke McKinney. An gudanar da zaman sauraron ƙara na ƙarshe a kotun a tsohon kotun Collin a shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas, kuma a shekarar 1983, kotun, tare da sauran sassan tsakiyar gundumar Collin, sun zama wani ɓangare na gundumar tarihi ta McKinney, wadda aka jera a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa. Daga baya a shekarar 1998, kotun ta sami wani wurin tarihi na Texas a matsayin wurin tarihi na Collin County na 1927. Kotun ta ci gaba da rufewa na tsawon shekaru 27 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da aka sake amfani da shi aka sake buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>McKinney Performing Arts Center</u>. Tun daga shekarar 2003, gundumar Collin ta kasance mai karɓar Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas kuma tun daga shekarar 2004 an amince da babban shiri don gyara gaba ɗaya..<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{cite web |title=Collin County Courthouse History |url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Collin County History}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE |url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NPGallery Digital Asset Management System |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003132 |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Details - 1927 Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085011816 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission |url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission |url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Courthouse Cornerstone 2003 Winter |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Winter%202003.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Courthouse Cornerstone Fall 2004 |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Fall%202004.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref>''' '''References''' 3j024scnxfnl9ql3hqp1ak9o4t9yseh 879759 879758 2026-07-09T19:00:12Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879759 wikitext text/x-wiki   <u>'''Old Collin County Courthouse'''</u> Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin wani tsohon kotu ne mai tarihi da ke cikin tsakiyar birnin McKinney, Texas. An gina shi a shekarar 1876 a cikin salon Daular Biyu kafin a gyara shi a shekarar 1927 a cikin salon Neoclassical. An ci gaba da amfani da kotun har zuwa shekarar 1979 lokacin da aka rufe shi saboda kammala sabon kotun mai hawa 6. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas da aka rubuta kuma a shekarar 2006, an sake gyara shi aka sake bude shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>.. Tun daga shekarar 2025, Kotun Gundumar Collin tana da tsarin gyarawa da aka amince da shi don cikakken gyara daga Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Tarihi ta Texas ''Texas Historic Landmark.'' [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|left|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na Tsohon Kotun Gundumar Collin a cikin salon Daular Biyu]] [[Fayil:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|Alamar Kotun Gundumar Collin ta Tsohon]] A shekarar 1979, an rufe kotun bayan an gina sabon kotun a kan titin McDonald da ke McKinney. An gudanar da zaman sauraron ƙara na ƙarshe a kotun a tsohon kotun Collin a shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1982, an sanya kotun a matsayin wurin tarihi na Texas, kuma a shekarar 1983, kotun, tare da sauran sassan tsakiyar gundumar Collin, sun zama wani ɓangare na gundumar tarihi ta McKinney, wadda aka jera a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa. Daga baya a shekarar 1998, kotun ta sami wani wurin tarihi na Texas a matsayin wurin tarihi na Collin County na 1927. Kotun ta ci gaba da rufewa na tsawon shekaru 27 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da aka sake amfani da shi aka sake buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta McKinney '''<u>McKinney Performing Arts Center</u>.''' Tun daga shekarar 2003, gundumar Collin ta kasance mai karɓar Shirin Kare Kotun Tarihi na Texas kuma tun daga shekarar 2004 an amince da babban shiri don gyara gaba ɗaya.'''<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{cite web |title=Collin County Courthouse History |url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html |access-date=March 2, 2025 |publisher=Collin County History}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE |url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NPGallery Digital Asset Management System |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003132 |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Details - 1927 Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085011816 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission |url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission |url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Abigail |date=2015-09-30 |title=Historic Collin County Courthouse |url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Community Impact |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Courthouse Cornerstone 2003 Winter |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Winter%202003.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Courthouse Cornerstone Fall 2004 |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Fall%202004.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref>''' '''References''' lpk1bpx9l6kh4s1uqbi0yrl2mkvjl6m 0 161164 879764 2026-07-09T19:13:37Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317127586|Berufsoberschule]]" 879764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Berufsoberschule''' ( , "Makarantar Sana'a ta Sama") <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kultusministerkonferenz |date=2023-12-12 |title=Rahmenvereinbarung über die Berufsoberschule |url=https://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse/1976/1976_11_25-RV-Berufsoberschule.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=der KMK |publisher=Kultusministerkonferenz |language=de |format=PDF}}</ref> wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ilimin Jamus, kuma wata hanya ce ta ƙarin izinin shiga jami'a ga ɗaliban da ba su sami Abitur a wani gidan motsa jiki ba . == Bukatu == Domin samun damar shiga Berufsoberschule ɗalibai dole ne su cika waɗannan buƙatu: * Graduation na Berufschule (Makarantar Sana'a) * sun yi aiki a wurin aikinsu na tsawon akalla shekaru biyar ko kuma sun ci jarrabawar koyon aiki * Matsakaicin kammala karatun sakandare ya nuna maki 3.0 ko mafi kyau a manyan darussa, ko kuma ya ci jarrabawar shiga Kodayake ba tilas ba ne, ɗaliban da suka tafi Hauptschule ko waɗanda suka kammala karatun Realschule tare da matsakaicin ko kusa da matsakaitan maki, ana ba da shawara sosai su ziyarci aji na musamman. Akwai manyan ɗalibai guda biyu ga mutane daga Hauptschule da Realschule: 1. Akwai damar da mutanen da suka sami Qualifizierender Hauptschluabschluss su halarci wani aji mai suna Vorklasse, wanda ke ɗaukar watanni 7 kafin a kammala. Ana iya ganin Vorklasse yana kama da aji na 11 a Fachoberschule. 2. Mutane da yawa sun kammala karatunsu a Realschule suna shiga Vorkurs, nau'i na biyu na preclass. Wannan aji da kuma Vorklasse galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin damar guje wa lokacin gwaji a cikin watanni tsakanin Satumba da Disamba a aji na 12. == Harshen waje na biyu == Daliban da ke son samun Abitur a Berufsoberschule suna buƙatar ko dai: == kammala karatun digiri == Bayan shekara guda, ɗalibai za su iya samun "Fachabitur", wanda ke ba su damar yin karatu a Fachhochschule. Idan ba su sake yin wani yaren waje ba bayan shekaru biyu ba za su sami "Allgemeine Hochschulreife" (Abitur); maimakon haka za su sami "Fachgebundene Hochschulreife". Da wannan kammala karatun, ana ba su izinin shiga jami'a, amma kawai a cikin darussan da ke cikin "reshe" da suka yi karatu a [[Ilimi a Jamus|Berufsschule]], kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar yaren waje na biyu za su sami Abitur, wanda ke ba su cikakken damar shiga jami'a. Berufsoberschule yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi wahala a duk faɗin Jamus don samun izinin shiga Fachhochschule ko Jami'a. == Manazarta == tcb3ih5t3u01faanpfo0q8ekzsnbv8a 879765 879764 2026-07-09T19:14:43Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Berufsoberschule''' ( , "Makarantar Sana'a ta Sama") <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kultusministerkonferenz |date=2023-12-12 |title=Rahmenvereinbarung über die Berufsoberschule |url=https://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse/1976/1976_11_25-RV-Berufsoberschule.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=der KMK |publisher=Kultusministerkonferenz |language=de |format=PDF}}</ref> wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ilimin Jamus, kuma wata hanya ce ta ƙarin izinin shiga jami'a ga ɗaliban da ba su sami Abitur a wani gidan motsa jiki ba . == Bukatu == Domin samun damar shiga Berufsoberschule ɗalibai dole ne su cika waɗannan buƙatu: * Graduation na Berufschule (Makarantar Sana'a) * sun yi aiki a wurin aikinsu na tsawon akalla shekaru biyar ko kuma sun ci jarrabawar koyon aiki * Matsakaicin kammala karatun sakandare ya nuna maki 3.0 ko mafi kyau a manyan darussa, ko kuma ya ci jarrabawar shiga Kodayake ba tilas ba ne, ɗaliban da suka tafi Hauptschule ko waɗanda suka kammala karatun Realschule tare da matsakaicin ko kusa da matsakaitan maki, ana ba da shawara sosai su ziyarci aji na musamman. Akwai manyan ɗalibai guda biyu ga mutane daga Hauptschule da Realschule: 1. Akwai damar da mutanen da suka sami Qualifizierender Hauptschluabschluss su halarci wani aji mai suna Vorklasse, wanda ke ɗaukar watanni 7 kafin a kammala. Ana iya ganin Vorklasse yana kama da aji na 11 a Fachoberschule. 2. Mutane da yawa sun kammala karatunsu a Realschule suna shiga Vorkurs, nau'i na biyu na preclass. Wannan aji da kuma Vorklasse galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin damar guje wa lokacin gwaji a cikin watanni tsakanin Satumba da Disamba a aji na 12. == Harshen waje na biyu == Daliban da ke son samun Abitur a Berufsoberschule suna buƙatar ko dai: == kammala karatun digiri == Bayan shekara guda, ɗalibai za su iya samun "Fachabitur", wanda ke ba su damar yin karatu a Fachhochschule. Idan ba su sake yin wani yaren waje ba bayan shekaru biyu ba za su sami "Allgemeine Hochschulreife" (Abitur); maimakon haka za su sami "Fachgebundene Hochschulreife". Da wannan kammala karatun, ana ba su izinin shiga jami'a, amma kawai a cikin darussan da ke cikin "reshe" da suka yi karatu a [[Ilimi a Jamus|Berufsschule]], kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar yaren waje na biyu za su sami Abitur, wanda ke ba su cikakken damar shiga jami'a. Berufsoberschule yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi wahala a duk faɗin Jamus don samun izinin shiga Fachhochschule ko Jami'a. == Manazarta == fnip1t330pt1ddrjrl873r13sm1uziq 0 161165 879770 2026-07-09T19:25:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 879770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Olugbenga Aluko''' (an haife shi 20 ga Yuli 1963 – 20 ga Nuwamba 2021)<ref>[http://saharareporters.com/2021/11/21/nigerian-senator-gbenga-aluko-slumps-dies-58 Nigerian Senator Gbenga Aluko Slumps, Dies At 58]</ref> ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ekiti ta Kudu a [[Jihar Ekiti]], Najeriya, a farkon [[Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya]], inda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Ya fara aiki a ofis ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |work=Psephos |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> ==Haihuwa da farkon rayuwa== An haifi Daniel Olugbenga Aluko a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1963 a Ibadan, ga Farfesa [[Sam Aluko]], fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki ɗan Najeriya daga Jihar Ekiti. Ya halarci makarantar Federal Government College da ke [[Ilorin]], sannan aka ba shi gurbin karatu a [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Jami'ar Benin]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1982 da digiri a fannin Geography and Regional Planning (Tsare-tsaren Ƙasa da Yankuna). Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatu a College of Energy and Petroleum Studies da ke [[Oxford]], Ingila, inda ya yi karatun digiri na gaba da na farko (Post Graduate Course) a fannin Kasuwanci da Tsarawa kan Farashin Man Fetur na Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-07 |title=Senate mourns Sen Gbenga Aluko, observes a minute silence in his honour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/senate-mourns-sen-gbenga-aluko-observes-a-minute-silence-in-his-honour/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-18 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarun 1983 zuwa 1999, ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban da suka haɗa da Manajan Darakta/ Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (CEO) na HYGYNIX, Daraktan Zartarwa na Baseline Petroleum and Chemicals, da Shugaban Hukumar Independent Strategists. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1995, an naɗa shi Mataimaki na Musamman ga Ministan Sufuri da Harkokin Jiragen Sama, sannan ya zama Babban Manaja na Nigeria Shippers' Council.<ref name=alexek>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexekwueme.org/senator-daniel-olugbenga-aluko/ |title=Senator Daniel Olugbenga Aluko |publisher=Alex Ekwueme Foundation |access-date=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000113/http://www.alexekwueme.org/senator-daniel-olugbenga-aluko/ |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Aikinsa a Majalisar Dattawa== Bayan ya fara zama Sanata a watan Yunin 1999, an naɗa Aluko cikin kwamitoci da dama da suka haɗa da Kwamitin Zaɓe (Selection), Kwamitin Ayyukan Majalisar Dattawa (Senate Services) inda ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaba, da kwamitocin Harkokin Jiragen Sama, Harkokin Mata, Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi, Ci gaban Al'umma da Wasanni, da Basussukan Cikin Gida da na Ƙasashen Waje.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |title = Congressional Committees |publisher = Nigeria Congress |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archive-date = 18 November 2009 }}</ref> Haka kuma an naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai Tsawatarwa (Deputy Chief Whip) na Majalisar Dattawa. Daga baya ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Gas da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Man Fetur.<ref name=alexek/> Aluko ya nuna adawa da shirin mayar da kamfanin buga kuɗin Najeriya (Nigerian Mint) hannun masu zaman kansu. Haka kuma an naɗa shi Shugaban wani kwamitin wucin gadi da aka kafa domin binciken rufe [[Savannah Bank]] da Babban Bankin Najeriya ([[Central Bank of Nigeria]]) ya yi, lamarin da ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/30/20020830news08.html |title=Senate Vows to Halt Sale of Mint. Sets up panel to probe Savanna Bank closure |author=Bature Umar |work=ThisDay |date=30 August 2002 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027221956/http://thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/30/20020830news08.html |archive-date=27 October 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumban 2002, ya mara wa wani ƙuduri baya na kafa kwamitin wucin gadi domin binciken zargin karya kundin tsarin mulki da kuma saba dokokin kasafin kuɗi da ake yi wa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], waɗanda ake ganin za su iya zama dalilin tsige shi.<ref name=tday914>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/14/20020914cov01.html |title = who is WHERE? |author = Bature Umar |work = ThisDay |date = 14 September 2002 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050825210226/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/14/20020914cov01.html |archive-date = 25 August 2005 }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2002, Aluko ya maye gurbin [[Oserheimen Osunbor]] a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan [[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC)]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/16/20021016news10.html |title = Anyim, Na'Abba Move Against Anti-impeachment Lawmakers |author = Chuks Okocha and Bature Umar |work = ThisDay |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051127222332/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/16/20021016news10.html |archive-date = 27 November 2005 }}</ref> Aluko ya shiga ce-ce-ku-ce bayan wani kwamiti ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sanata [[Idris Kuta]] ya ambace shi cikin waɗanda ake zargi da rashin da'a wajen tafiyar da kuɗaɗen Majalisar Dattawa.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/11/20010411pol02.html |title = Report on the Idris Kuta Report by Victor Oyofo Committee |work = ThisDay |date = 11 April 2001 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050920082847/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/11/20010411pol02.html |archive-date = 20 September 2005 }}</ref> Rahoton kwamitin da kuma wani kwamitin wucin gadi da Sanata [[Victor Oyofo]] ya jagoranta sun bayyana cewa Aluko ya ƙara farashin gyaran gidajen sanatoci da kuma na'urorin kwamfuta da kayan ofis da aka saya wa sanatocin, tare da ba da shawarar ya mayar da kuɗin da ya karɓa fiye da ƙa'ida. Sai dai a watan Satumban 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da wani ƙuduri da Aluko ya gabatar na wanke dukkan sanatocin da aka ambata cikin rahotannin biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/15/20020915cov03.html |title = What Manner of Senate? |author = Yusuph Olaniyonu, Bature Umar and Pius Anakali |work = ThisDay |date = 15 September 2002 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051130080616/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/15/20020915cov03.html |archive-date = 30 November 2005 }}</ref> ==Bayan barin Majalisar Dattawa== Bayan ya bar Majalisar Dattawa, Aluko ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu. Ya kasance mai rinjayen hannun jari a kamfanonin Alstegg da Midlands, wani kamfanin aikin injiniyan gine-gine. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Crest Healthcare, mai ba da shawara ga [[Department for International Development|DFID]] kan harkokin majalisa, sannan Daraktan Harkokin Gwamnati na [[Chevron Nigeria]].<ref name=alexek/> Ya fice daga PDP zuwa [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]], inda ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2007, amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/politics/2833-nigerians-should-be-patient-with-federal-government-aluko.html?fontstyle=f-smaller |title=Nigerians should be patient with Federal Government - Aluko |work=Nigerian Tribune |author=Stephen Gbadamosi |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229175029/http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/politics/2833-nigerians-should-be-patient-with-federal-government-aluko.html?fontstyle=f-smaller |archive-date=29 February 2012 }}</ref> A watan Disamban 2009, Aluko ya koma jam'iyyar PDP.<ref name=ncomp785>{{Cite news |title=Intrigues behind Gbenga Aluko's return to Ekiti PDP |date=15 December 2009 |work=NIGERIAN COMPASS }}</ref> ==Rayuwar sirri== Gbenga Aluko ya auri Sileola Aluko da Adebola Aluko. Yana da 'ya'ya bakwai, kuma manyansu su ne fitattun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[Eniola Aluko|Eniola]] da [[Sone Aluko]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/letters/2000/sep/061.html |title=Senator Gbenga Aluko's Senate Submission over the Kuta Report [5th September, 2000] |website=Nigeria World |date=6 September 2000 |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/news/aluko-hungry-for-2010-wc-action/518244 |title=Aluko hungry for 2010 WC action |website=Kick Off |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308083421/https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/news/aluko-hungry-for-2010-wc-action/518244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Rasuwa== A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021, Aluko ya faɗi a ofishinsa da ke Abuja, inda aka garzaya da shi asibiti, amma likitoci suka tabbatar da rasuwarsa.<ref>[https://punchng.com/senator-gbenga-aluko-slumps-dies-in-abuja/]</ref> ==Manazarta== pwq3rs4rag96pdbc7dgkn3jovirh4by 879771 879770 2026-07-09T19:27:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 879771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gbenga Aluko | image = | office1 = Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from [[Ekiti State]] South District | term_start1 = May 1999 | term_end1 = May 2003 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Bode Olowoporoku | birth_name = Daniel Olugbenga Aluko | birth_date = {{birth date|1963|7|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ibadan]], [[Nigeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|11|20|1963|7|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Abuja]], Nigeria | party = [[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|All Progressives Congress]] | parents = [[Sam Aluko]] (father) | relatives = [[Bolaji Aluko]] (brother) }} '''Daniel Olugbenga Aluko''' (an haife shi 20 ga Yuli 1963 – 20 ga Nuwamba 2021)<ref>[http://saharareporters.com/2021/11/21/nigerian-senator-gbenga-aluko-slumps-dies-58 Nigerian Senator Gbenga Aluko Slumps, Dies At 58]</ref> ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ekiti ta Kudu a [[Jihar Ekiti]], Najeriya, a farkon [[Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya]], inda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Ya fara aiki a ofis ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |work=Psephos |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> ==Haihuwa da farkon rayuwa== An haifi Daniel Olugbenga Aluko a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1963 a Ibadan, ga Farfesa [[Sam Aluko]], fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki ɗan Najeriya daga Jihar Ekiti. Ya halarci makarantar Federal Government College da ke [[Ilorin]], sannan aka ba shi gurbin karatu a [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Jami'ar Benin]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1982 da digiri a fannin Geography and Regional Planning (Tsare-tsaren Ƙasa da Yankuna). Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatu a College of Energy and Petroleum Studies da ke [[Oxford]], Ingila, inda ya yi karatun digiri na gaba da na farko (Post Graduate Course) a fannin Kasuwanci da Tsarawa kan Farashin Man Fetur na Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-07 |title=Senate mourns Sen Gbenga Aluko, observes a minute silence in his honour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/senate-mourns-sen-gbenga-aluko-observes-a-minute-silence-in-his-honour/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-18 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarun 1983 zuwa 1999, ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban da suka haɗa da Manajan Darakta/ Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (CEO) na HYGYNIX, Daraktan Zartarwa na Baseline Petroleum and Chemicals, da Shugaban Hukumar Independent Strategists. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1995, an naɗa shi Mataimaki na Musamman ga Ministan Sufuri da Harkokin Jiragen Sama, sannan ya zama Babban Manaja na Nigeria Shippers' Council.<ref name=alexek>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexekwueme.org/senator-daniel-olugbenga-aluko/ |title=Senator Daniel Olugbenga Aluko |publisher=Alex Ekwueme Foundation |access-date=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000113/http://www.alexekwueme.org/senator-daniel-olugbenga-aluko/ |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Aikinsa a Majalisar Dattawa== Bayan ya fara zama Sanata a watan Yunin 1999, an naɗa Aluko cikin kwamitoci da dama da suka haɗa da Kwamitin Zaɓe (Selection), Kwamitin Ayyukan Majalisar Dattawa (Senate Services) inda ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaba, da kwamitocin Harkokin Jiragen Sama, Harkokin Mata, Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi, Ci gaban Al'umma da Wasanni, da Basussukan Cikin Gida da na Ƙasashen Waje.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |title = Congressional Committees |publisher = Nigeria Congress |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archive-date = 18 November 2009 }}</ref> Haka kuma an naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai Tsawatarwa (Deputy Chief Whip) na Majalisar Dattawa. Daga baya ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Gas da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Man Fetur.<ref name=alexek/> Aluko ya nuna adawa da shirin mayar da kamfanin buga kuɗin Najeriya (Nigerian Mint) hannun masu zaman kansu. Haka kuma an naɗa shi Shugaban wani kwamitin wucin gadi da aka kafa domin binciken rufe [[Savannah Bank]] da Babban Bankin Najeriya ([[Central Bank of Nigeria]]) ya yi, lamarin da ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/30/20020830news08.html |title=Senate Vows to Halt Sale of Mint. Sets up panel to probe Savanna Bank closure |author=Bature Umar |work=ThisDay |date=30 August 2002 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027221956/http://thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/30/20020830news08.html |archive-date=27 October 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumban 2002, ya mara wa wani ƙuduri baya na kafa kwamitin wucin gadi domin binciken zargin karya kundin tsarin mulki da kuma saba dokokin kasafin kuɗi da ake yi wa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], waɗanda ake ganin za su iya zama dalilin tsige shi.<ref name=tday914>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/14/20020914cov01.html |title = who is WHERE? |author = Bature Umar |work = ThisDay |date = 14 September 2002 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050825210226/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/14/20020914cov01.html |archive-date = 25 August 2005 }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2002, Aluko ya maye gurbin [[Oserheimen Osunbor]] a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan [[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC)]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/16/20021016news10.html |title = Anyim, Na'Abba Move Against Anti-impeachment Lawmakers |author = Chuks Okocha and Bature Umar |work = ThisDay |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051127222332/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/10/16/20021016news10.html |archive-date = 27 November 2005 }}</ref> Aluko ya shiga ce-ce-ku-ce bayan wani kwamiti ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sanata [[Idris Kuta]] ya ambace shi cikin waɗanda ake zargi da rashin da'a wajen tafiyar da kuɗaɗen Majalisar Dattawa.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/11/20010411pol02.html |title = Report on the Idris Kuta Report by Victor Oyofo Committee |work = ThisDay |date = 11 April 2001 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050920082847/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/11/20010411pol02.html |archive-date = 20 September 2005 }}</ref> Rahoton kwamitin da kuma wani kwamitin wucin gadi da Sanata [[Victor Oyofo]] ya jagoranta sun bayyana cewa Aluko ya ƙara farashin gyaran gidajen sanatoci da kuma na'urorin kwamfuta da kayan ofis da aka saya wa sanatocin, tare da ba da shawarar ya mayar da kuɗin da ya karɓa fiye da ƙa'ida. Sai dai a watan Satumban 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da wani ƙuduri da Aluko ya gabatar na wanke dukkan sanatocin da aka ambata cikin rahotannin biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/15/20020915cov03.html |title = What Manner of Senate? |author = Yusuph Olaniyonu, Bature Umar and Pius Anakali |work = ThisDay |date = 15 September 2002 |access-date = 24 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051130080616/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/15/20020915cov03.html |archive-date = 30 November 2005 }}</ref> ==Bayan barin Majalisar Dattawa== Bayan ya bar Majalisar Dattawa, Aluko ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu. Ya kasance mai rinjayen hannun jari a kamfanonin Alstegg da Midlands, wani kamfanin aikin injiniyan gine-gine. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Crest Healthcare, mai ba da shawara ga [[Department for International Development|DFID]] kan harkokin majalisa, sannan Daraktan Harkokin Gwamnati na [[Chevron Nigeria]].<ref name=alexek/> Ya fice daga PDP zuwa [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]], inda ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2007, amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/politics/2833-nigerians-should-be-patient-with-federal-government-aluko.html?fontstyle=f-smaller |title=Nigerians should be patient with Federal Government - Aluko |work=Nigerian Tribune |author=Stephen Gbadamosi |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229175029/http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/politics/2833-nigerians-should-be-patient-with-federal-government-aluko.html?fontstyle=f-smaller |archive-date=29 February 2012 }}</ref> A watan Disamban 2009, Aluko ya koma jam'iyyar PDP.<ref name=ncomp785>{{Cite news |title=Intrigues behind Gbenga Aluko's return to Ekiti PDP |date=15 December 2009 |work=NIGERIAN COMPASS }}</ref> ==Rayuwar sirri== Gbenga Aluko ya auri Sileola Aluko da Adebola Aluko. Yana da 'ya'ya bakwai, kuma manyansu su ne fitattun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[Eniola Aluko|Eniola]] da [[Sone Aluko]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/letters/2000/sep/061.html |title=Senator Gbenga Aluko's Senate Submission over the Kuta Report [5th September, 2000] |website=Nigeria World |date=6 September 2000 |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/news/aluko-hungry-for-2010-wc-action/518244 |title=Aluko hungry for 2010 WC action |website=Kick Off |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308083421/https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/news/aluko-hungry-for-2010-wc-action/518244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Rasuwa== A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2021, Aluko ya faɗi a ofishinsa da ke Abuja, inda aka garzaya da shi asibiti, amma likitoci suka tabbatar da rasuwarsa.<ref>[https://punchng.com/senator-gbenga-aluko-slumps-dies-in-abuja/]</ref> ==Manazarta== pgkyp4k5rwnqxfo8pm3eokwo5r9b3aj 0 161166 879774 2026-07-09T19:40:23Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360853924|Artful Learning]]" 879774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Koyon Fasaha''' wani tsari ne na falsafar ilimi wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi da kuma fannoni daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the Artful Learning Program |url=http://www.cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R760.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627172329/http://www.cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R760.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-27 |access-date=2009-07-15 |website=cse.ucla.edu}}</ref> Leonard Bernstein ne ya fara Koyon Fasaha kuma ya samo asali ne daga amfani da fasaha don inganta dukkan fannoni na ilimi. == Tarihi == In 1990, Leonard Bernstein received the Praemium Imperiale, an international prize awarded by the Japan Arts Association for lifetime achievement in the arts. Bernstein used the $100,000 prize to establish The Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonard Bernstein |url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115140/http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2015}}</ref> Leonard Bernstein provided this grant to develop an arts-based education program. The Leonard Bernstein Center<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artful Learning &#124; Leonard Bernstein |url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/lbcenter.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219043100/http://www.leonardbernstein.com/lbcenter.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |access-date=January 3, 2015}}</ref> was established in April 1992, and initiated extensive school-based research, resulting in the Bernstein Model.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning |url=http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102155050/http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html |archive-date=2015-01-02 |access-date=2015-01-02 |website=webadrenaline.com}}</ref> After six years of association with the Grammy Foundation, the Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning moved to Gettysburg College, PA.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning moves to Gettysburg College |url=http://www.gettysburg.edu/news_events/press_release_detail.dot?id=cfc1e09f-506b-4cc0-ba24-aa67803f635c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103042633/http://www.gettysburg.edu/news_events/press_release_detail.dot?id=cfc1e09f-506b-4cc0-ba24-aa67803f635c |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |access-date=2005-11-14 |website=gettysburg.edu}}</ref> == Samfuri == Koyon Fasaha ya dogara ne akan falsafar Bernstein cewa fasaha na iya ƙarfafa koyo kuma a haɗa shi a cikin dukkan fannoni na ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=THE LEONARD BERNSTEIN ARTFUL LEARNING MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL |url=http://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=dp2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043536/http://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=dp2013 |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |access-date=2013-12-01 |website=digitalcommons.nl.edu}}</ref> Shirin ya dogara ne akan "sassan karatu," wanda kowannensu ya ƙunshi muhimman abubuwa guda huɗu: gogewa, tambaya, ƙirƙira, da tunani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2013 |title=Leonard Bernstein's Arts-Based Education Revolution |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alexander-bernstein/leonard-bernsteins-artsba_b_3427779.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228204909/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alexander-bernstein/leonard-bernsteins-artsba_b_3427779.html |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |access-date=2013-06-12 |website=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> == Bincike == Bincike ya nuna cewa shiga cikin fasaha yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tasiri ga ci gaban kwakwalwa da aiki. Fasaha, wacce ake ɗaukarta a matsayin wadata a shirye-shiryen ilimi, a zahiri na iya zama muhimmin abu ga yadda ɗan adam ke sarrafawa da koyo ta hanyar jijiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pool |first=Jonelle |last2=Dittrich |first2=Charles |last3=Pool |first3=Ken |year=2011 |title=Arts Integration in Teacher Preparation: Teaching the Teachers |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/65g5z7wp |url-status=live |journal=Journal for Learning Through the Arts |volume=7 |doi=10.21977/D97110004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104044737/http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/65g5z7wp |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=January 4, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.irma-international.org/chapter/artful-learning/106314/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104042623/http://www.irma-international.org/chapter/artful-learning/106314/ |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=January 4, 2015}}</ref> A shekarar 1999, Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Fasaha da Bil Adama ya haɗu da Haɗin gwiwar Ilimi na Fasaha don buga cikakken bincike kan haɗa fasaha a cikin ilimi . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Artful Learning |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~bcec/events/RFKS/RFKS2011/artful.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607100225/http://www.indiana.edu/~bcec/events/RFKS/RFKS2011/artful.html |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=indiana.edu}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Sauran ilimi|Madadin ilimi]] * Koyo bisa ga aiki * [[Makarantar jariri|Kindergarten]] * Hanyar Montessori * Ilimin Waldorf * [[Makarantar Sudbury]] * Makarantar Summerhill * Friedrich Fröbel * Yara na Reggio - Gidauniyar Cibiyar Loris Malaguzzi == Manazarta == tt8i945qoegqvf7khu1n57mdk9doua9 0 161167 879826 2026-07-09T20:35:52Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358720238|So Well Remembered]]" 879826 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |So Well Remembered |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:So-Well-Remembered.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Edward Dmytryk]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |[[John Paxton]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Based on | class="infobox-data" |<div class="template-based-on">''So Well Remembered''<br /><br />1945 novel<br /><br />by&nbsp;[[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |[[Adrian Scott]]<br /><br />[[J. Arthur Rank]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |[[John Mills]]<br /><br />[[Martha Scott]]<br /><br />[[Trevor Howard]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |[[Freddie Young]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |[[Harry W. Gerstad]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |[[Hanns Eisler]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />companies</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Alliance Productions <br /><br /> RKO Radio British Productions</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Distributed by | class="infobox-data" |[[RKO Radio Pictures]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release dates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 8&nbsp;July&nbsp;1947<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-07-08</span>)</span>&#x20;(UK) * 4&nbsp;November&nbsp;1947<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-11-04</span>)</span>&#x20;(US) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |114 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |United Kingdom |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Budget | class="infobox-data" |$1.5 million |} '''''So Well Remembered''''' is a 1947 British drama film directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring John Mills, Martha Scott, and Trevor Howard.<ref name="NY Times">{{Cite web |last=Hal Erickson |author-link=Hal Erickson (author) |date=2012 |title=So Well Remembered |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/110797/So-Well-Remembered/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124051/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/110797/So-Well-Remembered/overview |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2011-05-05 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The film was based on James Hilton's 1945 novel of the same title and tells the story of a reformer and the woman he marries in a fictional mill town in Lancashire. Hilton also narrates the film. It shot on location in England. It is faithful to the novel in many particulars, but the motives of the main female character and the tone of the ending are considerably altered. The first screening was in the Majestic Theatre in Macclesfield on 9 August 1947. At some stage the film disappeared before being rediscovered in 2013 in [[Tennessee]] by Muttley McLad of the band The Macc Lads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Macclesfield |date=31 August 2004 |title=Missing movie classic unearthed by Macc Lad |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/405/405729_missing_movie_classic_unearthed_by_macc_lad.html |publisher=}}</ref> == Plot == At the end of the [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Second World War]], George Boswell (John Mills), a town councillor, newspaper editor and zealous reformer in the mill town of Browdley in Lancashire, recalls the past 26 years of his life. In 1919 he defends Olivia Channing (Martha Scott) when she applies for a library job. Her father, the mill owner John Channing (Frederick Leister), went to prison for almost 20 years for speculating with, and losing, many townspeople's money. George falls in love with Olivia, though it scandalises the town, and he eventually proposes to her. That night she has an argument with her father. He has Dr Richard Whiteside (Trevor Howard) drive him into town to speak to George, but they crash on a washed-out road and John is killed. Olivia then agrees to marry George. Trevor Mangin (Reginald Tate), Browdley's most influential businessman, asks George to run for Parliament. Seeing an opportunity to further his reforming efforts, George agrees, much to Olivia's delight. Whiteside brings George an alarming report about the danger of an epidemic in the town's filthy slums. Mangin, who owns many of them, produces a more optimistic report. Given that Whiteside has taken to drinking heavily since the accident, George accepts Mangin's report, causing the council to vote to do nothing. However, a [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] epidemic breaks out, just as Whiteside feared. A free clinic is opened to inoculate the healthy children and treat the sick. George tells Olivia to take their son there, but she cannot bear to do so among the town's poor, and the boy dies. After George drops out of the election because of Mangin's lies Olivia tells him that she is leaving him. George realises that she married him solely for his prospects. They go their separate ways. He eventually rises to the mayoralty of the town, while she remarries a rich man and has another son, Charles Winslow (Richard Carlson). Meanwhile, Whiteside takes in a baby girl, Julie Morgan (Patricia Roc), orphaned at birth, and George helps to raise her. Many years pass. Early in the Second World War a widowed Olivia returns, takes up residence in her father's mansion and reopens the Channing mill. Her son becomes a flier in the Royal Air Force. On leave he meets Julie and they fall in love, but Olivia does not want to relinquish her control over her son. Charles is seriously injured in combat and his face is disfigured. This enables Olivia to isolate him until George manages to convince him to break free and marry Julie. When Olivia arrives, looking for her son, George reveals that he has worked out that Olivia did nothing to prevent her father from driving to his death, though she must have known that the road was washed out. Whiteside had overheard the Channings arguing and knew that John Channing intended to warn George against her. == Cast ==   == Production == The film was mainly shot at Denham Film Studios in Denham, Buckinghamshire. Exteriors were filmed in Macclesfield, Cheshire, forming the backdrop of a Lancashire mill town. Mills's daughters Juliet and Hayley played Julie as a young girl and a baby respectively. The music for the film was composed by Hanns Eisler. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lawrence P. Williams. == Reception == === Critical === Bosley Crowther lavished praise on the film in his November 5, 1947 review for ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]:'' "A story which the book reviewers warned us was disappointing and dull, … has been miraculously transmuted into an affecting and fascinating tale in the motion picture….It has also been turned into a drama of inspiration and significance to those of us troubled mortals who live in this uncertain world…. As now told, it is the story of the struggles of a small humanitarian—a newspaper editor and town councilor in a drab Lancashire mill town—not only against the forces of inhuman commercial greed but mainly against the persuasions and obstructions of his selfish and ambitious wife...he first grasps the nature of her voracity when she takes the reactionary side against his tireless efforts to obtain better housing and sanitation for the town. And then, years later… he patiently triumphs over her selfish maneuvers to smother and possess (her own) war-maimed son. …it conspicuously lacks identification with the large issues and personalities in Britain between two wars. But certainly the fundamental conflict between the ideal of human welfare and the rot of greed has been vividly kept in the foreground by John Paxton… And the natures and credibility of the characters have been consistently proportioned throughout …. Mr. Dmytryk, working in conjunction with Adrian Scott, … has accomplished a superior creation in the realistic style.” Crowther praised the actors, including the “smaller parts (which) are, as usual, sharply played. In pictorial nature and, especially, in the social sincerity of its theme, ''So Well Remembered'' makes a strong bid for a memorable place beside ''The Stars Look Down'' and ''The Citadel'', two previous British-made films we won't forget." Virginia Graham's July 17, 1947 review in ''The Spectator'' took the opposite tack: "this film is quite astonishingly boring. Taken from James Hilton's novel, it seems to have lost all the drama it should have retained and to have retained all the verbiage it should have lost.. ..people do not talk as they do in books, not even Mr. Hilton's books,… it is very unusual for a man to say more than four sentences at a time without interruption; but (this film) is liberally dosed …with phrases so lengthily and beautifully formulated as to be altogether out of this world.“ As to the performances: “….Everybody knows John Mills has enough charm to knock the birds off the trees, and so has Trevor Howard, but… they are only allowed a very few feet of charm. The years change them almost unrecognisably, Mr. Mills looking more and more like Charles Ruggles and Mr. Trevor more and more like Sir Aubrey Smith as the minutes tortoise by. And they are infinitely duller. Martha Scott has an unpleasant part which she plays with spirit….Although I may be the last critic to pen it, I would like to record that I, too, thought of saying that So Well Remembered will be So Easily Forgotten, that I, too, have my moments of lightning wit in the bath."<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CINEMA |url=http://spprd.insec.netcopy.thompsonjames.co.uk/article/18th-july-1947/13/tit-e-cinema-open-city-rialto-so-well-remembered-l |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Spectator Archive}}</ref> === Box office === According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947. Nevertheless, it recorded a loss of $378,000. == See also == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5xh7922z2dld5z9ww9uj89tl5wo2kwc 879827 879826 2026-07-09T20:36:38Z D son203 45710 879827 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |So Well Remembered |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:So-Well-Remembered.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical poster</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Edward Dmytryk]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Screenplay by | class="infobox-data" |[[John Paxton]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Based on | class="infobox-data" |<div class="template-based-on">''So Well Remembered''<br /><br />1945 novel<br /><br />by&nbsp;[[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |[[Adrian Scott]]<br /><br />[[J. Arthur Rank]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |[[John Mills]]<br /><br />[[Martha Scott]]<br /><br />[[Trevor Howard]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Cinematography | class="infobox-data" |[[Freddie Young]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |[[Harry W. Gerstad]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |[[Hanns Eisler]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />companies</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Alliance Productions <br /><br /> RKO Radio British Productions</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Distributed by | class="infobox-data" |[[RKO Radio Pictures]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release dates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 8&nbsp;July&nbsp;1947<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-07-08</span>)</span>&#x20;(UK) * 4&nbsp;November&nbsp;1947<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-11-04</span>)</span>&#x20;(US) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |114 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |United Kingdom |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |English |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Budget | class="infobox-data" |$1.5 million |} {{Databox}} '''''So Well Remembered''''' is a 1947 British drama film directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring John Mills, Martha Scott, and Trevor Howard.<ref name="NY Times">{{Cite web |last=Hal Erickson |author-link=Hal Erickson (author) |date=2012 |title=So Well Remembered |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/110797/So-Well-Remembered/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124051/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/110797/So-Well-Remembered/overview |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2011-05-05 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The film was based on James Hilton's 1945 novel of the same title and tells the story of a reformer and the woman he marries in a fictional mill town in Lancashire. Hilton also narrates the film. It shot on location in England. It is faithful to the novel in many particulars, but the motives of the main female character and the tone of the ending are considerably altered. The first screening was in the Majestic Theatre in Macclesfield on 9 August 1947. At some stage the film disappeared before being rediscovered in 2013 in [[Tennessee]] by Muttley McLad of the band The Macc Lads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Macclesfield |date=31 August 2004 |title=Missing movie classic unearthed by Macc Lad |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/405/405729_missing_movie_classic_unearthed_by_macc_lad.html |publisher=}}</ref> == Plot == At the end of the [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Second World War]], George Boswell (John Mills), a town councillor, newspaper editor and zealous reformer in the mill town of Browdley in Lancashire, recalls the past 26 years of his life. In 1919 he defends Olivia Channing (Martha Scott) when she applies for a library job. Her father, the mill owner John Channing (Frederick Leister), went to prison for almost 20 years for speculating with, and losing, many townspeople's money. George falls in love with Olivia, though it scandalises the town, and he eventually proposes to her. That night she has an argument with her father. He has Dr Richard Whiteside (Trevor Howard) drive him into town to speak to George, but they crash on a washed-out road and John is killed. Olivia then agrees to marry George. Trevor Mangin (Reginald Tate), Browdley's most influential businessman, asks George to run for Parliament. Seeing an opportunity to further his reforming efforts, George agrees, much to Olivia's delight. Whiteside brings George an alarming report about the danger of an epidemic in the town's filthy slums. Mangin, who owns many of them, produces a more optimistic report. Given that Whiteside has taken to drinking heavily since the accident, George accepts Mangin's report, causing the council to vote to do nothing. However, a [[Rashin jinin jiki|diphtheria]] epidemic breaks out, just as Whiteside feared. A free clinic is opened to inoculate the healthy children and treat the sick. George tells Olivia to take their son there, but she cannot bear to do so among the town's poor, and the boy dies. After George drops out of the election because of Mangin's lies Olivia tells him that she is leaving him. George realises that she married him solely for his prospects. They go their separate ways. He eventually rises to the mayoralty of the town, while she remarries a rich man and has another son, Charles Winslow (Richard Carlson). Meanwhile, Whiteside takes in a baby girl, Julie Morgan (Patricia Roc), orphaned at birth, and George helps to raise her. Many years pass. Early in the Second World War a widowed Olivia returns, takes up residence in her father's mansion and reopens the Channing mill. Her son becomes a flier in the Royal Air Force. On leave he meets Julie and they fall in love, but Olivia does not want to relinquish her control over her son. Charles is seriously injured in combat and his face is disfigured. This enables Olivia to isolate him until George manages to convince him to break free and marry Julie. When Olivia arrives, looking for her son, George reveals that he has worked out that Olivia did nothing to prevent her father from driving to his death, though she must have known that the road was washed out. Whiteside had overheard the Channings arguing and knew that John Channing intended to warn George against her. == Cast ==   == Production == The film was mainly shot at Denham Film Studios in Denham, Buckinghamshire. Exteriors were filmed in Macclesfield, Cheshire, forming the backdrop of a Lancashire mill town. Mills's daughters Juliet and Hayley played Julie as a young girl and a baby respectively. The music for the film was composed by Hanns Eisler. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lawrence P. Williams. == Reception == === Critical === Bosley Crowther lavished praise on the film in his November 5, 1947 review for ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]:'' "A story which the book reviewers warned us was disappointing and dull, … has been miraculously transmuted into an affecting and fascinating tale in the motion picture….It has also been turned into a drama of inspiration and significance to those of us troubled mortals who live in this uncertain world…. As now told, it is the story of the struggles of a small humanitarian—a newspaper editor and town councilor in a drab Lancashire mill town—not only against the forces of inhuman commercial greed but mainly against the persuasions and obstructions of his selfish and ambitious wife...he first grasps the nature of her voracity when she takes the reactionary side against his tireless efforts to obtain better housing and sanitation for the town. And then, years later… he patiently triumphs over her selfish maneuvers to smother and possess (her own) war-maimed son. …it conspicuously lacks identification with the large issues and personalities in Britain between two wars. But certainly the fundamental conflict between the ideal of human welfare and the rot of greed has been vividly kept in the foreground by John Paxton… And the natures and credibility of the characters have been consistently proportioned throughout …. Mr. Dmytryk, working in conjunction with Adrian Scott, … has accomplished a superior creation in the realistic style.” Crowther praised the actors, including the “smaller parts (which) are, as usual, sharply played. In pictorial nature and, especially, in the social sincerity of its theme, ''So Well Remembered'' makes a strong bid for a memorable place beside ''The Stars Look Down'' and ''The Citadel'', two previous British-made films we won't forget." Virginia Graham's July 17, 1947 review in ''The Spectator'' took the opposite tack: "this film is quite astonishingly boring. Taken from James Hilton's novel, it seems to have lost all the drama it should have retained and to have retained all the verbiage it should have lost.. ..people do not talk as they do in books, not even Mr. Hilton's books,… it is very unusual for a man to say more than four sentences at a time without interruption; but (this film) is liberally dosed …with phrases so lengthily and beautifully formulated as to be altogether out of this world.“ As to the performances: “….Everybody knows John Mills has enough charm to knock the birds off the trees, and so has Trevor Howard, but… they are only allowed a very few feet of charm. The years change them almost unrecognisably, Mr. Mills looking more and more like Charles Ruggles and Mr. Trevor more and more like Sir Aubrey Smith as the minutes tortoise by. And they are infinitely duller. Martha Scott has an unpleasant part which she plays with spirit….Although I may be the last critic to pen it, I would like to record that I, too, thought of saying that So Well Remembered will be So Easily Forgotten, that I, too, have my moments of lightning wit in the bath."<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CINEMA |url=http://spprd.insec.netcopy.thompsonjames.co.uk/article/18th-july-1947/13/tit-e-cinema-open-city-rialto-so-well-remembered-l |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Spectator Archive}}</ref> === Box office === According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947. Nevertheless, it recorded a loss of $378,000. == See also == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pxphhd2dxiknjav2cg4qvq715y01605 3 161168 879831 2026-07-09T21:23:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879831 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Netomacedo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Netomacedo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ttcjtjmgvi48d0yc65rl9g9nvreshr8 3 161169 879832 2026-07-09T21:23:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879832 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MuhammadKabirAhamad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MuhammadKabirAhamad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) r2jzopvwg41rpnfrc0itzy4ekycdnpr 3 161170 879833 2026-07-09T21:23:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879833 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leemert-8008! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leemert-8008|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3k7eqrlgj4cufbppuaqerycda69s7pu 3 161171 879834 2026-07-09T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879834 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Deino o Gymru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Deino o Gymru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ggdaxdogibdcsdqahlgvymhp201t0sq 3 161172 879835 2026-07-09T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879835 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tanok111! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tanok111|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) jwyryfdsy7bhx85wvk14fjncob9il89 3 161173 879836 2026-07-09T21:24:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879836 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Recapter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Recapter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 0v401ze0dtc8wo65jxn134s5rna540g 3 161174 879837 2026-07-09T21:24:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879837 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gedrose! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gedrose|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 8cc6k2xfk3ln9lgqduld1ckkefo6hfd 3 161175 879838 2026-07-09T21:24:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879838 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, OliverPilotCZ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/OliverPilotCZ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 18a655l8tu60hz26owvqwt6zyhubq95 3 161176 879839 2026-07-09T21:24:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879839 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Erfan1389i! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Erfan1389i|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) t1s9gta66rhlsireqcssdy1acctplyq 3 161177 879840 2026-07-09T21:24:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879840 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf Usman Daihuru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf Usman Daihuru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) isrhu15bft0n4s148yaz4k9pnxft547 3 161178 879841 2026-07-09T21:24:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879841 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, THF4698! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/THF4698|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tkf5k2raog3owjymqsyjyfi1n35jkbf 3 161179 879842 2026-07-09T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879842 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Confusednuke! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Confusednuke|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2gymb6rlhsl3s1fphucods9569yd7fq 3 161180 879843 2026-07-09T21:25:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879843 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Texan North Public Work Translators 214! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Texan North Public Work Translators 214|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5br8ea6uyqdxgt54d398rg95xtx85xa 3 161181 879844 2026-07-09T21:25:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879844 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hmr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hmr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 8fnn4hqexe2hxkv7iy2oc77kd3mtekk 3 161182 879845 2026-07-09T21:25:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879845 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Advaitin013! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Advaitin013|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) cickq8wreqawj9959sz8tc74c0p11tj 3 161183 879846 2026-07-09T21:25:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879846 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SahinBasaran! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SahinBasaran|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3py31nbbqwcat0wkqsxr5khlo5bzosi 3 161184 879847 2026-07-09T21:25:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879847 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Evil Food Eater Conchita! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Evil Food Eater Conchita|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) c7ds37tl4lvj1cddly944svcev4tljh 879873 879847 2026-07-09T22:55:49Z Evil Food Eater Conchita 46782 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 879873 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Evil Food Eater Conchita! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Evil Food Eater Conchita|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :english: hi i know that you're a bot but i don't actually speak hausa, i speak igbo and i was just looking at the different nigerian language wikipedias :') :google translate: sannu, na san cewa kai na'ura ce mai amsa tambayoyi (bot), amma a gaskiya ba na jin hausa; ina jin harshen igbo ne, kuma ina ta duba shafukan wikipedia na harsunan najeriya daban-daban ne kawai. [[User:Evil Food Eater Conchita|Evil Food Eater Conchita]] ([[User talk:Evil Food Eater Conchita|talk]]) 22:55, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) j9su2fyrghf37z3gbmjbvb3ol08vfa3 3 161185 879848 2026-07-09T21:26:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879848 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ubee4u! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ubee4u|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) akfpbqu2cbnd6x7garv1e0jyge605j8 3 161186 879849 2026-07-09T21:26:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879849 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MS GLOBAL LTD! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MS GLOBAL LTD|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 263xverau2wb4fp2r2kjw1znbtagl8k 3 161187 879850 2026-07-09T21:26:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879850 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RBB W! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RBB W|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5teiizelsnymno4bp8gi8ha5adhj4ya 0 161188 879853 2026-07-09T21:49:02Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345717098|Anatolian High School]]" 879853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Anadolu''' ko '''Anadolu High School''' ( Turkish ) yana nufin nau'in makarantun sakandare na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a [[Turkiyya]] waɗanda galibi ke karɓar ɗalibai bisa ga sakamakonsu daga Jarrabawar Shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta ƙasa baki ɗaya ( Turkish '')'' . Duk da haka, ba a buƙatar shiga ta hanyar jarrabawa ga dukkan cibiyoyi a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=LGS nedir? LGS'ye kimler girebilir? LGS şartları… |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/egitim/lgs-nedir-lgsye-kimler-girebilir-lgs-sartlari-szcu6-4912029/ |website=Sözcü}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1955, lokacin da aka kafa cibiyoyi shida, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''Maarif Kolejleri'', a [[Istanbul]], [[Izmir|İzmir]], Samsun, [[Konya]], Eskişehir, da Diyarbakır a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta musamman da Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya ta kafa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an kafa ƙarin makarantu, kuma a shekarar 1975, an amince da sunan Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian a hukumance. An kafa makarantun sakandare na Anatolian a matsayin madadin makarantun masu zaman kansu da ke ba da koyarwa a harsunan waje. An tsara su bisa ga makarantun nahawu, an tsara makarantun sakandare na Anatolian don samar da ingantaccen ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan koyar da harsunan waje. Yayin da wasu aka kafa su sabo, wasu kuma makarantun gwamnati ne da suka riga suka kasance waɗanda aka sake rarraba su a ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni. Da farko, shiga waɗannan makarantu ya dogara ne akan jarrabawar ilimi mai gasa da aka yi a ƙarshen aji na 5, wanda a lokacin shine shekarar ƙarshe ta ilimin firamare a Turkiyya. Shirin ya haɗa da darasin shiri na shekara ɗaya a cikin harshen waje, sannan kuma shekaru bakwai na koyarwa a matakan tsakiya da sakandare, tare da manyan darussan da ake koyarwa da harshen waje, galibi [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], [[Faransanci]] ko [[Jamusanci]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Daga baya wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu sun ɗauki wannan tsarin a matsayin madadin cibiyoyin ƙasashen waje kamar makarantun sakandare na Amurka, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa wata Makarantar Sakandare ta Anatolian a [[Baku|Baku, Azerbaijan]], da kuma wata a [[Ashgabat|Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]] . Har zuwa shekarar 1997, ana koyar da darussan a makarantun sakandare na Anatolian galibi da harsunan waje. Sabanin haka, sauran makarantun sakandare na gwamnati a Turkiyya suna gudanar da dukkan darussan da harshen Turkanci, tare da harsunan waje da ake bayarwa kawai a matsayin darussan zaɓi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Tsakanin 1976 da 1993, adadin makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ya karu zuwa 193. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an mayar da makarantun sakandare da yawa da ke akwai zuwa makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ta hanyar gyare-gyaren manhaja da canje-canje a cikin harshen koyarwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwamnati na inganta ingancin ilimin sakandare gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ÇUBUKÇU |first=N. |date=2010 |title=Genel Liselerin Anadolu Lisesine Dönüştürülmesi |url=https://www.memurlar.net/common/news/documents/166477/genelge_2010_30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017072514/https://www.memurlar.net/common/news/documents/166477/genelge_2010_30.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-17 |website=T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Ortaöğretim Genel Müdürlüğü}}</ref> Duk da haka, faɗaɗawa cikin sauri ya haifar da ƙarancin malamai masu ƙwarewa waɗanda za su iya koyarwa da harsunan waje. A martanin da ya mayar, babban gyare-gyare a 1997 ya canza harshen koyarwa a makarantun sakandare na Anatolian zuwa Turanci, yayin da ya ci gaba da jaddada ilimin harsunan waje a matsayin darasi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998 |title=Anadolu liseleri mecburen Türkçe |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/anadolu-liseleri-mecburen-turkce-39004821 |website=Hürriyet}}</ref> Gyaran ilimi na shekarar 1997 ya kuma faɗaɗa ilimin tilas a Turkiyya zuwa shekaru takwas, wanda hakan ya raba makarantun tsakiya da sakandare yadda ya kamata. Sakamakon haka, makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ba su ƙara haɗa maki a makarantun tsakiya ba, kuma an daidaita jarrabawar shiga daidai gwargwado don a yi wa ɗaliban da suka kammala aji 8. Bayan lokaci, tsarin waɗannan jarrabawar ya samo asali, kamar haka: * '''1999–2004:''' ''Liselere Geçiş Sınavı (LGS)'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Geçmişten günümüze ortaöğretimde "merkezi sınavlar" |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/gecmisten-gunumuze-ortaogretimde-merkezi-sinavlar-24650666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414170315/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr:80/egitim/gecmisten-gunumuze-ortaogretimde-merkezi-sinavlar-24650666 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |website=Hürriyet}}</ref> * '''2004–2008:''' ''Ortaöğretim Kurumları Sınavı (OKS)'' * '''2008–2014:''' ''Seviye Belirleme Sınavı (SBS)'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> * '''2014–2018:''' ''Temel Eğitimden Ortaöğretime Geçiş Sınavı (TEOG)'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=P. |date=2017 |title=LGS, OKS, SBS, TEOG... Sıradaki? |url=http://www.pervinkaplan.com/detay/lgs-oks-sbs-teog-siradaki/3685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324013413/http://www.pervinkaplan.com:80/detay/lgs-oks-sbs-teog-siradaki/3685 |archive-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> * '''2018-yanzu:''' ''Liselere Geçiş Sınavı (LGS)'' == ƙarni na 21 == Tsarin LGS na yanzu ya bambanta da na baya domin ba dole ba ne ga dukkan ɗalibai. Shiga makarantun sakandare na Anatolian yanzu yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu: ko dai a sanya ɗalibai a makarantarsu mafi kusa bisa ga adireshin zama ko kuma a nemi izini ga cibiyoyin da aka zaɓa ta amfani da sakamakon LGS ɗinsu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=LGS nedir? LGS'ye kimler girebilir? LGS şartları… |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/egitim/lgs-nedir-lgsye-kimler-girebilir-lgs-sartlari-szcu6-4912029/ |website=Sözcü}}</ref> Adadin Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian ya ƙaru sosai a farkon shekarun 2000, inda ya kai kimanin makarantu 500 a shekarar 2003, 1,700 a shekarar 2011, da kuma 3,074 a shekarar 2017. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin tsarin sanya ɗalibai da aka yi wa kwaskwarima da aka gabatar a shekarar 2018, 222 ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan makarantu ke buƙatar jarrabawar shiga don shiga. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYILMAZ2018">YILMAZ, H. (2018). [https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ "Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ Archived] from the original on 2019-04-05.</cite></ref> A halin yanzu, ana koyar da dukkan manyan darussa, ciki har da lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, da tarihi, cikin harshen Turkanci, ban da darussan harsunan waje na firamare da sakandare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Makarantar Sakandare ta Galatasaray, Makarantar Sakandare ta Maza ta Kabataş, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Istanbul suna cikin makarantun sakandare na Anatolian da ke ci gaba da bayar da shekarar shiri mai zurfi kan koyar da harsunan waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=P. |date=2019 |title=Hazırlık sınıfı olan Anadolu liselerinde taban puanlar ne oldu? |url=http://www.pervinkaplan.com/detay/hazirlik-sinifi-olan-anadolu-liselerinde-taban-puanlar-ne-oldu/8035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023183514/http://www.pervinkaplan.com:80/detay/hazirlik-sinifi-olan-anadolu-liselerinde-taban-puanlar-ne-oldu/8035 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun sakandare a Turkiyya * Ilimi a Turkiyya == Manazarta == kjzkg4thd0c01eln23kyw0ig6tzy4fn 879855 879853 2026-07-09T21:50:03Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Anadolu''' ko '''Anadolu High School''' ( Turkish ) yana nufin nau'in makarantun sakandare na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a [[Turkiyya]] waɗanda galibi ke karɓar ɗalibai bisa ga sakamakonsu daga Jarrabawar Shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta ƙasa baki ɗaya ( Turkish '')'' . Duk da haka, ba a buƙatar shiga ta hanyar jarrabawa ga dukkan cibiyoyi a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=LGS nedir? LGS'ye kimler girebilir? LGS şartları… |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/egitim/lgs-nedir-lgsye-kimler-girebilir-lgs-sartlari-szcu6-4912029/ |website=Sözcü}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1955, lokacin da aka kafa cibiyoyi shida, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''Maarif Kolejleri'', a [[Istanbul]], [[Izmir|İzmir]], Samsun, [[Konya]], Eskişehir, da Diyarbakır a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta musamman da Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya ta kafa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an kafa ƙarin makarantu, kuma a shekarar 1975, an amince da sunan Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian a hukumance. An kafa makarantun sakandare na Anatolian a matsayin madadin makarantun masu zaman kansu da ke ba da koyarwa a harsunan waje. An tsara su bisa ga makarantun nahawu, an tsara makarantun sakandare na Anatolian don samar da ingantaccen ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan koyar da harsunan waje. Yayin da wasu aka kafa su sabo, wasu kuma makarantun gwamnati ne da suka riga suka kasance waɗanda aka sake rarraba su a ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni. Da farko, shiga waɗannan makarantu ya dogara ne akan jarrabawar ilimi mai gasa da aka yi a ƙarshen aji na 5, wanda a lokacin shine shekarar ƙarshe ta ilimin firamare a Turkiyya. Shirin ya haɗa da darasin shiri na shekara ɗaya a cikin harshen waje, sannan kuma shekaru bakwai na koyarwa a matakan tsakiya da sakandare, tare da manyan darussan da ake koyarwa da harshen waje, galibi [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], [[Faransanci]] ko [[Jamusanci]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Daga baya wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu sun ɗauki wannan tsarin a matsayin madadin cibiyoyin ƙasashen waje kamar makarantun sakandare na Amurka, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa wata Makarantar Sakandare ta Anatolian a [[Baku|Baku, Azerbaijan]], da kuma wata a [[Ashgabat|Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]] . Har zuwa shekarar 1997, ana koyar da darussan a makarantun sakandare na Anatolian galibi da harsunan waje. Sabanin haka, sauran makarantun sakandare na gwamnati a Turkiyya suna gudanar da dukkan darussan da harshen Turkanci, tare da harsunan waje da ake bayarwa kawai a matsayin darussan zaɓi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Tsakanin 1976 da 1993, adadin makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ya karu zuwa 193. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an mayar da makarantun sakandare da yawa da ke akwai zuwa makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ta hanyar gyare-gyaren manhaja da canje-canje a cikin harshen koyarwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwamnati na inganta ingancin ilimin sakandare gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ÇUBUKÇU |first=N. |date=2010 |title=Genel Liselerin Anadolu Lisesine Dönüştürülmesi |url=https://www.memurlar.net/common/news/documents/166477/genelge_2010_30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017072514/https://www.memurlar.net/common/news/documents/166477/genelge_2010_30.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-17 |website=T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Ortaöğretim Genel Müdürlüğü}}</ref> Duk da haka, faɗaɗawa cikin sauri ya haifar da ƙarancin malamai masu ƙwarewa waɗanda za su iya koyarwa da harsunan waje. A martanin da ya mayar, babban gyare-gyare a 1997 ya canza harshen koyarwa a makarantun sakandare na Anatolian zuwa Turanci, yayin da ya ci gaba da jaddada ilimin harsunan waje a matsayin darasi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998 |title=Anadolu liseleri mecburen Türkçe |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/anadolu-liseleri-mecburen-turkce-39004821 |website=Hürriyet}}</ref> Gyaran ilimi na shekarar 1997 ya kuma faɗaɗa ilimin tilas a Turkiyya zuwa shekaru takwas, wanda hakan ya raba makarantun tsakiya da sakandare yadda ya kamata. Sakamakon haka, makarantun sakandare na Anatolian ba su ƙara haɗa maki a makarantun tsakiya ba, kuma an daidaita jarrabawar shiga daidai gwargwado don a yi wa ɗaliban da suka kammala aji 8. Bayan lokaci, tsarin waɗannan jarrabawar ya samo asali, kamar haka: * '''1999–2004:''' ''Liselere Geçiş Sınavı (LGS)'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Geçmişten günümüze ortaöğretimde "merkezi sınavlar" |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/gecmisten-gunumuze-ortaogretimde-merkezi-sinavlar-24650666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414170315/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr:80/egitim/gecmisten-gunumuze-ortaogretimde-merkezi-sinavlar-24650666 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |website=Hürriyet}}</ref> * '''2004–2008:''' ''Ortaöğretim Kurumları Sınavı (OKS)'' * '''2008–2014:''' ''Seviye Belirleme Sınavı (SBS)'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> * '''2014–2018:''' ''Temel Eğitimden Ortaöğretime Geçiş Sınavı (TEOG)'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=P. |date=2017 |title=LGS, OKS, SBS, TEOG... Sıradaki? |url=http://www.pervinkaplan.com/detay/lgs-oks-sbs-teog-siradaki/3685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324013413/http://www.pervinkaplan.com:80/detay/lgs-oks-sbs-teog-siradaki/3685 |archive-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> * '''2018-yanzu:''' ''Liselere Geçiş Sınavı (LGS)'' == ƙarni na 21 == Tsarin LGS na yanzu ya bambanta da na baya domin ba dole ba ne ga dukkan ɗalibai. Shiga makarantun sakandare na Anatolian yanzu yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu: ko dai a sanya ɗalibai a makarantarsu mafi kusa bisa ga adireshin zama ko kuma a nemi izini ga cibiyoyin da aka zaɓa ta amfani da sakamakon LGS ɗinsu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=LGS nedir? LGS'ye kimler girebilir? LGS şartları… |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/egitim/lgs-nedir-lgsye-kimler-girebilir-lgs-sartlari-szcu6-4912029/ |website=Sözcü}}</ref> Adadin Makarantun Sakandare na Anatolian ya ƙaru sosai a farkon shekarun 2000, inda ya kai kimanin makarantu 500 a shekarar 2003, 1,700 a shekarar 2011, da kuma 3,074 a shekarar 2017. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin tsarin sanya ɗalibai da aka yi wa kwaskwarima da aka gabatar a shekarar 2018, 222 ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan makarantu ke buƙatar jarrabawar shiga don shiga. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=YILMAZ |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları |url=https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ |archive-date=2019-04-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYILMAZ2018">YILMAZ, H. (2018). [https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ "Dünden Bugüne Lise Giriş Sınavları"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190405052544/https://www.oguzkaankoleji.com/dunden-bugune-lise-giris-sinavlari/ Archived] from the original on 2019-04-05.</cite></ref> A halin yanzu, ana koyar da dukkan manyan darussa, ciki har da lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, da tarihi, cikin harshen Turkanci, ban da darussan harsunan waje na firamare da sakandare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Çetintaş |first=Bengül |last2=Genç |first2=Ayten |date=2001 |title=Egitim Reformu Sonrası Anadolu Liselerinde Yabanci Dil Ögretimi |trans-title=Foreign Language Teaching Atanatolian High Schools Following The Education Reform |url=http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706215118/https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230920/http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/200120BENG%C3%9CL%20%C3%87ET%C4%B0NTA%C5%9E.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Hacettepe Üniversitesi |language=tr}}</ref> Makarantar Sakandare ta Galatasaray, Makarantar Sakandare ta Maza ta Kabataş, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Istanbul suna cikin makarantun sakandare na Anatolian da ke ci gaba da bayar da shekarar shiri mai zurfi kan koyar da harsunan waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=P. |date=2019 |title=Hazırlık sınıfı olan Anadolu liselerinde taban puanlar ne oldu? |url=http://www.pervinkaplan.com/detay/hazirlik-sinifi-olan-anadolu-liselerinde-taban-puanlar-ne-oldu/8035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023183514/http://www.pervinkaplan.com:80/detay/hazirlik-sinifi-olan-anadolu-liselerinde-taban-puanlar-ne-oldu/8035 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun sakandare a Turkiyya * Ilimi a Turkiyya == Manazarta == b5g8h1b6zxvxoltpx55ju1p4mz4difa 0 161189 879858 2026-07-09T21:55:45Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241375281|Kolleg]]" 879858 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Kolleg''' (Jamus {{IPA|de|ˈkɔleːɡ|}} daga ''kwalejin'' Latin) a Jamus makaranta ce ta shekaru uku ta ilimin manya, tana shirya ɗalibai don jarabawar da za ta kai ga samun takardar shaidar shiga jami'a gabaɗaya, ''Abitur (Allgemeine Hochschulreife)'' . Ba kamar makarantar yamma ta Jamus ba, azuzuwan ''[[Gidan wasan motsa jiki|Abendgymnasium]]'', Kolleg suna cikin rana. Dukansu makarantu ne na gwamnati kuma ba sa karɓar kuɗin makaranta. Daliban Kolleg na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Taimakon Horarwa ta Tarayya ta Jamus, ''Berufsausbildungsförderungsgesetz'' . A ƙa'ida, mafi ƙarancin buƙatun shiga ga ɗalibai sune: shekaru 19 ko sama da haka, takardar shaidar kammala karatun Mittlere Reife, da kuma horon sana'a na yau da kullun da aka kammala. Duk da haka, akwai keɓancewa ga wannan dokar, misali, ƙwarewar aiki ta dogon lokaci (aƙalla shekaru uku) ba tare da takardar shaidar aiki ba za a iya ɗaukarta a matsayin madadin horon sana'a, wanda ya haɗa da renon yara da gudanar da gida. Kollegs kuma na iya buƙatar masu nema su ci jarrabawar shiga. suna da ƙwarewa kamar kowace jiha ta tarayya ''( bundesland )'', don haka ƙa'idoji na iya bambanta daga bundesland zuwa bundesland. == Sauran ma'anoni na ''Kolleg'' a Jamusanci == * Ana kuma amfani da kalmar ''Kolleg'' a wasu sunayen makarantu iri-iri, misali, Aloisiuskolleg, Kolleg St. Blasien da kuma Canisius-Kolleg Berlin . Waɗannan makarantun Gymnasium ne waɗanda suka daɗe suna amfani da kalmar ''Kolleg'' tun kafin a kafa sabuwar nau'in ''Kolleg'' . * Bai kamata a rikita ''Kolleg'' da ''Studienkolleg'' ba, wani kwas na shirye-shirye a jami'o'in Jamus ga masu neman shiga daga ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For infos about ''Studienkollegs'', see web portal of German Studienkollegs. |url=http://www.studienkollegs.de/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716074123/http://www.studienkollegs.de/en/ |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2012-09-26}}</ref> (Kamar yadda yake a ''Kolleg'', akwai wasu makarantu da ke ɗauke da kalmar ''Studienkolleg'' a cikin sunansu saboda dalilai na al'ada.) * ''Berufskollegs'' makarantun koyar da sana'o'i ne waɗanda za su iya kai ga samun cancantar shiga jami'a ( [[Fachhochschulreife]] ko Abitur ), da kuma wasu takaddun cancantar sana'a. Berufskollegs na iya bambanta daga bundesland zuwa bundesland. * ''Kollegschule'' a Jamus kalma ce ta wani nau'in makarantar koyon sana'a da ta wanzu musamman a jihar North Rhine-Westphalia har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. An maye gurbin waɗannan makarantu da ''Berufskollegs'' . == Manazarta == kue70ezsehu6obau3y7lxalcbxvvuxx 879859 879858 2026-07-09T21:56:29Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''Kolleg''' (Jamus {{IPA|de|ˈkɔleːɡ|}} daga ''kwalejin'' Latin) a Jamus makaranta ce ta shekaru uku ta ilimin manya, tana shirya ɗalibai don jarabawar da za ta kai ga samun takardar shaidar shiga jami'a gabaɗaya, ''Abitur (Allgemeine Hochschulreife)'' . Ba kamar makarantar yamma ta Jamus ba, azuzuwan ''[[Gidan wasan motsa jiki|Abendgymnasium]]'', Kolleg suna cikin rana. Dukansu makarantu ne na gwamnati kuma ba sa karɓar kuɗin makaranta. Daliban Kolleg na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Taimakon Horarwa ta Tarayya ta Jamus, ''Berufsausbildungsförderungsgesetz'' . A ƙa'ida, mafi ƙarancin buƙatun shiga ga ɗalibai sune: shekaru 19 ko sama da haka, takardar shaidar kammala karatun Mittlere Reife, da kuma horon sana'a na yau da kullun da aka kammala. Duk da haka, akwai keɓancewa ga wannan dokar, misali, ƙwarewar aiki ta dogon lokaci (aƙalla shekaru uku) ba tare da takardar shaidar aiki ba za a iya ɗaukarta a matsayin madadin horon sana'a, wanda ya haɗa da renon yara da gudanar da gida. Kollegs kuma na iya buƙatar masu nema su ci jarrabawar shiga. suna da ƙwarewa kamar kowace jiha ta tarayya ''( bundesland )'', don haka ƙa'idoji na iya bambanta daga bundesland zuwa bundesland. == Sauran ma'anoni na ''Kolleg'' a Jamusanci == * Ana kuma amfani da kalmar ''Kolleg'' a wasu sunayen makarantu iri-iri, misali, Aloisiuskolleg, Kolleg St. Blasien da kuma Canisius-Kolleg Berlin . Waɗannan makarantun Gymnasium ne waɗanda suka daɗe suna amfani da kalmar ''Kolleg'' tun kafin a kafa sabuwar nau'in ''Kolleg'' . * Bai kamata a rikita ''Kolleg'' da ''Studienkolleg'' ba, wani kwas na shirye-shirye a jami'o'in Jamus ga masu neman shiga daga ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For infos about ''Studienkollegs'', see web portal of German Studienkollegs. |url=http://www.studienkollegs.de/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716074123/http://www.studienkollegs.de/en/ |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2012-09-26}}</ref> (Kamar yadda yake a ''Kolleg'', akwai wasu makarantu da ke ɗauke da kalmar ''Studienkolleg'' a cikin sunansu saboda dalilai na al'ada.) * ''Berufskollegs'' makarantun koyar da sana'o'i ne waɗanda za su iya kai ga samun cancantar shiga jami'a ( [[Fachhochschulreife]] ko Abitur ), da kuma wasu takaddun cancantar sana'a. Berufskollegs na iya bambanta daga bundesland zuwa bundesland. * ''Kollegschule'' a Jamus kalma ce ta wani nau'in makarantar koyon sana'a da ta wanzu musamman a jihar North Rhine-Westphalia har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. An maye gurbin waɗannan makarantu da ''Berufskollegs'' . == Manazarta == nurpytz4ww3qyk9fd8mp5sggkxo3s0f 0 161190 879861 2026-07-09T22:34:15Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341324284|Ibubeleye Whyte]]" 879861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibubeleye Whyte''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1992 a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]]) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Rivers Angels a gasar zakarun mata ta Najeriya da kuma tawagar ƙwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports News, Opinion, Scores, Schedules {{!}} TSN |url=http://soccer.tsn.ca/teams/nigeria/player/ibubeleye-whyte/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611145032/http://soccer.tsn.ca/teams/nigeria/player/ibubeleye-whyte/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=2018-06-04 |website=TSN}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Whyte ta fara bugawa kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2012 a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Japan U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.football.com/en-us/ibubeleye-whyte/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612033239/https://www.football.com/en-us/ibubeleye-whyte/ |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a Gasar Mata ta Afirka ta 2012 da kuma tawagar da ta lashe gasar 2014. A watan Mayu 2015 an kira ta ta ta kasance cikin tawagar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. == Daraja == === Kasashen Duniya === * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka (2): 2014, 2016 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] f6ps4zfd7qxyfumt60phehoy2vp897n 879862 879861 2026-07-09T22:34:58Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibubeleye Whyte''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1992 a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]]) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Rivers Angels a gasar zakarun mata ta Najeriya da kuma tawagar ƙwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports News, Opinion, Scores, Schedules {{!}} TSN |url=http://soccer.tsn.ca/teams/nigeria/player/ibubeleye-whyte/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611145032/http://soccer.tsn.ca/teams/nigeria/player/ibubeleye-whyte/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=2018-06-04 |website=TSN}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Whyte ta fara bugawa kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2012 a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Japan U-20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.football.com/en-us/ibubeleye-whyte/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612033239/https://www.football.com/en-us/ibubeleye-whyte/ |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a Gasar Mata ta Afirka ta 2012 da kuma tawagar da ta lashe gasar 2014. A watan Mayu 2015 an kira ta ta ta kasance cikin tawagar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. == Daraja == === Kasashen Duniya === * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka (2): 2014, 2016 == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] qgjktnthkttmgrpi8ovd5oljyp9i0ye 0 161191 879863 2026-07-09T22:38:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350137824|Zulkarnain Saer Khan]]" 879863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zulkarnain Saer Khan''' '''Sami''' ɗan jaridar Bangladesh ne da ke zaune a Burtaniya kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Al Jazeera . Shi mai bincike ne a Organized Crime and Corruption Project Reporting . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=Exiled Bangladeshi journalist Zulkarnain Saer Khan decries Weekly Blitz smear campaign |url=https://cpj.org/2023/11/exiled-bangladeshi-journalist-zulkarnain-saer-khan-decries-weekly-blitz-smear-campaign/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zama sananne bayan ya yi aiki kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirin Al Jazeera na 2021 All the Prime Minister's Men . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Global Shining Light a GIJC23 ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Jarida ta Duniya saboda aikinsa a fursunonin Asirin Dhaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philp |first=Rowan |date=21 September 2023 |title=Investigations from Nigeria, Venezuela, South Africa, and North Macedonia Win Global Shining Light Awards at GIJC23 |url=https://gijn.org/stories/global-shining-light-award-investigative-journalism-winners-2023/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=gijn.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Khan yana aiki tare da manyan kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a duk duniya, gami da Al Jazeera's Investigative Unit (I-Unit), Netra News, Haaretz, da Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project don samar da cikakkun rahotanni na bincike kan Bangladesh. A cikin 2021, ƙungiyar Counter Terrorism da Transnational Crime na 'yan sanda na Bangladesh sun caje Zulkarnain Saer Khan wanda ake kira Sami da wasu shida a cikin shari'ar da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Dijital ta 2018 don "yadu da jita-jita da aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati". An yi zargin cewa ana amfani da Dokar Tsaro ta Dijital a Bangladesh don murkushe rashin amincewar siyasa da aikin jarida na bincike. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, maza huɗu da ba a san su ba sun doke ɗan'uwan Khan da sandunan ƙarfe yayin da yake cin kasuwa a Shewrapara, unguwar Dhaka. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Bangladesh da mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da halin da ake ciki na masu kare hakkin dan adam sun nemi a gudanar da bincike kan zargin harin. === ''Miliyoyin Ministan'' === A watan Satumbar 2024, Sashin Bincike na Al Jazeera ya buga wani shirin fim game da tsohon ministan kasa na Bangladesh Saifuzzaman Chowdhury . Zulkarnain, babban mai bincike na shirin da ake kira The Minister's Millions ya ce Chowdhury ya gina daular dukiya mai daraja akalla dala miliyan 675, tare da dukiya mai kyau a Burtaniya, Amurka da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Hukumomi a Bangladesh sun daskare asusun bankinsa kuma yanzu suna binciken da'awar cewa Chowdhury ya kwashe miliyoyin daloli zuwa Burtaniya. An ba da kyautar ''Miliyoyin Ministan'', tare da Kyautar Binciken DIG mafi Kyawu (Medium) a babban bikin DIG na 2025 a Modena, Italiya!<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrara |first=Danilo |date=2025-09-27 |title=Tutti i vincitori dei DIG Awards 2025 |url=https://dig-awards.org/eng/news/vincitori-dig-awards-2025/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=DIG Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref> === ''Uwar da Monster'' === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Al Jazeera ta wallafa wani shirin The Mother and the Monster, wani ɓangare na jerin 101 na Gabas, wanda ke zurfafawa cikin yanayin siyasa na Bangladesh bayan mulkin Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasina. A matsayinsa na jagora mai bincike Zulkarnain yana binciken hanyar kasar bayan jagorancin Hasina, yana nazarin kalubalen da kuma abubuwan da ke gaba. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi tare da manyan mutane, ciki har da Babban Mai ba da shawara [[Muhammad Yunus]] da Babban Jami'in Sojoji Wakaruzzaman . Shirin yana da niyyar haskakawa game da rikitarwa na mulkin Bangladesh da kuma tasirin ga 'yan ƙasa a zamanin bayan Hasina. === ''Kwanaki 36 a watan Yuli: An bayyana umarnin sirri na Sheikh Hasina'' === Khan ya sami kiran waya da aka rubuta a ɓoye wanda ya nuna yadda tsohon Firayim Minista na Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, ya ba da umarnin amfani da karfi don murkushe masu zanga-zangar dalibai a lokacin tashin hankali na Yuli a 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HASINA – 36 DAYS IN JULY |url=http://network.aljazeera.net/en/press-releases/hasina-%E2%80%93-36-days-july |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Al Jazeera Media Network |language=en}}</ref> An watsa wannan shirin bincike a kan Al Jazeera Turanci yana ba da labarin ciki na kwanakin ƙarshe na Sheikh Hasina a lokacin rani na 2024 yayin da zanga-zangar jini ta mamaye Bangladesh kuma ta kawo ƙarshen daular siyasa. Ya haɗa da asusun shaidu, bincike, hotuna da bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Al Jazeera Investigative Unit, Will |title='Shoot them': Sheikh Hasina ordered firing on Bangladesh protesters in 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/24/shoot-them-sheikh-hasina-ordered-firing-on-bangladesh-protesters-in-2024 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 20qsu64upa1rrkqeiocanpqzhr5ncu7 879864 879863 2026-07-09T22:38:31Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zulkarnain Saer Khan''' '''Sami''' ɗan jaridar Bangladesh ne da ke zaune a Burtaniya kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Al Jazeera . Shi mai bincike ne a Organized Crime and Corruption Project Reporting . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=Exiled Bangladeshi journalist Zulkarnain Saer Khan decries Weekly Blitz smear campaign |url=https://cpj.org/2023/11/exiled-bangladeshi-journalist-zulkarnain-saer-khan-decries-weekly-blitz-smear-campaign/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zama sananne bayan ya yi aiki kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirin Al Jazeera na 2021 All the Prime Minister's Men . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Global Shining Light a GIJC23 ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Jarida ta Duniya saboda aikinsa a fursunonin Asirin Dhaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philp |first=Rowan |date=21 September 2023 |title=Investigations from Nigeria, Venezuela, South Africa, and North Macedonia Win Global Shining Light Awards at GIJC23 |url=https://gijn.org/stories/global-shining-light-award-investigative-journalism-winners-2023/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=gijn.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Khan yana aiki tare da manyan kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a duk duniya, gami da Al Jazeera's Investigative Unit (I-Unit), Netra News, Haaretz, da Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project don samar da cikakkun rahotanni na bincike kan Bangladesh. A cikin 2021, ƙungiyar Counter Terrorism da Transnational Crime na 'yan sanda na Bangladesh sun caje Zulkarnain Saer Khan wanda ake kira Sami da wasu shida a cikin shari'ar da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Dijital ta 2018 don "yadu da jita-jita da aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati". An yi zargin cewa ana amfani da Dokar Tsaro ta Dijital a Bangladesh don murkushe rashin amincewar siyasa da aikin jarida na bincike. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, maza huɗu da ba a san su ba sun doke ɗan'uwan Khan da sandunan ƙarfe yayin da yake cin kasuwa a Shewrapara, unguwar Dhaka. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Bangladesh da mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da halin da ake ciki na masu kare hakkin dan adam sun nemi a gudanar da bincike kan zargin harin. === ''Miliyoyin Ministan'' === A watan Satumbar 2024, Sashin Bincike na Al Jazeera ya buga wani shirin fim game da tsohon ministan kasa na Bangladesh Saifuzzaman Chowdhury . Zulkarnain, babban mai bincike na shirin da ake kira The Minister's Millions ya ce Chowdhury ya gina daular dukiya mai daraja akalla dala miliyan 675, tare da dukiya mai kyau a Burtaniya, Amurka da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Hukumomi a Bangladesh sun daskare asusun bankinsa kuma yanzu suna binciken da'awar cewa Chowdhury ya kwashe miliyoyin daloli zuwa Burtaniya. An ba da kyautar ''Miliyoyin Ministan'', tare da Kyautar Binciken DIG mafi Kyawu (Medium) a babban bikin DIG na 2025 a Modena, Italiya!<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrara |first=Danilo |date=2025-09-27 |title=Tutti i vincitori dei DIG Awards 2025 |url=https://dig-awards.org/eng/news/vincitori-dig-awards-2025/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=DIG Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref> === ''Uwar da Monster'' === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Al Jazeera ta wallafa wani shirin The Mother and the Monster, wani ɓangare na jerin 101 na Gabas, wanda ke zurfafawa cikin yanayin siyasa na Bangladesh bayan mulkin Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasina. A matsayinsa na jagora mai bincike Zulkarnain yana binciken hanyar kasar bayan jagorancin Hasina, yana nazarin kalubalen da kuma abubuwan da ke gaba. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi tare da manyan mutane, ciki har da Babban Mai ba da shawara [[Muhammad Yunus]] da Babban Jami'in Sojoji Wakaruzzaman . Shirin yana da niyyar haskakawa game da rikitarwa na mulkin Bangladesh da kuma tasirin ga 'yan ƙasa a zamanin bayan Hasina. === ''Kwanaki 36 a watan Yuli: An bayyana umarnin sirri na Sheikh Hasina'' === Khan ya sami kiran waya da aka rubuta a ɓoye wanda ya nuna yadda tsohon Firayim Minista na Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, ya ba da umarnin amfani da karfi don murkushe masu zanga-zangar dalibai a lokacin tashin hankali na Yuli a 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HASINA – 36 DAYS IN JULY |url=http://network.aljazeera.net/en/press-releases/hasina-%E2%80%93-36-days-july |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Al Jazeera Media Network |language=en}}</ref> An watsa wannan shirin bincike a kan Al Jazeera Turanci yana ba da labarin ciki na kwanakin ƙarshe na Sheikh Hasina a lokacin rani na 2024 yayin da zanga-zangar jini ta mamaye Bangladesh kuma ta kawo ƙarshen daular siyasa. Ya haɗa da asusun shaidu, bincike, hotuna da bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Al Jazeera Investigative Unit, Will |title='Shoot them': Sheikh Hasina ordered firing on Bangladesh protesters in 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/24/shoot-them-sheikh-hasina-ordered-firing-on-bangladesh-protesters-in-2024 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oolh2olfcpm6r03y56l41kh3hhbjjgd 0 161192 879866 2026-07-09T22:40:40Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339505872|Alaa Kadhim]]" 879866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alaa Kadhim Jabur Al-Kinani''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1970) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Iraki wanda ya buga wa ƙasar Iraki da Talaba SC, inda shi ma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar. Alaa na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Iraki a cikin 90s a lokacin yakin neman cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta Iraki ta 1994. A lokacin wasannin, Alaa ya zira kwallaye 7, ciki har da wanda ya ci nasara a nasarar 2-1 a kan Iran. Dan wasan ya fara aikinsa tare da Al-Sinaa kafin ya koma Talaba a shekarar 1990. Bayan nasarorin da ya yi wa tawagar kasa a lokacin da aka cancanta a Doha, kungiyar Al-Taawon ta Qatari (yanzu Al-Khor) ta ba shi kwangila don buga musu wasa. Ya buga wasanni da yawa ga Iraki a lokacin bala'i na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1998 wanda ya rasa wasannin biyu ga Kazakhstan, bayan ya taimaka wa Iraki ta lashe gasar cin kocin Nehru ta 1997 a Indiya. Najih Humoud ya tuno da Alaa zuwa tawagar kasa kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa Gasar Abokantaka ta Duniya ta 1999, wasansa na karshe ga Iraki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassanin Mubarak |title=Player Database |url=http://iraqsport.com/cgi-bin/db/db.cgi?db=players&uid=default&view_records=1&Index=R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010618144139/http://iraqsport.com/cgi-bin/db/db.cgi?db=players&uid=default&view_records=1&Index=R |archive-date=June 18, 2001 |publisher=iraqsport.com}}</ref> == Na Mutum == Shi ne mahaifin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Ameer Kinani . == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. | rowspan="2" |26 ga Mayu 1993 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al-Hassan, Irbid | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|YEM}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="8" |1994 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- |2. | align="center" |6–1 |- |3. | rowspan="2" |28 ga Mayu 1993 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al-Hassan, Irbid | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|PAK}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |8–0 |- |4. | align="center" |6–0 |- |5. |14 Yuni 1993 |[[Chengdu]]_Sports_Centre" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chengdu Sports Centre">Cibiyar Wasanni ta Chengdu, Chengdu |{{Fb|JOR}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |- |6. | rowspan="2" |15 ga Oktoba 1993 | rowspan="3" |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|PRK}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–3 |- |7. | align="center" |2–0 |- |8. |22 ga Oktoba 1993 |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |- |9. |30 Maris 1997 |Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Kaloor, Cochin[[Kochi|Gishiri]] |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Nehru na 1997 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] 4yd7v3xx5358bby92gt1bh5uvlzctrm 879867 879866 2026-07-09T22:41:10Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alaa Kadhim Jabur Al-Kinani''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1970) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Iraki wanda ya buga wa ƙasar Iraki da Talaba SC, inda shi ma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar. Alaa na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Iraki a cikin 90s a lokacin yakin neman cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta Iraki ta 1994. A lokacin wasannin, Alaa ya zira kwallaye 7, ciki har da wanda ya ci nasara a nasarar 2-1 a kan Iran. Dan wasan ya fara aikinsa tare da Al-Sinaa kafin ya koma Talaba a shekarar 1990. Bayan nasarorin da ya yi wa tawagar kasa a lokacin da aka cancanta a Doha, kungiyar Al-Taawon ta Qatari (yanzu Al-Khor) ta ba shi kwangila don buga musu wasa. Ya buga wasanni da yawa ga Iraki a lokacin bala'i na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1998 wanda ya rasa wasannin biyu ga Kazakhstan, bayan ya taimaka wa Iraki ta lashe gasar cin kocin Nehru ta 1997 a Indiya. Najih Humoud ya tuno da Alaa zuwa tawagar kasa kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa Gasar Abokantaka ta Duniya ta 1999, wasansa na karshe ga Iraki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassanin Mubarak |title=Player Database |url=http://iraqsport.com/cgi-bin/db/db.cgi?db=players&uid=default&view_records=1&Index=R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010618144139/http://iraqsport.com/cgi-bin/db/db.cgi?db=players&uid=default&view_records=1&Index=R |archive-date=June 18, 2001 |publisher=iraqsport.com}}</ref> == Na Mutum == Shi ne mahaifin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Ameer Kinani . == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. | rowspan="2" |26 ga Mayu 1993 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al-Hassan, Irbid | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|YEM}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="8" |1994 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- |2. | align="center" |6–1 |- |3. | rowspan="2" |28 ga Mayu 1993 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al-Hassan, Irbid | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|PAK}} | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |8–0 |- |4. | align="center" |6–0 |- |5. |14 Yuni 1993 |[[Chengdu]]_Sports_Centre" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chengdu Sports Centre">Cibiyar Wasanni ta Chengdu, Chengdu |{{Fb|JOR}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |- |6. | rowspan="2" |15 ga Oktoba 1993 | rowspan="3" |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|PRK}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–3 |- |7. | align="center" |2–0 |- |8. |22 ga Oktoba 1993 |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |- |9. |30 Maris 1997 |Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Kaloor, Cochin[[Kochi|Gishiri]] |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Nehru na 1997 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] d6q7rpn47iupkp6x97d8uubbzwjb2bb 0 161193 879869 2026-07-09T22:45:33Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363242589|Thomas Bearman]]" 879869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Bearman''' (/bɛərmən/; an haife shi 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009) direban tsere Burtaniya ne wanda ya taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya ta F4 don Hitech TGR . An haife shi kuma ya girma a Chelmsford, Bearman shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan direban Formula One Oliver Bearman . == Ayyuka == === Karting (2017-2024) === Bearman ya fara karts yana da shekaru takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Bearman |url=https://fiaformula4.com/drivers/thomas-bearman/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[F4 British Championship]] |language=en}}</ref> Bai lashe manyan lakabi ba a duk lokacin da yake aiki a wasan karting, tare da mafi kyawun sakamako a matsayi na shida a gasar zakarun Burtaniya ta 2023 da kuma RMC Grand Finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Kart Championship - Junior Rotax 2023 Standings |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/british-kart-championship-rotax-junior/2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RMC Grand Finals - Junior Max 2023 Standings |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/rotax-max-challenge-grand-finals---junior/2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref> === Formula 4 (2024-yanzu) === Bearman ya fara zama a wurin zama guda a lokacin zagaye na biyu na Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2024 tare da Hitech Pulse-Eight . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=9 September 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman to make single-seater racing bow in Euro 4 |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-to-make-single-seater-racing-bow-in-euro-4/123603 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sami mafi kyawun ƙarshe na 20 kuma bai ci maki ba. Bayan mako guda, Bearman zai yi baka a cikin F4 na Burtaniya tare da Hitech don zagaye biyu na karshe na gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=17 September 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman and Harri Reynolds to debut in British F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-and-harri-reynolds-to-debut-in-british-f4/123973 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye guda tare da matsayi na goma a lokacin tseren karshe a Brands Hatch . ==== 2025 ==== A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Bearman ya yi tsere don Hitech TGR a cikin Formula Winter Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=27 November 2024 |title=Hitech to field four drivers in Formula Winter Series |url=https://formulascout.com/hitech-to-field-four-drivers-in-formula-winter-series/126031 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya fara ne da kakar wasa ta biyar da ta huɗu a Portimão, kuma bayan karin maki biyu sun gama a Aragon, Bearman ya dauki matsayi na farko a lokacin tseren karshe a Barcelona ta hanyar kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Hitech victorious on Formula Winter Series debut in Portimão |url=https://www.hitechgp.co.uk/hitech-victorious-on-formula-winter-series-debut-in-portimao/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Hitech Grand Prix]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2025 |title=Leo Robinson crowned Formula Winter Series Vice-Champion |url=https://www.hitechgp.co.uk/hitechs-leo-robinson-crowned-formula-winter-series-vice-champion/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Hitech Grand Prix]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala a matsayi na takwas a cikin matsayi, inda ya zira kwallaye 60. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Hitech ya sanya hannu kan Bearman don yin gasa a cikin cikakken kakar F4 ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=15 October 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman joins Hitech for full British F4 campaign |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-joins-hitech-for-full-british-f4-campaign/124832 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== Bearman ya sauya zuwa Italiyanci F4 tare da Van Amersfoort Racing a cikin 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2026 |title=Van Amersfoort Racing welcomes Thomas Bearman to its Formula 4 programme |url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2026/van-amersfoort-racing-welcomes-thomas-bearman-to-its-formula-4-programme/ |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[Van Amersfoort Racing]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Babban ɗan'uwan Bearman, [[Oliver Bearman|Oliver]], ɗan'uwansa ne mai tsere wanda ya yi gasa a Formula One na Ferrari da Haas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Getting to know Oliver Bearman |url=https://www.haasf1team.com/news/getting-know-oliver-bearman |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Haas F1 Team]] |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, David Bearman, shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in kamfanin inshora na Aventum Group . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 24rjhuviizsvyugoavj588m7u31nz42 879872 879869 2026-07-09T22:46:42Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Bearman''' (/bɛərmən/; an haife shi 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009) direban tsere Burtaniya ne wanda ya taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya ta F4 don Hitech TGR . An haife shi kuma ya girma a Chelmsford, Bearman shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan direban Formula One Oliver Bearman . == Ayyuka == === Karting (2017-2024) === Bearman ya fara karts yana da shekaru takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Bearman |url=https://fiaformula4.com/drivers/thomas-bearman/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[F4 British Championship]] |language=en}}</ref> Bai lashe manyan lakabi ba a duk lokacin da yake aiki a wasan karting, tare da mafi kyawun sakamako a matsayi na shida a gasar zakarun Burtaniya ta 2023 da kuma RMC Grand Finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Kart Championship - Junior Rotax 2023 Standings |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/british-kart-championship-rotax-junior/2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RMC Grand Finals - Junior Max 2023 Standings |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/rotax-max-challenge-grand-finals---junior/2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=DriverDB |language=en}}</ref> === Formula 4 (2024-yanzu) === Bearman ya fara zama a wurin zama guda a lokacin zagaye na biyu na Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2024 tare da Hitech Pulse-Eight . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=9 September 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman to make single-seater racing bow in Euro 4 |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-to-make-single-seater-racing-bow-in-euro-4/123603 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sami mafi kyawun ƙarshe na 20 kuma bai ci maki ba. Bayan mako guda, Bearman zai yi baka a cikin F4 na Burtaniya tare da Hitech don zagaye biyu na karshe na gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=17 September 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman and Harri Reynolds to debut in British F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-and-harri-reynolds-to-debut-in-british-f4/123973 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye guda tare da matsayi na goma a lokacin tseren karshe a Brands Hatch . ==== 2025 ==== A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025, Bearman ya yi tsere don Hitech TGR a cikin Formula Winter Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=27 November 2024 |title=Hitech to field four drivers in Formula Winter Series |url=https://formulascout.com/hitech-to-field-four-drivers-in-formula-winter-series/126031 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya fara ne da kakar wasa ta biyar da ta huɗu a Portimão, kuma bayan karin maki biyu sun gama a Aragon, Bearman ya dauki matsayi na farko a lokacin tseren karshe a Barcelona ta hanyar kammala na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Hitech victorious on Formula Winter Series debut in Portimão |url=https://www.hitechgp.co.uk/hitech-victorious-on-formula-winter-series-debut-in-portimao/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Hitech Grand Prix]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2025 |title=Leo Robinson crowned Formula Winter Series Vice-Champion |url=https://www.hitechgp.co.uk/hitechs-leo-robinson-crowned-formula-winter-series-vice-champion/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Hitech Grand Prix]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala a matsayi na takwas a cikin matsayi, inda ya zira kwallaye 60. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Hitech ya sanya hannu kan Bearman don yin gasa a cikin cikakken kakar F4 ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=15 October 2024 |title=Thomas Bearman joins Hitech for full British F4 campaign |url=https://formulascout.com/thomas-bearman-joins-hitech-for-full-british-f4-campaign/124832 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== 2026 ==== Bearman ya sauya zuwa Italiyanci F4 tare da Van Amersfoort Racing a cikin 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2026 |title=Van Amersfoort Racing welcomes Thomas Bearman to its Formula 4 programme |url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2026/van-amersfoort-racing-welcomes-thomas-bearman-to-its-formula-4-programme/ |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[Van Amersfoort Racing]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Babban ɗan'uwan Bearman, [[Oliver Bearman|Oliver]], ɗan'uwansa ne mai tsere wanda ya yi gasa a Formula One na Ferrari da Haas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Getting to know Oliver Bearman |url=https://www.haasf1team.com/news/getting-know-oliver-bearman |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Haas F1 Team]] |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, David Bearman, shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in kamfanin inshora na Aventum Group . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== astuhejup93n1b1y9frsex53u3jahp9 0 161194 879874 2026-07-09T23:01:12Z M Bash Ne 12403 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345427550|Julius Robinson]]" 879874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1974) jami'in ƴan sandan Najeriya ne, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent of Police (ASP) a cikin rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya . Shi ne kwamandan CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a ƙarƙashin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]] kuma an san shi da rawar da ya taka a ayyukan leken asiri game da satar mutane da fashi da makamai. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Julius Robinson a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya girma ne a Imburu a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Numan, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], bayan ya rasa iyayensa biyu tun yana ƙarami.<ref name=":01" /> Robinson ya halarci makarantar firamare ta LEA a Kaduna, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a [[Jos]] da [[Yola]], Jihar Adamawa . <ref name=":01" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma a cikin Common Law daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Cybersecurity daga Jami'ar Novena, Ogume . <ref name=":01" /> == Ayyukan ƴan sanda == Robinson ya shiga rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1999 bayan kammala horo a Kwalejin ƴan sanda, Maiduguri . A cikin shekaru, ya yi aiki a cikin rakuni daban-daban, gami da Ofishin leken asiri na aikata laifuka a [[Minna]], Ofishin leƙen asiri na Jiha, Squad na Musamman na Kisan kai, rakuni na cybercrime, da Sufeto-Janar na Ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta ƴan sanda. <ref name=":01" /> Ya umurci CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a cikin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]]. A cikin wannan rawar, tawagarsa ta gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa kamar haka: * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, jami'an da ke karkashin jagorancinsa sun bi wadanda ake zargi da satar mutane zuwa Jihar Rivers kuma sun kama wanda ake zargi, sun dawo da bindigar [[AK-47]] da harsashi. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu satar mutane biyar da ake zargi da su a cikin gwagwarmayar bindiga bayan an gano su zuwa wani gandun daji a Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta. Makamai da aka dawo dasu sun hada da AK-47, bindiga mai aiki, da kuma bindigogi da aka yi a cikin gida. * A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, yayin wani sintiri na sirri a kan titin Ughelli-[[Patani]], CP-SAT karkashin jagorancin Robinson ya shiga wadanda ake zargi a cikin bas din, wanda ya haifar da duel na bindiga. Wadanda ake zargi guda uku sun ji mummunan rauni, kuma an gano bindiga daya na AK-47 tare da harsashi 18 na harsashi. * A watan Yulin 2025, tawagarsa, tare da hadin gwiwar wasu 'yan wasa, sun kama wani sanannen wanda ake zargi da satar mutane, Chiadiji "Smooth" Collins, kuma sun dawo da bindiga na AK-47 da zagaye 40 na harsashi na 7.62 mm.<ref name=":08">{{Cite web |last=Augustine Ehikioya |title=Nigeria: CP-SAT Nabs Suspected Kidnappers In Delta, Recovers Weapons, Ammunition |url=https://www.swafricanews.com/nigeria-cp-sat-nabs-suspected-kidnappers-in-delta-recovers-weapons-ammunition/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Security Watch Africa}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2025, tawagarsa ta kama wadanda ake zargi da 'yan fashi da masu satar mutane a yankin karamar hukuma ta Ughelli ta Arewa, inda suka dawo da bindigogi, harsashi, kayan soja, da sauran kayan aiki. == Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Robinson jami'in 'yan sanda na Afirka wanda aka haɗa a cikin Who's Who Africa Bibliographical Compendium (2025), wanda Time Africa Magazine ta buga. An girmama shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun ƴan Sanda na Afirka na Shekara" a taron bayar da kyautar. Ya kuma sami wasu kyaututtuka, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Tsaro ta Afirka Triple Award da Crime Buster of the Year (2023) daga Kungiyar Masu ba da rahoto na Najeriya.<ref name=":01" /> == Ci gaban sana'a == Robinson ya gudanar da horo na ƙasa da ƙasa don kammala karatun leken asiri da kariya ta VIP a [[Isra'ila]] kuma daga baya ya horar da shi a cikin binciken leken asiri a [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://www.npf.gov.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] sm0c0vf7rm0cswbmxo6rb9x6gpcw7e0 879875 879874 2026-07-09T23:01:39Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 879875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1974) jami'in ƴan sandan Najeriya ne, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent of Police (ASP) a cikin rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya . Shi ne kwamandan CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a ƙarƙashin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]] kuma an san shi da rawar da ya taka a ayyukan leken asiri game da satar mutane da fashi da makamai. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Julius Robinson a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya girma ne a Imburu a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Numan, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], bayan ya rasa iyayensa biyu tun yana ƙarami.<ref name=":01" /> Robinson ya halarci makarantar firamare ta LEA a Kaduna, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a [[Jos]] da [[Yola]], Jihar Adamawa . <ref name=":01" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma a cikin Common Law daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Cybersecurity daga Jami'ar Novena, Ogume . <ref name=":01" /> == Ayyukan ƴan sanda == Robinson ya shiga rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1999 bayan kammala horo a Kwalejin ƴan sanda, Maiduguri . A cikin shekaru, ya yi aiki a cikin rakuni daban-daban, gami da Ofishin leken asiri na aikata laifuka a [[Minna]], Ofishin leƙen asiri na Jiha, Squad na Musamman na Kisan kai, rakuni na cybercrime, da Sufeto-Janar na Ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta ƴan sanda. <ref name=":01" /> Ya umurci CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a cikin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]]. A cikin wannan rawar, tawagarsa ta gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa kamar haka: * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, jami'an da ke karkashin jagorancinsa sun bi wadanda ake zargi da satar mutane zuwa Jihar Rivers kuma sun kama wanda ake zargi, sun dawo da bindigar [[AK-47]] da harsashi. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu satar mutane biyar da ake zargi da su a cikin gwagwarmayar bindiga bayan an gano su zuwa wani gandun daji a Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta. Makamai da aka dawo dasu sun hada da AK-47, bindiga mai aiki, da kuma bindigogi da aka yi a cikin gida. * A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, yayin wani sintiri na sirri a kan titin Ughelli-[[Patani]], CP-SAT karkashin jagorancin Robinson ya shiga wadanda ake zargi a cikin bas din, wanda ya haifar da duel na bindiga. Wadanda ake zargi guda uku sun ji mummunan rauni, kuma an gano bindiga daya na AK-47 tare da harsashi 18 na harsashi. * A watan Yulin 2025, tawagarsa, tare da hadin gwiwar wasu 'yan wasa, sun kama wani sanannen wanda ake zargi da satar mutane, Chiadiji "Smooth" Collins, kuma sun dawo da bindiga na AK-47 da zagaye 40 na harsashi na 7.62 mm.<ref name=":08">{{Cite web |last=Augustine Ehikioya |title=Nigeria: CP-SAT Nabs Suspected Kidnappers In Delta, Recovers Weapons, Ammunition |url=https://www.swafricanews.com/nigeria-cp-sat-nabs-suspected-kidnappers-in-delta-recovers-weapons-ammunition/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Security Watch Africa}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2025, tawagarsa ta kama wadanda ake zargi da 'yan fashi da masu satar mutane a yankin karamar hukuma ta Ughelli ta Arewa, inda suka dawo da bindigogi, harsashi, kayan soja, da sauran kayan aiki. == Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Robinson jami'in 'yan sanda na Afirka wanda aka haɗa a cikin Who's Who Africa Bibliographical Compendium (2025), wanda Time Africa Magazine ta buga. An girmama shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun ƴan Sanda na Afirka na Shekara" a taron bayar da kyautar. Ya kuma sami wasu kyaututtuka, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Tsaro ta Afirka Triple Award da Crime Buster of the Year (2023) daga Kungiyar Masu ba da rahoto na Najeriya.<ref name=":01" /> == Ci gaban sana'a == Robinson ya gudanar da horo na ƙasa da ƙasa don kammala karatun leken asiri da kariya ta VIP a [[Isra'ila]] kuma daga baya ya horar da shi a cikin binciken leken asiri a [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://www.npf.gov.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] c8ftelfutg9rslbmq7kusnkloj73lu9 879876 879875 2026-07-09T23:02:00Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Manazarta */ 879876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1974) jami'in ƴan sandan Najeriya ne, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent of Police (ASP) a cikin rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya . Shi ne kwamandan CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a ƙarƙashin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]] kuma an san shi da rawar da ya taka a ayyukan leken asiri game da satar mutane da fashi da makamai. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Julius Robinson a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya girma ne a Imburu a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Numan, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], bayan ya rasa iyayensa biyu tun yana ƙarami.<ref name=":01" /> Robinson ya halarci makarantar firamare ta LEA a Kaduna, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a [[Jos]] da [[Yola]], Jihar Adamawa . <ref name=":01" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma a cikin Common Law daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Cybersecurity daga Jami'ar Novena, Ogume . <ref name=":01" /> == Ayyukan ƴan sanda == Robinson ya shiga rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1999 bayan kammala horo a Kwalejin ƴan sanda, Maiduguri . A cikin shekaru, ya yi aiki a cikin rakuni daban-daban, gami da Ofishin leken asiri na aikata laifuka a [[Minna]], Ofishin leƙen asiri na Jiha, Squad na Musamman na Kisan kai, rakuni na cybercrime, da Sufeto-Janar na Ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta ƴan sanda. <ref name=":01" /> Ya umurci CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a cikin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]]. A cikin wannan rawar, tawagarsa ta gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa kamar haka: * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, jami'an da ke karkashin jagorancinsa sun bi wadanda ake zargi da satar mutane zuwa Jihar Rivers kuma sun kama wanda ake zargi, sun dawo da bindigar [[AK-47]] da harsashi. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu satar mutane biyar da ake zargi da su a cikin gwagwarmayar bindiga bayan an gano su zuwa wani gandun daji a Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta. Makamai da aka dawo dasu sun hada da AK-47, bindiga mai aiki, da kuma bindigogi da aka yi a cikin gida. * A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, yayin wani sintiri na sirri a kan titin Ughelli-[[Patani]], CP-SAT karkashin jagorancin Robinson ya shiga wadanda ake zargi a cikin bas din, wanda ya haifar da duel na bindiga. Wadanda ake zargi guda uku sun ji mummunan rauni, kuma an gano bindiga daya na AK-47 tare da harsashi 18 na harsashi. * A watan Yulin 2025, tawagarsa, tare da hadin gwiwar wasu 'yan wasa, sun kama wani sanannen wanda ake zargi da satar mutane, Chiadiji "Smooth" Collins, kuma sun dawo da bindiga na AK-47 da zagaye 40 na harsashi na 7.62 mm.<ref name=":08">{{Cite web |last=Augustine Ehikioya |title=Nigeria: CP-SAT Nabs Suspected Kidnappers In Delta, Recovers Weapons, Ammunition |url=https://www.swafricanews.com/nigeria-cp-sat-nabs-suspected-kidnappers-in-delta-recovers-weapons-ammunition/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Security Watch Africa}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2025, tawagarsa ta kama wadanda ake zargi da 'yan fashi da masu satar mutane a yankin karamar hukuma ta Ughelli ta Arewa, inda suka dawo da bindigogi, harsashi, kayan soja, da sauran kayan aiki. == Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Robinson jami'in 'yan sanda na Afirka wanda aka haɗa a cikin Who's Who Africa Bibliographical Compendium (2025), wanda Time Africa Magazine ta buga. An girmama shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun ƴan Sanda na Afirka na Shekara" a taron bayar da kyautar. Ya kuma sami wasu kyaututtuka, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Tsaro ta Afirka Triple Award da Crime Buster of the Year (2023) daga Kungiyar Masu ba da rahoto na Najeriya.<ref name=":01" /> == Ci gaban sana'a == Robinson ya gudanar da horo na ƙasa da ƙasa don kammala karatun leken asiri da kariya ta VIP a [[Isra'ila]] kuma daga baya ya horar da shi a cikin binciken leken asiri a [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://www.npf.gov.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] ptzw8vgdhbl27ytl4i2cgr6wxemwblr 879877 879876 2026-07-09T23:02:25Z M Bash Ne 12403 879877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Julius Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1974) jami'in ƴan sandan Najeriya ne, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent of Police (ASP) a cikin rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya . Shi ne kwamandan CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a ƙarƙashin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]] kuma an san shi da rawar da ya taka a ayyukan leken asiri game da satar mutane da fashi da makamai. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Julius Robinson a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya girma ne a Imburu a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Numan, [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], bayan ya rasa iyayensa biyu tun yana ƙarami.<ref name=":01" /> Robinson ya halarci makarantar firamare ta LEA a Kaduna, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a [[Jos]] da [[Yola]], Jihar Adamawa . <ref name=":01" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma a cikin Common Law daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Cybersecurity daga Jami'ar Novena, Ogume . <ref name=":01" /> == Ayyukan ƴan sanda == Robinson ya shiga rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1999 bayan kammala horo a Kwalejin ƴan sanda, Maiduguri . A cikin shekaru, ya yi aiki a cikin rakuni daban-daban, gami da Ofishin leken asiri na aikata laifuka a [[Minna]], Ofishin leƙen asiri na Jiha, Squad na Musamman na Kisan kai, rakuni na cybercrime, da Sufeto-Janar na Ƙungiyar leƙen asiri ta ƴan sanda. <ref name=":01" /> Ya umurci CP-Special Assignment Team (CP-SAT) a cikin [[Delta State Police Command|Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Jihar Delta]]. A cikin wannan rawar, tawagarsa ta gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa kamar haka: * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, jami'an da ke karkashin jagorancinsa sun bi wadanda ake zargi da satar mutane zuwa Jihar Rivers kuma sun kama wanda ake zargi, sun dawo da bindigar [[AK-47]] da harsashi. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an kashe masu satar mutane biyar da ake zargi da su a cikin gwagwarmayar bindiga bayan an gano su zuwa wani gandun daji a Ughelli North LGA, Jihar Delta. Makamai da aka dawo dasu sun hada da AK-47, bindiga mai aiki, da kuma bindigogi da aka yi a cikin gida. * A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, yayin wani sintiri na sirri a kan titin Ughelli-[[Patani]], CP-SAT karkashin jagorancin Robinson ya shiga wadanda ake zargi a cikin bas din, wanda ya haifar da duel na bindiga. Wadanda ake zargi guda uku sun ji mummunan rauni, kuma an gano bindiga daya na AK-47 tare da harsashi 18 na harsashi. * A watan Yulin 2025, tawagarsa, tare da hadin gwiwar wasu 'yan wasa, sun kama wani sanannen wanda ake zargi da satar mutane, Chiadiji "Smooth" Collins, kuma sun dawo da bindiga na AK-47 da zagaye 40 na harsashi na 7.62 mm.<ref name=":08">{{Cite web |last=Augustine Ehikioya |title=Nigeria: CP-SAT Nabs Suspected Kidnappers In Delta, Recovers Weapons, Ammunition |url=https://www.swafricanews.com/nigeria-cp-sat-nabs-suspected-kidnappers-in-delta-recovers-weapons-ammunition/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Security Watch Africa}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2025, tawagarsa ta kama wadanda ake zargi da 'yan fashi da masu satar mutane a yankin karamar hukuma ta Ughelli ta Arewa, inda suka dawo da bindigogi, harsashi, kayan soja, da sauran kayan aiki. == Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, an kira Robinson jami'in 'yan sanda na Afirka wanda aka haɗa a cikin Who's Who Africa Bibliographical Compendium (2025), wanda Time Africa Magazine ta buga. An girmama shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun ƴan Sanda na Afirka na Shekara" a taron bayar da kyautar. Ya kuma sami wasu kyaututtuka, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Tsaro ta Afirka Triple Award da Crime Buster of the Year (2023) daga Kungiyar Masu ba da rahoto na Najeriya.<ref name=":01" /> == Ci gaban sana'a == Robinson ya gudanar da horo na ƙasa da ƙasa don kammala karatun leken asiri da kariya ta VIP a [[Isra'ila]] kuma daga baya ya horar da shi a cikin binciken leken asiri a [[California]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://www.npf.gov.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] e1aocm2yq3hw1m4fwwgrneo9vyw5hmc 0 161195 879903 2026-07-10T00:56:02Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735234|Texas's 8th Senate district]]" 879903 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains da Hunt da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. 6nl96cz1cyh4qvk2zj0u5d9joewl062 879904 879903 2026-07-10T00:57:04Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879904 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains da Hunt da kuma wasu sassan [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Gundumar Collin]] da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. cgq889qhvwv6sfgcf2uzocei9xmror4 879905 879904 2026-07-10T00:57:57Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879905 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains da Hunt da kuma wasu sassan [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Gundumar Collin]] da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]] r5nta4hixhw77wc4b27cstoqiazg53t 0 161196 879907 2026-07-10T01:11:09Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735144|Texas's 61st House of Representatives district]]" 879907 wikitext text/x-wiki   Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''1st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. == Bayanan da aka ambata == c0ki0hgmamoy4gkr0cf14npqh7fkdhb 879909 879907 2026-07-10T01:14:24Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879909 wikitext text/x-wiki   Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''1st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == 98qe55xlbg9v6a8ypp2zciyb1d92ib8 879911 879909 2026-07-10T01:31:03Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879911 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''1st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1qc95j3quykfeztb7zsu75j475ipxg8 879912 879911 2026-07-10T01:31:47Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879912 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar TexasFlag of Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''1st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6xaa45a5s4t6pezrpbnsmxji6bhqnu0 879913 879912 2026-07-10T01:31:54Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879913 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''1st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6fixtscsvi0y38jxvp7fn9q9v0wgn1a 879914 879913 2026-07-10T01:32:06Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879914 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> '''61st district''' of the '''Texas House of Representatives''' Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == hefeyazg4mqui233hlx8n99nh44htvj 879916 879914 2026-07-10T01:32:22Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879916 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> <u>'''61st district of the''' '''Texas House of Representatives'''</u> Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov == Bayanan da aka ambata == an1ku7fsicg2r82bugl1ssr5mtpzgla 879917 879916 2026-07-10T01:33:06Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879917 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> <u>'''61st district of the''' '''Texas House of Representatives'''</u> Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov [https://www.vote411.org/texas&#x20; https://www.vote411.org/texas] == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2hsojxy7760o7shreirlvr6jao4yuz0 879918 879917 2026-07-10T01:33:27Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 fix link 879918 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|Tutar Texas]] Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ita ce ƙaramar majalisar dokokin Texas mai kujeru biyu. Ta ƙunshi mambobi 150 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga gundumomi masu mambobi ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Babu iyaka ga wa'adin mulki. Majalisar tana taro a Babban Birnin Jihar da ke Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 61 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> <u>'''61st district of the''' '''Texas House of Representatives'''</u> Gundumar 61 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Gundumar Collin, Texas. https://house.texas.gov https://www.vote411.org/texas == Bayanan da aka ambata == 4s7f8v62mf495i8kzc2cunu5qlg9nu3 0 161197 879919 2026-07-10T01:44:45Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356174588|Keresa Richardson]]" 879919 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox officeholder|name=|image=|caption=|state_house=Texas|district=[[Texas's 61st House of Representatives district|61st]]|term_start=January 14, 2025|term_end=|preceded=[[Frederick Frazier]]|party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]|other_party=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Denison, Texas]], U.S.|alma_mater=|website={{URL|https://keresafortexas.com/|Campaign website}}}} Eresa Richardson 'yar siyasa ce a Texas wadda take memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a gundumar 61. 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|am'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta maye gurbin tsohuwar wakiliyar gundumar 61. Frederick Frazier Richardson 'yar kasuwa ce daga [[McKinney, Texas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keresa Richardson |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Keresa_Richardson |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erin |date=2024-05-29 |title=Keresa Richardson Beats Disgraced Incumbent Frederick Frazier in GOP Runoff |url=https://texasscorecard.com/state/keresa-richardson-beats-disgraced-incumbent-frederick-frazier-in-gop-runoff/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Texas Scorecard |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |date=2024-05-28 |title=Keresa Richardson Knocks Off State Rep. Frederick Frazier in Paxton-Themed House Race |url=https://thetexan.news/elections/2024/keresa-richardson-knocks-off-state-rep-frederick-frazier-in-paxton-themed-house-race/article_98e91c0c-1d56-11ef-ad5b-a3c69b4df5ea.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=The Texan |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] plfwnxti62bao27k8m2ehiknzyx9hi4 879920 879919 2026-07-10T01:46:42Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879920 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox officeholder|name=|image=|caption=|state_house=Texas|district=[[Texas's 61st House of Representatives district|61st]]|term_start=January 14, 2025|term_end=|preceded=[[Frederick Frazier]]|party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]|other_party=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Denison, Texas]], U.S.|alma_mater=|website={{URL|https://keresafortexas.com/|Campaign website}}}} Eresa Richardson 'yar siyasa ce a Texas wadda take memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a gundumar 61. 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|am'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta maye gurbin tsohuwar wakiliyar gundumar 61. Frederick Frazier Richardson 'yar kasuwa ce daga [[McKinney, Texas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keresa Richardson |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Keresa_Richardson |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erin |date=2024-05-29 |title=Keresa Richardson Beats Disgraced Incumbent Frederick Frazier in GOP Runoff |url=https://texasscorecard.com/state/keresa-richardson-beats-disgraced-incumbent-frederick-frazier-in-gop-runoff/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Texas Scorecard |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |date=2024-05-28 |title=Keresa Richardson Knocks Off State Rep. Frederick Frazier in Paxton-Themed House Race |url=https://thetexan.news/elections/2024/keresa-richardson-knocks-off-state-rep-frederick-frazier-in-paxton-themed-house-race/article_98e91c0c-1d56-11ef-ad5b-a3c69b4df5ea.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=The Texan |language=en}}</ref> [https://keresafortexas.com/ Keresa Richardson for Texas] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 32a8fxmpsi4pgu41cgpwcfngjjt023h 0 161198 880052 2026-07-10T09:35:54Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284257361|Gurteen Beach]]" 880052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:26Feb07_Gurteen_Beach.jpg|thumb|Gurteen Beach]] '''Gurteen Beach''' (''Trá na Feadóige'' a cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ma'ana ''bakin teku na plover'' ), wanda ke cikin Roundstone, County Galway, a yankin Connemara da ke yammacin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], yana nan a jere tare da Dog's Bay. An samar da rairayin bakin teku guda biyu ta hanyar yashi da tombolo wanda yanzu ya raba bakin teku guda biyu da aka sani da Gurteen Bay da Dog's Bay. Sunan Gurteen ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ''Goirtín'' ma'ana ''ƙaramin fili'' ko ''ƙaramin fili.'' Yankin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya saboda [[Ecology|yanayin muhalli]], [[Ilmin duwatsu|yanayin ƙasa]] da kuma kayan tarihi . Yashi da wuraren kiwo suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. A cewar Robert Lloyd Praeger, ba a samar da yashi daga duwatsu ba, amma daga harsashin ƙananan halittun teku da aka sani da foraminifera . Wannan ƙari ne kawai, domin yawancin yashi an yi shi ne da ƙananan gutsuttsuran harsashin molluscs, gutsuttsuran soso na siliceous, da sauran gutsuttsuran kwarangwal na dabbobi. Ana ɗaukar ciyawar, wadda aka yi da ciyayi machair a matsayin mai wuya kuma an san cewa ana samunta ne kawai a gabar tekun yamma na Ireland da Scotland. Tekun Roundstone suma suna da mahimmanci a matsayin misali na [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye muhalli]] mai amfani a cikin al'umma. Yankin ya fuskanci barazanar [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da haka, ƙoƙari mai yawa a madadin kwamitin gyara rairayin bakin teku na yankin da kuma al'ummar yankin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tuddan yashi a kan tombolo da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi da kuma kiyaye yanayin musamman na yankin. == Manazarta == dvdqaup2us3ev4dotn3zeqoe5y8hbh5 880053 880052 2026-07-10T09:37:28Z Nnamadee 31123 880053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:26Feb07_Gurteen_Beach.jpg|thumb|Gurteen Beach]] '''Gurteen Beach''' (''Trá na Feadóige'' a cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ma'ana ''bakin teku na plover'' ), wanda ke cikin Roundstone, County Galway, a yankin Connemara da ke yammacin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], yana nan a jere tare da Dog's Bay. An samar da rairayin bakin teku guda biyu ta hanyar yashi da tombolo wanda yanzu ya raba bakin teku guda biyu da aka sani da Gurteen Bay da Dog's Bay. Sunan Gurteen ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ''Goirtín'' ma'ana ''ƙaramin fili'' ko ''ƙaramin fili.'' Yankin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya saboda [[Ecology|yanayin muhalli]], [[Ilmin duwatsu|yanayin ƙasa]] da kuma kayan tarihi . Yashi da wuraren kiwo suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. A cewar Robert Lloyd Praeger, ba a samar da yashi daga duwatsu ba, amma daga harsashin ƙananan halittun teku da aka sani da foraminifera.<ref>Praeger, R. L. 1969. The way that I went An Irishman in Ireland, Figgis, Dublin, ISBN 0-900372-93-1</ref> Wannan ƙari ne kawai, domin yawancin yashi an yi shi ne da ƙananan gutsuttsuran harsashin molluscs, gutsuttsuran soso na siliceous, da sauran gutsuttsuran kwarangwal na dabbobi. Ana ɗaukar ciyawar, wadda aka yi da ciyayi machair a matsayin mai wuya kuma an san cewa ana samunta ne kawai a gabar tekun yamma na Ireland da Scotland. Tekun Roundstone suma suna da mahimmanci a matsayin misali na [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye muhalli]] mai amfani a cikin al'umma. Yankin ya fuskanci barazanar [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da haka, ƙoƙari mai yawa a madadin kwamitin gyara rairayin bakin teku na yankin da kuma al'ummar yankin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tuddan yashi a kan tombolo da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi da kuma kiyaye yanayin musamman na yankin. == Manazarta == 7n7st79veep6ehq2w9bv4w1kxcr7re1 880055 880053 2026-07-10T09:38:37Z Nnamadee 31123 880055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:26Feb07_Gurteen_Beach.jpg|thumb|Gurteen Beach]] '''Gurteen Beach''' (''Trá na Feadóige'' a cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ma'ana ''bakin teku na plover'' ), wanda ke cikin Roundstone, County Galway, a yankin Connemara da ke yammacin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], yana nan a jere tare da Dog's Bay. An samar da rairayin bakin teku guda biyu ta hanyar yashi da tombolo wanda yanzu ya raba bakin teku guda biyu da aka sani da Gurteen Bay da Dog's Bay. Sunan Gurteen ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ''Goirtín'' ma'ana ''ƙaramin fili'' ko ''ƙaramin fili.'' Yankin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya saboda [[Ecology|yanayin muhalli]], [[Ilmin duwatsu|yanayin ƙasa]] da kuma kayan tarihi . Yashi da wuraren kiwo suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. A cewar Robert Lloyd Praeger, ba a samar da yashi daga duwatsu ba, amma daga harsashin ƙananan halittun teku da aka sani da foraminifera.<ref>Praeger, R. L. 1969. The way that I went An Irishman in Ireland, Figgis, Dublin, ISBN 0-900372-93-1</ref> Wannan ƙari ne kawai, domin yawancin yashi an yi shi ne da ƙananan gutsuttsuran harsashin molluscs, gutsuttsuran soso na siliceous, da sauran gutsuttsuran kwarangwal na dabbobi.<ref>Spagnoli, Giovanni & Doherty, Paul. (2016). Comparison of Two Calcareous Sands in Relation to a Novel Offshore Mixed-in-Place Pile. Oil Gas European Magazine. 42. 91–94.</ref> Ana ɗaukar ciyawar, wadda aka yi da ciyayi machair a matsayin mai wuya kuma an san cewa ana samunta ne kawai a gabar tekun yamma na Ireland da Scotland. Tekun Roundstone suma suna da mahimmanci a matsayin misali na [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye muhalli]] mai amfani a cikin al'umma. Yankin ya fuskanci barazanar [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da haka, ƙoƙari mai yawa a madadin kwamitin gyara rairayin bakin teku na yankin da kuma al'ummar yankin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tuddan yashi a kan tombolo da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi da kuma kiyaye yanayin musamman na yankin. == Manazarta == 549n7ksnabamrnigs18sgs0wl3qppcc 880056 880055 2026-07-10T09:39:15Z Nnamadee 31123 880056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:26Feb07_Gurteen_Beach.jpg|thumb|Gurteen Beach]] '''Gurteen Beach''' (''Trá na Feadóige'' a cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ma'ana ''bakin teku na plover'' ), wanda ke cikin Roundstone, County Galway, a yankin Connemara da ke yammacin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], yana nan a jere tare da Dog's Bay. An samar da rairayin bakin teku guda biyu ta hanyar yashi da tombolo wanda yanzu ya raba bakin teku guda biyu da aka sani da Gurteen Bay da Dog's Bay. Sunan Gurteen ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] ''Goirtín'' ma'ana ''ƙaramin fili'' ko ''ƙaramin fili.'' Yankin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya saboda [[Ecology|yanayin muhalli]], [[Ilmin duwatsu|yanayin ƙasa]] da kuma kayan tarihi . Yashi da wuraren kiwo suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. A cewar Robert Lloyd Praeger, ba a samar da yashi daga duwatsu ba, amma daga harsashin ƙananan halittun teku da aka sani da foraminifera.<ref>Praeger, R. L. 1969. The way that I went An Irishman in Ireland, Figgis, Dublin, ISBN 0-900372-93-1</ref> Wannan ƙari ne kawai, domin yawancin yashi an yi shi ne da ƙananan gutsuttsuran harsashin molluscs, gutsuttsuran soso na siliceous, da sauran gutsuttsuran kwarangwal na dabbobi.<ref>Spagnoli, Giovanni & Doherty, Paul. (2016). Comparison of Two Calcareous Sands in Relation to a Novel Offshore Mixed-in-Place Pile. Oil Gas European Magazine. 42. 91–94.</ref> Ana ɗaukar ciyawar, wadda aka yi da ciyayi machair a matsayin mai wuya kuma an san cewa ana samunta ne kawai a gabar tekun yamma na Ireland da Scotland. Tekun Roundstone suma suna da mahimmanci a matsayin misali na [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye muhalli]] mai amfani a cikin al'umma. Yankin ya fuskanci barazanar [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da haka, ƙoƙari mai yawa a madadin kwamitin gyara rairayin bakin teku na yankin da kuma al'ummar yankin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tuddan yashi a kan tombolo da kuma ƙasa mai faɗi da kuma kiyaye yanayin musamman na yankin. == Manazarta == 8ue3vzyjyopp9edw4p4o81j5bli20sv 0 161199 880060 2026-07-10T10:15:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351070978|Kurban Berdyev]]" 880060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev''' ( Turkmen , Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1952) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Turkmen - [[Rasha]], kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar Turan Tovuz ta Azerbaijan. A shekarar 2017 an haɗa shi cikin manyan manajoji 50 a duniya ta fourfourtwo.com, a matsayi na 36, a gaban Brendan Rodgers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=FourFourTwo's 50 Best Football Managers in the World 2017: 40-36 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304083849/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=FourFourTwo}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar wasa === Berdyev ya girma tare da Kolhozçy Aşgabat inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin kadet da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tun daga 1966. Ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwararru a 1971. * Babban Gasar Soviet (zagaye 7, wasanni 155, kwallaye 23)&nbsp;– FC Kairat (1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985), FC SKA Rostov-on-Don (1979, 1980). Matsayi mafi girma - na 8 tare da Kairat (1977, 1984). * Gasar Soviet First League (zagaye 7, wasanni 211, kwallaye 32)&nbsp;– Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978), FC Kairat (1983), Nasara ta farko tare da FC Kairat a 1983. * Gasar Soviet ta Biyu (kakar wasa 2)&nbsp;- Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1975), FC Rostov (1980). === Aikin koyarwa === A Rubin Kazan ne Berdyev ya yi suna a matsayin koci wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2002, kuma ya lashe lambobin tagulla a shekarar farko da suka fara bugawa (2003). An lashe dukkan manyan kofunan Rubin tare da Berdyev a matsayin koci: waɗannan sune gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2008 da 2009, gasar Rasha a 2011–12 da kuma gasar Super Cup ta Rasha a 2010 da 2012 . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 5mmi7lgreyh0uw88k42l735vnti3qh1 880061 880060 2026-07-10T10:16:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351070978|Kurban Berdyev]]" 880061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev''' ( Turkmen , Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1952) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Turkmen - [[Rasha]], kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar Turan Tovuz ta Azerbaijan. A shekarar 2017 an haɗa shi cikin manyan manajoji 50 a duniya ta fourfourtwo.com, a matsayi na 36, a gaban Brendan Rodgers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=FourFourTwo's 50 Best Football Managers in the World 2017: 40-36 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304083849/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=FourFourTwo}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar wasa === Berdyev ya girma tare da Kolhozçy Aşgabat inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin kadet da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tun daga 1966. Ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwararru a 1971. * Babban Gasar Soviet (zagaye 7, wasanni 155, kwallaye 23)&nbsp;– FC Kairat (1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985), FC SKA Rostov-on-Don (1979, 1980). Matsayi mafi girma - na 8 tare da Kairat (1977, 1984). * Gasar Soviet First League (zagaye 7, wasanni 211, kwallaye 32)&nbsp;– Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978), FC Kairat (1983), Nasara ta farko tare da FC Kairat a 1983. * Gasar Soviet ta Biyu (kakar wasa 2)&nbsp;- Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1975), FC Rostov (1980). === Aikin koyarwa === A Rubin Kazan ne Berdyev ya yi suna a matsayin koci wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2002, kuma ya lashe lambobin tagulla a shekarar farko da suka fara bugawa (2003). An lashe dukkan manyan kofunan Rubin tare da Berdyev a matsayin koci: waɗannan sune gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2008 da 2009, gasar Rasha a 2011–12 da kuma gasar Super Cup ta Rasha a 2010 da 2012 . An kori Berdyev daga Rubin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2013 kuma bayan shekara guda, a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2014, an naɗa shi manajan FC Rostov . <ref name="BerdyevToRostov">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |script-title=ru:КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР «РОСТОВА» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164848/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Rostov ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar Premier ta Rasha ta hanyar lashe wasannin share fage na faduwa. A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Rostov ta cancanci gurbin gasar zakarun Turai ba zato ba tsammani, inda ta ɗauki matsayi na 2 a gasar. Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Rostov a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев попрощался с командой |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094648/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016, ya koma FC Rostov a matsayin mataimakin shugaban/koci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев назначен вице-президентом – тренером «Ростова» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164853/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, ya sake barin FC Rostov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев покинул «Ростов» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717035442/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2017, ya koma FC Rubin Kazan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев возглавит «Рубин» |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232005/http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019, ya sake barin Rubin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |script-title=ru:Спасибо за все, Курбан Бекиевич! |trans-title=Thank you for everything, Kurban Berdiyevich! |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924183345/https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021, an nada Berdyev a matsayin manajan kulob din FC Kairat na gasar Premier ta Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ – ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР "КАЙРАТА" |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-kayrata/ |publisher=[[FC Kairat]] |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya bar Kairat bisa amincewar juna a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=СПАСИБО КУРБАН БЕКИЕВИЧ! |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/spasibo-kurban-bekievich/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2022, Tractor a Iran ya ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=تمامی مسئولیت‌های فنی باشگاه تراکتور به "قربان بردیف" سپرده شد |url=http://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823045821/https://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=Tractor |language=fa}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2022, ƙungiyar Sochi ta Rasha ta ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=Курбан Бердыев – главный тренер "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-sochi/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |publisher=[[PFC Sochi]] |language=ru}}</ref> Sochi ta kore shi a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2023, bayan wasanni 5 kacal a matsayin kocin (nasara 2 da rashin nasara 3). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Курбан Бердыев покидает футбольный клуб "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-pokidaet-futbolnyy-klub-sochi/ |publisher=PFC Sochi |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2023, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da nadin Berdyev a matsayin kocin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Курбан Бердыев возглавил махачкалинское "Динамо" |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64aac8d79a7947348fa2069c |website=Sportrbc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Dynamo a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2024, inda kungiyar ta kasance a matsayi na farko a jadawalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Курбан Бердыев решил покинуть "Динамо" |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/02/07/hasanbi-bidzhiev-novyj-glavnyj-trener-dinamo/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2024, an naɗa Berdyev a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan ta Turan Tovuz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Kurban Berdıyev "Turan Tovuz"da✍️ |url=https://www.facebook.com/TuranTovuzPFK/posts/pfbid06rUgQkLrR3r673hA227mDpTuxggYinx49QcHNEBxU5yk97JxCYuLoJ6XJnfzqzZBl |access-date=25 June 2024 |publisher=Turan Tovuz Facebook |language=Azerbaijani |via=Facebook/TuranTovuzPFK}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgdtm7946mxrbmk3optd8hwh0qq5pkb 880068 880061 2026-07-10T10:37:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351070978|Kurban Berdyev]]" 880068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev''' ( Turkmen , Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1952) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Turkmen - [[Rasha]], kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar Turan Tovuz ta Azerbaijan. A shekarar 2017 an haɗa shi cikin manyan manajoji 50 a duniya ta fourfourtwo.com, a matsayi na 36, a gaban Brendan Rodgers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=FourFourTwo's 50 Best Football Managers in the World 2017: 40-36 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304083849/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=FourFourTwo}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar wasa === Berdyev ya girma tare da Kolhozçy Aşgabat inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin kadet da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tun daga 1966. Ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwararru a 1971. * Babban Gasar Soviet (zagaye 7, wasanni 155, kwallaye 23)&nbsp;– FC Kairat (1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985), FC SKA Rostov-on-Don (1979, 1980). Matsayi mafi girma - na 8 tare da Kairat (1977, 1984). * Gasar Soviet First League (zagaye 7, wasanni 211, kwallaye 32)&nbsp;– Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978), FC Kairat (1983), Nasara ta farko tare da FC Kairat a 1983. * Gasar Soviet ta Biyu (kakar wasa 2)&nbsp;- Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1975), FC Rostov (1980). === Aikin koyarwa === A Rubin Kazan ne Berdyev ya yi suna a matsayin koci wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2002, kuma ya lashe lambobin tagulla a shekarar farko da suka fara bugawa (2003). An lashe dukkan manyan kofunan Rubin tare da Berdyev a matsayin koci: waɗannan sune gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2008 da 2009, gasar Rasha a 2011–12 da kuma gasar Super Cup ta Rasha a 2010 da 2012 . An kori Berdyev daga Rubin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2013 kuma bayan shekara guda, a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2014, an naɗa shi manajan FC Rostov . <ref name="BerdyevToRostov">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |script-title=ru:КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР «РОСТОВА» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164848/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Rostov ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar Premier ta Rasha ta hanyar lashe wasannin share fage na faduwa. A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Rostov ta cancanci gurbin gasar zakarun Turai ba zato ba tsammani, inda ta ɗauki matsayi na 2 a gasar. Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Rostov a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев попрощался с командой |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094648/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016, ya koma FC Rostov a matsayin mataimakin shugaban/koci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев назначен вице-президентом – тренером «Ростова» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164853/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, ya sake barin FC Rostov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев покинул «Ростов» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717035442/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2017, ya koma FC Rubin Kazan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев возглавит «Рубин» |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232005/http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019, ya sake barin Rubin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |script-title=ru:Спасибо за все, Курбан Бекиевич! |trans-title=Thank you for everything, Kurban Berdiyevich! |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924183345/https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021, an nada Berdyev a matsayin manajan kulob din FC Kairat na gasar Premier ta Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ – ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР "КАЙРАТА" |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-kayrata/ |publisher=[[FC Kairat]] |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya bar Kairat bisa amincewar juna a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=СПАСИБО КУРБАН БЕКИЕВИЧ! |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/spasibo-kurban-bekievich/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2022, Tractor a Iran ya ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=تمامی مسئولیت‌های فنی باشگاه تراکتور به "قربان بردیف" سپرده شد |url=http://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823045821/https://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=Tractor |language=fa}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2022, ƙungiyar Sochi ta Rasha ta ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=Курбан Бердыев – главный тренер "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-sochi/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |publisher=[[PFC Sochi]] |language=ru}}</ref> Sochi ta kore shi a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2023, bayan wasanni 5 kacal a matsayin kocin (nasara 2 da rashin nasara 3). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Курбан Бердыев покидает футбольный клуб "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-pokidaet-futbolnyy-klub-sochi/ |publisher=PFC Sochi |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2023, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da nadin Berdyev a matsayin kocin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Курбан Бердыев возглавил махачкалинское "Динамо" |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64aac8d79a7947348fa2069c |website=Sportrbc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Dynamo a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2024, inda kungiyar ta kasance a matsayi na farko a jadawalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Курбан Бердыев решил покинуть "Динамо" |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/02/07/hasanbi-bidzhiev-novyj-glavnyj-trener-dinamo/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2024, an naɗa Berdyev a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan ta Turan Tovuz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Kurban Berdıyev "Turan Tovuz"da✍️ |url=https://www.facebook.com/TuranTovuzPFK/posts/pfbid06rUgQkLrR3r673hA227mDpTuxggYinx49QcHNEBxU5yk97JxCYuLoJ6XJnfzqzZBl |access-date=25 June 2024 |publisher=Turan Tovuz Facebook |language=Azerbaijani |via=Facebook/TuranTovuzPFK}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|18 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |Khimik Dzhambul |{{Flagicon|Soviet Union}} | align="left" |1 January 1986 | align="left" |30 June 1989 {{WDL|134|71|18|45}} |- | align="left" |Taraz |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1991 | align="left" |30 June 1993 {{WDL|120|58|21|41}} |- | align="left" |Gençlerbirliği |{{Flagicon|Turkey}} | align="left" |1 July 1993 | align="left" |29 December 1993 {{WDL|16|7|3|6}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 April 1994 | align="left" |31 December 1995 {{WDL|63|23|10|30}} |- | align="left" |Caspiy |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1996 | align="left" |31 December 1996 {{WDL|42|24|10|8}} |- | align="left" |Nisa |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1998 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|39|26|7|6}} |- | align="left" |Turkmenistan |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1999 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|3|0|1|2}} |- | align="left" |Kristall |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |15 May 2000 | align="left" |30 July 2001 {{WDL|51|25|7|19}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |4 August 2001 | align="left" |20 December 2013 {{WDL|488|229|127|132}} |- | align="left" |FC Rostov |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |18 December 2014 | align="left" |6 August 2016 {{WDL|48|28|10|10}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 June 2017 | align="left" |5 June 2019 {{WDL|66|19|26|21}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |24 August 2021 | align="left" |6 June 2022 {{WDL|32|14|8|10}} |- | align="left" |Tractor |{{Flagicon|Iran}} | align="left" |19 June 2022 | align="left" |24 November 2022 {{WDL|11|4|3|4}} |- | align="left" |PFC Sochi |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |27 November 2022 | align="left" |10 April 2023 {{WDL|5|2|0|3}} |- | align="left" |Dynamo Makhachkala |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 July 2023 | align="left" |1 February 2024 {{WDL|21|11|4|6}} |- | align="left" |Turan Tovuz |{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} | align="left" |25 June 2024 | align="left" |''Present'' {{WDL|68|33|21|14}} |- ! colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" |Total {{WDLtot|1202|574|272|356}} |} == Girmamawa a shugabanci == [[Fayil:RIAN_archive_519269_Kurban_Berdyev_and_Mintimer_Shaymiev_during_FC_Rubin_award_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Kurban Berdyev da Shugaban Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev tare da Kofin Zakarun Gasar Premier ta Rasha a lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtukan zinare ga FC Rubin na Gasar Premier ta Rasha]] '''Nisa''' * Gasar La Liga : 1998-99 * Kofin Turkmenistan : 1998 '''Rubin''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha : 2008, 2009 * Kofin Rasha : 2011–12 * Kofin Super na Rasha : 2010, 2012 * Rukunin Farko na Rasha : 2002 * Gasar Premier ta Rasha ta zo ta biyu: 2015–16 '''Kairat''' * Kofin Kazakhstan : 2021 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Mafi kyawun Kocin ''Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha'' : 2009 === Mafi girman ci gaba a gasar kulab na nahiyar === * Kofin Masu Nasarar Kofin Asiya&nbsp;– zagaye na biyu ( 1998–1999 ) * [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]]&nbsp;– Matsayi na uku a matakin rukuni ( 2009–2010 ), ( 2010–2011 ), ( 2016–2017 ); * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA&nbsp;– Kwata na Ƙarshe ( 2012–2013 ) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5gn97kkdmaof0jqotbbsrq8rtou8uyj 880070 880068 2026-07-10T10:38:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351070978|Kurban Berdyev]]" 880070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev''' ( Turkmen , Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1952) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Turkmen - [[Rasha]], kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar Turan Tovuz ta Azerbaijan. A shekarar 2017 an haɗa shi cikin manyan manajoji 50 a duniya ta fourfourtwo.com, a matsayi na 36, a gaban Brendan Rodgers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=FourFourTwo's 50 Best Football Managers in the World 2017: 40-36 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304083849/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=FourFourTwo}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar wasa === Berdyev ya girma tare da Kolhozçy Aşgabat inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin kadet da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tun daga 1966. Ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwararru a 1971. * Babban Gasar Soviet (zagaye 7, wasanni 155, kwallaye 23)&nbsp;– FC Kairat (1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985), FC SKA Rostov-on-Don (1979, 1980). Matsayi mafi girma - na 8 tare da Kairat (1977, 1984). * Gasar Soviet First League (zagaye 7, wasanni 211, kwallaye 32)&nbsp;– Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978), FC Kairat (1983), Nasara ta farko tare da FC Kairat a 1983. * Gasar Soviet ta Biyu (kakar wasa 2)&nbsp;- Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1975), FC Rostov (1980). === Aikin koyarwa === A Rubin Kazan ne Berdyev ya yi suna a matsayin koci wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2002, kuma ya lashe lambobin tagulla a shekarar farko da suka fara bugawa (2003). An lashe dukkan manyan kofunan Rubin tare da Berdyev a matsayin koci: waɗannan sune gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2008 da 2009, gasar Rasha a 2011–12 da kuma gasar Super Cup ta Rasha a 2010 da 2012 . An kori Berdyev daga Rubin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2013 kuma bayan shekara guda, a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2014, an naɗa shi manajan FC Rostov . <ref name="BerdyevToRostov">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |script-title=ru:КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР «РОСТОВА» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164848/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Rostov ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar Premier ta Rasha ta hanyar lashe wasannin share fage na faduwa. A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Rostov ta cancanci gurbin gasar zakarun Turai ba zato ba tsammani, inda ta ɗauki matsayi na 2 a gasar. Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Rostov a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев попрощался с командой |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094648/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016, ya koma FC Rostov a matsayin mataimakin shugaban/koci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев назначен вице-президентом – тренером «Ростова» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164853/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, ya sake barin FC Rostov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев покинул «Ростов» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717035442/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2017, ya koma FC Rubin Kazan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев возглавит «Рубин» |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232005/http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019, ya sake barin Rubin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |script-title=ru:Спасибо за все, Курбан Бекиевич! |trans-title=Thank you for everything, Kurban Berdiyevich! |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924183345/https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021, an nada Berdyev a matsayin manajan kulob din FC Kairat na gasar Premier ta Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ – ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР "КАЙРАТА" |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-kayrata/ |publisher=[[FC Kairat]] |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya bar Kairat bisa amincewar juna a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=СПАСИБО КУРБАН БЕКИЕВИЧ! |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/spasibo-kurban-bekievich/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2022, Tractor a Iran ya ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=تمامی مسئولیت‌های فنی باشگاه تراکتور به "قربان بردیف" سپرده شد |url=http://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823045821/https://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=Tractor |language=fa}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2022, ƙungiyar Sochi ta Rasha ta ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=Курбан Бердыев – главный тренер "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-sochi/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |publisher=[[PFC Sochi]] |language=ru}}</ref> Sochi ta kore shi a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2023, bayan wasanni 5 kacal a matsayin kocin (nasara 2 da rashin nasara 3). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Курбан Бердыев покидает футбольный клуб "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-pokidaet-futbolnyy-klub-sochi/ |publisher=PFC Sochi |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2023, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da nadin Berdyev a matsayin kocin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Курбан Бердыев возглавил махачкалинское "Динамо" |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64aac8d79a7947348fa2069c |website=Sportrbc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Dynamo a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2024, inda kungiyar ta kasance a matsayi na farko a jadawalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Курбан Бердыев решил покинуть "Динамо" |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/02/07/hasanbi-bidzhiev-novyj-glavnyj-trener-dinamo/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2024, an naɗa Berdyev a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan ta Turan Tovuz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Kurban Berdıyev "Turan Tovuz"da✍️ |url=https://www.facebook.com/TuranTovuzPFK/posts/pfbid06rUgQkLrR3r673hA227mDpTuxggYinx49QcHNEBxU5yk97JxCYuLoJ6XJnfzqzZBl |access-date=25 June 2024 |publisher=Turan Tovuz Facebook |language=Azerbaijani |via=Facebook/TuranTovuzPFK}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|18 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |Khimik Dzhambul |{{Flagicon|Soviet Union}} | align="left" |1 January 1986 | align="left" |30 June 1989 {{WDL|134|71|18|45}} |- | align="left" |Taraz |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1991 | align="left" |30 June 1993 {{WDL|120|58|21|41}} |- | align="left" |Gençlerbirliği |{{Flagicon|Turkey}} | align="left" |1 July 1993 | align="left" |29 December 1993 {{WDL|16|7|3|6}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 April 1994 | align="left" |31 December 1995 {{WDL|63|23|10|30}} |- | align="left" |Caspiy |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1996 | align="left" |31 December 1996 {{WDL|42|24|10|8}} |- | align="left" |Nisa |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1998 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|39|26|7|6}} |- | align="left" |Turkmenistan |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1999 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|3|0|1|2}} |- | align="left" |Kristall |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |15 May 2000 | align="left" |30 July 2001 {{WDL|51|25|7|19}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |4 August 2001 | align="left" |20 December 2013 {{WDL|488|229|127|132}} |- | align="left" |FC Rostov |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |18 December 2014 | align="left" |6 August 2016 {{WDL|48|28|10|10}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 June 2017 | align="left" |5 June 2019 {{WDL|66|19|26|21}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |24 August 2021 | align="left" |6 June 2022 {{WDL|32|14|8|10}} |- | align="left" |Tractor |{{Flagicon|Iran}} | align="left" |19 June 2022 | align="left" |24 November 2022 {{WDL|11|4|3|4}} |- | align="left" |PFC Sochi |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |27 November 2022 | align="left" |10 April 2023 {{WDL|5|2|0|3}} |- | align="left" |Dynamo Makhachkala |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 July 2023 | align="left" |1 February 2024 {{WDL|21|11|4|6}} |- | align="left" |Turan Tovuz |{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} | align="left" |25 June 2024 | align="left" |''Present'' {{WDL|68|33|21|14}} |- ! colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" |Total {{WDLtot|1202|574|272|356}} |} == Girmamawa a shugabanci == [[Fayil:RIAN_archive_519269_Kurban_Berdyev_and_Mintimer_Shaymiev_during_FC_Rubin_award_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Kurban Berdyev da Shugaban Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev tare da Kofin Zakarun Gasar Premier ta Rasha a lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtukan zinare ga FC Rubin na Gasar Premier ta Rasha]] '''Nisa''' * Gasar La Liga : 1998-99 * Kofin Turkmenistan : 1998 '''Rubin''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha : 2008, 2009 * Kofin Rasha : 2011–12 * Kofin Super na Rasha : 2010, 2012 * Rukunin Farko na Rasha : 2002 * Gasar Premier ta Rasha ta zo ta biyu: 2015–16 '''Kairat''' * Kofin Kazakhstan : 2021 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Mafi kyawun Kocin ''Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha'' : 2009 === Mafi girman ci gaba a gasar kulab na nahiyar === * Kofin Masu Nasarar Kofin Asiya&nbsp;– zagaye na biyu ( 1998–1999 ) * [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]]&nbsp;– Matsayi na uku a matakin rukuni ( 2009–2010 ), ( 2010–2011 ), ( 2016–2017 ); * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA&nbsp;– Kwata na Ƙarshe ( 2012–2013 ) [[Fayil:Kurban&beads.JPG|thumb|Berdyev bai taɓa bayyana a bainar jama'a ba tare da duwatsunsa ba.]] Berdyev koyaushe yana ɗauke da duwatsun addu'arsa. Bai taɓa bayyana ba tare da su ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ilimi&nbsp;– Makarantar Koyar da Sana'o'i ta Ashgabat Railways (1967–71), Jami'ar Jihar Turkmen (1971–1975), Makarantar Koyar da Manyan Koyarwa ta Moscow (1989–1991). A cikin Rundunar Sojan Soviet 1979 – 80, Laftanar na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Пазл "Курбан Бердыев" |url=http://gorodn.ru/razdel/obshchestvo_free/sobytiya_goda/17291/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164850/http://gorodn.ru/razdel/obshchestvo_free/sobytiya_goda/17291/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=gorodn.ru}}</ref> An san Berdyev a matsayin mutum mai son kai . Matarsa Roza Berdyeva. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Игнатов |first=Данила |title=Бердыев, которого вы не знали. 13 историй о тренере "Ростова" |url=https://www.championat.com/football/article-244482-13-istorij-o-glavnom-trenere-rostova-kurbane-berdyeve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054918/https://www.championat.com/football/article-244482-13-istorij-o-glavnom-trenere-rostova-kurbane-berdyeve.html |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=championat.com}}</ref> Berdyev yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'ya mace ɗaya. Babban ɗa daga aurensa na farko [[Marat Berdyyev]] (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1975) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Burtaniya, mawaƙi kuma furodusa. Ƙaramin [[Alaberdy Berdyev]] (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1996) – ɗalibi, yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar matasa ta "FC Rubin Kazan". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Чемпион.ру |url=http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/363306 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017022947/http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/363306 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=sovsport.ru}}</ref> 'Yar Aylar&nbsp;— ɗalibi. Ɗan'uwan Kurban Berdyev shine Batyr Berdyev (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Fenix, Ashgabat. Wani ɗan'uwa kuma, Murad Berdyev (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ya mutu a shekara ta 2003. A shekarar 2012, Tarayyar [[Rasha]] ta yi masa kyautar lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship Medal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации |url=http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?13048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220181203/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?13048 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=pravo.gov.ru}}</ref> Yana da ɗan ƙasar Rasha. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091226211854/http://rubin-kazan.ru/team/management/68/ Bayanin martaba] a shafin FC Rubin Kazan {{In lang|ru}} {{Turan Tovuz squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cfv822eq1fxoojdrds532xko2yims5q 880095 880070 2026-07-10T10:57:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 880095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev''' ( Turkmen , Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1952) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Turkmen - [[Rasha]], kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet wanda ke kula da ƙungiyar Turan Tovuz ta Azerbaijan. A shekarar 2017 an haɗa shi cikin manyan manajoji 50 a duniya ta fourfourtwo.com, a matsayi na 36, a gaban Brendan Rodgers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=FourFourTwo's 50 Best Football Managers in the World 2017: 40-36 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304083849/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/fourfourtwos-50-best-football-managers-world-2017-40-36 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=2019-10-11 |website=FourFourTwo}}.</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar wasa === Berdyev ya girma tare da Kolhozçy Aşgabat inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin kadet da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi tun daga 1966. Ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwararru a 1971. * Babban Gasar Soviet (zagaye 7, wasanni 155, kwallaye 23)&nbsp;– FC Kairat (1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985), FC SKA Rostov-on-Don (1979, 1980). Matsayi mafi girma - na 8 tare da Kairat (1977, 1984). * Gasar Soviet First League (zagaye 7, wasanni 211, kwallaye 32)&nbsp;– Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978), FC Kairat (1983), Nasara ta farko tare da FC Kairat a 1983. * Gasar Soviet ta Biyu (kakar wasa 2)&nbsp;- Kolhozçy Aşgabat (1975), FC Rostov (1980). === Aikin koyarwa === A Rubin Kazan ne Berdyev ya yi suna a matsayin koci wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2002, kuma ya lashe lambobin tagulla a shekarar farko da suka fara bugawa (2003). An lashe dukkan manyan kofunan Rubin tare da Berdyev a matsayin koci: waɗannan sune gasar Premier ta Rasha a 2008 da 2009, gasar Rasha a 2011–12 da kuma gasar Super Cup ta Rasha a 2010 da 2012 . An kori Berdyev daga Rubin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2013 kuma bayan shekara guda, a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2014, an naɗa shi manajan FC Rostov . <ref name="BerdyevToRostov">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |script-title=ru:КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР «РОСТОВА» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164848/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/9345 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Rostov ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar Premier ta Rasha ta hanyar lashe wasannin share fage na faduwa. A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Rostov ta cancanci gurbin gasar zakarun Turai ba zato ba tsammani, inda ta ɗauki matsayi na 2 a gasar. Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Rostov a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев попрощался с командой |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094648/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10347 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016, ya koma FC Rostov a matsayin mataimakin shugaban/koci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев назначен вице-президентом – тренером «Ростова» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164853/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10446 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, ya sake barin FC Rostov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев покинул «Ростов» |url=http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717035442/http://www.fc-rostov.ru/press/news/10983 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rostov]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2017, ya koma FC Rubin Kazan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |script-title=ru:Курбан Бердыев возглавит «Рубин» |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232005/http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/6934-kurban-berdyev-vozglavit-rubin |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019, ya sake barin Rubin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |script-title=ru:Спасибо за все, Курбан Бекиевич! |trans-title=Thank you for everything, Kurban Berdiyevich! |url=http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924183345/https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/ru/news_items/8974-spasibo-za-vse-kurban-bekievich |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[FC Rubin Kazan]] |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021, an nada Berdyev a matsayin manajan kulob din FC Kairat na gasar Premier ta Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=КУРБАН БЕРДЫЕВ – ГЛАВНЫЙ ТРЕНЕР "КАЙРАТА" |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-kayrata/ |publisher=[[FC Kairat]] |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya bar Kairat bisa amincewar juna a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=СПАСИБО КУРБАН БЕКИЕВИЧ! |url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/spasibo-kurban-bekievich/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2022, Tractor a Iran ya ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=تمامی مسئولیت‌های فنی باشگاه تراکتور به "قربان بردیف" سپرده شد |url=http://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823045821/https://www.tractor-club.com/news/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=Tractor |language=fa}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2022, ƙungiyar Sochi ta Rasha ta ɗauki Berdyev aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=Курбан Бердыев – главный тренер "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-glavnyy-trener-sochi/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |publisher=[[PFC Sochi]] |language=ru}}</ref> Sochi ta kore shi a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2023, bayan wasanni 5 kacal a matsayin kocin (nasara 2 da rashin nasara 3). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Курбан Бердыев покидает футбольный клуб "Сочи" |url=https://pfcsochi.ru/news/2022-2023/kurban-berdyev-pokidaet-futbolnyy-klub-sochi/ |publisher=PFC Sochi |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2023, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da nadin Berdyev a matsayin kocin kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Курбан Бердыев возглавил махачкалинское "Динамо" |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64aac8d79a7947348fa2069c |website=Sportrbc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Berdyev ya yi murabus daga Dynamo a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2024, inda kungiyar ta kasance a matsayi na farko a jadawalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Курбан Бердыев решил покинуть "Динамо" |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/02/07/hasanbi-bidzhiev-novyj-glavnyj-trener-dinamo/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2024, an naɗa Berdyev a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan ta Turan Tovuz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=Kurban Berdıyev "Turan Tovuz"da✍️ |url=https://www.facebook.com/TuranTovuzPFK/posts/pfbid06rUgQkLrR3r673hA227mDpTuxggYinx49QcHNEBxU5yk97JxCYuLoJ6XJnfzqzZBl |access-date=25 June 2024 |publisher=Turan Tovuz Facebook |language=Azerbaijani |via=Facebook/TuranTovuzPFK}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|18 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |Khimik Dzhambul |{{Flagicon|Soviet Union}} | align="left" |1 January 1986 | align="left" |30 June 1989 {{WDL|134|71|18|45}} |- | align="left" |Taraz |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1991 | align="left" |30 June 1993 {{WDL|120|58|21|41}} |- | align="left" |Gençlerbirliği |{{Flagicon|Turkey}} | align="left" |1 July 1993 | align="left" |29 December 1993 {{WDL|16|7|3|6}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 April 1994 | align="left" |31 December 1995 {{WDL|63|23|10|30}} |- | align="left" |Caspiy |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |1 January 1996 | align="left" |31 December 1996 {{WDL|42|24|10|8}} |- | align="left" |Nisa |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1998 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|39|26|7|6}} |- | align="left" |Turkmenistan |{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} | align="left" |1 January 1999 | align="left" |30 June 1999 {{WDL|3|0|1|2}} |- | align="left" |Kristall |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |15 May 2000 | align="left" |30 July 2001 {{WDL|51|25|7|19}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |4 August 2001 | align="left" |20 December 2013 {{WDL|488|229|127|132}} |- | align="left" |FC Rostov |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |18 December 2014 | align="left" |6 August 2016 {{WDL|48|28|10|10}} |- | align="left" |Rubin Kazan |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 June 2017 | align="left" |5 June 2019 {{WDL|66|19|26|21}} |- | align="left" |Kairat |{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} | align="left" |24 August 2021 | align="left" |6 June 2022 {{WDL|32|14|8|10}} |- | align="left" |Tractor |{{Flagicon|Iran}} | align="left" |19 June 2022 | align="left" |24 November 2022 {{WDL|11|4|3|4}} |- | align="left" |PFC Sochi |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |27 November 2022 | align="left" |10 April 2023 {{WDL|5|2|0|3}} |- | align="left" |Dynamo Makhachkala |{{Flagicon|Russia}} | align="left" |9 July 2023 | align="left" |1 February 2024 {{WDL|21|11|4|6}} |- | align="left" |Turan Tovuz |{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} | align="left" |25 June 2024 | align="left" |''Present'' {{WDL|68|33|21|14}} |- ! colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" |Total {{WDLtot|1202|574|272|356}} |} == Girmamawa a shugabanci == [[Fayil:RIAN_archive_519269_Kurban_Berdyev_and_Mintimer_Shaymiev_during_FC_Rubin_award_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Kurban Berdyev da Shugaban Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev tare da Kofin Zakarun Gasar Premier ta Rasha a lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtukan zinare ga FC Rubin na Gasar Premier ta Rasha]] '''Nisa''' * Gasar La Liga : 1998-99 * Kofin Turkmenistan : 1998 '''Rubin''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha : 2008, 2009 * Kofin Rasha : 2011–12 * Kofin Super na Rasha : 2010, 2012 * Rukunin Farko na Rasha : 2002 * Gasar Premier ta Rasha ta zo ta biyu: 2015–16 '''Kairat''' * Kofin Kazakhstan : 2021 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Mafi kyawun Kocin ''Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha'' : 2009 === Mafi girman ci gaba a gasar kulab na nahiyar === * Kofin Masu Nasarar Kofin Asiya&nbsp;– zagaye na biyu ( 1998–1999 ) * [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]]&nbsp;– Matsayi na uku a matakin rukuni ( 2009–2010 ), ( 2010–2011 ), ( 2016–2017 ); * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA&nbsp;– Kwata na Ƙarshe ( 2012–2013 ) [[Fayil:Kurban&beads.JPG|thumb|Berdyev bai taɓa bayyana a bainar jama'a ba tare da duwatsunsa ba.]] Berdyev koyaushe yana ɗauke da duwatsun addu'arsa. Bai taɓa bayyana ba tare da su ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ilimi&nbsp;– Makarantar Koyar da Sana'o'i ta Ashgabat Railways (1967–71), Jami'ar Jihar Turkmen (1971–1975), Makarantar Koyar da Manyan Koyarwa ta Moscow (1989–1991). A cikin Rundunar Sojan Soviet 1979 – 80, Laftanar na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Пазл "Курбан Бердыев" |url=http://gorodn.ru/razdel/obshchestvo_free/sobytiya_goda/17291/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164850/http://gorodn.ru/razdel/obshchestvo_free/sobytiya_goda/17291/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=gorodn.ru}}</ref> An san Berdyev a matsayin mutum mai son kai . Matarsa Roza Berdyeva. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Игнатов |first=Данила |title=Бердыев, которого вы не знали. 13 историй о тренере "Ростова" |url=https://www.championat.com/football/article-244482-13-istorij-o-glavnom-trenere-rostova-kurbane-berdyeve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054918/https://www.championat.com/football/article-244482-13-istorij-o-glavnom-trenere-rostova-kurbane-berdyeve.html |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=championat.com}}</ref> Berdyev yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'ya mace ɗaya. Babban ɗa daga aurensa na farko [[Marat Berdyyev]] (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1975) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Burtaniya, mawaƙi kuma furodusa. Ƙaramin [[Alaberdy Berdyev]] (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1996) – ɗalibi, yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar matasa ta "FC Rubin Kazan". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Чемпион.ру |url=http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/363306 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017022947/http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/363306 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=sovsport.ru}}</ref> 'Yar Aylar&nbsp;— ɗalibi. Ɗan'uwan Kurban Berdyev shine Batyr Berdyev (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Fenix, Ashgabat. Wani ɗan'uwa kuma, Murad Berdyev (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ya mutu a shekara ta 2003. A shekarar 2012, Tarayyar [[Rasha]] ta yi masa kyautar lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship Medal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации |url=http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?13048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220181203/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?13048 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2017 |website=pravo.gov.ru}}</ref> Yana da ɗan ƙasar Rasha. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091226211854/http://rubin-kazan.ru/team/management/68/ Bayanin martaba] a shafin FC Rubin Kazan {{In lang|ru}} {{Turan Tovuz squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4s10zrv0259o7te2gxv3yjwjrrwjrel 0 161200 880063 2026-07-10T10:29:55Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360084377|Gould League]]" 880063 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar '''Gould League''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Australiya da ke haɓaka ilimin [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], wacce aka kafa a Victoria a shekarar 1909 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan masanin tsuntsaye na Ingila John Gould . Daga baya an kafa rassan da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu a wasu jihohin Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == Abin da ya fara ƙarfafa gwiwar kafa ƙungiyar Gould League shi ne wasiƙa daga [[Jessie McMichael]] zuwa ga John Albert Leach, mai kula da nazarin yanayi a makarantun jihar Victoria sannan daga baya Mataimakin Babban Mai Kula da Makarantu a Victoria. === shekarun 1900 === [[Fayil:Emu_volume_10_plate_9_Certificate_of_Gould_League_of_Bird-Lovers.jpg|thumb|An bayar da takardar shaidar Gould League tare da 'alƙawarin masoyan tsuntsaye' a cikin ''The Emu'', 1910]] Lokacin da aka kafa '''ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye a hukumance a shekarar 1909, ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye''', kamar yadda ake kiranta a lokacin, ta sadaukar da kanta ga kare tsuntsaye, musamman hana satar ƙwai na tsuntsaye, haɓaka sha'awa da ilimin tsuntsaye da kuma yin kamfen don ƙirƙirar wuraren keɓewa na tsuntsaye . Membobi za su ɗauki alƙawarin kare tsuntsayen Australiya ba don tattara ƙwai ba. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa shine Ƙungiyar Masana Dabino ta Royal Australasian . Alfred Deakin shine shugaban ƙungiyar Gould League na farko. Ƙungiyar ta sami nasarori masu yawa a wannan lokacin, musamman a fannin ilimi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da ranakun filin wasa don a gabatar da jama'a game da rayuwar tsuntsaye, da kuma buga littattafai na ilimi. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-9591672-1-8|<bdi>0-9591672-1-8</bdi>]]</ref> === shekarun 1960 === Bayan shekarun 1960, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ilimin muhalli gabaɗaya, kuma an ɗauki sunan "Gould League", ba tare da ambaton tsuntsaye ba. Ƙungiyar Gould League ta haɓaka koyar da Ilimin Muhalli a makarantu, tana buga kayan aji da kuma kafa cibiyoyin nazarin filin, da farko a New South Wales. === shekarun 1990 === A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan "Ilimi don Dorewa ". Misali, kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Maimaita Amfani da Kayan Aiki ta farko a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990 da Gould League of Victoria da shirin Makarantar Waste Wise suka yi ya rage sharar zuwa wurin zubar da shara da makarantu ke samarwa. === Shekarun 2000 === Ƙungiyar Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Victoria ta canza sunanta daga Gould League zuwa Gould Group Ltd. a shekara ta 2006. A watan Agusta na 2008, Gould Group yana ƙarƙashin ikon sa-kai. An danganta wannan da dalilai da yawa, galibi rashin kuɗi don ayyukan. Asarar dubban daloli na tallafi daga Sustainability Victoria ya haifar da manyan matsaloli. Amma abin farin ciki, masu gudanarwa sun sami mai siyan ƙungiyar da ke fama da rashin lafiya, tare da ƙungiyar kula da filaye ta NSW, Kwamitin Kula da Filaye na Liverpool Plains, wanda ya karɓi ragamar gudanarwa tare da sake duba ayyukan ƙungiyar Gould League a yunƙurin ci gaba da ita nan gaba. Shekarar 2009 ita ce cika shekaru 100 da kafa kungiyar. === Shekarun 2010 === Yawon shakatawa na makarantu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary da ke Beaumaris da kuma makarantun Metro da ke Melbourne sun dawo a shekarar 2010 da kuma bayan haka. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen da aka fi sani sun shafi muhimman jigogi na dorewa na rage sharar gida (sake amfani da ita da kuma takin zamani), bambancin halittu, yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma kiyaye ruwa. Ana iya yin rajistar shirye-shirye ta yanar gizo ko ta hanyar kiran ofishin Gould League. Ana samun wallafe-wallafen Gould League ta hanyar kantin sayar da littattafai na kan layi, kuma ɗaruruwan 'yan ƙasar Ostiraliya suna sabunta membobinsu na shekara-shekara zuwa ƙungiyar. Takardun membobin sun zama abubuwan masu tarawa. Takardar shaidar 2012 tana ɗauke da brolga, don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da Kwamitin Gudanar da Filaye na Liverpool Plains na NSW. A watan Oktoban 2012, Gould League ta fara rangadin dazuzzukan Jihar Toolangi, tare da amincewar Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli bayan rufe Cibiyar Gano Dazuzzukan Toolangi da Shirye-shiryen Ilimi a tsakiyar 2012. A tsakiyar shekarar 2016, ana inganta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Genoa St Sustainability Education Centre da ke Gould League tare da mayar da ita zuwa wani sabon wuri: Makarantar Firamare ta Le Page da ke Cheltenham. === Littattafan Gould League === A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Neville Cayley, memba na Majalisar na wasu shekaru, ya shagaltu da rubutu da kuma kwatanta cikakken jagora ga tsuntsayen Australiya. Domin tallafawa Majalisar, ya ba da kashi huɗu cikin goma na sarautarsa ta 10% ga Ƙungiyar. A shekarar 1931 a bikin Ranar Tsuntsaye karo na 21 a zauren taro, an ƙaddamar da ''Wace Tsuntsaye Ce Wannan?.'' Duk da shakku da farko, ''Wace Tsuntsaye ce?'' ta yi babban nasara. A shekarar 1960 an ba ta matsayi mafi kyawun siyarwa a cikin littattafan tarihin halitta na Australiya, kuma har yanzu tana nan a rubuce. Tallace-tallacen farko sun yi abin takaici, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1935, Cayley, wanda a kullum yake da ƙarancin kuɗi, ya yi tayin sayar da sauran kason sarautarsa ga Ƙungiyar League kan £300. Da rashin tabbas mai yawa, Majalisar ta amince. Tallace-tallacen sun fara ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ya jawo sha'awar ma'aikatan Amurka a Ostiraliya, kuma littafin ya zama jari mai riba. Sai a shekarar 1934 ne ƙungiyar ta fara buga nata littafin tare da samar da ''waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi na Gould League'' . Wannan ya ɗauki siffar ƙaramin littafi mai shafuka 80: babban ɓangaren shafuka 14 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 16, kalmomin da aka rubuta galibi game da tsuntsayen Australiya kuma an saita su zuwa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Burtaniya. Shafuka ashirin da biyar na waƙoƙin tsuntsaye sun biyo baya, sauran kuma an ba su ga labarai game da tsuntsaye da al'amuran Gould League. An yi zane-zane mai yawa a cikin littafin da hotuna da faranti biyu na zane-zane masu launi na Neville W. Cayley (masu fantasy da masu busa). An sake buga ''Waƙoƙi & Waƙoƙi'' a shekarar 1965, amma a kan takarda mara kyau kuma ba tare da faranti masu launi ba. A watan Yunin 1935 Majalisar ta amince da wani littafi, mai suna ''Feathered Friends'' . Ya ƙunshi "Kalma ta Gabatarwa daga Shugaban Ƙasa, Mista Ross Thomas; gabatarwa daga Mista W. Fingigan, da kuma wani kasidar gabatarwa kan tsuntsayen Australiya gabaɗaya daga Mista A. Chisholm. Sannan kuma ya biyo baya da kasidu shida: The Lyrebird na Mista M. Sharland; The Satinbird na Mista N. Chaffer; The Blue Wren na Mista Cayley; The White-eared Honeyeater na Mista K. Hindwood; The Magpie na Mista D. Leithhead da The Heath Wren na Mista Chisholm." An zana hotunan ''Fuka-fukai'' da hotuna da yawa da kuma faranti masu launi na tsuntsaye shida, waɗanda Neville Cayley ya zana. Asalin littattafan yanzu suna cikin Laburaren Ƙasa da ke Canberra. Angus da Robertson ne suka buga littafin a watan Satumba na 1935, kuma aka ba wa kowace makarantar gwamnati a NSW kwafi. A wannan shekarar, 1935, ƙungiyar ta fara buga mujallar ''Gould League Notes'', wata mujalla da ke fitowa kowace shekara har zuwa 1967, bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara a baya na Ƙarin Bayani ga ''Jaridar Gazette'' . An aika da kwafin zuwa kowace makarantar gwamnati a Victoria, da kuma kowace makaranta mai zaman kanta mai reshen Gould League. Mujallar farko ta kai shafuka 24, na gaba uku zuwa 40, kuma daga 1939 akwai fiye da 50. Tun daga farko, an haskaka shafukan da faranti mai launi, wanda Neville Cayley ya ba su (tare da bayanin kula) tsawon shekaru da yawa, sannan kuma daga jerin fitattun mawaka. Tun daga shekarar 1938, ''League Notes'' ta ƙunshi labarai masu yawa game da sabon sansanin tsuntsaye. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6wmf8un07yesacyfkegpu240zxsxi13 880064 880063 2026-07-10T10:30:28Z Nnamadee 31123 880064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar '''Gould League''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Australiya da ke haɓaka ilimin [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], wacce aka kafa a Victoria a shekarar 1909 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan masanin tsuntsaye na Ingila John Gould . Daga baya an kafa rassan da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu a wasu jihohin Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == Abin da ya fara ƙarfafa gwiwar kafa ƙungiyar Gould League shi ne wasiƙa daga [[Jessie McMichael]] zuwa ga John Albert Leach, mai kula da nazarin yanayi a makarantun jihar Victoria sannan daga baya Mataimakin Babban Mai Kula da Makarantu a Victoria. === shekarun 1900 === [[Fayil:Emu_volume_10_plate_9_Certificate_of_Gould_League_of_Bird-Lovers.jpg|thumb|An bayar da takardar shaidar Gould League tare da 'alƙawarin masoyan tsuntsaye' a cikin ''The Emu'', 1910]] Lokacin da aka kafa '''ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye a hukumance a shekarar 1909, ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye''', kamar yadda ake kiranta a lokacin, ta sadaukar da kanta ga kare tsuntsaye, musamman hana satar ƙwai na tsuntsaye, haɓaka sha'awa da ilimin tsuntsaye da kuma yin kamfen don ƙirƙirar wuraren keɓewa na tsuntsaye . Membobi za su ɗauki alƙawarin kare tsuntsayen Australiya ba don tattara ƙwai ba. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa shine Ƙungiyar Masana Dabino ta Royal Australasian . Alfred Deakin shine shugaban ƙungiyar Gould League na farko. Ƙungiyar ta sami nasarori masu yawa a wannan lokacin, musamman a fannin ilimi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da ranakun filin wasa don a gabatar da jama'a game da rayuwar tsuntsaye, da kuma buga littattafai na ilimi. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-9591672-1-8|<bdi>0-9591672-1-8</bdi>]]</ref> === shekarun 1960 === Bayan shekarun 1960, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ilimin muhalli gabaɗaya, kuma an ɗauki sunan "Gould League", ba tare da ambaton tsuntsaye ba. Ƙungiyar Gould League ta haɓaka koyar da Ilimin Muhalli a makarantu, tana buga kayan aji da kuma kafa cibiyoyin nazarin filin, da farko a New South Wales. === shekarun 1990 === A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan "Ilimi don Dorewa ". Misali, kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Maimaita Amfani da Kayan Aiki ta farko a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990 da Gould League of Victoria da shirin Makarantar Waste Wise suka yi ya rage sharar zuwa wurin zubar da shara da makarantu ke samarwa. === Shekarun 2000 === Ƙungiyar Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Victoria ta canza sunanta daga Gould League zuwa Gould Group Ltd. a shekara ta 2006. A watan Agusta na 2008, Gould Group yana ƙarƙashin ikon sa-kai. An danganta wannan da dalilai da yawa, galibi rashin kuɗi don ayyukan. Asarar dubban daloli na tallafi daga Sustainability Victoria ya haifar da manyan matsaloli. Amma abin farin ciki, masu gudanarwa sun sami mai siyan ƙungiyar da ke fama da rashin lafiya, tare da ƙungiyar kula da filaye ta NSW, Kwamitin Kula da Filaye na Liverpool Plains, wanda ya karɓi ragamar gudanarwa tare da sake duba ayyukan ƙungiyar Gould League a yunƙurin ci gaba da ita nan gaba. Shekarar 2009 ita ce cika shekaru 100 da kafa kungiyar. === Shekarun 2010 === Yawon shakatawa na makarantu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary da ke Beaumaris da kuma makarantun Metro da ke Melbourne sun dawo a shekarar 2010 da kuma bayan haka. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen da aka fi sani sun shafi muhimman jigogi na dorewa na rage sharar gida (sake amfani da ita da kuma takin zamani), bambancin halittu, yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma kiyaye ruwa. Ana iya yin rajistar shirye-shirye ta yanar gizo ko ta hanyar kiran ofishin Gould League. Ana samun wallafe-wallafen Gould League ta hanyar kantin sayar da littattafai na kan layi, kuma ɗaruruwan 'yan ƙasar Ostiraliya suna sabunta membobinsu na shekara-shekara zuwa ƙungiyar. Takardun membobin sun zama abubuwan masu tarawa. Takardar shaidar 2012 tana ɗauke da brolga, don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da Kwamitin Gudanar da Filaye na Liverpool Plains na NSW. A watan Oktoban 2012, Gould League ta fara rangadin dazuzzukan Jihar Toolangi, tare da amincewar Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli bayan rufe Cibiyar Gano Dazuzzukan Toolangi da Shirye-shiryen Ilimi a tsakiyar 2012. A tsakiyar shekarar 2016, ana inganta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Genoa St Sustainability Education Centre da ke Gould League tare da mayar da ita zuwa wani sabon wuri: Makarantar Firamare ta Le Page da ke Cheltenham. === Littattafan Gould League === A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Neville Cayley, memba na Majalisar na wasu shekaru, ya shagaltu da rubutu da kuma kwatanta cikakken jagora ga tsuntsayen Australiya. Domin tallafawa Majalisar, ya ba da kashi huɗu cikin goma na sarautarsa ta 10% ga Ƙungiyar. A shekarar 1931 a bikin Ranar Tsuntsaye karo na 21 a zauren taro, an ƙaddamar da ''Wace Tsuntsaye Ce Wannan?.'' Duk da shakku da farko, ''Wace Tsuntsaye ce?'' ta yi babban nasara. A shekarar 1960 an ba ta matsayi mafi kyawun siyarwa a cikin littattafan tarihin halitta na Australiya, kuma har yanzu tana nan a rubuce. Tallace-tallacen farko sun yi abin takaici, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1935, Cayley, wanda a kullum yake da ƙarancin kuɗi, ya yi tayin sayar da sauran kason sarautarsa ga Ƙungiyar League kan £300. Da rashin tabbas mai yawa, Majalisar ta amince. Tallace-tallacen sun fara ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ya jawo sha'awar ma'aikatan Amurka a Ostiraliya, kuma littafin ya zama jari mai riba. Sai a shekarar 1934 ne ƙungiyar ta fara buga nata littafin tare da samar da ''waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi na Gould League'' . Wannan ya ɗauki siffar ƙaramin littafi mai shafuka 80: babban ɓangaren shafuka 14 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 16, kalmomin da aka rubuta galibi game da tsuntsayen Australiya kuma an saita su zuwa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Burtaniya. Shafuka ashirin da biyar na waƙoƙin tsuntsaye sun biyo baya, sauran kuma an ba su ga labarai game da tsuntsaye da al'amuran Gould League. An yi zane-zane mai yawa a cikin littafin da hotuna da faranti biyu na zane-zane masu launi na Neville W. Cayley (masu fantasy da masu busa). An sake buga ''Waƙoƙi & Waƙoƙi'' a shekarar 1965, amma a kan takarda mara kyau kuma ba tare da faranti masu launi ba. A watan Yunin 1935 Majalisar ta amince da wani littafi, mai suna ''Feathered Friends'' . Ya ƙunshi "Kalma ta Gabatarwa daga Shugaban Ƙasa, Mista Ross Thomas; gabatarwa daga Mista W. Fingigan, da kuma wani kasidar gabatarwa kan tsuntsayen Australiya gabaɗaya daga Mista A. Chisholm. Sannan kuma ya biyo baya da kasidu shida: The Lyrebird na Mista M. Sharland; The Satinbird na Mista N. Chaffer; The Blue Wren na Mista Cayley; The White-eared Honeyeater na Mista K. Hindwood; The Magpie na Mista D. Leithhead da The Heath Wren na Mista Chisholm." An zana hotunan ''Fuka-fukai'' da hotuna da yawa da kuma faranti masu launi na tsuntsaye shida, waɗanda Neville Cayley ya zana. Asalin littattafan yanzu suna cikin Laburaren Ƙasa da ke Canberra. Angus da Robertson ne suka buga littafin a watan Satumba na 1935, kuma aka ba wa kowace makarantar gwamnati a NSW kwafi. A wannan shekarar, 1935, ƙungiyar ta fara buga mujallar ''Gould League Notes'', wata mujalla da ke fitowa kowace shekara har zuwa 1967, bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara a baya na Ƙarin Bayani ga ''Jaridar Gazette'' . An aika da kwafin zuwa kowace makarantar gwamnati a Victoria, da kuma kowace makaranta mai zaman kanta mai reshen Gould League. Mujallar farko ta kai shafuka 24, na gaba uku zuwa 40, kuma daga 1939 akwai fiye da 50. Tun daga farko, an haskaka shafukan da faranti mai launi, wanda Neville Cayley ya ba su (tare da bayanin kula) tsawon shekaru da yawa, sannan kuma daga jerin fitattun mawaka. Tun daga shekarar 1938, ''League Notes'' ta ƙunshi labarai masu yawa game da sabon sansanin tsuntsaye. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9hmp7oj2rlm99iito7lyufrorgybh7 880065 880064 2026-07-10T10:31:16Z Nnamadee 31123 880065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar '''Gould League''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Australiya da ke haɓaka ilimin [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], wacce aka kafa a Victoria a shekarar 1909 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan masanin tsuntsaye na Ingila John Gould . Daga baya an kafa rassan da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu a wasu jihohin Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == Abin da ya fara ƙarfafa gwiwar kafa ƙungiyar Gould League shi ne wasiƙa daga [[Jessie McMichael]] zuwa ga John Albert Leach, mai kula da nazarin yanayi a makarantun jihar Victoria sannan daga baya Mataimakin Babban Mai Kula da Makarantu a Victoria. === shekarun 1900 === [[Fayil:Emu_volume_10_plate_9_Certificate_of_Gould_League_of_Bird-Lovers.jpg|thumb|An bayar da takardar shaidar Gould League tare da 'alƙawarin masoyan tsuntsaye' a cikin ''The Emu'', 1910]] Lokacin da aka kafa '''ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye a hukumance a shekarar 1909, ƙungiyar Gould League of Tsuntsaye''', kamar yadda ake kiranta a lokacin, ta sadaukar da kanta ga kare tsuntsaye, musamman hana satar ƙwai na tsuntsaye, haɓaka sha'awa da ilimin tsuntsaye da kuma yin kamfen don ƙirƙirar wuraren keɓewa na tsuntsaye . Membobi za su ɗauki alƙawarin kare tsuntsayen Australiya ba don tattara ƙwai ba. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa shine Ƙungiyar Masana Dabino ta Royal Australasian . Alfred Deakin shine shugaban ƙungiyar Gould League na farko. Ƙungiyar ta sami nasarori masu yawa a wannan lokacin, musamman a fannin ilimi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da ranakun filin wasa don a gabatar da jama'a game da rayuwar tsuntsaye, da kuma buga littattafai na ilimi. <ref name="jenkins1983">Jenkins, C.F.H. (1983). ''John Gould and the Birds of Australia''. Gould League of Western Australia: Perth. {{ISBN|0-9591672-1-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-9591672-1-8|<bdi>0-9591672-1-8</bdi>]]</ref> === shekarun 1960 === Bayan shekarun 1960, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ilimin muhalli gabaɗaya, kuma an ɗauki sunan "Gould League", ba tare da ambaton tsuntsaye ba. Ƙungiyar Gould League ta haɓaka koyar da Ilimin Muhalli a makarantu, tana buga kayan aji da kuma kafa cibiyoyin nazarin filin, da farko a New South Wales. === shekarun 1990 === A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan "Ilimi don Dorewa ". Misali, kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Maimaita Amfani da Kayan Aiki ta farko a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990 da Gould League of Victoria da shirin Makarantar Waste Wise suka yi ya rage sharar zuwa wurin zubar da shara da makarantu ke samarwa. === Shekarun 2000 === Ƙungiyar Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Victoria ta canza sunanta daga Gould League zuwa Gould Group Ltd. a shekara ta 2006. A watan Agusta na 2008, Gould Group yana ƙarƙashin ikon sa-kai. An danganta wannan da dalilai da yawa, galibi rashin kuɗi don ayyukan. Asarar dubban daloli na tallafi daga Sustainability Victoria ya haifar da manyan matsaloli. Amma abin farin ciki, masu gudanarwa sun sami mai siyan ƙungiyar da ke fama da rashin lafiya, tare da ƙungiyar kula da filaye ta NSW, Kwamitin Kula da Filaye na Liverpool Plains,<ref>Gould League of Bird Lovers, mgnsw.org.au. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</ref> wanda ya karɓi ragamar gudanarwa tare da sake duba ayyukan ƙungiyar Gould League a yunƙurin ci gaba da ita nan gaba. Shekarar 2009 ita ce cika shekaru 100 da kafa kungiyar. === Shekarun 2010 === Yawon shakatawa na makarantu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gould League da ke Moorabbin, Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary da ke Beaumaris da kuma makarantun Metro da ke Melbourne sun dawo a shekarar 2010 da kuma bayan haka. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen da aka fi sani sun shafi muhimman jigogi na dorewa na rage sharar gida (sake amfani da ita da kuma takin zamani), bambancin halittu, yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma kiyaye ruwa. Ana iya yin rajistar shirye-shirye ta yanar gizo ko ta hanyar kiran ofishin Gould League. Ana samun wallafe-wallafen Gould League ta hanyar kantin sayar da littattafai na kan layi, kuma ɗaruruwan 'yan ƙasar Ostiraliya suna sabunta membobinsu na shekara-shekara zuwa ƙungiyar. Takardun membobin sun zama abubuwan masu tarawa. Takardar shaidar 2012 tana ɗauke da brolga, don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da Kwamitin Gudanar da Filaye na Liverpool Plains na NSW. A watan Oktoban 2012, Gould League ta fara rangadin dazuzzukan Jihar Toolangi, tare da amincewar Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli bayan rufe Cibiyar Gano Dazuzzukan Toolangi da Shirye-shiryen Ilimi a tsakiyar 2012. A tsakiyar shekarar 2016, ana inganta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Genoa St Sustainability Education Centre da ke Gould League tare da mayar da ita zuwa wani sabon wuri: Makarantar Firamare ta Le Page da ke Cheltenham. === Littattafan Gould League === A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Neville Cayley, memba na Majalisar na wasu shekaru, ya shagaltu da rubutu da kuma kwatanta cikakken jagora ga tsuntsayen Australiya. Domin tallafawa Majalisar, ya ba da kashi huɗu cikin goma na sarautarsa ta 10% ga Ƙungiyar. A shekarar 1931 a bikin Ranar Tsuntsaye karo na 21 a zauren taro, an ƙaddamar da ''Wace Tsuntsaye Ce Wannan?.'' Duk da shakku da farko, ''Wace Tsuntsaye ce?'' ta yi babban nasara. A shekarar 1960 an ba ta matsayi mafi kyawun siyarwa a cikin littattafan tarihin halitta na Australiya, kuma har yanzu tana nan a rubuce. Tallace-tallacen farko sun yi abin takaici, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1935, Cayley, wanda a kullum yake da ƙarancin kuɗi, ya yi tayin sayar da sauran kason sarautarsa ga Ƙungiyar League kan £300. Da rashin tabbas mai yawa, Majalisar ta amince. Tallace-tallacen sun fara ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ya jawo sha'awar ma'aikatan Amurka a Ostiraliya, kuma littafin ya zama jari mai riba. Sai a shekarar 1934 ne ƙungiyar ta fara buga nata littafin tare da samar da ''waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi na Gould League'' . Wannan ya ɗauki siffar ƙaramin littafi mai shafuka 80: babban ɓangaren shafuka 14 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 16, kalmomin da aka rubuta galibi game da tsuntsayen Australiya kuma an saita su zuwa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Burtaniya. Shafuka ashirin da biyar na waƙoƙin tsuntsaye sun biyo baya, sauran kuma an ba su ga labarai game da tsuntsaye da al'amuran Gould League. An yi zane-zane mai yawa a cikin littafin da hotuna da faranti biyu na zane-zane masu launi na Neville W. Cayley (masu fantasy da masu busa). An sake buga ''Waƙoƙi & Waƙoƙi'' a shekarar 1965, amma a kan takarda mara kyau kuma ba tare da faranti masu launi ba. A watan Yunin 1935 Majalisar ta amince da wani littafi, mai suna ''Feathered Friends'' . Ya ƙunshi "Kalma ta Gabatarwa daga Shugaban Ƙasa, Mista Ross Thomas; gabatarwa daga Mista W. Fingigan, da kuma wani kasidar gabatarwa kan tsuntsayen Australiya gabaɗaya daga Mista A. Chisholm. Sannan kuma ya biyo baya da kasidu shida: The Lyrebird na Mista M. Sharland; The Satinbird na Mista N. Chaffer; The Blue Wren na Mista Cayley; The White-eared Honeyeater na Mista K. Hindwood; The Magpie na Mista D. Leithhead da The Heath Wren na Mista Chisholm." An zana hotunan ''Fuka-fukai'' da hotuna da yawa da kuma faranti masu launi na tsuntsaye shida, waɗanda Neville Cayley ya zana. Asalin littattafan yanzu suna cikin Laburaren Ƙasa da ke Canberra. Angus da Robertson ne suka buga littafin a watan Satumba na 1935, kuma aka ba wa kowace makarantar gwamnati a NSW kwafi. A wannan shekarar, 1935, ƙungiyar ta fara buga mujallar ''Gould League Notes'', wata mujalla da ke fitowa kowace shekara har zuwa 1967, bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara a baya na Ƙarin Bayani ga ''Jaridar Gazette'' . An aika da kwafin zuwa kowace makarantar gwamnati a Victoria, da kuma kowace makaranta mai zaman kanta mai reshen Gould League. Mujallar farko ta kai shafuka 24, na gaba uku zuwa 40, kuma daga 1939 akwai fiye da 50. Tun daga farko, an haskaka shafukan da faranti mai launi, wanda Neville Cayley ya ba su (tare da bayanin kula) tsawon shekaru da yawa, sannan kuma daga jerin fitattun mawaka. Tun daga shekarar 1938, ''League Notes'' ta ƙunshi labarai masu yawa game da sabon sansanin tsuntsaye. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a1wp3hma6006l75rltx3pt3t90k598b 0 161201 880066 2026-07-10T10:34:33Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316729388|Sulu Archipelago rain forests]]" 880066 wikitext text/x-wiki Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Sulu Archipelago''' (WWF ID: IM0156) ya mamaye yankin Sulu Archipelago, ban da Tsibirin Basilan da ke ƙarshen arewa, a kudu maso yammacin [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Tsibiran sun rabu sosai daga [[Borneo]] a kudu da Mindanao a arewa har suka samar da nasu al'ummomin furanni da na dabbobi. Yawancin dazuzzukan da suka samo asali an cire su ko kuma an danne su don noma, kuma rashin zaman lafiya a cikin tsibiran ya kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin kiyayewa.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0156 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Tsibiran ba ragowar gadar ƙasa ce tsakanin [[Borneo]] da Mindanao ba, a'a, sakamakon aman wutar lantarki ne na ƙarƙashin ruwa. Akwai hanyoyi masu zurfi tsakanin Sulus da manyan tsibiran da ke kudu da arewa, amma nisan ba shi da yawa. Tsibiran da ke yanzu suna da ƙasa kuma suna da dutse mai murjani.<ref name="eoe" /> Tsibiran sun raba Tekun Sulu daga arewa daga Tekun Celebes zuwa kudu. Tsibiran gabaɗaya suna da ƙasa, tare da mafi girman tsayin {{Convert|664|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku. Hade a cikin ecoregion akwai tsibiran Sibutu, Sanga-Sanga, Tawi-Tawi, da Panguan.<ref name="dopa" /> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''[[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi|yanayin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]]'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Af)). Wannan yanayi ana siffanta shi da zafi, danshi, kuma yana da akalla ruwan sama mm 60 a kowane wata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Flora da fauna == Nau'ikan dazuzzukan da ke tsibirin sun haɗa da dazuzzukan bakin teku, mangroves, da kuma dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dazuzzukan bakin teku sun ƙunshi ''Barringtonia'', ''Caesalpinia'', da ''Terminalia'' . Nau'ikan dazuzzukan ruwan sama na ƙasa sun haɗa da ''Anisoptera'', ''Dipterocarpus'', ''Hopea'', da ''Shorea'' . Nau'ikan Mangroves sun haɗa da ''Rhizophora'', ''Ceriops'', ''Sonneratia'', ''Avicennia'', da Mangrove palm ''( Nypa fruticans ).''<ref name="eoe" /> Kimanin kashi 75% na tsibiran suna rufe da dazuzzukan da aka rufe, galibi suna da ganyen kore, amma wannan dajin ya lalace ta hanyar sharewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Tsuntsayen da ke da sha'awar kiyayewa sun haɗa da cockatoo mai iska mai ƙarfi ''( Cacatua haematuropygia)'' da kuma kingfisher na Wincell mai rauni ''(Todirhamphus winchelli)''. == Yankunan da aka kare == Babu wasu muhimman wurare da aka kiyaye a cikin Tafkin Sulu, kodayake akwai ƙaramin wurin yawon buɗe ido na muhalli wanda ya mamaye hekta 250 a kan Dutsen Bongao.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Bud_Bongao.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Dutsen Bongao, wani dutse mai tsayin mita 342 mai duwatsun dutse da kuma dazuzzukan daji a tsibirin Tawi-Tawi]] == Manazarta == b1k9anwdmq1cygxfiu6ai5jxcaoqixl 880067 880066 2026-07-10T10:35:09Z Nnamadee 31123 880067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Sulu Archipelago''' (WWF ID: IM0156) ya mamaye yankin Sulu Archipelago, ban da Tsibirin Basilan da ke ƙarshen arewa, a kudu maso yammacin [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Tsibiran sun rabu sosai daga [[Borneo]] a kudu da Mindanao a arewa har suka samar da nasu al'ummomin furanni da na dabbobi. Yawancin dazuzzukan da suka samo asali an cire su ko kuma an danne su don noma, kuma rashin zaman lafiya a cikin tsibiran ya kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin kiyayewa.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0156 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Tsibiran ba ragowar gadar ƙasa ce tsakanin [[Borneo]] da Mindanao ba, a'a, sakamakon aman wutar lantarki ne na ƙarƙashin ruwa. Akwai hanyoyi masu zurfi tsakanin Sulus da manyan tsibiran da ke kudu da arewa, amma nisan ba shi da yawa. Tsibiran da ke yanzu suna da ƙasa kuma suna da dutse mai murjani.<ref name="eoe" /> Tsibiran sun raba Tekun Sulu daga arewa daga Tekun Celebes zuwa kudu. Tsibiran gabaɗaya suna da ƙasa, tare da mafi girman tsayin {{Convert|664|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku. Hade a cikin ecoregion akwai tsibiran Sibutu, Sanga-Sanga, Tawi-Tawi, da Panguan.<ref name="dopa" /> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''[[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi|yanayin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]]'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Af)). Wannan yanayi ana siffanta shi da zafi, danshi, kuma yana da akalla ruwan sama mm 60 a kowane wata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Flora da fauna == Nau'ikan dazuzzukan da ke tsibirin sun haɗa da dazuzzukan bakin teku, mangroves, da kuma dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago_rain_forests "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dazuzzukan bakin teku sun ƙunshi ''Barringtonia'', ''Caesalpinia'', da ''Terminalia'' . Nau'ikan dazuzzukan ruwan sama na ƙasa sun haɗa da ''Anisoptera'', ''Dipterocarpus'', ''Hopea'', da ''Shorea'' . Nau'ikan Mangroves sun haɗa da ''Rhizophora'', ''Ceriops'', ''Sonneratia'', ''Avicennia'', da Mangrove palm ''( Nypa fruticans ).''<ref name="eoe" /> Kimanin kashi 75% na tsibiran suna rufe da dazuzzukan da aka rufe, galibi suna da ganyen kore, amma wannan dajin ya lalace ta hanyar sharewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Tsuntsayen da ke da sha'awar kiyayewa sun haɗa da cockatoo mai iska mai ƙarfi ''( Cacatua haematuropygia)'' da kuma kingfisher na Wincell mai rauni ''(Todirhamphus winchelli)''. == Yankunan da aka kare == Babu wasu muhimman wurare da aka kiyaye a cikin Tafkin Sulu, kodayake akwai ƙaramin wurin yawon buɗe ido na muhalli wanda ya mamaye hekta 250 a kan Dutsen Bongao.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Sulu Archipelago rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40156 "Sulu Archipelago rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Bud_Bongao.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Dutsen Bongao, wani dutse mai tsayin mita 342 mai duwatsun dutse da kuma dazuzzukan daji a tsibirin Tawi-Tawi]] == Manazarta == rj16n0w0pooil9ji3vcv5ye6ddaufqb 0 161202 880069 2026-07-10T10:38:25Z Muplan 46437 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363465721|Italian Brainrot Wiki]]" 880069 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Wiki na Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == lfmzmlvpo9qvkx6nsr2kzpg74vc00m5 880071 880069 2026-07-10T10:40:09Z Muplan 46437 880071 wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki na [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/]<nowiki>[[Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki]]</nowiki>ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == 60qn1ame47wgquve81d451lq1pz8v2t 880076 880071 2026-07-10T10:44:00Z Muplan 46437 880076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Former wiki hosting service}} {{Infobox company. | tambari = Italian_Brainrot_Wiki_Logo.JPG | nau'i = [[Budaddiyar dandamali ga jama'a|jama'a]] | an kafa shi = {{start date and age 2025|04|21}} (na asali da kuma sigar OasisWiki) | an dakatar da shi = {{end date and age 2026|05|11}}(na asali) | makoma = [[Miraheze]] ta rufe shi (na asali) kayayyaki = [[Samar da wurin ajiye wiki]] | kudin shiga = = [https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page | shafin yanar gizo italianbrainrot.miraheze.com] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page] <ref>https://italianbrainrot wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> Wiki na [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/]<nowiki>[[Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki]]</nowiki>ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == jk8xkmnp3asr4f8fomdmcv7mtkar26g 880077 880076 2026-07-10T10:44:32Z Muplan 46437 880077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Former wiki hosting service}} {{Infobox company. | tambari = Italian_Brainrot_Wiki_Logo.JPG | nau'i = [[Budaddiyar dandamali ga jama'a|jama'a]] | an kafa shi = {{start date and age |2025|04|21}} (na asali da kuma sigar OasisWiki) | an dakatar da shi = {{end date and age |2026|05|11}}(na asali) | makoma = [[Miraheze]] ta rufe shi (na asali) kayayyaki = [[Samar da wurin ajiye wiki]] | kudin shiga = = [https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page | shafin yanar gizo italianbrainrot.miraheze.com] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page] <ref>https://italianbrainrot wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> Wiki na [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/]<nowiki>[[Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki]]</nowiki>ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == 01z7rogr894pk8iooevjg8xf4cpaf5c 880078 880077 2026-07-10T10:44:47Z Muplan 46437 880078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Former wiki hosting service}} {{Infobox company. | tambari = Italian_Brainrot_Wiki_Logo.JPG | nau'i = [[Budaddiyar dandamali ga jama'a|jama'a]] | an kafa shi = {{start date and age |2025|04|21}} (na asali da kuma sigar OasisWiki) | an dakatar da shi = {{end date and age |2026|05|11}}(na asali) | makoma = [[Miraheze]] ta rufe shi (na asali) kayayyaki = [[Samar da wurin ajiye wiki]] | kudin shiga = = [https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page | shafin yanar gizo italianbrainrot.miraheze.com] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page] <ref>https://italianbrainrot wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> }} Wiki na [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/]<nowiki>[[Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki]]</nowiki>ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6x22232g7t4x7071mw8mgpphn2bf1fo 880082 880078 2026-07-10T10:46:21Z Muplan 46437 880082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Takaitaccen bayani | Tsohon sabis na daukar nauyin wiki}} {{Akwatin bayanan kamfani. | tambari = Italian_Brainrot_Wiki_Logo.JPG | nau'i = [[Budaddiyar dandamali ga jama'a|jama'a]] | an kafa shi = {{start date and age |2025|04|21}} (na asali da kuma sigar OasisWiki) | an dakatar da shi = {{end date and age |2026|05|11}}(na asali) | makoma = [[Miraheze]] ta rufe shi (na asali) kayayyaki = [[Samar da wurin ajiye wiki]] | kudin shiga = = [https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page | shafin yanar gizo italianbrainrot.miraheze.com] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://italianbrainrot.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page] <ref>https://italianbrainrot wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page</ref> }} Wiki na [https://italianbrainrot.wikioasis.org/]<nowiki>[[Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki]]</nowiki>ya kasance wiki na Miraheze da aka rufe yanzu akan brainrot na Italiya, wani nau'in memes na intanet wanda AI ke samarwa tare da sunayen Italiyanci. Wiki ne mai yawan masu amfani da shi waɗanda ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, yana samar da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma an kore shi daga Miraheze ƙasa da shekara guda bayan ƙirƙirarsa. Sun ƙaura zuwa WikiOasis. == Tarihi == Bayan an rufe wiki na Fandom tare da irin wannan iyaka, FantastiCube ya nemi Brainrot Wiki na Italiya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2025. === Masu amfani da aiki === Wiki ya tashi da sauri a cikin shahara bayan halitta, daidai da karuwar karuwar shahararrun memes na Italiyanci. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025, tana da editoci 42 masu aiki. A watan Yulin 2025, sama da masu amfani 200 masu aiki. A watan Satumbar 2025, fiye da 500, wanda ya wuce Audiovisual Identity Database kuma ya sanya Italiyanci Brainrot Wiki da Miraheze wiki tare da mafi yawan masu amfani da aiki (ba tare da Meta ba). A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, wiki ya kai 1,000 masu aiki editoci , wanda ya dauki kimanin wata daya kafin ya fadi kasa da 1,000. Har yanzu suna da masu amfani da aiki sama da 500 kafin korar su daga Miraheze, sun kasance wiki tare da masu amfani masu aiki a kan Miraheze. === Batutuwan daidaitawa da fitarwa === Wiki ya ga mutane da yawa, LTAs masu ɗorewa, da kuma yawan masu amfani a ƙarƙashin 13. Babban matsakaici ya haifar da korar ta. === Rufewa === Miraheze ya rufe shafin a watan Mayu 11,[[2026]] da farko saboda matsanancin matsakaici da kuma matsalolin gudanar da al'umma == Tsaro == Yawancin shafuka ana canja su zuwa WikiOasis kuma wasu shafuka ana adana su zuwa [[Wayback Machine]] == Rubuce-rubuce == Kada ku [[Cirewa|sharewa]] shi, in ba haka ba zan nemi a cire shi! == Bayanan da aka ambata == okzzi4clvgih369961oldmky4t5thgd 0 161203 880072 2026-07-10T10:41:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345096712|Mandurah City FC]]" 880072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandurah City''' ƙungiya ce ta [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙwararru a Ostiraliya da ke Mandurah, Yammacin Ostiraliya . Filin wasansu shine Peelwood Reserve a Halls Head . Ƙungiyar tana da 'yan wasa sama da 300 da suka yi rijista, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Juniors, Social, Women, Semi-pro da Masters. A halin yanzu ( 2023 ) suna fafatawa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West State League Division 1 . == Tarihi == An kafa Mandurah City a shekarar 1970, kuma ta buga kakar wasa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudu maso Yamma, kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}</ref> Daga nan sai ƙungiyar ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Yammacin Australiya (WASSA), inda ta ci gaba har zuwa 2002. A wannan lokacin a cikin 'yan wasan, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta amateur a shekarar 1995 ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci Jim Mayers. A shekara ta 2002, ƙungiyar ta bar matsayin 'yan wasa na asali ta shiga gasar Western Australian Semi Professional League kuma aka naɗa ta zakaran Division 1 a shekara ta 2007, inda ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier League a kakar wasa ta 2008. Bayan shekaru huɗu a gasar, ƙungiyar ta koma matsayi na biyu bayan kakar wasa ta 2011. A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ba ta yi nasarar neman shiga gasar National Premier Leagues Western Australia ba, sannan ta shiga matakin sake ginawa da sake fasalin ƙungiyar. An naɗa Doug Hesketh Daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manajan ƙungiya ta farko a shekarar 2015. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarƙashin tsarin NPL, an sake kafa ci gaba da faɗuwa a kakar wasa ta 2016 ; Mandurah City ta kasance Zakaran Division 1 na 2015, amma ba ta cika dukkan sharuɗɗan cancantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yamma don a ɗaukaka ta ba. Bayan ta zo ta biyu a gasar a gasar State League Division 1 ta 2016, an sanar da cewa Mandurah City za ta fafata a gasar National Premier League ta 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Football West confirm JUFC'S Place in a 14- team NPL |url=http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201222749/http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |archive-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> amma sun daɗe a manyan gasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya kawai. Shekarar 2020 ta fara sabon zamani ga Mandurah City FC bayan naɗa John Baird, ƙwararren ɗan wasan Scotland, a matsayin ɗan wasa, koci da kuma daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ƙungiyar farko ta fara aiki. == Filin wasa na gida == Filin wasan ƙungiyar shine Peelwood Reserve (wanda aka sani da PoolMart Stadium saboda dalilai na tallafi), wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin wasanni da dama na sada zumunci tsakanin ƙungiyar A-League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Singapore . <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> clgrlkx1nr56cnul0vtojjwuphjyvy5 880073 880072 2026-07-10T10:42:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345096712|Mandurah City FC]]" 880073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandurah City''' ƙungiya ce ta [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙwararru a Ostiraliya da ke Mandurah, Yammacin Ostiraliya . Filin wasansu shine Peelwood Reserve a Halls Head . Ƙungiyar tana da 'yan wasa sama da 300 da suka yi rijista, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Juniors, Social, Women, Semi-pro da Masters. A halin yanzu ( 2023 ) suna fafatawa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West State League Division 1 . == Tarihi == An kafa Mandurah City a shekarar 1970, kuma ta buga kakar wasa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudu maso Yamma, kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}</ref> Daga nan sai ƙungiyar ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Yammacin Australiya (WASSA), inda ta ci gaba har zuwa 2002. A wannan lokacin a cikin 'yan wasan, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta amateur a shekarar 1995 ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci Jim Mayers. A shekara ta 2002, ƙungiyar ta bar matsayin 'yan wasa na asali ta shiga gasar Western Australian Semi Professional League kuma aka naɗa ta zakaran Division 1 a shekara ta 2007, inda ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier League a kakar wasa ta 2008. Bayan shekaru huɗu a gasar, ƙungiyar ta koma matsayi na biyu bayan kakar wasa ta 2011. A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ba ta yi nasarar neman shiga gasar National Premier Leagues Western Australia ba, sannan ta shiga matakin sake ginawa da sake fasalin ƙungiyar. An naɗa Doug Hesketh Daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manajan ƙungiya ta farko a shekarar 2015. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarƙashin tsarin NPL, an sake kafa ci gaba da faɗuwa a kakar wasa ta 2016 ; Mandurah City ta kasance Zakaran Division 1 na 2015, amma ba ta cika dukkan sharuɗɗan cancantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yamma don a ɗaukaka ta ba. Bayan ta zo ta biyu a gasar a gasar State League Division 1 ta 2016, an sanar da cewa Mandurah City za ta fafata a gasar National Premier League ta 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Football West confirm JUFC'S Place in a 14- team NPL |url=http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201222749/http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |archive-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> amma sun daɗe a manyan gasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya kawai. Shekarar 2020 ta fara sabon zamani ga Mandurah City FC bayan naɗa John Baird, ƙwararren ɗan wasan Scotland, a matsayin ɗan wasa, koci da kuma daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ƙungiyar farko ta fara aiki. == Filin wasa na gida == Filin wasan ƙungiyar shine Peelwood Reserve (wanda aka sani da PoolMart Stadium saboda dalilai na tallafi), wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin wasanni da dama na sada zumunci tsakanin ƙungiyar A-League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Singapore . <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Tawagar da ke aiki a yanzu == {{Updated|March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballwa.net/|title=2020 Season Preview|publisher=www.footballwa.net|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Swan - Swan United Football Club Match Day Programmme - Swan United v Mandurah City|publisher=Swan United Football Club|date=30 September 2018}}</ref>  == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * Baƙi da Fari&nbsp;– Mujallar Hukuma ta Mandurah City FC- 15 ga Fabrairu == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mandurahcity.com Shafin Yanar Gizo na Birnin Mandurah na Hukuma] {{WASL Clubs}} q3yr9peigtux38epeknnjbqb7da6m3g 880099 880073 2026-07-10T10:58:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 880099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandurah City''' ƙungiya ce ta [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙwararru a Ostiraliya da ke Mandurah, Yammacin Ostiraliya . Filin wasansu shine Peelwood Reserve a Halls Head . Ƙungiyar tana da 'yan wasa sama da 300 da suka yi rijista, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Juniors, Social, Women, Semi-pro da Masters. A halin yanzu ( 2023 ) suna fafatawa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West State League Division 1 . == Tarihi == An kafa Mandurah City a shekarar 1970, kuma ta buga kakar wasa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudu maso Yamma, kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}</ref> Daga nan sai ƙungiyar ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Yammacin Australiya (WASSA), inda ta ci gaba har zuwa 2002. A wannan lokacin a cikin 'yan wasan, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta amateur a shekarar 1995 ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci Jim Mayers. A shekara ta 2002, ƙungiyar ta bar matsayin 'yan wasa na asali ta shiga gasar Western Australian Semi Professional League kuma aka naɗa ta zakaran Division 1 a shekara ta 2007, inda ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier League a kakar wasa ta 2008. Bayan shekaru huɗu a gasar, ƙungiyar ta koma matsayi na biyu bayan kakar wasa ta 2011. A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ba ta yi nasarar neman shiga gasar National Premier Leagues Western Australia ba, sannan ta shiga matakin sake ginawa da sake fasalin ƙungiyar. An naɗa Doug Hesketh Daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manajan ƙungiya ta farko a shekarar 2015. <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarƙashin tsarin NPL, an sake kafa ci gaba da faɗuwa a kakar wasa ta 2016 ; Mandurah City ta kasance Zakaran Division 1 na 2015, amma ba ta cika dukkan sharuɗɗan cancantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yamma don a ɗaukaka ta ba. Bayan ta zo ta biyu a gasar a gasar State League Division 1 ta 2016, an sanar da cewa Mandurah City za ta fafata a gasar National Premier League ta 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Football West confirm JUFC'S Place in a 14- team NPL |url=http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201222749/http://joondalupunitedfc.com.au/jufc-part-14-team-npl-next-season/ |archive-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> amma sun daɗe a manyan gasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya kawai. Shekarar 2020 ta fara sabon zamani ga Mandurah City FC bayan naɗa John Baird, ƙwararren ɗan wasan Scotland, a matsayin ɗan wasa, koci da kuma daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ƙungiyar farko ta fara aiki. == Filin wasa na gida == Filin wasan ƙungiyar shine Peelwood Reserve (wanda aka sani da PoolMart Stadium saboda dalilai na tallafi), wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin wasanni da dama na sada zumunci tsakanin ƙungiyar A-League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Singapore . <ref name="MCFChistory">{{Cite web |title=Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History |url=http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Mandurah City FC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mandurahcityfc.com.au/the-club/club-history/ "Mandurah City&nbsp;– Our History"]. Mandurah City FC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Tawagar da ke aiki a yanzu == {{Updated|March 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballwa.net/|title=2020 Season Preview|publisher=www.footballwa.net|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Swan - Swan United Football Club Match Day Programmme - Swan United v Mandurah City|publisher=Swan United Football Club|date=30 September 2018}}</ref>  * Baƙi da Fari&nbsp;– Mujallar Hukuma ta Mandurah City FC- 15 ga Fabrairu == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mandurahcity.com Shafin Yanar Gizo na Birnin Mandurah na Hukuma] {{WASL Clubs}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} nvhsi17kmoiblpm3o080ujs5nczvvpt 0 161204 880074 2026-07-10T10:43:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293330691|Pavel Dolgov]]" 880074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pavel Vladimirovich Dolgov''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1996) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Rasha wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] . == Aikin kulob == Pavel ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Baltika Kaliningrad. A shekarar 2011, ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zenit Saint Petersburg. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Rasha a Zenit-2 St. Petersburg a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2013 a wasan da suka yi da Volga Tver . Ya fara buga gasar Premier ta Rasha a Zenit St. Petersburg a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2015 a wasan da suka yi da Terek Grozny . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=Zenit-Terek game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_10902.html |publisher=[[Russian Football Premier League]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2022, Atyrau ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Dolgov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=Павел Долгов - "Атырау" ФК-ның жаңа ойыншысы |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CfdS2EssBHB/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=instagram.com/fc_atyrau/ |publisher=FC Atyrau Instagram |language=Russian}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|8 June 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Zenit Saint Petersburg |2013–14 |Russian Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2015–16 |Russian Premier League |8 |0 |2 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in the [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |11 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !11 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2013–14 |Russian Second League |12 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |4 |- |2014–15 |Russian Second League |11 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |3 |- |2015–16 |Russian First League |18 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |18 |3 |- |2016–17 |Russian First League |23 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |23 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !64 !14 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !64 !14 |- | rowspan="4" |Anzhi Makhachkala |2016–17 |Russian Premier League |5 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |6 |0 |- |2017–18 |Russian Premier League |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |0 |- |2018–19 |Russian Premier League |23 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !33 !2 !2 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !35 !3 |- |Anzhi-2 Makhachkala |2017–18 |Russian Second League |7 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |7 |2 |- |Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino (loan) |2018 |Belarusian Premier League |11 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |2 |- |Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |2019–20 |Russian First League |13 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |15 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Tom Tomsk |2019–20 |Russian First League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5{{Efn|Appearances in the [[FNL Cup]]}} |2 |7 |2 |- |2020–21 |Russian First League |11 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !13 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !5 !2 !19 !3 |- |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2020–21 |Russian Second League |10 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |10 |4 |- |Amkar Perm |2021–22 |Russian Second League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |- |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2021–22 |Russian Second League |14 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |14 |2 |- |Metallurg Lipetsk |2021–22 |Russian First League |11 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |0 |- |Atyrau |2022 |Kazakhstan Premier League |7 |1 |6 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |13 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Chayka |2022–23 |Russian Second League |12 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |1 |- |2023–24 |Russian Second League A |29 |16 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |30 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !17 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !42 !18 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !232 !46 !14 !2 !1 !0 !5 !2 !252 !50 |} {{Notelist}} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|pavel-dolgov/309265}} * Pavel Dolgov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 320c193qy3rkpev6axnf6zb606yh8k5 880091 880074 2026-07-10T10:51:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 880091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pavel Vladimirovich Dolgov''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1996) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Rasha wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] . == Aikin kulob == Pavel ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Baltika Kaliningrad. A shekarar 2011, ya shiga makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zenit Saint Petersburg. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Rasha a Zenit-2 St. Petersburg a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2013 a wasan da suka yi da Volga Tver . Ya fara buga gasar Premier ta Rasha a Zenit St. Petersburg a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2015 a wasan da suka yi da Terek Grozny . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=Zenit-Terek game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_10902.html |publisher=[[Russian Football Premier League]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2022, Atyrau ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Dolgov. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=Павел Долгов - "Атырау" ФК-ның жаңа ойыншысы |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CfdS2EssBHB/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=instagram.com/fc_atyrau/ |publisher=FC Atyrau Instagram |language=Russian}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|8 June 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Zenit Saint Petersburg |2013–14 |Russian Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2015–16 |Russian Premier League |8 |0 |2 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in the [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |11 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !11 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2013–14 |Russian Second League |12 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |4 |- |2014–15 |Russian Second League |11 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |3 |- |2015–16 |Russian First League |18 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |18 |3 |- |2016–17 |Russian First League |23 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |23 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !64 !14 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !64 !14 |- | rowspan="4" |Anzhi Makhachkala |2016–17 |Russian Premier League |5 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |6 |0 |- |2017–18 |Russian Premier League |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |0 |- |2018–19 |Russian Premier League |23 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !33 !2 !2 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !35 !3 |- |Anzhi-2 Makhachkala |2017–18 |Russian Second League |7 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |7 |2 |- |Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino (loan) |2018 |Belarusian Premier League |11 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |2 |- |Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |2019–20 |Russian First League |13 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |15 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Tom Tomsk |2019–20 |Russian First League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5{{Efn|Appearances in the [[FNL Cup]]}} |2 |7 |2 |- |2020–21 |Russian First League |11 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !13 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !5 !2 !19 !3 |- |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2020–21 |Russian Second League |10 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |10 |4 |- |Amkar Perm |2021–22 |Russian Second League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |- |Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg |2021–22 |Russian Second League |14 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |14 |2 |- |Metallurg Lipetsk |2021–22 |Russian First League |11 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |11 |0 |- |Atyrau |2022 |Kazakhstan Premier League |7 |1 |6 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |13 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Chayka |2022–23 |Russian Second League |12 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |12 |1 |- |2023–24 |Russian Second League A |29 |16 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |30 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !17 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !42 !18 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !232 !46 !14 !2 !1 !0 !5 !2 !252 !50 |} {{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|pavel-dolgov/309265}} * Pavel Dolgov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bi43ty3ikv0n6ns2ur8z5126rql272l 0 161205 880075 2026-07-10T10:43:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282045097|Budge Manzia]]" 880075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Budge Manzia''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Congo wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar French Championnat National 3 club Seyssinet. <ref>{{Soccerway|budge-manzia/248199}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni biyu a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo]] a shekarar 2012. == Aikin kulob == A matakin kulob, Manzia ya buga wasa a gasar Ligue Professionnelle ta Tunisia a kungiyar Étoile du Sahel kafin ya koma Jamhuriyar Czech don ya koma Dukla Prague a watan Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=První zimní přestup do Dukly. Získala mladého útočníka Manziu z Konga |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalovou-duklu-posilil-mlady-konzsky-utocnik-manzia-pi3-/fotbal.aspx?c=A140111_181339_fotbal_vl |access-date=24 May 2015 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> Ya koma Baník Sokolov na gasar ta biyu a matsayin aro a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2015 |title=Bidje Manzia zamířil na půlroční hostování do Baníku Sokolov |url=http://www.fkdukla.cz/clanek.asp?id=Bidje-Manzia-zamiril-na-pulrocni-hostovani-do-Baniku-Sokolov-3011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133931/http://fkdukla.cz/clanek.asp?id=Bidje-Manzia-zamiril-na-pulrocni-hostovani-do-Baniku-Sokolov-3011 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |website=FK Dukla Praha |language=Czech}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye a wasansu na farko na gasar kwallon kafa ta Czech National Football League ta 2015–16, inda suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a kan FK Pardubice . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title=Baník Sokolov i v deseti bral skalp Pardubic |url=http://sokolovsky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/banik-sokolov-i-v-deseti-bral-skalp-pardubic-20150803-kw7w.html |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Deník |language=Czech}}</ref> Manzia ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da Sokolov ya ci Varnsdorf da ci 3-0 a watan Nuwamban 2015 kafin lokacin aronsa ya kare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2015 |title=Sokolov srazil Varnsdorf a zůstal neporažen. Vyhrál i Hradec |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalova-narodni-liga-16-kolo-djf-/fot_dsouteze.aspx?c=A151121_123029_fot_dsouteze_tof |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2016, Manzia ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Czech First League a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Mladá Boleslav . Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan a minti na 11 bayan da Jakub Mareš ya yi masa keta, bayan ya ba wa Mareš damar zura kwallo ta farko a farkon wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=M. Boleslav - Dukla 2:2, domácí doháněli brzkou dvoubrankovou ztrátu |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalova-liga-24-kolo-mlada-boleslav-dukla-fgo-/fotbal.aspx?c=A160409_155256_fotbal_vl |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> A lokacin hutun hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Manzia ta koma ƙungiyar Sigma Olomouc ta rukuni na biyu, inda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Kwantiragin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2017 |title=Posila Manzia: Olomouc je moc hezká, v Sigmě se cítím šťastný |url=http://olomoucky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/posila-manzia-olomouc-je-moc-hezka-chci-vratit-sigmu-do-prvni-ligy-20170201.html |access-date=15 February 2017 |website=Deník |language=Czech}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Manzia ya wakilci Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=Défaite des léopards 1-0 face au Burkina Faso ! |url=http://leopardsfoot.com/articles/lire/cle/articles/id/92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319055900/http://leopardsfoot.com/articles/lire/cle/articles/id/92 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |publisher=leopadsfoot.com |language=French}}</ref> Bayan fara buga wasa, an sanya shi cikin tawagar Congo don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2013 amma bai buga wasa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=DR Congo publish Afcon 2013 squad |url=http://www.goal.com/en-za/news/4622/africa/2013/01/09/3660587/dr-congo-publish-afcon-2013-squad?source=breakingnews&ICID=HP_BN_8 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> An kuma sanya shi cikin tawagar Congo don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2013 . == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|47997}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dwccte1s6dp8uevxhq2jysy9oqe9ig5 880088 880075 2026-07-10T10:49:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 880088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Budge Manzia''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Congo wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar French Championnat National 3 club Seyssinet. <ref>{{Soccerway|budge-manzia/248199}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni biyu a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta DR Congo]] a shekarar 2012. == Aikin kulob == A matakin kulob, Manzia ya buga wasa a gasar Ligue Professionnelle ta Tunisia a kungiyar Étoile du Sahel kafin ya koma Jamhuriyar Czech don ya koma Dukla Prague a watan Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=První zimní přestup do Dukly. Získala mladého útočníka Manziu z Konga |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalovou-duklu-posilil-mlady-konzsky-utocnik-manzia-pi3-/fotbal.aspx?c=A140111_181339_fotbal_vl |access-date=24 May 2015 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> Ya koma Baník Sokolov na gasar ta biyu a matsayin aro a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2015 |title=Bidje Manzia zamířil na půlroční hostování do Baníku Sokolov |url=http://www.fkdukla.cz/clanek.asp?id=Bidje-Manzia-zamiril-na-pulrocni-hostovani-do-Baniku-Sokolov-3011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133931/http://fkdukla.cz/clanek.asp?id=Bidje-Manzia-zamiril-na-pulrocni-hostovani-do-Baniku-Sokolov-3011 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |website=FK Dukla Praha |language=Czech}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye a wasansu na farko na gasar kwallon kafa ta Czech National Football League ta 2015–16, inda suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a kan FK Pardubice . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title=Baník Sokolov i v deseti bral skalp Pardubic |url=http://sokolovsky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/banik-sokolov-i-v-deseti-bral-skalp-pardubic-20150803-kw7w.html |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Deník |language=Czech}}</ref> Manzia ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da Sokolov ya ci Varnsdorf da ci 3-0 a watan Nuwamban 2015 kafin lokacin aronsa ya kare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2015 |title=Sokolov srazil Varnsdorf a zůstal neporažen. Vyhrál i Hradec |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalova-narodni-liga-16-kolo-djf-/fot_dsouteze.aspx?c=A151121_123029_fot_dsouteze_tof |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2016, Manzia ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Czech First League a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Mladá Boleslav . Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan a minti na 11 bayan da Jakub Mareš ya yi masa keta, bayan ya ba wa Mareš damar zura kwallo ta farko a farkon wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=M. Boleslav - Dukla 2:2, domácí doháněli brzkou dvoubrankovou ztrátu |url=http://fotbal.idnes.cz/fotbalova-liga-24-kolo-mlada-boleslav-dukla-fgo-/fotbal.aspx?c=A160409_155256_fotbal_vl |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=Mladá fronta DNES |language=Czech}}</ref> A lokacin hutun hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Manzia ta koma ƙungiyar Sigma Olomouc ta rukuni na biyu, inda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Kwantiragin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2017 |title=Posila Manzia: Olomouc je moc hezká, v Sigmě se cítím šťastný |url=http://olomoucky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/posila-manzia-olomouc-je-moc-hezka-chci-vratit-sigmu-do-prvni-ligy-20170201.html |access-date=15 February 2017 |website=Deník |language=Czech}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Manzia ya wakilci Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=Défaite des léopards 1-0 face au Burkina Faso ! |url=http://leopardsfoot.com/articles/lire/cle/articles/id/92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319055900/http://leopardsfoot.com/articles/lire/cle/articles/id/92 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |publisher=leopadsfoot.com |language=French}}</ref> Bayan fara buga wasa, an sanya shi cikin tawagar Congo don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2013 amma bai buga wasa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=DR Congo publish Afcon 2013 squad |url=http://www.goal.com/en-za/news/4622/africa/2013/01/09/3660587/dr-congo-publish-afcon-2013-squad?source=breakingnews&ICID=HP_BN_8 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> An kuma sanya shi cikin tawagar Congo don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2013 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|47997}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qk79j710dvceape2r2fet0l1klyofl1 0 161206 880080 2026-07-10T10:45:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358376320|Adil Aouchiche]]" 880080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adil Aouchiche''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Schalke 04. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|571822}}</ref> An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === An academy graduate of [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG), Aouchiche made his professional debut on 30 August 2019 in a 2–0 [[Ligue 1|league]] win against Metz. He started the match and played 65 minutes before getting replaced by Leandro Paredes.<ref name="prodebut">{{Cite web |title=Metz vs. PSG – 30 August 2019 – Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/30/france/ligue-1/fc-de-metz/paris-saint-germain-fc/3030585/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> He scored his first goal on 5 January 2020 in a 6–0 Coupe de France win against Linas-Montlhéry.<ref name="firstgoal">{{Cite web |title=Linas-Montlhery vs. PSG – 5 January 2020 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/05/france/coupe-de-france/linas-montlhery/paris-saint-germain-fc/3190908/ |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> This made him the youngest player ever to score a goal for PSG in the Coupe de France at 17 years and 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Premier but en professionnel pour Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/premier-but-en-professionnel-pour-adil-aouchiche |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Paris Saint-Germain |language=fr}}</ref> He made his third and final appearance for the club as a substitute in a 6–1 cup win against Dijon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG Beat Dijon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045750/https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Aouchiche ya yi gwajin lafiya na farko da Saint-Étienne kafin ya koma kulob din kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal-linked Aouchiche undergoes Saint-Etienne medical as he turns his back on PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-linked-aouchiche-saint-etienne-medical-psg/18aas2qrn4s8s1j17whw83jl55 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, an zaɓe shi don kyautar Golden Boy Award ta 2020, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na PSG a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=2020 Golden Boy Nominees Revealed – 14 Ligue 1 players |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/2020-golden-boy-nominees-revealed-14-ligue-1-players/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> === Saint-Étienne === A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ligue 1 na Saint-Étienne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Official {{!}} St Étienne sign Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-st-etienne-sign-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a [[Ligue 1|wasan da]] suka yi nasara a kan Lorient da ci 2-0 a ranar 30 ga Agusta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Saint Etienne 2–0 Lorient |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-as-saint-etienne-fc-lorient/match-stats/2061690 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=footballcritic.com}}</ref> kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Nantes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nantes vs Saint-Étienne (2–2) Sep 20, 2020 Match Stats |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-fc-nantes-as-saint-etienne/match-stats/2061708 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=FootballCritic |language=en}}</ref> === Lorient === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2022, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ligue 1 na Lorient kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Adil Aouchiche s'engage avec les Merlus |url=https://fclweb.fr/adil-aouchiche-sengage-avec-les-merlus/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[FC Lorient]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Sunderland === A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ingila [[Sunderland A.F.C.|na Sunderland]] kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Sunderland sign Mason Burstow, Nazariy Rusyn, Timothee Pembele & Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66688539 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==== Portsmouth (aron) ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan aro zuwa Portsmouth har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche Signs On Loan |url=https://www.expressfm.com/news/football/adil-aouchiche-signs-on-loan/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Portsmouth's Express FM |language=en}}</ref> ==== Aberdeen (rance) ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ga [[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] na gasar Premier ta Scotland a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Technically gifted' Aouchiche joins Dons on loan from Sunderland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cvg874zv6j4o |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Schalke 04 === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2026, Schalke 04 ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu a Aouchiche har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Midfielder Adil Aouchiche joins FC Schalke 04 |url=https://schalke04.de/en/team/adil-aouchiche-transfer/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Aouchiche yana da ƙasashen Faransa da Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/adil-aouchiche-22900/}}</ref> wanda aka haifa ga uwa da uba daga Aljeriya. Ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, ƙasar haihuwarsa, ko kuma Aljeriya, ƙasar iyayensa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Le joueur d'origine algérienne Adil Aouchiche marque l'histoire du PSG |url=https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194325/https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa a yanzu. Ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2019 saboda ƙarfinsa na zura kwallaye. Duk da cewa shi ɗan wasan tsakiya ne, ya zira kwallaye 9 daga wasanni 5 a gasar yayin da Faransa ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da suka buga da Sweden a wasan rukuni kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye huɗu a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamhuriyar Czech . <ref name="fraswe">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – Suède – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="fracze">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – République Tchèque – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2853/2019-05-12/france-republique-tcheque |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karya tarihi da dama a lokacin gasar, ciki har da na zura kwallaye mafi yawa a kakar wasa daya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Euro, wadda 'yan kasarsa Odsonne Édouard da [[Amine Gouirin|Amine Gouiri]] suka rike a baya saboda zura kwallaye 8 a shekarar 2015 da 2017 bi da bi. <ref name="uefa2">{{Cite web |title=Aouchiche breaks record: U17 facts and figures |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375688f2-8f694a6dc02b-1000--aouchiche-breaks-record-u17-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA, wani abin da a da Édouard, Gouiri da Abel Ruiz suka raba. <ref name="uefa2" /> Jimillar kwallaye 9 da ya ci ya kuma yi daidai da tarihin yawan kwallaye a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta kasa [[UEFA|ta UEFA]], wadda a halin yanzu yake rabawa da [[Michel Platini]], Elena Danilova da Shekiera Martinez . <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ "France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record"]. </cite></ref> Kwallayen da ya yi masu kyau sun sa ya samu matsayi a kungiyar gasar. <ref name="toty">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, an kira Aouchiche zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar ƙasar Algeria]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Un ancien espoir passé par le FC Lorient appelé pour la première fois en équipe d’Algérie |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/football/fc-lorient/un-ancien-espoir-passe-par-le-fc-lorient-appele-pour-la-premiere-fois-en-equipe-dalgerie-7007648.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Guatemala da ci 7-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title=Aouchiche makes his Algeria debut |url=https://schalke04.de/en/internationals/march-round-up-2526/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Aouchiche ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai kai hari, yana da baiwar ƙwarewar fasaha fiye da matsakaicin matsakaici. Ya yi fice a fannin ƙirƙirar damarmaki da kuma yin amfani da dribbling. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Wonderkids: Adil Aouchiche |url=https://soccerment.com/wonderkids-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date= |website=Soccerment}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Scottish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2019–20 |[[Ligue 1]] |1 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Saint-Étienne |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |34 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |2 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |35 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs]]}} |0 |40 |0 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !71 !2 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !77 !2 |- |Lorient |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |11 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Lorient B |2022–23 |Championnat National 2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] |2023–24 |EFL Championship |28 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |2 |- |2024–25 |EFL Championship |8 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !1 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !38 !2 |- |Portsmouth (loan) |2024–25 |EFL Championship |12 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |1 |- |[[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] (loan) |2025–26 |Scottish Premiership |20 |3 |1 |0 |2 |0 |7{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]] and five appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |Schalke 04 |2025–26 |2. Bundesliga |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !166 !11 !10 !2 !3 !0 !7 !0 !2 !0 !188 !13 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|103931}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG champions as season ended |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183551/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Ligue 1 Website}}</ref> * Coupe de France : 2019-20 '''Schalke 04''' * 2. Bundesliga : 2025–26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=Elversberg siegt – Schalke ist Meister! |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/de/2bundesliga/news/sv-elversberg-siegt-schalke-04-ist-meister-2-bundesliga-37217 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=bundesliga.com |language=de}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa''' * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta zo ta uku: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands 1–3 France: Line-ups |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924133928/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA U-17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya: 2019 * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 : Mafi yawan kwallaye: 2019 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> * Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maurice Revello Tournament 2022 best XI |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5178 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ib953wuiofgr72q6a13o8iqfqfiurk9 880085 880080 2026-07-10T10:48:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 880085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adil Aouchiche''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Schalke 04. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|571822}}</ref> An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === An academy graduate of [[Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG), Aouchiche made his professional debut on 30 August 2019 in a 2–0 [[Ligue 1|league]] win against Metz. He started the match and played 65 minutes before getting replaced by Leandro Paredes.<ref name="prodebut">{{Cite web |title=Metz vs. PSG – 30 August 2019 – Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/30/france/ligue-1/fc-de-metz/paris-saint-germain-fc/3030585/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> He scored his first goal on 5 January 2020 in a 6–0 Coupe de France win against Linas-Montlhéry.<ref name="firstgoal">{{Cite web |title=Linas-Montlhery vs. PSG – 5 January 2020 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/05/france/coupe-de-france/linas-montlhery/paris-saint-germain-fc/3190908/ |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> This made him the youngest player ever to score a goal for PSG in the Coupe de France at 17 years and 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Premier but en professionnel pour Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/premier-but-en-professionnel-pour-adil-aouchiche |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Paris Saint-Germain |language=fr}}</ref> He made his third and final appearance for the club as a substitute in a 6–1 cup win against Dijon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG Beat Dijon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045750/https://bleacherreport.com/game/dijon-fco-vs-paris-saint-germain-fc-2020-2-11 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Aouchiche ya yi gwajin lafiya na farko da Saint-Étienne kafin ya koma kulob din kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal-linked Aouchiche undergoes Saint-Etienne medical as he turns his back on PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-linked-aouchiche-saint-etienne-medical-psg/18aas2qrn4s8s1j17whw83jl55 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, an zaɓe shi don kyautar Golden Boy Award ta 2020, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na PSG a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=2020 Golden Boy Nominees Revealed – 14 Ligue 1 players |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/2020-golden-boy-nominees-revealed-14-ligue-1-players/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> === Saint-Étienne === A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ligue 1 na Saint-Étienne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Official {{!}} St Étienne sign Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-st-etienne-sign-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a [[Ligue 1|wasan da]] suka yi nasara a kan Lorient da ci 2-0 a ranar 30 ga Agusta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Saint Etienne 2–0 Lorient |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-as-saint-etienne-fc-lorient/match-stats/2061690 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=footballcritic.com}}</ref> kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Nantes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nantes vs Saint-Étienne (2–2) Sep 20, 2020 Match Stats |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/ligue-1-fc-nantes-as-saint-etienne/match-stats/2061708 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=FootballCritic |language=en}}</ref> === Lorient === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2022, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ligue 1 na Lorient kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Adil Aouchiche s'engage avec les Merlus |url=https://fclweb.fr/adil-aouchiche-sengage-avec-les-merlus/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[FC Lorient]] |language=fr}}</ref> === Sunderland === A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Aouchiche ya koma kulob din Ingila [[Sunderland A.F.C.|na Sunderland]] kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Sunderland sign Mason Burstow, Nazariy Rusyn, Timothee Pembele & Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66688539 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==== Portsmouth (aron) ==== A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan aro zuwa Portsmouth har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche Signs On Loan |url=https://www.expressfm.com/news/football/adil-aouchiche-signs-on-loan/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Portsmouth's Express FM |language=en}}</ref> ==== Aberdeen (rance) ==== A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, Aouchiche ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ga [[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] na gasar Premier ta Scotland a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Technically gifted' Aouchiche joins Dons on loan from Sunderland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cvg874zv6j4o |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Schalke 04 === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2026, Schalke 04 ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu a Aouchiche har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Midfielder Adil Aouchiche joins FC Schalke 04 |url=https://schalke04.de/en/team/adil-aouchiche-transfer/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Aouchiche yana da ƙasashen Faransa da Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adil Aouchiche |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/adil-aouchiche-22900/}}</ref> wanda aka haifa ga uwa da uba daga Aljeriya. Ya cancanci bugawa Faransa, ƙasar haihuwarsa, ko kuma Aljeriya, ƙasar iyayensa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Le joueur d'origine algérienne Adil Aouchiche marque l'histoire du PSG |url=https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194325/https://www.observalgerie.com/international/france/ligue-1-adil-aouchiche-marque-histoire-psg/ |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa a yanzu. Ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2019 saboda ƙarfinsa na zura kwallaye. Duk da cewa shi ɗan wasan tsakiya ne, ya zira kwallaye 9 daga wasanni 5 a gasar yayin da Faransa ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da suka buga da Sweden a wasan rukuni kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye huɗu a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe da Jamhuriyar Czech . <ref name="fraswe">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – Suède – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2843/2019-05-06/france-suede |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="fracze">{{Cite web |title=Match – France – République Tchèque – FFF |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/10/u17/matchs/2853/2019-05-12/france-republique-tcheque |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karya tarihi da dama a lokacin gasar, ciki har da na zura kwallaye mafi yawa a kakar wasa daya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Euro, wadda 'yan kasarsa Odsonne Édouard da [[Amine Gouirin|Amine Gouiri]] suka rike a baya saboda zura kwallaye 8 a shekarar 2015 da 2017 bi da bi. <ref name="uefa2">{{Cite web |title=Aouchiche breaks record: U17 facts and figures |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375688f2-8f694a6dc02b-1000--aouchiche-breaks-record-u17-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA, wani abin da a da Édouard, Gouiri da Abel Ruiz suka raba. <ref name="uefa2" /> Jimillar kwallaye 9 da ya ci ya kuma yi daidai da tarihin yawan kwallaye a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta kasa [[UEFA|ta UEFA]], wadda a halin yanzu yake rabawa da [[Michel Platini]], Elena Danilova da Shekiera Martinez . <ref name="uefa1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda3713fbca-a0fd272b3e1b-1000--france-s-aouchiche-equals-uefa-finals-scoring-record/ "France's Aouchiche equals UEFA finals scoring record"]. </cite></ref> Kwallayen da ya yi masu kyau sun sa ya samu matsayi a kungiyar gasar. <ref name="toty">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, an kira Aouchiche zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar ƙasar Algeria]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Un ancien espoir passé par le FC Lorient appelé pour la première fois en équipe d’Algérie |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/football/fc-lorient/un-ancien-espoir-passe-par-le-fc-lorient-appele-pour-la-premiere-fois-en-equipe-dalgerie-7007648.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Le Télégramme |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Guatemala da ci 7-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title=Aouchiche makes his Algeria debut |url=https://schalke04.de/en/internationals/march-round-up-2526/ |website=FC Schalke 04}}</ref> == Salon wasan == Aouchiche ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai kai hari, yana da baiwar ƙwarewar fasaha fiye da matsakaicin matsakaici. Ya yi fice a fannin ƙirƙirar damarmaki da kuma yin amfani da dribbling. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Wonderkids: Adil Aouchiche |url=https://soccerment.com/wonderkids-adil-aouchiche/ |access-date= |website=Soccerment}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Scottish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[Paris Saint-Germain]] |2019–20 |[[Ligue 1]] |1 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Saint-Étienne |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |34 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |2 |- |2021–22 |Ligue 1 |35 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs]]}} |0 |40 |0 |- |2022–23 |Ligue 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !71 !2 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !77 !2 |- |Lorient |2022–23 |Ligue 1 |11 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Lorient B |2022–23 |Championnat National 2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] |2023–24 |EFL Championship |28 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |2 |- |2024–25 |EFL Championship |8 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !1 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !38 !2 |- |Portsmouth (loan) |2024–25 |EFL Championship |12 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |1 |- |[[Aberdeen F.C|Aberdeen]] (loan) |2025–26 |Scottish Premiership |20 |3 |1 |0 |2 |0 |7{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]] and five appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |Schalke 04 |2025–26 |2. Bundesliga |14 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !166 !11 !10 !2 !3 !0 !7 !0 !2 !0 !188 !13 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|103931}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2026 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG champions as season ended |url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183551/https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Ligue 1 Website}}</ref> * Coupe de France : 2019-20 '''Schalke 04''' * 2. Bundesliga : 2025–26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=Elversberg siegt – Schalke ist Meister! |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/de/2bundesliga/news/sv-elversberg-siegt-schalke-04-ist-meister-2-bundesliga-37217 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=bundesliga.com |language=de}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa''' * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta zo ta uku: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands 1–3 France: Line-ups |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924133928/https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/match/400079851/#match-lineups |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA U-17 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya: 2019 * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 : Mafi yawan kwallaye: 2019 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=2019 Under-17 EURO team of the tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0252-0cda375cc6b6-cef30f861471-1000--2019-under-17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> * Gasar Maurice Revello Mafi kyawun XI: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maurice Revello Tournament 2022 best XI |url=https://www.festival-foot-espoirs.com/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=5178 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=festival-foot-espoirs.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rb6ac2py9owqyr4g03ysvide5bhhu9w